Index

AAcellular approaches, artificial bone,

918–920Acrylic bone cements, 569–588

biological properties, 582chemistry, 570–574

composition, 570–571molecular weight, 574reactions and setting process, 571–574

historical perspective, 569–570inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 715–716mechanical properties, 574–578

fatigue, 576–578fracture toughness, 576strength and elastic modulus, 575viscoelastic behavior, 575–576

microstructure-mechanical propertiesrelationship, 578–582

additives, 580–582porosity, 579in vivo environment, 579–580

modification of, 582–584Acrylic polymers, membrane materials, assist

devices, 967Acute inflammatory response. See

Inflammatory response (to metals andceramics)

ADA deficiency, gene delivery applications,881–882

Addition polymerization, polymer synthesis,29–30

Adhesion prevention materials, biologicalmaterials, 16

Adhesive glycoproteins, tissue engineering,ECM composition, 891–892

Adhesives, biological materials, 14–16. Seealso Acrylic bone cements

Agar gel, polysaccharides, 11Agarose, polysaccharides, 11

Albumin, protein-based biodegradablepolymers, 138

Alginates, polysaccharide-basedbiodegradable natural polymers,136–137

Alginate, polysaccharides, 11Aliphatic polymers, biodegradable synthetic

polymers, 145–150Allogenic bone grafts, 919. See also Artificial

boneAllograft materials, dental implants, 633. See

also Dental implant materials; Dentalmaterials

Alloying, strengthening of metallic materials,278

Alloys, dental materials, 625–629. See alsoDental implant materials; Dentalmaterials

Alumina, inert bioceramics, 210Alumina fibers, polymeric composite

materials, 73Alveolar bone, 605Angiogenesis model, protein adsorption, in

vivo models, 683Animal models, protein adsorption, cells/

tissue interactions, 682–685Anisotropy, polymer surfaces organization,

biomaterial characterization,331–332

Annealing, thermal treatments, metallicmaterials, 276

Annulus fibrosusanatomy, 405–406material properties, 408–411

Antibiotics, acrylic bone cement additives,580–582

Antibody regulated release, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 856–857

Anticoagulants, biospecific, polymeric materials,chemical modifications, 51–55

1015

1016 Index

Apatitic family, bioceramics, calciumphosphate chemistry, 227–228

Apoptosis, inflammatory response, to metalsand ceramics, 742, 767–769

Articular cartilage, 381–402. See alsoArtificial cartilage

composition, 382–383electromechanical transduction, 394–396mechanical properties, 386–394

compression behavior, 391–393confined compression, 393–394hydraulic conductivity, 390–391static, 386–388time-dependent, 388viscoelastic compression, 389–390viscoelastic shear, 388–389

overview, 381–382remodeling and repair, 396–398structure, 383–385tissue engineering, 899 (See also Artificial

cartilage)Articular prostheses, inflammatory response,

to polymeric materials, assessmentof, 715–716

Articular resistances, shoulder prosthesis, 566Articular surfaces, shoulder prosthesis,

564–565Artificial bone, 916–925. See also Bone tissue

acellular approaches, 918–920bone histology and physiology, 917–918cellular approaches, 920–922clinical considerations, 923–924future prospects, 924–925overview, 916–917

Artificial cartilage, 907–916cartilage-like tissue constructs, 911–914cartilage properties, 908–909chondrocyte cultures in vitro, 909–910current status, 907–908mesenchymal stem cells, 914–916in vitro and in vivo studies (cell therapy),

910–911Artificial devices, assist devices, 950–975. See

also Assist devicesArtificial skin, 900–907

dermis, 902–906epidermis, 901–902generally, 900–901progress in, 907soft tissue replacement, 444

Artificial teeth, porcelain, inert bioceramics,214–215. See also Dental implantmaterials; Dental materials

Artificial urinary sphincters, 446Assist devices, 947–984

artificial devices, 950–975biocompatibility issues, 968–969blood coagulation activation, 969–971cell activation, 973–975complement activation, 971–973generally, 950–951materials in, 960–961membrane materials, 964–968membrane preparation, 961–964membranes and membrane properties,

951–956therapeutic membrane processes,

956–960available devices, summary table, 950bioartificial devices, 976–983

biocompatibility issues, 983generally, 976, 978immunoisolation materials, 982–983materials in, 980–981matrices and scaffolds, 981–982proposed, 976, 977–980

defined, 947extracorporal blood processing,

biomaterials in, 949–950overview, 947–949

Atellocollagen, 3Atomic force microscope (AFM), proteins,

measurement on surfaces, 672–673Atomic structure, metallic materials,

255–256. See also Metallic materialsAustenitic stainless steel, metallic biomaterial

applications, 290–291Autogenous grafts, dental implants,

632–633Autoimmune response, inflammatory

response (to metals and ceramics),specific immune response, 776

Autologous bone grafts, 920. See alsoArtificial bone

Autologous materials, hemocompatibility,vascular grafts, 431

BBacterial adherence, infection/sterilization,

817–822

Index 1017

Bacterial degradation, biodegradablepolymers, 126

Bacterial endophthalmitis, intraoculardevices, 440

Bacterial plaque, 606Bag molding, thermosetting polymer

composite manufacture, 109–110Bearing materials, inert bioceramics, 215–216Bending stiffness matrix, 96Binary phase diagrams, graphic

representation of, metallic materials,264–265

Bioactive bioceramics, 217–240. See alsoBioceramics

Bioactive species, bioartificial assist devices,980

Bioartificial devices, assist devices, 976–983See also Assist devices

Biobrane membrane, dental implants, 635Bioceramics, 189–253. See also Biological

glassesartificial bone, 922biological glasses, 244–249bone tissue adhesion, 249–252definitions, 190–191dental implants, 637–638design and duration, 207–208drawbacks of, 192–193inflammatory response (to metals and

ceramics), 738–741, 744, 746, 749,759–760, 773 (See also Inflammatoryresponse [to metals and ceramics])

processing, 200–202powder treatment, 200shaping methods, 200–202

properties of, 191–192sintering, 202–207structural properties, 193–199

grains and grain boundaries, 196–199mechanical performance, 194–195tribological performance, 199Young’s modulus and porosity, 196

surface dynamics and surface analysis,biomaterial characterization, 328–329

surgical implants, 208–252surgical implants (bioactive), 217– 240

calcium phosphate ceramics, 217– 218calcium phosphate chemistry, 218– 228hydroxyapatite powder impurities,

228–231

hydroxyapatite synthesis methods,232–240

plasma spray (high temperature), 232surgical implants (coatings), 249–252surgical implants (inert), 209–216surgical implants (polymeric carbons),

240–244applications, 243–244carbon-coated, 242graphite, 242–243pyrolytic carbons, 242vitreous carbons, 240–241

terminology, 189thermal process, 202

Biocompatibilityassist devices

artificial, 968–969bioartificial, 983

vascular grafts, 427–429Biocompatibility tests, 793–813

biofunctionality tests, 810–812carcinogenicity, 802–803cytotoxicity, 795–802

flow cytometry (FCM), 798–800molecular biological techniques,

800–801reverse transcription polymerase chain

reaction (RT-PCR), 801–802definitions, 793–794degradation, 807–810genotoxicity, 802hemocompatibility, 807irritation and sensitization, 803local implantation tests, 803–804, 805–806philosophy of, 794–795reproductive toxicity, 803rules of, 795–796systemic toxicity, 804, 806

Biodegradable matrices, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 869–870

Biodegradable polymers, 119–187classification of, 119–120defined, 120–121drug delivery systems (DDS), 836–849 (See

also Drug delivery systems (DDS))factors affecting degradation, 165–170historical perspective, 119mechanisms, 121–126medical applications, 40–41natural polymers, 129–145

1018 Index

Biodegradable polymers (Cont.)microbial polyesters, 143–145polysaccharide-based, 129–137 (See also

