india the world

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Ghanshyam Thori India & The Wor

Ghanshyam Thori India & The Wor1

India & the World - International Organizations & International Affairs

Analysis:

Indias Foreign Policy

o Role of Intelligence in the making of foreign policy (15 M)

o Relevance of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehrus Ideas in the International Relations of today (15 Marks)o How can India accommodate her foreign policy principle of non intervention with the emerging right

to intervention? (15 Marks).

o NAM (2M)

o Panchsheel (2M - 2007)

o Panchsheel Pact (2004)

o Nature of Track II diplomacy between India & Pakistan (2M)o Gujral Doctrine

o NAM is relevant in Unipolar world as well. Comment.

International Affairs/Places in Newso Operation Silence (2M)o Hyde Act of 2006 (2M)

o Trade through Nathu La Pass (2M)o Outer Space Treaty (2M)

o Withdrawal of Japanese Troops from Iraq (2M)

o Maastricht Treaty (2M)

o Cuba & Castro

o Beijing Taiwan Spat

o Al Gharib Prisoners (2M)o ICJ Verdict on Israels erection of barrier on West Bank

o Chechnya

o Singificance of Robin Islando Guantanamo Bayo Significance of Enola Gay

o Why was Bandar Seri Begawan in News recently

o Why was Macau in news recently

o What do you know about Siachen Dispute?

India & its relationship with other countries (esp Neighbouring countries & major world powers)

/Developments in Neighbouring coutries

o Indias response to political crisis in Bangladesh (15 M)

o Crippling the king in Nepal (15 Marks)o Terrorism Sources in Pakistan & Afghanistan (15 Marks)

o Developments in Afghanistan in Post Taliban Period (15 M)

o Military Rule in Myanmar (2 Marks)o Indias strategic relationship with Russia (15 M)

o UN & its role in hindering/promoting relationship between India & Pakistan (15 M)


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o Indo-Israel Cooperation (2M).

o Indo-Israel cooperation in the field of Agriculture (2 Marks).o Recent trends in Indias relation with China (15 M).

o Indo-US relations in Recent times (15 Marks)

o Indo-Srilankan relations in recent years (15 Marks)

o Recent Developments in India-Myanmar Relations (2 Marks)

Indias & Global Nuclear Policies/Pacts & Defense cooperation & Energy Agreements

o US Policy on Irans Nuclear Program (15 Marks)

o Indo-US Military Cooperation (2 Marks)

o Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (2 Marks)o Indias Nuclear Doctrine (15 Marks)

o Indo-Russian Defense Cooperation (15 Marks)

o Indo-Iran Gas Pipeline (15 Marks)

o Indias Opposition to CTBT (15 Marks)

o Necessity of indigenous cryogenic engine for India (2M)o What is deterrence? (2M)

o Pinaka (2 Marks)o What is Banana war

o What is a rogue state?

o Detail the salient features of Project Anthareeksha (15 Marks)

o Will the grand axis of India, China & Russia challenge the Unipolar supremacy of the US?

o What do you mean by Unipolar World? (2M)

o Highlight the main provisions of Nuclear Disarmament Treaty between US & Russia (15 M)o Outline the features of Saudi Peace Plan for West Asia Crises & access its importance.

o Outine salient features of Indias Nuclear policy & explain reasons for Indias refusal to sign the

CTBT (15 Marks)o What are the prospects of CTBT. (2M)o Differentiate between collective security & cooperative security.

o What do the following stand for? MARV, MIRV & ICBMo Differentiate between Explosion & Implosion.

o What is meant by SDI? (Strategic Defense Initiative).

o Differentiate between SALT & START? (Strategic Arm Limitations Talk) (Strategic Arms Reductio

Treaty)

United Nations

o Which is the latest right confirmed by the 57th

session of the UN? (2M)

o Explain the position of US vis a vis the League of Nations.

