Republic of India

भा�रत गणर�ज्य*Bhārat Gaṇarājya

Introduction

• 1849 – The second Sikh war ends with the British triumphing over Sikhs, ensuring British control over India

• 1857 – Violent Uprisings against the British caused by the Indians ends with a bloody reprisal

• 1885 – Indians found different political parties

• 1911 – King Emperor George V, along with Queen Mary became the only British Monarchs to ever visit India during their Rule to announce the capital as Delhi from Calcutta

• 1917 – Indian Nationalism began to grow, and the Secretary of State announces a new British Policy to work for “Self-Governing Institutions” in India

• 1957 – A British army under Col. Robert Clive recaptures Calcutta and then establishes Indirect British control over Bengal

EDUCATION IN INDIAEDUCATION IN INDIA

History..History..

Palm leaves and the barks of trees were used in the form of writing

Community centers and temples usually served as their school

positioned itself comfortably as a country that provides higher quality education to its people

Primary SchoolsPrimary Schools

District Primary Education Program planned to universalize primary education in India by reforming and reviving the existing primary education system.

The overall primary school conditions in India continued to remain behind internationally due to lack of personnel, development of transportation and financing.

SecondarySecondary SchoolsSchools

environment awareness, science and technology education, including the introduction of traditional elements into the Indian secondary school system.

its emphasis on profession is based on vocational training to help students attain skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing.

Tertiary SchoolsTertiary Schools

higher education enrollments are terribly low several states university actions have become

subject to class and general considerations that caused complaints of favoritism and bribery.

Private SchoolsPrivate Schools

cover the entire curriculum and offer extra-curricular activities such as science fairs, general knowledge, sports, music and drama.

Most teachers in private schools are female graduates and reasonably experienced.

Even the most unfortunate people often go to private schools despite the fact that government schools are free because of the poor quality of public education.

HINDUISM• is one of the oldest religions in existence.• it ranks as the world’s third largest religion.• majority of Hindus live in India, where the religion was born.•The name “HINDU” came into use when the Persians, in their attempt to label all non-Muslim people living beyond the Shindu river mispronounced the word Sindhu•commonly called Sanātana Dharma, roughly translated as "Perennial Faith"

Hindu Worship and BeliefsMAJOR SECTS Shiva-Shaivism Vishnu-Vaishnavism Shakti-Shaktism

IMPORTANT RITUALS,BELIEFS AND TRADITION Puja-daily worship Dharma-religious duties pertaining to family and society Samskara-rites of passage Samsara-belief in the reincarnation or reappearance of the soul in succeeding generations Moksha-final release from material existence Fire-sacrifices –a ritual performed around a fire pit =Girha-domesti rituals performed by the householder or priests =Shrauta-Vedic hymns were recited by the Brahmin.

Celestial Gods• Varuna-the guardian of cosmic law.was one of the most important gods of the early Vedic period.•Mitra-Varuna’s chief assistant and a friend and benefactor of humankind• Surya-who represent the physical aspect of the sun.• Savitri-who represent the sun ability to stimulate life.

Atmospheric Atmospheric GodsGods

• Indra-the god of lightning and thunder.•Vayu-the god of wind.•Maruts-a troop of storm gods.•Rudra-the father of Maruts.He was praised at times for his ability to protect his people from misfortune by sending storms upon their enemies.

Terrestrial GodsAgni-god of fireSoma-god of sacrificial libation or the pouring drinksBrahaspati-the divine priest and lord of prayer

Trinity

1. Brahma-the Highest and Supreme Universal Self, as the creator ,sustainers and the lord of all.

2. Vishnu-is entrusted in the responsibility of maintaining the worlds and looking after their welfare.

Social

• When the British first came, The Indians showed a huge disinterest in their culture and religion

• Because they resisted the British’s grasp, British wanted them even more

• The British wanted the Indians to give them their land, but the Indians didn’t want to, and they tried their best to be independent

• The people of India then started to change their fashion styling to the same as the British

• They also tried to follow the technology that the British had too

• Gandhi, along with many others resisted this change because they felt the best thing to do to be independent was to follow their own culture and religion

• The British then started to settle, and opened a door to Trading, and the English East India Trading Company was created

• As the time went on, the more factories and trading companies were developed, and with this, Cities started creating more laws

• People also started arming themselves as these companies and factories grew

• Because the British came, the Indians slowly learned the English language, and currently use it as their Second Language

• India also follows the British Legal System• They also learned the game “Cricket”, and

even today, it is the most popular sport, and it brings out the enthusiasm of many Indians.

Economy

• The Economic history of India is begins from Indus Valley civilization

• The Indus Valley Civilization, the first known permanent and predominantly urban settlement that flourished between 2800 BCE to 1800 BCE boasted of an advanced and thriving economic system

• Indian economy has been witnessing a phenomenal growth since the last decade. After seeing a growth rate in excess of 9 per cent for the last 3 years, it is still holding its ground in the midst of the current global financial crisis.

Government of India

• The Union Territories has  twenty five states and seven centrally administered areas

• New Delhi became the new capital in 1912 and today has become part of the larger city of Delhi

• Part of the Union Government are the President, Prime Minister, and almost all arms of the administration.

• Indian’s parliament is design as the British colony’s government which is the Prime Minister is aided by a cabinet. And the President is the head of state Prime Minister serves as a Viceroy for British Empire and president is the King.

• Parliament is consist of the a Lower house and Upper house

• Lower house called the Lok Sabha(means house of the people)

• Upper house called the Rajya Sabha(council of state).

• Members of "Lok Sabha" are elected for five years term by citizen aged eighteen and over from the various constituencies.

• Member of the Rajya Sabha represent their states and are elected by the state legislatures for six years term.

Culture

• Indian culture is a composite mixture of varying styles and influences. in the matter of cuisine, for instance, the North and South are totally different. Festivals in India are characterized by color, gaiety, enthusiasm, prayers, rituals. India is home to some of the most ancient civilization, including four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.