Polysaccharide-based biodegradablenatural polymers)

protein-based, 137–143 (See alsoProtein-based biodegradablepolymers)

properties and applications, 126–129synthetic polymers, 145–165

aliphatic, 145–150poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate), 155–156polyamides, 161–162polyanhydrides, 154–155poly(ester-amides), 150–151polyethyleneterephthalate, 159–161polyimino carbonates, 156–157polyorthoesters, 152–154polyphosphazenes, 157–159polyurethanes, 163–165vascular stent coatings, 432–433

Biofunctionality tests, biocompatibility tests,810–812

Biological environment. See also Extracellularmatrix (ECM)

acrylic bone cements, 579–580corrosion, metallic surface degradation

processes, 308metallic surface degradation processes,

297–298Biological glasses. See also Bioceramics

biomedical applications, 246–249terminology, 189, 244–246

Biological interaction, polymeric materials,63–66

Biomaterial(s), 1–23categories of, 1components of, summary table, 2composites, 12–13inorganic materials, 12medical applications (diseased tissue

replacement), 16–19medical applications (drug delivery systems

(DDS)), 19–20medical applications (general surgery),

14–16adhesion prevention materials, 16hemostats, sealants, and adhesives,

14–16sutures, 14

medical applications (tissue engineering),20–22

polyesters, 11–12polypeptides, 2–5

collagen and gelatin, 2–5, 6plasma proteins (serum albumin and

fibrinogen), 2polysaccharides, 5, 7–11

cellulose, 5chitin and chitosan, 9–11dextran, 7hyaluronate, 7, 9miscellaneous, 11starch, 7

Biomaterial characterization, 325–337materials structure, 327–328polymer surfaces organization, 330–336

anisotropy, 331–332microphase heterogeneous surfaces,

332–336requirements of, 325–327surface dynamics and surface analysis,

328–330metal and ceramic surfaces, 328–329polymer surfaces, 329–330

Biomaterial patents, 1003–1013European patent convention, 1006–1007historical perspective, 1003–1006invention definition, 1009–1012patentability issue, 1012–1013Patent Cooperation Treaty, 1007–1009

Biomaterial standards, 985–1002European system, 992–1002

conformity assessment and CE mark,994–1002

EC Directive on Medical Devices,992–994

historical perspective, 985ISO, 989–991need for, 985–986quality system, 987–989standardization bodies, 986–987

Biomaterial testing, tissue engineering,895–897. See also Biocompatibilitytests; Tests and testing

Biopolymers, biodegradable polymers,129–145. See also Biodegradablepolymers

Bioprosthetic substitute heart valves,435

Index 1019

Bioresorbable polymers, medicalapplications, 40–41

Biospecific anticoagulants, polymericmaterials, chemical modifications,51–55

Blood coagulation activation, assist devices,969–971

Blood contact, inflammatory response, topolymeric materials, assessment of,706–713

Blood oxygenation, assist devices, 959–960Blood processing. See also Assist devices

assist devices, membranes, 955extracorporal, biomaterials in, assist

devices, 949–950Bonding, metallic materials, working

technologies, 288Bone cements. See Acrylic bone cementsBone mechanics, 459–489

experimental methods, 462–469mechanical testing, 462–468ultrasound analysis, 468–469

functional adaptation, 476–482mechanistic models, 481–482phenomenological models, 478–481

material properties, 469–471, 472numerical approach, 482–485overview, 459–462physiology, 475–476structural properties, 471, 473–475

Bone tissue. See also Artificial bonebioceramic adhesion, 249–252biological glasses, 248dental implants, 637–639generally, 342–344inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 715–716Boron fibers, polymeric composite materials, 73Boronic acid derivatives, drug delivery

systems (DDS), 856Bravais lattice, metallic materials, 256Bulk properties, polymeric materials,

requirements/evaluation, 43–50

CCalcium carbonate, inorganic materials, 12Calcium phosphate

bioceramics, 217–218chemistry of, bioceramics, 218–228inorganic materials, 12

Cancellous uniaxial test specimens, bonemechanics, 467–468

Carbides, inert bioceramics, 213–214Carbon-coated implants, bioceramics, 242Carbon (graphite) fibers, polymeric

composite materials, 73, 76, 77Carcinogenicity, biocompatibility tests,

802–803Cardiovascular devices, 426–436

substitute heart valves, 434–436 (See alsoSubstitute heart valves)

vascular grafts, 427–431 (See also Vasculargrafts)

vascular stents, 431–433 (See also Vascularstents)

Carious pathology, 606–607Cartilage. See Articular cartilage; Artificial

cartilageCartilage-like tissue constructs, artificial

cartilage, 911–914Casein, protein-based biodegradable

polymers, 143Catheters, urological devices, soft tissue

replacement, 445–446Cell activation, assist devices, 973–975Cell adhesion molecules (CAM), cell-

extracellular matrix interactions, 656Cell culture, in vitro tissue development and,

tissue engineering, 888–899. See alsoTissue engineering

Cell-mediated response, inflammatoryresponse (to metals and ceramics),testing methods, 777–780

Cellular approaches, artificial bone,920–922

Cellulosecarbon (graphite) fibers, 76membrane materials, assist devices,

965–966polysaccharide-based biodegradable

natural polymers, 131–133polysaccharides, 5

Cellulose acetate, drug delivery systems(DDS), 848

Cemented hip joint prosthesis, 498–505. Seealso Hip joint prosthesis

Cementum, tooth structure properties,589–591, 604. See also Dental implantmaterials; Dental materials; Toothstructure properties

1020 Index

CENELEC organization, 986–987Ceramics. See BioceramicsChemical sterilization agents, sterilization

techniques, 824–825Chemotaxis, acute inflammatory response, to

metals and ceramics, 755–757Chitin, polysaccharides, 9–11Chitin/chitosan, polysaccharide-based

biodegradable natural polymers,133–134

Chitosan, polysaccharides, 9–11Chondrocyte cultures, in vitro, artificial

cartilage, 909–910Chronic inflammatory response. See

Inflammatory response (to metals andceramics)

Coagulative cascade, polymeric materials,64–65

Coatingsbioceramics, 249–252vascular stents, 432–433

Cobalt alloys, metallic biomaterialapplications, 291–292

Coculture models, liver cell function, 929–936Cold plastic deformation, metallic materials,

working technologies, 281–285Collagen

dental implants, 635–636polypeptides, 2–5, 6protein-based biodegradable polymers,

138–141tissue engineering, ECM composition, 889

Collagen sponge, biological materials,medical applications (general surgery),14, 16

Complement activation, assist devices,971–973

Complement system, acute inflammatoryresponse, to metals and ceramics,743–744

Composite materials, biological materials,12–13. See also Polymeric compositematerials

Composite resins, dental materials, 613–616Compression, confined, articular cartilage,

393–394Compression behavior, articular cartilage,

391–393Compression molding, thermosetting polymer

composite manufacture, 112–113

Condensation polymerization, polymersynthesis, 29–30

Confined compression, articular cartilage,393–394

Continuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 88–99

laminate elastic properties, 94–96unidirectional lamina elastic properties,

88–94unidirectional lamina failure, 97–99

Copper amalgams, dental materials, 612Cornea, described, 368–372Corneal decompensation, intraocular devices,

438–439Corn zein, protein-based biodegradable

polymers, 143Corrosion, metallic surface degradation

processes, 298–308. See also Metallicsurface degradation processes

Cortical bone, 917, 918Cortical tensile tests, bone mechanics,

462–467Cotyle

hip joint prosthesiscemented, 503–505noncemented, 512–517

materials for, friction and wear,519–520

Coupling stiffness matrix, 96Creep, polymers, 36Crevice corrosion, metallic surface

degradation processes, 312, 314–315Critical surface tension, polymeric materials,

inflammatory response to, 699–700Crystalline structure, metallic materials,

255–256Crystallinity

polymers, 33–35of surfaces, polymeric materials,

inflammatory response to,700–703

Cultured epithelial autograft (CEA), artificialskin, 901–902

Cytokinesacute inflammatory response, to metals and

ceramics, 746–749chronic inflammatory response, to metals

and ceramics, 765–767Cytotoxicity, biocompatibility tests, 795–802.