Globalization/Environment & Economics

o Define globalization & differentiate it with internationalism (15 marks)o Impact of Globalization on State system & its institutions (15 Marks)

o Global Governance (2M)


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o Concept of copyleft? (2M)

o Repo Market (2M).o China-US Textile War

o North South Dialogue

o Discuss significance of Kyoto Protocol. Why is USA not signing it? (15 Marks).

o There is a widespread concern about degradation of environment & the problems that go with it. Assthe International Response.

o What is Global Environment Facility (GEF)?

International Organizations/Summits/Reports

o G-8 Summit (2M)

o G-8 Summit in Russia (15 Marks)

o SAARC Human Rights Report 2006 (2M)o Gender Empowerment Measure (2M)

o SAARC Summit 2007 (15 Marks)

o Evaluate the performance of Summit Meeting of the Arab League held in March 2001. (15 Marks)

o UN Conference of Environment & Development (The Earth Summit).

o Expanding role of Amnesty International (15 Marks)o Role of Amnesty International in Securing Human Rights (15 Marks)

o Role of European Parliament (15 Marks)

International Trade Blocs

o SAFTA (2M) BIMSTEC What is GCC OIC

o EAS (2M) ARF What is EU

o SCO (2M) Main purpose of G-15 What is G-8

o G-15 (2M) Why is SAFTA being Mooted SAARCo OPEC What is meant by AU? ASEAn

Persons in Newso Who is Hans Blix? (Headed Commission on WMD in Iraq)

o Why was David Kelly in the news recently? (Weapons Inspector in Iraq)

o Why was Robert Mugabe in News Recently?

o Who is Xanana Gusmao.o Why was Slobadan Milosevic been in news in the recent past.

o Who is Gao Jhan?

o Who is Meghavati Sukarnoputri?

Abbreviations in News/Abbreviations of International Organizations)o ICT4D (2M) OAPEC SPDC

o BEMs (2M) UPU WIPOo IAEA (2M) ODA WCAR

o IFAD Red Cross UNIDO

o ECJ (2M) SAVE WTO

o ICJ (2M) IAEA (Repeat) MIGAo WHO IBRD (Repeat) UNCIP


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o WMO UNHCR KLA

o IBRD UNHCR (Repeat)o INTELSAT INTERPOL

Important Trade Blocs

SAFTA

(UPSC 2007)

The Agreement on the South Asian Free Trade Area is an agreement reached at the12th South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit at

Islamabad, capital of Pakistan on 6 January 2004. It creates a framework for the

creation of a free trade zone covering 1.4 billion people in India, Pakistan, Nepal,Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan and the Maldives. Aghanistan is the latest member.

ASEAN geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia,

which was formed in 1967 by Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia andPhilippines (ST-IMP). Other five members are Brunei, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam &

Cambodia

ASEAN Plus 3 ASEAN plus China, Japan & South Korea.

East Asia Summit

(UPSC 2007)

The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asia forum held annually by the leaders of 16

countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. Themembers of EAS are 10 members of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India,

New Zealand & Australia.

ShanghaiCooperation

Organization

(UPSC 2007)

SCO was formed in 2001. Its 6 members are China, Russia, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Observers are India, Pakistan, Mongolia &Iran. Headquartered at Beijing.

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries

established in 1989 to discuss the regional economy, cooperation, trade andinvestment. Important members include USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, China &

Russia.

MERCOSUR Founded in 1991, Mercosur is a regional trade agreement among Brazil, Uruguay,

Paraguay & Argentina. Venezuela has recently applied to become full member butthe decision is yet to be ratified. Headquarter is in Montevideo, Uruguay.

AndeanCommunity

The Andean Community is a trade bloc comprising the South American countries ofBolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Headquarter is in Lima, Peru.

CARICOM Stands for Caribbean Community. It currently has 15 members. Important membersinclude Guyana, Suriname, Belize, Jamaica & Haiti. Headquarter is in Georgetown,

Guyana.


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NAFTA North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement. Comprises of 3 members of Canada, USA &

Mexico. It was formed in 1994 & the headquarters are located in Mexico City,Ottawa and Washington, D.C. It is the largest trade bloc in the world in terms of

combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members.

African Union Established in 2002, African Union is an intergovernmental organization consisting

of 53 African nations. Morocco is the only country which is not a member of AU.Headquarter is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

GUAM GUAM is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine,

Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Given the existence of the Russian-led Commonwealth ofIndependent States, in Russia GUAM is sometimes seen as a way of countering the

Russian influence in the area, and as part of a strategy backed by the United States.However, GUAM leaders repeatedly and officially dismiss such claims and declare

their strong willingness to develop close friendly relations with Russia. Moreover,Azerbaijan, the group's main energy power, has managed to avoid any controversies

with Russia in recent years.

EU The European Union (EU) is a political and economic community of twenty-seven

member states, located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1993 by theMaastricht Treaty, adding new areas of policy to the existing European Community.

The Treaty of Lisbon, signed in December 2007 and intended to be ratified by theend of 2008, is planned to amend the existing treaties to update the political and

legal structure of the union.

EFTA The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a European trade bloc which was

established in 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either unable to,or chose not to, join the then-European Economic Community (now the European

Union). Today only Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein remainmembers of EFTA.

CEFTA The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade agreement

between Non-EU countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe.GCC GCC is a trade bloc involving the six Arab states of the Persian Gulf - viz Saudi

Arabia, Oman,UAE, Qatar, Bahrain & Kuwait. A GCC common market was

launched on January 1, 2008. Headquarter is in Riyadh.

OIC OIC is an international organization with a permanent delegation to the United

Nations. It groups 57 Islamic nations & is headquartered at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

League of Arab

States

Currently has 22 members. Headquarted in Cairo.

NSG The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned withreducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials

that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards

and protection on existing materials. It was founded in 1975 in response to theIndian nuclear test of the previous year & currently has 45 members.

IOR-ARC The Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), initially

known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative, is an international organization with 18member states for regional cooperation. Headquartered in Mauritius.

IBSA Trilateral forum of India, Brazil & South Africa.


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BIMSTEC Founded in 1997, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and

Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving agroup of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member nations of this

group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal.

OECD The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an

international organization of thirty countries that accept the principles ofrepresentative democracy and free market economy. It was formed in 1948.Currently there are 30 full members prominent among them being USA, Canada,

U.K, Germany, Japan & Australia.

Mekong Ganga

Cooperation

Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC) was established in 2000 at Vientiane . It

comprises of six Member countries namely India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia,Laos, & Vietnam. The emphasis are on four areas of cooperation, which are tourism,

culture, education, and transportation linkage in order to be solid foundation forfuture trade and investment cooperation in the region.

Developing 8 The Developing 8 (D-8 or Developing Eight) are a group of developing countriesthat have formed an economic development alliance. It consists of

Pakistan,Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran and Turkey.G-8 The Group of Eight (G8), also known as Group of Seven and Russia,is an

international forum for the governments of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Together, these countries

represent about 65% of the Gross World Product

G8 Plus 5 The G8 plus the heads of government ofthe 5 leading emerging economies (Brazil,

China, India, Mexico and South Africa).

G-15 The Group of 15 (G-15) was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement

Summit Meeting in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The G15 focuses on cooperation amongdeveloping countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. The

membership of the G15 has expanded to 18 countries, but the name has remained

unchanged. India is a member of G-15.G-77 The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations,

designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an

enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 foundingmembers of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130

member countries.

Indias Foreign Policy & Global Factors

Panchsheel

(UPSC 2007)

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence or Panchsheel are a series ofagreements between the People's Republic of China and India. After the Central

Chinese Government took control of Tibet, China came into increasing conflict with

India. However, both nations were newly-established and interested in finding waysto avoid further conflict. Therefore in 1954 the two nations drew up the FivePrinciples of Peaceful Coexistence:

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty2. Mutual non-aggression

3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh


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4. Equality and mutual benefit

5. Peaceful co-existence

NAM & Its

Releveance

(UPSC 2007)

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization of statesconsidering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.