See also Biocompatibility tests

Index 1021

DDeacetylation, chitin and chitosan, 10–11Deep drawing, plastic deformation, metallic

materials, 285Degradation. See also Biodegradable

polymers; Metallic surface degradationprocesses

biocompatibility tests, 807–810of materials, inflammatory response (to

metals and ceramics), 735–741polyethylene, knee joint replacement,

543–544Dental amalgam, dental materials, 611–612Dental gold alloys. See also Dental implant

materials; Dental materialsmaterials, 611, 626metallic biomaterial applications, 294–295metallic materials, phase diagrams,

271–272Dental implant materials, 629–647. See also

Dental materials; Tooth structureproperties

biomechanics, 639–647generally, 639–640implant mechanics and loading, 642–643implant-tissue interaction, numerical

formulation of, 643–647tissue mechanics, 640–641

considerations, 629–631osseous grafting, 631periodontal regeneration, 631regenerative materials, 631–639

autogenous grafts, 632–633bone defect filling, 637–639heterografts or xenografts, 634membranes for periodontal defects,

634–637Dental materials, 601–629. See also Dental

implant materials; Tooth structureproperties

complex reconstructions, 621–622overview, 601–602prosthetic therapy materials, 622–629

alloys for (precious and nonprecious),625–629

fixed, 623–624moving partial or total, 624

restorative treatment, 609–621composite resins, 613–616filling, inlay, and onlay, 609–610

glass ionomers, 616–621metal materials, 610–613

somatognatic apparatus, 602–609Dental porcelain, inert bioceramics, 214–215Dentine, tooth structure properties, 589–591,

603–604. See also Dental implantmaterials; Dental materials; Toothstructure properties

Dermis, artificial skin, 902–906Dextran, polysaccharides, 7Die casting, molding, metallic materials, 287Direct tests, fiber/matrix adhesion, 85Discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composite

mechanics, 99–106elastic properties, 101–104fiber/matrix stress transfer, 99–101ultimate properties of, 105–106

Diseased tissue replacement, biologicalmaterials, medical applications, 16–19

DNA, therapeutic nucleic acids, 876. See alsoGene delivery

DNA staining, flow cytometry (FCM),cytotoxicity tests, 799–800

Drug delivery systems (DDS), 833–873biodegradable polymers, 128biological materials, medical applications,

19–20drug release mechanisms, 864–870

biodegradable matrices, 869–870reservoir systems, 868–869undegradable and swellable matrices,

867–868undegradable and unswellable devices,

864–867external control, 857–859internal control, 853–859

pH control, 853–854self-modulated devices, 855–857

novel systems, 849–853microcapsules and nanocapsules,

852–853microspheres and nanospheres, 851–852monolithic matrices, 850

overview, 833–834polymers, 836–849

biodegradable and nonbiodegradable,836–837

cellulose acetate, 848jaluronic acid, 849lactic/glycolic acid polymers, 840–842

1022 Index

Drug delivery systems (Cont.)nylon, 848polyacroleine, 849polyacrylate hydrogels, 846–848polyalkyl acrylates, 845–846polyanhydrides, 844–845

842–844polyphosphazenes, 839–840polysiloxanes, 837–839

problem overview, 870–872programmable release versus slow/

sustained release, 834–835transdermal systems, 859–864

Dry corrosion, metallic surface degradationprocesses, 298–299

Dry heat, sterilization techniques, 824

EEicosanoids, acute inflammatory response, to

metals and ceramics, 750Elastic cartilage, 908. See also Artificial

cartilageElastic fibers, tissue engineering, ECM

composition, 892Elastic properties

discontinuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 101–104

laminate, continuous-fiber-reinforcedcomposite mechanics, 94–96

unidirectional lamina, continuous-fiber-reinforced composite mechanics,88–94

Elbow prosthesis, 555–559design, 556–557historical perspective, 555indications for, 558

Electrically modulated erosion devices, drugdelivery systems (DDS), 858

Electromechanical transduction, articularcartilage, 394–396

Electron beam (E-beam) radiation,sterilization techniques, 827–829

Embedded single fiber test, fiber/matrixadhesion, 84

Enamel, tooth structure properties, 589–591,603. See also Dental implant materials;Dental materials; Tooth structureproperties

Endophthalmitis, bacterial, intraoculardevices, 440

Endothelium, leukocyte exudation, acuteinflammatory response, to metals andceramics, 751–753

Endothelium-scaffolding materials,hemocompatibility, vascular grafts,430

End plateanatomy, 406material properties, 411

Enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis,biodegradable polymers, 123, 125

Epidermis, artificial skin, 901–902Epoxy resins, thermoset matrices, matrix

resins, polymeric composite materials,80–81

Escherichia coli, 819, 820, 821Ethylene oxide, sterilization techniques,

824–825Europe, biomaterial standards, 985–988. See

also Biomaterial standardsEuropean Committee of Regulations (CEN),

986–987European patent convention, 1006–1007. See

also Biomaterial patentsExtensional stiffness matrix, 96Extracellular matrix (ECM), 655–668. See

also Biological environmentbioartificial assist devices, 908biomaterial interactions, 659–665

fibroblast cell activation, 660–663mechano/transduction, 663–665tissue fibrosis regulation, 659–660

cell interactions, 656–658future prospects, 665–667growth factor interactions, 658–659liver, 927, 928, 931–932 (See also Liver)overview, 655–656tissue engineering, 886–888 (See also

Tissue engineering)Extracorporal blood processing, biomaterials

in, assist devices, 949–950Extracorporeal enzymatic detoxification,

polymeric materials, medicalapplications, 41–43

Extraoral autogenous grafts, dental implants,632

Extrinsic pathway, coagulative cascade,polymeric materials, 64–65

Extrusion, plastic deformation, metallicmaterials, 284–285

Index 1023

Eye, 367–379cornea, 368–372intraocular devices, 436–444 (See also

Intraocular devices)overview, 367–368sclera, 373–375vitreous, 375–379

FFailure criterion, unidirectional lamina

failure, continuous-fiber-reinforcedcomposite mechanics, 97–99

Fatigue corrosion, metallic surfacedegradation processes, 316, 318

Fatigue failure, acrylic bone cements,576–578

Femoral headdimensions of, hip joint prosthesis, friction

and wear, 519materials for, hip joint prosthesis, friction

and wear, 518–519Femoral stem (hip joint prosthesis)

cemented, 498–503, 504noncemented, 505–512

Fiber/matrix adhesion, polymeric compositematerials, 84–87

Fiber/matrix stress transfer, discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composite mechanics,99–101

Fiber reinforcement (polymeric compositematerials), 71–78

carbon (graphite) fibers, 73, 76inorganic fibers, 72–73, 74–75polymeric fibers, 76, 78

Fibrin glue, biological materials, medicalapplications (general surgery), 14

Fibrinogenpolymeric materials, 65polypeptides, 2

Fibroblast cell activation, extracellularmatrix/biomaterial interactions,660–663

Fibrocartilage, 908. See also Artificialcartilage

Fibronectin, tissue engineering, ECMcomposition, 891

Filament winding, thermosetting polymercomposite manufacture, 110–111

Filling, dental materials and implants,609–610

Fixation, knee joint replacement, 546–547Flow cytometry (FCM), cytotoxicity tests,