It was founded in April 1955; as of 2007, it has 118 members.

The Non-Aligned Movement has struggled to find relevance since the end of theCold War. However the movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view,the worlds poorest nations remain exploited and marginalized, no longer by

opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world, and it is Western hegemonyand neo-colonialism that that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It

opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs, and aggressive unilateralmeasures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing

member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and theimplications of neo-liberal policies. The non-aligned movement has identified

economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats topeace and security

Gujral Doctrine The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreignrelations with Indias immediate neighbours as spelt out by Gujral, first as Indias

foreign minister and later as the prime minister. Among other factors, these fiveprinciples arise from the belief that Indias stature and strength cannot be divorced

from the quality of its relations with its neighbours. It, thus, recognises the supremeimportance of friendly, cordial relations with neighbours. These principles are:

1. With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka,India does not ask for reciprocity, but gives and accommodates what it can in

good faith and trust. 2. No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the

interest of another country of the region.

3. No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another. 4. All South Asian countries must respect each others territorial integrity and

sovereignty.

5. They should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.According to Gujral, these five principles, scrupulously adhered to, would achieve afundamental recasting of South Asias regional relationships, including the difficult

relationship between India and Pakistan. Further, the implementation of theseprinciples would generate a climate of close and mutually benign cooperation in the

region, where the weight and size of India is regarded positively and as an asset bythese countries.

NATO NATO is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treatyin 1949. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the organization constitutes a system

of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in responseto an attack by any external party. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks

NATO has attempted to refocus itself to new challenges and has deployed troops toAfghanistan and trainers to Iraq.


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CFE The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated

and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensivelimits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the

Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. The treatyproposed equal limits for the two "groups of states-parties", NATO and the Warsaw

Pact.South South

Cooperation

The South-South Cooperation is a broad framework for collaboration amongcountries of the South, in the political, economic, social, environmental and

technical domains. Involving three or more developing countries, South-Southcooperation takes place on bilateral, regional, sub-regional and inter-regional bases.

IBSA (India Brazil South Africa) forum is an example of this kind of cooperation.

Look East Policy Look-east policy was launched in 1992 just after the end of the cold war, following

the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalization, it was a verystrategic policy decision taken by the government in the foreign policy. To quote

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of theworld and India's place in the evolving global economy".

The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao

visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming aimportant dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this

century, India has given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit levelpartner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some regional initiatives such as

the BIMSTEC and the Ganga Mekong Cooperation and now becoming a member ofthe East Asia Summit (EAS) in December, 2005.

Advantages:

The Look-East policy has been given a significant thrust since the beginning of this

century and the results achieved are evident as mentioned in the report. Now Indiahas entered into the phase two of this policy. The second phase in India's Look Eastpolicy has a new dimension the development of India's remote northeast. India's

search for a new economic relationship with South East Asia is no longer driven byconsiderations of globalization, but to facilitate development of the Northeast byincreasing its connectivity to the outside world. Instead of trying to isolate the

Northeast from external influences, as it had done in the past, New Delhi is nowrecognizing the importance of opening it up for commercial linkages with South

East Asia.

Shortcomings:

The Look East policy did not find Japan on its radar and failed to improve India'seconomic ties with it. Trade with Japan actually declined dramatically dropping itsshare to one-third of its level of 7 per cent in 1993.

India has entered into a number of pacts, agreements and FTAs but its record for

implementation of such accords has been poor as can be seen from the follow up ofthe Indo-Thai FTA and CECA with Singapore.


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The reason for poor implementation of the pacts, agreements and FTAs

* The Indian industry's doubts about its competitive efficiency.

* Indian industry does not want competition at home* Indian industry scared of cheaper exports to India from these countries.

India should go ahead with proper implementation of the pacts, agreements and

FTAs without bothering about the aforementioned factors. The Indian industry willensure that India will always gain from these arrangements.

Shimla

Agreement

(UPSC2006 2M)

Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in1972. The agreement

followed from the war between the two nations in the previous year that had led tothe independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh. The agreement laid down the

principles that should govern their future relations. It also conceived steps to betaken for further normalization of mutual relations. Most importantly, it bound the

two countries "to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateralnegotiations".

TashkentDeclaration

The Tashkent Declaration of 1966 was a peace agreement between India andPakistan after the Indo-Pak war of 1965. The agreement was signed between Indian

Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Muhammad AyubKhan.

Terms

Track I

Diplomacy

Involves direct government-to-government interaction on the official level. TypicalTrack I activities include traditional diplomacy, official negotiations, and the use of

international organizations. The participants stand as representatives of their respectivestates and reflect the official positions of their governments during discussions. It is

also called Fast Track diplomacy.

Track One &

Half Diplomacy

Refers to situations when official representatives give authority to non-state actors (or

official actors serving in an unofficial capacity) to participate, negotiate or facilitate onbehalf of the official state actors. It also refers to non-state individuals who serve as

intermediaries between official and non-official actors in difficult conflict situations. Itis generally used to prepare key stakeholders before and during the official negotiation

process by building consensus and support for agreements, both between parties inconflict and within their prospective constituencies.


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Track II

Diplomacy

Generally involves informal interaction with influential unofficial actors from civil

society, business or religious communities, and local leaders and politicians who areconsidered to be experts in the area or issue being discussed. It generally seeks to

supplement Track I diplomacy by working with middle and lower levels of society andoften involves non-traditional methods, such as facilitating dialogue mechanisms and

meetings that include participants from both government and non-governmentinstitutions.

Track III

Diplomacy

Is essentially "people to people" diplomacy undertaken by both individuals and private

groups from non-government international organizations that are dedicated topromoting specific causes, universal ideals and norms, and enacting systematic social

change. This type of diplomacy often involves organizing meetings and conferences,generating media exposure, and political and legal advocacy for people and

communities who are largely marginalized from political power centers and are unableto achieve positive change without outside assistance.

Track IV

Diplomacy

Involves socio-cultural, educational, environmental & scientific exchange between twostates. It helps in developing closer ties among states.

Track VDiplomacy

Effort of media of concerned states towards conflict resolution & development of betterunderstanding of each others viewpoint.

Pugwash

Conferences

Series of international meetings of scientists to discuss problems of nuclear weaponsand world security. The first of the conferences met in July 1957 in the village of

Pugwash, Nova Scotia. In 1995 the Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded jointly to thePugwash organization and to Joseph RotblatPugwash founding member, secretary-

general (195773), and president (198897).

Indias Border

Dispute

India is involved in the following international disputes:

Bangladesh

6.5 km of the border between India and Bangladesh remains to be demarcated.

Dispute with Bangladesh over South Talpatti Island / New Moore in the Bay of Bengal.Ongoing discussions with Bangladesh to exchange 162 minuscule enclaves betweenthe two.

Nepal

Kalapani village (Indo-Nepal Border) of India is claimed by Nepal and Nawalparasidistrict of Nepal is claimed by India.

Maldives

Dispute over Minicoy Island with Maldives.

PakistanThe unresolved Kashmir dispute, involving Siachen Glacier and other areas with

Pakistan.Dispute over Sir Creek and the maritime boundary between the two.

People's Republic of China


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India claims Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.

China claims Arunachal Pradesh, a state in north-east India.

Abbreviations of International Organizations/Abbr in News (Question 9 2 Marker)

ICT4D

(UPSC 2007)

Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) is an

increasingly popular, general term referring to the application of Information andCommunication Technologies (ICTs) within the field of socio-economicdevelopment. It is being implemented in many countries.

IAEA

(UPSC 2007)

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organizationthat seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for

military purposes. Though established independently of the United Nations underits own international treaty (the IAEA Statute), the IAEA reports to both the

General Assembly and the Security Council. Headquarted in Vienna, Austria.