798–800Forging, plastic deformation, metallic

materials, 282, 283Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,

proteins, measurement on surfaces, 672Fragmentation test, fiber/matrix adhesion, 84Friction and wear

acrylic bone cement, 582hip joint prosthesis, 517–520 (See also Hip

joint prosthesis)knee joint replacement, 543–545

Full annealing, thermal treatments, metallicmaterials, 276

GGallium alloys, dental materials, 612–613Galvanic corrosion, metallic surface

degradation processes, 316, 319–320Gelatin

polypeptides, 2–5, 6protein-based biodegradable polymers, 141

Gene delivery, 875–883clinical applications, 881–882overview, 875–876synthetic vectors, 877–881

lipoplexes, 879–880lipopolyplexes, 881polyplexes, 877–879

therapeutic nucleic acids, types of, 876viral vectors, 877

Generalized corrosion, metallic surfacedegradation processes, 309

Gene therapy, tissue engineering and,897–899

Genotoxicity, biocompatibility tests, 802Gingiva, 605Glandular parenchyma. See LiverGlass fibers, polymeric composite materials,

72–73Glass-ionomer cements (GICs), dental

materials, 616–621Glycolide, aliphatic polymers, biodegradable

synthetic polymers, 147Glycosaminoglycans

polysaccharide-based biodegradablenatural polymers, 134–136

tissue engineering, ECM composition,889–890

1024 Index

Grafting, of anticoagulants,hemocompatibility, vascular grafts,429

Grains and grain boundariesbioceramics, 196–199metallic materials, surface defects and,

260–261Granulation tissue formation, wound healing

process, protein adsorption, 681–682Graphite, bioceramics, 242–243Graphite fibers. See Carbon (graphite) fibersGriffith’s theory, bioceramics, 194–195Growth factors

extracellular matrix interactions, 658–659liver cell function, 929protein adsorption, in vivo models,

683–685tissue engineering, 887, 899

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), dentalimplants, 634–637

HHand lay-up, thermosetting polymer

composite manufacture, 108–109Hard tissue, generally, 342–344. See also

Bone tissueHard tissue mechanics. See Bone mechanicsHeart valves. See Substitute heart valvesHemocompatibility

biocompatibility tests, 807strategies for producing, vascular grafts,

429–430Hemocompatibility enhancers, polymeric

materials, requirements/evaluation,55–56

Hemodialysisassist devices, 956–958inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 707–710Hemofiltration, assist devices, 958Hemostasis, polymeric materials, 64Hemostats, biological materials, medical

applications (general surgery), 14–16Heparin

albumin, protein-based biodegradablepolymers, 138

biospecific anticoagulants, polymericmaterials, chemical modifications,53–55

polysaccharides, 11

Hepatocyte density, liver cell function,930–931

Hernia repair, soft tissue replacement, 445Heterografts, dental implants, 634Hinged knee arthroplasty, historical

perspective, 532–534. See also Kneejoint replacement

Hip joint prosthesis, 491–526cemented, 498–505

cotyle, 503–505femoral stem, 498–503, 504

friction and wear, 517–520cotyle materials, 519–520femoral head dimensions, 519femoral head materials, 518–519

historical perspective, 492–498noncemented, 505–517

cotyle, 512–517femoral stem, 505–512

overview, 491–492Histamine, acute inflammatory response, to

metals and ceramics, 750Hot plastic deformation, metallic materials,

working technologies, 281–285Humoral response, inflammatory response

(to metals and ceramics), testingmethods, 777

Hyaline cartilage, 908. See also Artificialcartilage

Hyaluronanartificial bone, 922artificial cartilage, 912–913

Hyaluronate, polysaccharides, 7, 9Hydophilicity/hydrophobicity, polymeric

materials, inflammatory response to,699–700

Hydraulic conductivity, articular cartilage,390–391

Hydrogels, polyacrylate, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 846–848

Hydrogen reduction, corrosion, metallicsurface degradation processes, 303

Hydrolysis, biodegradable polymers,123–125, 147

Hydrophilic materials, hemocompatibility,strategies for producing, vasculargrafts, 429

Hydroxyapatitedental implants, 638–639impurities, bioceramics, 228–231

Index 1025

inorganic materials, 12plasma spray (high temperature),

bioceramics, 232synthesis methods, bioceramics, 232–240thermal transformation, 225–227

Hypocrellin A, albumin, protein-basedbiodegradable polymers, 138

IImmune reaction, inflammatory response (to

metals and ceramics), specific immuneresponse, 773–776

Immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry(FCM), cytotoxicity tests, 799

Immunogenicity, inflammatory response (tometals and ceramics), specific immuneresponse, 771–773

Immunoisolation materials, bioartificial assistdevices, 982–983

Immunostimulation interaction,inflammatory response (to metals andceramics), specific immune response,773–776

Impaired healing models, protein adsorption,in vivo models, 683

Implants. See Dental implant materialsIndirect tests, fiber/matrix adhesion, 85–86Inert bioceramics, surgical implants, 209–216Inert materials, hemocompatibility, vascular

grafts, 430Infection/sterilization, 815–832

bacterial adherence, 817–822microorganism protection, 816–817neutrophil impairment, 816overview, 815sterilization techniques, 822–829

advantages and disadvantages, 823electron beam (E-beam) radiation, 827–

829ethylene oxide and chemical agents,

824–825irradiation, 825–827steam and dry heat, 824

tissue reactivity, 816Inflammation

biodegradable polymers, 126wound healing process, protein adsorption,

679–681Inflammatory response (to metals and

ceramics), 735–791

acute inflammatory response, 741–760chemotaxis, 755–757generally, 741–742leukocyte exudation, 751–753mast cells, 755mediators, 741–751monocytes/macrophages, 754neutrophils, 753–754phagocytosis, 757–760

chronic inflammatory response, 760–767cytokines, 765–767generally, 760–765

material degradation, 735–741ceramics, 738–741metals and alloys, 736–738

specific immune response, 770–780immune reaction, 773–776immunogenicity, 771–773testing methods, 776–780

toxicity, 767–770Inflammatory response (to polymeric

materials), 691–734assessment of, 705–719

blood contact, 706–713generally, 705–706intraocular implants, 713

living tissue contact, 692–696materials, 695–696specifications for choice, 692–695

materials characteristics, 696–705physiochemical parameters, 698–705size, surface area, and surface

morphology, 697–698overview, 691–692, 719–723

Injectable thermosensitive polymers, drugdelivery systems (DDS), 859

Inlay, dental materials and implants, 609–610Inorganic fibers, polymeric composite

materials, 72–73, 74–75Inorganic materials, biological materials, 12Integrins, tissue engineering, ECM receptors,

893–894Intergranular coordination number,

bioceramics, 196Intergranular corrosion, metallic surface

degradation processes, 311–312, 313Intermetallic phases, metallic alloy structures,

263Interstitial solid solutions, metallic alloy

structures, 262

1026 Index

Intervertebral disc, 403–424anatomy, 404–406

annulus fibrosus, 405–406end plate, 406nucleus pulposus, 404–405

degeneration effects, 405–416material properties, 406–411

annulus fibrosus, 408–411end plate, 411nucleus pulposus, 406–408

mechanical behavior, 411–415overview, 403prostheses, 416–419

soft tissue replacement, 447–448Intraocular devices, 436–444

generally, 436–437inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 713keratoprostheses, 441–444lenses, 437–441

bacterial endophthalmitis, 440corneal decompensation, 438–439posterior capsule opacification,

440–441postoperative inflammation, 439

Intraoral autogenous grafts, dental implants,632–633

Intrinsic pathway, coagulative cascade,polymeric materials, 64–65

Invention, definition of, biomaterial patents,1009–1012

In vitro studies. See also Biocompatibilitytests

cell therapy, artificial cartilage, 910–911chondrocyte cultures, artificial cartilage,

909–910inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 711–713In vitro tissue development, cell culture and,

tissue engineering, 888–899. See alsoTissue engineering

In vivo studies. See also Biocompatibility testscell therapy, artificial cartilage, 910–911inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 716–719Ionic impurities, hydroxyapatite powder,

bioceramics, 228–231Ionization, biodegradable polymers, 122–123Iron-carbon phase diagram, metallic

materials, 268–269

Iron-chromium phase diagrams, metallicmaterials, 269

Iron-nickel phase diagram, metallic materials,269

Irradiation, sterilization techniques, 825–827Irritation, biocompatibility tests, 803ISO, biomaterial standards, 989–991Isomerism, polymers, 32–33Isotacticity, polymers, 33Italian Electrotechnical Committee (CEI),

986

JJaluronic acid, drug delivery systems (DDS),

849Joint prosthesis, inflammatory response,

assessment of, 715–716. See alsoElbow prosthesis; Hip joint prosthesis;Knee joint replacement; Shoulderprosthesis

KKeratoprostheses, intraocular devices,

441–444Kinetics, corrosion, metallic surface

degradation processes, 302–307Kinin-forming system, acute inflammatory

response, to metals and ceramics,749–750

Knee joint replacement, 527–554alignment, 545–546fixation, 546–547historical perspective

hinged knee arthroplasty, 532–534total knee arthroplasty (TKA),

529–532unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,

534–536knee anatomy, function, and structure,

536–537overview, 527–528patellofemoral joint, 547–550polyethylene, 537–545

contract stress, congruency, andconformity, 537–540

debris, 544–545degradation, 543–544metal backing, 541–542strength, 542–543thickness, 540–541

Index 1027

LLactic/glycolic acid polymers, drug delivery

systems (DDS), 840–842Laminate(s), continuous-fiber-reinforced

composite mechanics, 88. See alsoContinuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics

Laminate constitutive equation, 96Laminate elastic properties, continuous-fiber-

reinforced composite mechanics,94–96

Laminin, tissue engineering, ECMcomposition, 891

Lattice. See also Metallic materialsdefects in, metallic materials, 256–261metallic materials, 255–256

Lenses, intraocular devices, 437–441Leukocyte exudation, acute inflammatory

response, to metals and ceramics,751–753

Leukotrienes, acute inflammatory response,to metals and ceramics, 750–751

Lever rule, two phases and, metallic materials,phase diagrams, 266–267

Ligaments. See Tendons and ligamentsLinear defects, in lattice, metallic materials,

257–260Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM),

tooth structure properties, 595–597Lipophobicity, polymeric materials,

inflammatory response to, 699–700Lipoplexes, synthetic vectors, 879–880Lipopolyplexes, synthetic vectors, 881Liver, 925–936

anatomy, 926bioartificial assist devices, 976, 977extracellular matrix, 927liver cell function, 928–936microarchitecture, 926overview, 925–926, 936parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells,

927Local implantation tests, biocompatibility

tests, 803–804, 805–806Localized corrosion, metallic surface

degradation processes, 309–316

MMacrophages, acute inflammatory response,

to metals and ceramics, 754

Magnetically modulated devices, drugdelivery systems (DDS), 856–858

Mast cells, acute inflammatory response, tometals and ceramics, 755

Matrixpolymeric composite materials, 70scaffold and, bioartificial assist devices,

981–982Matrix formation, wound healing process,

protein adsorption, 682Matrix resins, polymeric composite materials,

78–83thermoplastic matrices, 81–83thermoset matrices, 79–81

Maximum stress/strain criterion,unidirectional lamina failure,continuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 97–98

Mechanical behavior, intervertebral disc,411–415

Mechanical propertiesarticular cartilage, 386–394 (See also

Articular cartilage)polymers, 35–36skin, 356–357soft tissue, 349–352tendons and ligaments, 359–363

Mechanical substitute heart valves, 434–435.See also Substitute heart valves

Mechanical testing, bone mechanics, 462–468Mechanistic models, bone, functional

adaptation, 481–482Mechanochemical preparation,

hydroxyapatite synthesis, 239–240Mechano/transduction, extracellular matrix/

biomaterial interactions, 663–665Medical applications

bioceramics, 208–252 (See alsoBioceramies)

biodegradable polymers, 119–120, 126–129biological glasses, 246–249diseased tissue replacement, biological

materials, 16–19drug delivery systems (DDS), biological

materials, 19–20general surgery, biological materials, 14–16

adhesion prevention materials, 16hemostats, sealants, and adhesives,

14–16sutures, 14

1028 Index

Medical applications (Cont.)metallic materials, 289–295 (See also

Metallic materials)polymeric materials, 36–43

biodegradable and bioresorbablepolymers, 40–41

extracorporeal enzymatic detoxification,41–43

generally, 36–37synthetic polymers, 37–40

tissue engineering, biological materials,20–22

Membranesassist devices, 951–956materials for, assist devices, 964–968preparation of assist devices, 961–964therapeutic, assist devices, artificial devices,

956–960Mercury amalgam, dental materials, 612Mesenchymal stem cells, artificial cartilage,

914–916Mesophase pitch, carbon (graphite) fibers, 76Metallic alloy structures, metallic materials,

262–263Metallic materials, 255–295

biomaterial applications, 289–295austenitic stainless steel, 290–291cobalt alloys, 291–292precious metal alloys, 294–295titanium and titanium alloys, 292–294

crystalline structure, 255–256dental materials, 610–613 (See also Dental

implant materials; Dental materials)inflammatory response (to metals and

ceramics), 736–738, 744, 745–746,748–749, 758–759, 771, 773 (See alsoInflammatory response (to metalsand ceramics))

lattice defects, 256–261linear defects, 257–260plastic deformation temperature effects,

261point defects, 257surface defects and grain boundaries,

260–261metallic alloy structures, 262–263phase diagrams, 263–272

binary phase diagrams, graphicrepresentation of, 264–265

dental gold alloys, 271–272

iron-carbon, 268–269iron-nickel and iron-chromium

diagrams, 269one phase, 265phase definition, 263three phases, 267titanium-aluminum and titanium-

vanadium diagrams, 269–271two phases, Lever rule and, 266–267variance and phase rule, 264

strengthening, 277–280surface dynamics and surface analysis,

biomaterial characterization, 328–329thermal treatments, 272–277working technologies, 280–289

bonding, 288molding, 285–287plastic deformation (hot or cold),

281–285powder metallurgy, 287–288surface finishing, 289tool machining, 288

Metallic surface(s), biomaterialcharacterization, surface dynamics andsurface analysis, 328–329

Metallic surface degradation processes,297–323

biological environment, 297–298, 308corrosion, 298–308

biological environment, 308dry, 298–299kinetics, 302–307wet, 299–302

corrosion forms, 308–320galvanic, 316, 319–320generalized, 309localized, 309–316selective, 320, 321wear, 320, 322

corrosion prevention, 320, 323Metal oxidation reaction, corrosion, metallic

surface degradation processes,304–307

Methylvinylether-maleic anhydridecopolymer, pH control, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 853–854

Microbial polyesters, biodegradablepolymers, 143–145

Microcapsules, nanocapsules and, drugdelivery systems (DDS), 852–853

Index 1029

Microdebonding test, fiber/matrix adhesion,84–85

Microorganism protection, infection/sterilization, 816–817

Microphase heterogeneous surfaces, polymersurfaces organization, biomaterialcharacterization, 332–336

Microporous membranes, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 855–856

Microspheres, nanospheres and, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 851–852

Microstructure-mechanical propertiesrelationship, acrylic bone cements,578–582. See also Acrylic bonecements

Molding, metallic materials, workingtechnologies, 285–287

Molecular biological techniques, cytotoxicitytests, 800–801

Molecular weight, polymers, 30, 32Monocytes, acute inflammatory response, to

metals and ceramics, 754Monolithic devices, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 860–861Monolithic matrices, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 850Multiple phases, metallic alloy structures,

263

NNaltroxone, drug delivery systems (DDS),

856–857Nanocapsules, microcapsules and, drug

delivery systems (DDS), 852–853Nanospheres, microspheres and, drug

delivery systems (DDS), 851–852National Body of Unification (UNI, Italy),

986Natural polymers. See also Polymers;

Synthetic polymersbiodegradable polymers, 129–145 (See also

Biodegradable polymers)vascular stent coatings, 433

Neutrophil impairment, infection/sterilization, 816

Neutrophils, acute inflammatory response, tometals and ceramics, 753–754

Nitrides, inert bioceramics, 213–214Noncemented hip joint prosthesis, 505–517.