BIMSTEC

(UPSC 2007)

Founded in 1997, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and

Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving agroup of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member nations of this

group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal.ECJ

(UPSC -2007)

European Court of Justice is the highest court in the European Union (EU). It has

the ultimate say on matters of EU law in order to ensure equal application acrossthe various European Union member states.

BEMs(UPSC 2007)

Big Emerging Markets. These "Big Emerging Markets" (BEMs) are: Mexico,Argentina, Brazil, the Chinese Economic Area(2), India, Indonesia, South Korea,

Poland, Turkey, and South Africa.

MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime

ECOSOC Economic and Social Council

EFTA European Free Trade Association

INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization

ISO International Organization for Standardization

WFC World Food Council

OAPEC (UPSC) Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries.

KLA (UPSC) Kosovo Liberation Army

UNCIP (UPSC) United Nations Commission for India & Pakistan

ODA (UPSC) Official Development Assistance. The term applies to aid from the members ofDevelopment Assistance Committee of the OECD to developing countries.

CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research. Located near Geneva.

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross. Headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland.

LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

OIC Organization of Islamic ConferencesSACU Southern African Customs Union

Important United Nations Organizations

1. United Nations Organization New York

2. Economic Commission of Europe Geneva

3. Economic & Social Commission of Asia Bangkok

4. Economic Commission of Latin America Santiago, Chile


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5. Economic Commission for Africa Addis Ababa

6. Economic Commission for Western Asia Baghdad, Iraq

7. UNESCO Paris

8. Universal Postal Union (UPU) Berne, Switzerland

9. WHO Geneva

10. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva11. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Geneva

12. World Trade Organization (WTO) Geneva

13. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Geneva

14. International Labour Organization (ILO) Geneva

15. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Vienna

16. Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO) Rome

17. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Rome

18. International Maritime Organization (IMO) London

19. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Vienna

20. IBRD or World Bank Washington21. International Development Association Washington

22. International Finance Corporation (IFC) Washington

23. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington

24. International Telecommunication Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) Washington

25. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Montreal, Canada

26. UNICEF New York

27. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Geneva

28. United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) Geneva

29. United Nations Institute for Training & Research (UNITAR) New York

30. United Nations Relief & Work for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Gaza City & Amman

31. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) New York 32. United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA) New York

33. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) New York

34. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Nairobi

35. International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) New York

36. Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons The Hague

37. United Nations Drugs Control Program (UNDCP) Vienna

38. United Nations Interregional Crime & Justice Research Institute Turin, Italy

39. United Nations Fund for International Parterships New York

40. UN-HABITAT ( United Nations Human Settlement Programme) Nairobi

41. United Nations International School (UNIS) New York

42. World Food Programme (WFP) Rome43. World Tourism Organization (WTO) Madrid, Spain

44. UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Rome

45. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Geneva

46. United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) Geneva

47. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Vienna, Austria


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48. United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS - (UNAIDS) Geneva, Switzerland

49. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) - (UNCHS

Habitat

Nairobi, Kenya

50.

International Organizations

1. Amnesty International London

2. Asian Development Bank Manila

3. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Jakarta

4. BENELUX Economic Union Brussels

5. Central Treaty Organization (Earlier known as Baghdad Pact) Ankara

6. European Economic Community Brussels

7. European Union Brussels

8. European Free Trade Association Geneva

9. European Space Research Organization Paris

10. International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland

11. International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) Lyons (France)

12. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Brussels

13. North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement Ottawa, Mexico,

Washington DC

14. Organization of Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) Paris

15. African Union ( 53 member countries) Addis Ababa

16. OPEC Vienna

17. South East Asia Treaty Organization Bangkok

18. G-8 (US, UK, France, Germany, Japan, Canada, Italy & Russia) Not Applicable

19. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Minsk (Belarus)20. Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical & Economic

Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Bangladesh-India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thai.NA

21. SAARC Kathmandu

22. APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Forum) 21 members Singapore

23. Gulf Cooperation Council Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

24. Organization of Islamic Conferences Jedah, Saudi Arabia

25. League of Arab States Cairo

26. G-77 (Presiding Country Jamaica 2005 & South Africa 2006) New York

27. G-24 Washington DC

28. Andean Community Lima, Peru

29. Mercosur (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela) Montevideo, Uruguay30. CARICOM (Carribean Community & Common Market) Georgetown, Guyana

31. South African Development Community Gaborone, Botswana

32. Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation Mauritius

33. Shanghai Cooperation Organization Beijing

34. Bank for International Settlements Basel, Switzerland


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35. Transparency International Berlin

36. International Rice Research Institute Manila

37. International Cricket Club Dubai

38. Commonwealth Heads of Government Meet (CHOGM) London

39. International Union for Conservation of Nature Switzerland

40. Survival International (reporting un-contacted tribes) London41. Medicine Sans Frontiers Paris, France

42. Reporters Sans Frontiers France

43.

44.

Various Protocols

Convention Year Objective

StockholmConvention

1972 Persistent Organic Pollutants

Vienna

Convention

1985 Ozone Layer. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is amultilateral environmental agreement. It was agreed upon in Vienna in 1985 and

entered into force in 1987. It acts as a framework for the international efforts toprotect the ozone layer. However, it does not include legally binding reduction goals

for the use of CFCs, the main chemical agents causing ozone depletion. These are laidout in the accompanying Montreal Protocol.

Montreal

Protocol

1987 Ozone Depleting Substances.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an internationaltreaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number

of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was openedfor signature in 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Due to its widespread

adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptionalinternational co-operation with Kofi Annan quoted as saying it is "Perhaps the single

most successful international agreement to date...". At present, 191 nations havebecome party to the Montreal Protocol. Those 5 that are not as of September 2007 areAndorra, Iraq, San Marino, Timor-Leste and Vatican City.

Since the Montreal Protocol came into effect, the atmospheric concentrations of themost important chlorofluorocarbons and related chlorinated hydrocarbons have either

leveled off or decreased. Halon concentrations have continued to increase, as thehalons presently stored in fire extinguishers are released, but their rate of increase has

slowed and their abundances are expected to begin to decline by about 2020. Also, theconcentration of the HCFCs increased drastically at least partly because for many uses

CFCs (e.g. used as solvents or refrigerating agents) were substituted with HCFCs.Unfortunately, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or

HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming. On amolecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent

greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. The Montreal Protocol currently calls for a


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complete phase-out of HCFCs by 2030, but does not place any restriction on HFCs.

Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful as greenhouse gases, the meresubstitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of

anthropogenic global warming, but over time a steady increase in their use couldincrease the danger that human activity will change the climate.

Basel

Convention

1989 Trans boundary movement of Hazardous Wastes.

It is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardouswaste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from

developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address themovement of radioactive waste. The Convention is also intended to minimize the

amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally soundmanagement as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in

environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.

Rio

SummitOr Earth

Summit

1992 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as

the Rio Summit, Earth Summit was a major United Nations conference held in Riode Janeiro in 1992.

The issues addressed included:

systematic scrutiny of patterns of production particularly the production oftoxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including

radioactive chemicals

alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked toglobal climate change

new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicleemissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air andsmog

the growing scarcity of waterAn important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Conventionwhich in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol.

The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:1. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

2. Agenda 213. Convention on Biological Diversity

4. Forest Principles5. Framework Convention on Climate Change

1. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio

Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations "Conferenceon Environment and Development" (UNCED), informally known as the Earth

Summit. The Rio Declaration consisted 27 principles intended to guide futuresustainable development around the world.

2. Agenda 21 is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Principleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Principleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development


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development. It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally

and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every areain which humans impact on the environment. The number 21 refers to the 21st

century.

3. The Convention on Biological Diversity, known informally as the BiodiversityConvention, is an international treaty that was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.