See also Hip joint prosthesis

Nonintegrin receptors, tissue engineering,ECM receptors, 893

Nonparenchymal cells, liver, 927. See alsoLiver

Normalization, thermal treatments, metallicmaterials, 277

Nucelopore/millipore filters, dental implants,635

Nucleic acids, therapeutic, types of, 876. Seealso Gene therapy

Nucleus pulposusanatomy, 404–405material properties, 406–408

Numerical approach, bone mechanics,482–485

Nylon, drug delivery systems (DDS), 848

OOctacalcium phosphate, thermal

transformation, 225Odontoblasts, 603–604Oligoelements, additions of, strengthening of

metallic materials, 278One phase, metallic materials, phase

diagrams, 265Onlay, dental materials and implants,

609–610Oral surgery. See Dental implant materials;

Dental materialsOrder-disorder transformations,

strengthening of metallic materials,279–280

Orthotropic lamina, unidirectional laminaelastic properties, 88–90

Osseous grafting, dental implants, 631Oxidation reaction, corrosion, metallic surface

degradation processes, 304–307Oxygenation, liver cell function, 928–929Oxygen reduction, corrosion, metallic surface

degradation processes, 303–304

PPancreas, bioartificial assist devices, 977–980Parenchymal cells, liver, 927. See also LiverParkinson’s disease, tissue engineering, 899Particulate composites, properties of,

polymeric composite materials,106–108

Patellofemoral joint, knee joint replacement,547–550

1030 Index

Patent Cooperation Treaty, 1007–1009. Seealso Biomaterial patents

Patents. See Biomaterial patentsPEG polymers, lipoplexes, 880Penile implants, 446Periarticular muscles, role of, shoulder

prosthesis, 566–568Periarticular resistances, shoulder prosthesis,

566Perichondrium, cartilage, 909Periodontal regeneration, dental implants,

631Permanent-mold casting, molding, metallic

materials, 287pH

carious pathology, 606–607control of, drug delivery systems (DDS),

853–854metallic surface degradation processes, 298

Phagocytosis, acute inflammatory response,to metals and ceramics, 757–760

Phase diagrams, metallic materials, 263–272.See also Metallic materials

Phase inversion technique, membranepreparation, assist devices, 962–963

Phase rule, variance and, metallic materials,264

Phenomenological models, bone, functionaladaptation, 478–481

Physiochemical parameters, polymericmaterials, inflammatory response to,698–705

Pitting corrosion, metallic surfacedegradation processes, 309–311

Plaque, bacterial, 606Plasma fractionation, assist devices, 959Plasmapheresis, assist devices, 958–959Plasma proteins (serum albumin and

fibrinogen), polypeptides, 2Plasma spray (high temperature),

bioceramics, 232Plastic deformation

hot or cold, metallic materials, workingtechnologies, 281–285

linear defects and, in lattice, metallicmaterials, 257–260

Plastic deformation temperatureeffect on dislocations, metallic materials,

260effect on grain size, metallic materials, 261

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), acuteinflammatory response, to metals andceramics, 751

Platelet aggregation, polymeric materials, 64Point defects, in lattice, metallic materials, 257Polyacroleine, drug delivery systems (DDS),

849Polyacrylate hydrogels, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 846–848Poly(acrylic) polymers, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 855Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), carbon (graphite)

fibers, 76Polyaddition, polymer synthesis, 30Polyalkyl acrylates, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 845–846Poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate), synthetic

biodegradable polymers, 155–156Polyamide, membrane materials, assist

devices, 967–968Polyanhydrides

drug delivery systems (DDS), 844–845synthetic biodegradable polymers, 154–155

Polycarbonate, membrane materials, assistdevices, 968

Poly(ester-amides), synthetic biodegradablepolymers, 150–151

Polyester resins, thermoset matrices, matrixresins, polymeric composite materials,79–80

Polyesters, 11–12Polyethylene, knee joint replacement,

537–545. See also Knee jointreplacement

Polyethyleneterephthalate, syntheticbiodegradable polymers, 159–161

drug delivery systems(DDS), 842–844

Polyimino carbonates, syntheticbiodegradable polymers, 156–157

Polylactic acidaliphatic polymers, biodegradable synthetic

polymers, 147dental implants, 636–637

Polymeric carbonscarbon-coated implants, bioceramics, 242graphite, bioceramics, 242–243pyrolytic carbons, bioceramics, 242vitreous, bioceramics, 240–241

Polymeric composite materials, 69–117

Index 1031

carbon (graphite) fibers, 76classification of, summary chart, 71continuous-fiber-reinforced composite

mechanics, 88–99laminate elastic properties, 94–96unidirectional lamina elastic properties,

88–94unidirectional lamina failure, 97–99

discontinuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 99–106

elastic properties, 101–104fiber/matrix stress transfer, 99–101ultimate properties of, 105–106

fiber/matrix adhesion, 84–87fiber reinforcement, 71–78

carbon (graphite) fibers, 73, 76, 77inorganic fibers, 72–73, 74–75polymeric fibers, 76, 78

manufacture, 108–114thermoplastic polymer composites,

113–114thermosetting polymer composites,

108–113matrix resins, 78–83

thermoplastic matrices, 81–83thermoset matrices, 79–81

overview, 69–71particulate composite properties, 106–108volume and weight fractions, 87

Polymeric fibers, polymeric compositematerials, 76, 78

Polymeric materials, 25–68biological interaction, 63–66inflammatory response to, 691–734 (See

also Inflammatory response (topolymeric materials))

medical applications, 36–43biodegradable and bioresorbable

polymers, 40–41extracorporeal enzymatic detoxification,

41–43generally, 36–37synthetic polymers, 37–40

overview, 25–26polymers, 27–36

crystallinity, 33–35generally, 27–29isomerism, 32–33mechanical properties, 35–36molecular weight, 30, 32

synthesis, 29–30, 31production, 56–63

classes, 58–63generally, 56–57

requirements/evaluation, 43–66bulk and surface properties, 43–50chemical modifications, 50–56

biospecific anticoagulants, 51–55hemocompatibility enhancers, 55–56

surface dynamics and surface analysis,biomaterial characterization, 329–330

surfaces organization, biomaterialcharacterization, 330–336

Polymers. See also Biodegradable polymers;Natural polymers

assist devices, 960–961, 967–968 (See alsoAssist devices)

drug delivery systems (DDS), 836–849 (Seealso Drug delivery systems (DDS))

tissue engineering, 896–897vascular stent coatings, 432–433

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 569, 595,715. See also Acrylic bone cements

Polyolefins, membrane materials, assistdevices, 968

PolyorthoesterspH control, drug delivery systems (DDS), 854synthetic biodegradable polymers, 152–154

Polypeptides, 2–5collagen and gelatin, 2–5, 6plasma proteins (serum albumin and

fibrinogen), 2Polyphosphazenes

drug delivery systems (DDS), 839–840synthetic biodegradable polymers, 157–159

Polyplexes, synthetic vectors, 877–879Polysaccharide-based biodegradable natural

polymers, 129–137alginates, 136–137cellulose, 131–133chitin/chitosan, 133–134glycosaminoglycans, 134–136starch, 130–131

Polysaccharides, 5, 7–11cellulose, 5chitin and chitosan, 9–11dextran, 7hyaluronate, 7, 9miscellaneous, 11starch, 7

1032 Index

Polysiloxanes, drug delivery systems (DDS),837–839

Polysulfone, membrane materials, assistdevices, 967

Polyurethaneshemocompatibility, vascular grafts, 431synthetic biodegradable polymers, 163–165

Porcelain, inert bioceramics, 214–215Porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) restoration,

dental materials, 626–627Porosity

acrylic bone cements, 579Young’s modulus and, bioceramics, 196

Posterior capsule opacification, intraoculardevices, 440–441

Postoperative inflammation, intraoculardevices, 439

Powder metallurgy, metallic materials,working technologies, 287–288

Powder treatment, bioceramic processing, 200Precious metal alloys, metallic biomaterial

applications, 294–295Prefiring, bioceramics, 202Programmable release, slow/sustained release

versus, drug delivery systems (DDS),834–835. See also Drug deliverysystems (DDS)

Propionibacterium acnes, 820Prostaglandins, acute inflammatory response,

to metals and ceramics, 744–746Prosthesis. See also Dental implant materials;

Dental materials; Elbow prosthesis;Hip joint prosthesis; Knee jointreplacement; Shoulder prosthesis

dental materials, 622–629intervertebral disc, 416–419

Protein adsorption, 669–689cells/tissue interactions, 678–685

in vivo models, 682–685wound healing process, 678–682

definitions, 670importance of, 677–678measurement on surfaces, 671–673overview, 669structure in solution and on surfaces,

670–671to surfaces, principles, 674–677

Protein-based biodegradable polymers,137–143

albumin, 138

casein, 143collagen, 138–141corn zein, 143gelatin, 141generally, 137–138silk proteins, 141–143soy protein isolate, 143wheat gluten, 143

Proteoglycans, tissue engineering, ECMcomposition, 889–890

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 819, 820Pull-out test, fiber/matrix adhesion, 84–85Pulp, tooth structure properties, 589–591,

604. See also Dental implant materials;Dental materials; Tooth structureproperties

Pultrusion, thermosetting polymer compositemanufacture, 111–112

Pyrolytic carbons, bioceramics, 242

QQuenching, thermal treatments, metallic

materials, 277

RRadioactive labeling, proteins, measurement

on surfaces, 671–672Radiopacifier particles, acrylic bone cement

additives, 580–582Rearrangement polymerization, polymer

synthesis, 29–30Recrystallization, linear defects, in lattice,

metallic materials, 259–260Re-epithelialization, wound healing process,

protein adsorption, 682Reinforcing agents, polymeric composite

materials, 70Remodeling

articular cartilage, 396–398wound healing process, protein adsorption,

682Repair, articular cartilage, 396–398Reproductive toxicity, biocompatibility tests,

803Reservoir devices, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 861–862Reservoir systems, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 868–869Resin transfer molding (RTM), thermosetting

polymer composite manufacture, 112

Index 1033

Reverse transcription polymerase chainreaction (RT-PCR), cytotoxicity tests,801–802

RNA, therapeutic nucleic acids, 876. See alsoGene delivery

Rolling, plastic deformation, metallicmaterials, 282, 283

SSaliva, 605–606Sand casting, molding, metallic materials,

285–287Scaffold, matrix and, bioartificial assist

devices, 981–982Sclera, described, 373–375Sealants, biological materials, medical

applications (general surgery), 14–16Selective corrosion, metallic surface

degradation processes, 320, 321Self-modulated devices, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 855–857Sensitization, biocompatibility tests, 803Sepsis. See Infection/sterilizationSequence isomerisms, polymers, 32–33Serum albumin, polypeptides, 2Shaping methods, bioceramic processing,

200–202Shoulder prosthesis, 561–568

articular and periarticular resistances, 566articular surfaces and design, conforming

of, 564–565design, 562–563historical perspective, 561implantation, 563periarticular muscles, role of, 566–568

Signal transduction, tissue engineering, 894Silicon carbide fibers, polymeric composite

materials, 73Silk proteins, protein-based biodegradable

polymers, 141–143Silver amalgam, dental materials, 612Silver-tin-mercury alloy, dental materials, 611Single-fiber methods, fiber/matrix adhesion,

85Sintering, bioceramics, 202–207Skeleton, inorganic materials, 12Skin, 353–357. See also Artificial skin

artificial, soft tissue replacement, 444composition and structure, 354–355mechanical properties, 356–357

Skin permeability enhancers, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 862–864

Slow release, programmable release versus,drug delivery systems (DDS),834–835. See also Drug deliverysystems (DDS)

Soft tissue, 347–365generally, 340–342skin, 353–357

composition and structure, 354–355mechanical properties, 356–357

structure-property relationship, 347–353mechanical properties, 349–352transport properties, 352–353

tendons and ligaments, 357–363composition and structure, 358–359functions of, 357mechanical properties, 359–363

Soft tissue replacement, 425–458cardiovascular devices, 426–436

substitute heart valves, 434–436 (See alsoSubstitute heart valves)

vascular grafts, 427–431 (See alsoVascular grafts)

vascular stents, 431–433 (See alsoVascular stents)

hernia repair, 445intervertebral disc prostheses, 447–448intraocular devices, 436–444 (See also

Intraocular devices)overview, 425–426skin (artificial), 444tendon and ligament prostheses, 446–447urological devices, 445–446

Sol-gel preparation, hydroxyapatite synthesis,235–239

Solid state diffusion, point defects and, inlattice, metallic materials, 257

Solubilization, biodegradable polymers,121–122

Somatognatic apparatus, dental materialsand implants, 602–609

Soy protein isolate, protein-basedbiodegradable polymers, 143

Specific immune response, 770–780immune reaction, 773–776immunogenicity, 771–773

Sponge-type collagen, biological materials,medical applications (general surgery),14, 16

1034 Index

Stable synthetic polymers, vascular stentcoatings, 432

Stainless steel, austenitic, metallic biomaterialapplications, 290–291

Standards. See Biomaterial standardsStaphylococcus aureus, 819, 820, 821Staphylococcus epidermidis, 817–822Staphylococcus pyogenes, 815Starch

polysaccharide-based biodegradablenatural polymers, 130–131

polysaccharides, 7Static mechanical properties, articular

cartilage, 386–388Steam and dry heat, sterilization techniques,

824Stem cells

artificial bone, 920–921mesenchymal, artificial cartilage, 914–916

Stentsurological devices, soft tissue replacement,

445–446vascular, 431–433

coatings for, 432–433inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 710–711metals for, 431–432

Stereoisomerisms, polymers, 32–33Sterilization. See Infection/sterilizationStrain, polymers, 35–36Strengthening, of metallic materials, 277–280Streptococcus mutans, 606Stress, polymers, 35–36Stress corrosion cracking, metallic surface

degradation processes, 315–316, 317Stress-strain relationship

articular cartilage, 386–388cornea, 371–372sclera, 373–375soft tissue, 349–350

Stretching, plastic deformation, metallicmaterials, 285

Structural isomerisms, polymers, 32–33Structure-property relationship, soft tissue,

347–353. See also Soft tissueSubcutaneous implants, protein adsorption,

in vivo models, 682–683Substitute heart valves, 434–436

bioprosthetic, 435developmental guidelines, 435–436

mechanical, 434–435Substitutional solid solutions, metallic alloy

structures, 262–263Sucrose, carious pathology, 607Surface chemistry, polymeric materials,

inflammatory response to, 703–705Surface defects, grain boundaries and, lattice

defects, metallic materials, 260–261Surface degradation processes. See Metallic

surface degradation processesSurface dynamics/analysis, biomaterial

characterization, 328–330. See alsoBiomaterial characterization

Surface finishing, metallic materials, workingtechnologies, 289

Surface properties, polymeric materials,requirements/evaluation, 43–50

Surface-related phenomenon, polymericmaterials, 697–698. See alsoInflammatory response (to polymericmaterials)

Surface tension, critical, polymeric materials,inflammatory response to, 699–700

Sustained release, programmable releaseversus, drug delivery systems (DDS),834–835. See also Drug deliverysystems (DDS)

Suturesbiological materials, medical applications

(general surgery), 14inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 713–714Swellable matrices, undegradable matrices

and, drug delivery systems (DDS),drug release mechanisms, 867–868

Syndiotacticity, polymers, 33Synthetic biodegradable polymers, 145–165

aliphatic, 145–150poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate), 155–156polyamides, 161–162polyanhydrides, 154–155poly(ester-amides), 150–151polyethyleneterephthalate, 159–161polyimino carbonates, 156–157polyorthoesters, 152–154polyphosphazenes, 157–159polyurethanes, 163–165