The Convention has three main goals:1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);

2. sustainable use of its components; and3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

4. Forest Principles: It is a non-legally binding document that makes severalrecommendations for forestry. At the Earth Summit, the negotiation of the document

was complicated by demands by developing nations in the Group of 77 for increasedforeign aid in order to pay for the setting aside of forest reserves. Developed nations

resisted those demands, and the final document was a compromise.

5. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC orFCCC) is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations

Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as theEarth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The treaty is aimed at stabilizing

greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would preventdangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

The treaty as originally framed set no mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions

for individual nations and contained no enforcement provisions; it is thereforeconsidered legally non-binding. Rather, the treaty included provisions for updates

(called "protocols") that would set mandatory emission limits. The principal update isthe Kyoto Protocol, which has become much better known than the UNFCCC itself.

Kyoto

Protocol

1997 The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention onClimate Change with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate

change. It was adopted in 1997 and it entered into force in 2005. As of June 2008, 182parties have ratified the protocol. One hundred and thirty-seven (137) developing

countries have ratified the protocol, including Brazil, China and India, but have noobligation beyond monitoring and reporting emissions. Australia's new government

formed by the Australian Labor Party after the November 2007 election fully supports

the protocol and Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signed the instrument of ratificationimmediately after assuming office on 3 December 2007, just before the meeting of theUN Framework Convention on Climate Change. USA & Kazakhstan have not ratified

this protocol.

The objective is to achieve "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in theatmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Principleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Principles


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the climate system." The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has

predicted an average global rise in temperature of 1.4 to 5.8C between 1990 and2100.

Governments are separated into two general categories: developed countries, referred

to as Annex I countries (who have accepted greenhouse gas emission reductionobligations and must submit an annual greenhouse gas inventory), and developing

countries, referred to as Non-Annex I countries (who have no greenhouse gasemission reduction obligations but may participate in the Clean Development

Mechanism).

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the KyotoProtocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction

commitment (called Annex 1 countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions indeveloping countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their

own countries. The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced at

a much lower global cost by financing emissions reduction projects in developingcountries where costs are lower than in industrialized countries. However, criticsargue that by allowing "business as usual" projects some emission reductions under

the CDM are false or exaggerated

Rotterdam

Convention

1998 Prior Informed Consent procedure for certain hazardous material

Cartagena

Protocol

2000 Bio SafetyThe Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety of the Convention, also known as the Biosafety

Protocol, was adopted in 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biologicaldiversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from

modern biotechnology.

The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must bebased on the precautionary principle and allow developing nations to balance publichealth against economic benefits. It will for example let countries ban imports of a

genetically modified organism if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence theproduct is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically alteredcommodities such as corn or cotton.


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Other Treaties

Nuclear

Non-

proliferation

Treaty

1968 A major step towards non-proliferation of nuclear weapons came with the signing ofthe Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. Only four nations are not

signatories: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India and Pakistan both possessand have openly tested nuclear bombs. Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding

its own nuclear weapons program. North Korea ratified the treaty, violated it, andlater withdrew.

Under the NPT, non-nuclear weapon states were prohibited from, inter alia,

possessing, manufacturing or acquiring nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosivedevices. All signatories, including nuclear weapon states, were committed to the goal

of total nuclear disarmament.

Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in the NPT, the treaty isnevertheless sometimes interpreted as having three pillars: non-proliferation,

disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.

The main reason India cites for not signing the NPT and for possessing nuclear

weapons is that China is one of the "nuclear haves. India is one of the few countriesto have a no first use policy, a pledge not to use nuclear weapons unless first

attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons.CTBT 1996 The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclearexplosions in

all environments, for military or civilian purposes. The treaty was opened forsignature in 1996. India and Pakistan, though not nuclear weapons states as defined

by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), did not sign; neither did theDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon


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Obligations

1. Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon testexplosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any

such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control.2. Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing,

encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclearweapon tests explosion or any other nuclear explosion.

india the world

Documents