Synthetic polymersmedical applications, 37–40membrane materials, assist devices, 967

Index 1035

tissue engineering, 896–897vascular stent coatings, 432–433

Synthetic vectors, 877–881. See also Genedelivery

lipoplexes, 879–880lipopolyplexes, 881polyplexes, 877–879

Systemic toxicity, biocompatibility tests, 804,806

TTacticity, polymers, 32–33Targeted delivery, drug delivery systems

(DDS), 835Teeth. See Dental implant materials; Dental

materials; Tooth structure propertiesTeflon/PTFE membranes, dental implants,

635Temperature-triggered polymers, drug

delivery systems (DDS), 858–859Tempering, thermal treatments, metallic

materials, 277Tendons and ligaments, 357–363

composition and structure, 358–359functions of, 357prostheses, soft tissue replacement,

446–447Tensile properties, tendons and ligaments,

360–361Testicular implants, 446Tests and testing. See also Biocompatibility

testsbiomaterials, tissue engineering, 895–897bone mechanics

cancellous uniaxial test specimens,467–468

cortical tensile tests, 462–467mechanical testing, 462–468

cytotoxicity testsDNA staining, flow cytometry (FCM),

799–800flow cytometry (FCM), 798–800molecular biological techniques,

800–801reverse transcription polymerase chain

reaction (RT-PCR), 801–802embedded single fiber test, fiber/matrix

adhesion, 84fiber/matrix adhesion

direct tests, 85

fragmentation test, 84indirect tests, 85–86pull-out test, 84–85

humoral response, inflammatory response,testing methods, 777

inflammatory response, specific immuneresponse, 776–780

microdebonding test, fiber/matrixadhesion, 84–85

tissue engineering, testing of biomaterialsand new strategies, 895–897

Therapeutic nucleic acids, types of, 876. Seealso Gene delivery

Thermal process, bioceramics, 202Thermal transformation

calcium phosphate chemistry, 223–224hydroxyapatite chemistry, 225–227octacalcium phosphate chemistry, 225tricalcium phosphate chemistry, 224–225

Thermal treatmentsmetallic materials, 272–277strengthening of metallic materials, 279

Thermoplastic matrices, matrix resins,polymeric composite materials,81–83

Thermoplastic polymer composites,manufacture of, 113–114

Thermoset matrices, matrix resins, polymericcomposite materials, 79–81

Thermosetting polymer composites,manufacture of, 108–113

Three phases, metallic materials, phasediagrams, 267

Thrombogenicity, assist devices, 969–971Thrombospondin, tissue engineering, ECM

composition, 891–892Time-dependent properties, articular

cartilage, 388Tissue engineering, 885–946

artificial bone, 916–925acellular approaches, 918–920bone histology and physiology, 917–918cellular approaches, 920–922clinical considerations, 923–924future prospects, 924–925overview, 916–917

artificial cartilage, 907–916cartilage-like tissue constructs, 911–914cartilage properties, 908–909chondrocyte cultures in vitro, 909–910

1036 Index

Tissue engineering (Cont.)current status, 907–908mesenchymal stem cells, 914–916in vitro and in vivo studies (cell

therapy), 910–911artificial skin

dermis, 902–906epidermis, 901–902generally, 900–901progress in, 907

biological materials, medical applications,20–22

cell culture and in vitro tissue development,888–899

ECM composition, 889–892ECM receptors, 892–894gene therapy and, 897–899signal transduction, 894testing of biomaterials and new

strategies, 895–897definitions, 885extracellular matrix (ECM), 886–888goals of, 885–886liver, 925–936

anatomy, 926extracellular matrix, 927liver cell function, 928–936microarchitecture, 926overview, 925–926, 936parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells,

927Tissue factor, coagulative cascade, polymeric

materials, 64–65Tissue fibrosis regulation, extracellular

matrix/biomaterial interactions,659–660

Tissue reactivity, infection/sterilization, 816Tissues, 339–345. See also Bone tissue; Soft

tissuehard tissue, 342–344overview, 339–340soft tissue, 340–342

Titanium, metallic biomaterial applications,292–294

Titanium alloys, metallic biomaterialapplications, 292–294

Titanium-aluminum phase diagram, metallicmaterials, 269–271

Titanium-vanadium phase diagram, metallicmaterials, 269–271

Tool machining, metallic materials, workingtechnologies, 288

Tooth structure properties, 589–599. See alsoDental implant materials; Dentalmaterials

mechanical properties, 592–597fracture toughness, 595–597hardness, 595static, 592–594

overview, 589–591physical properties, 591–592

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), 527–532. Seealso Knee joint replacement

Toxicity, inflammatory response (to metalsand ceramics), 767–770

Trabecular bone, 917–918Transdermal systems (drug delivery systems

(DDS)), 859–864. See also Drugdelivery systems (DDS)

monolithic devices, 860–861reservoir devices, 861–862skin permeability enhancers, 862–864

Transport properties, soft tissue, 352–353Tribological performance, bioceramics, 199Tricalcium phosphate, thermal

transformation, 224–225Tsai-Hill (maximum work) criterion,

unidirectional lamina failure,continuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 98–99

Two phasesLever rule and, metallic materials, phase

diagrams, 266–267metallic alloy structures, 263

UUltrasonic modulated devices, drug delivery

systems (DDS), 856Ultrasound analysis, bone mechanics,

468–469Undegradable devices, unswellable devices

and, drug delivery systems (DDS),864–867

Undegradable matrices, swellable matricesand, drug delivery systems (DDS),drug release mechanisms, 867–868

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,historical perspective, 534–536. Seealso Knee joint replacement

Index 1037

Unidirectional lamina elastic properties,continuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 88–94

Unidirectional lamina failure, continuous-fiber-reinforced composite mechanics,97–99

United States, biomaterial patents, 1013Unswellable devices, undegradable devices

and, drug delivery systems (DDS),864–867

Urinary sphincters, artificial, 446Urological devices, soft tissue replacement,

445–446

VVariance, phase rule and, metallic materials,

264Vascular grafts, 427–431

biocompatibility, 427–429hemocompatibility, strategies for

producing, 429–430Vascular prostheses, inflammatory response,

to polymeric materials, assessmentof, 710–711

Vascular stents, 431–433coatings for, 432–433inflammatory response, to polymeric

materials, assessment of, 710–711metals for, 431–432

Vinyl ester resins, thermoset matrices, matrixresins, polymeric composite materials,79–80

Viral vectors, gene delivery, 877. See alsoGene delivery

Viscoelastic propertiesacrylic bone cements, 575–576articular cartilage, 389–390soft tissue, 350–352tendons and ligaments, 361–363

Viscoelastic shear properties, articularcartilage, 388–389

Vitreous, described, 375–379

Vitreous carbons, bioceramics, 240–241Vitronectin, tissue engineering, ECM

composition, 892Volume and weight fractions, polymeric

composite materials, 87Vulcanization, polymers, 28

WWear. See Friction and wearWear corrosion, metallic surface degradation

processes, 320, 322Weight and volume fractions, polymeric

composite materials, 87Wet corrosion, metallic surface degradation

processes, 299–302Wet preparation, hydroxyapatite synthesis,

232–235Wheat gluten, protein-based biodegradable

polymers, 143Wire drawing, plastic deformation, metallic

materials, 282, 283Wolff’s law, bone mechanics, 476–477Work hardening

linear defects, in lattice, metallic materials,258–259

strengthening of metallic materials, 278Working technologies, metallic materials,

280–289. See also Metallic materialsWound healing process

protein adsorption, 678–682in vivo models, 682–685

XXenografts, dental implants, 634

YYoung’s modulus, porosity and, bioceramics,

196

ZZirconia, inert bioceramics, 210–213