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INDEX of DECIDED LABOUR CASES shown alphabetically BY SUBJECT 1987-2016

Employers entering into disputes with employees will always find it useful to arm themselves with a working

knowledge of labour law – as well as key ‘decided cases’ where the Courts have interpreted the law

in specific circumstances.

Fortune favours the prepared, in seeking to conclude labour disputes _________________________________________________________________

The periodical Labour Relations Information Service explains labour laws and summarises court judgments in layman’s terms,

for subscribers’ guidance.

This INDEX lists judgments summarised in 29 volumes of LRIS from inception in 1987 to 2016

Cases are indexed alphabetically by subject – e.g. Expectation (doctrine of legitimate expectation), Company

vehicle, Damages etc. Please note that a Court case may be identified by a number of different key words – e.g.

‘Notice’ as well as ‘Dismissal during probation’. For subscribers’ ease of reference, such cases are listed in this

Index under each of the different topics, or are cross-referenced.

In this INDEX – SC refers to Supreme Court for example, SC 32/95 refers to Supreme Court Judgment No. 32 in 1995 HC to High Court (where the venue is not known) HH to High Court Harare, and HB to High Court Bulawayo LC/H to Labour Court Harare ZLR refers to the twice-yearly Zimbabwe Law Reports published by the Legal Resources Foundation

1989(1) ZLR 293 (S) means Volume 1 of 1989, page 293, Supreme Court

The numbers on the right side of each page below (e.g. 9.1.14) refer to the Volume, Issue and Page where the case report appears

- for example, in regard to the first case, below, City of Harare versus Zimucha, 9.1.14 means

Volume 9, Issue Number 1, Page 14 of the Labour Relations Information Service journal.

Where subsequent amendments to the Labour Act impinge on decided cases, details of the new section are given briefly in the Index – inset, in italics, underlined

Topic - sub-heading Parties in dispute Court/case number/year LRIS reference

Absence from work - because of sickness - payment of wages & allowances

City of Harare v Zimucha SC 32/1995 9.1.14

- induced by employer – dismissal is not warranted

Shepherd Makovere v Zvimba RDC LC/H/330/2003 18.1.1 - ‘reasonable excuse’ for absence -

- where no ref. in Code to ‘reasonable excuse’ for absence

Cottco v Muchirahondo SC 94/2002 17.7.10 - with reasonable excuse

Business Equipment Corp v Mtetwa SC 68/2007 22.2.3 - without reasonable excuse

TM Supermarkets v Muburiri SC 55/2000 14.2.14 Mwanyisa v Minister of Finance & Others HH 65/2001 14.10.4 PTC v Nembaware Labour Relations Tribunal September 1992 7.1.5 Chikuya v Dairibord HH 124/2001 15.1.7 - repudiates contract of employment

Circle Cement v Nyawasha SC60/2003 20.4.3 - without leave – when dismissal is warranted

Zisco v Keche SC 34/1998 11.9.6 Girjac Services v Mudzingwa SC 41/999 12.10.3 - also see ‘Failure to return to work’

Abusive language - ‘warrants instant dismissal, generally speaking’

Medical Investments t/a Avenues Clinic v Phiri SC 266/96 11.8.8 - where there are no aggravating features

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OK Bazaars v Gwashu SC 96/2000 14.2.9 Accidents – termination as result – see ‘Sick leave exceeded’ Acknowledging receipt – see ‘Illiteracy’ Acknowledgement of debt - even involving ‘non-payment of remuneration’ does not constitute a labour dispute (i.t.o. Labour Act)

Ndlovu v Highlanders Football Club HB 95/2011 24.4.2 Admission - of fact/mistake may not prove commission of offence

Magejo v PTC SC 156/96 10.6.1 Makuwaza v NRZ SC 186/97 11.5.14 - not responding to misconduct charges amounts to admission of guilt

Takawira v Ministry of Finance SC 67/2001 15.3.10 ‘Advancing social justice in the workplace’

Simbi Steelmakers v Shamu SC 71/2015 29.2.3 Advising employees on personal family matters

(1) Ralph v van Vuuren HH 5/2009 (2) Berens v Berens HH 28/2009 22.3.14

Agreement - to award shares - a vague promise is not a binding contract

Nestoros v Innscor HH73/2007 21.3.9 - to purchase company vehicle – ‘get it in writing’ (see ‘Anton Piller order’) - to resign – need not be in writing

Murire v NSSA SC 75/98 11.10.6 Alternative employment - repudiating contract by taking up alternative employment

Lawn v Zimbabwe Sun Hotels HH 72/1987 1.2.2 Zimsun v Lawn 1988(1) ZLR 143 (S) 5.1.16 & 15.5.10 Maguchu v Lever Brothers SC 78/2000 14.1.2 - back-pay up till time of taking up alternative employment – see ‘Reinstatement’ Anton Piller order (application for attachment of documents/evidence without notice)

Cooper v Leslie & Others 2000(1) ZLR 14 (H) 14.12.8 Appeals - against compulsory arbitration automatically suspends award

Dhlodhlo v Deputy Sheriff & Watershed College HH 76/2011 25.2.3 - against dismissal for strike action

Tsodzo & 87 Others v Saybrook (1978) & Anor HH 148/98 12.1.7 - against retrenchment – see ‘Retrenchment – appeals - suspension’ - cross-appeal

Maguchu v Lever Brothers SC 78/2000 14.1.2 Chodokufa v NEC Catering HH 67/2002 15.11.12 - late appeals

Matoi v Zisco HH 274/1990 5.3.14 Kodzwa v Secretary for Health & PSC SC 50/99 12.10.7 Chubb Union v Chubb Union Workers Committee SC1/2001 14.6.9 Mwanyisa v Minister of Finance & Others HH 65/2001 14.10.4 Mukwinya v Clan Transport SC 47/2001 14.10.12 Toolmaking & Engineering v Chimombe SC 12/2001 14.10.15

Barclays Bank v Fortune Ncube SC 26/2009 23.1.7 - must follow procedures in Code of Conduct

Zimunya v Forestry Commission HH 221/1999 13.4.1 Muroyiwa v OK Bazaars SC 83/2000 14.2.4 OK Bazaars v Soko SC 108/2000 14.3.10

Barclays Bank v Fortune Ncube SC 26/2009 23.1.7 - must follow procedures in Code of Conduct – see Grievances - NEC Appeals Committee wrongly constituted

J I T Industries v Sibanda SC 101/2000 14.3.5 - on the basis of the written record : significance of the record

The State v Mazangwa HH 370/2012 26:3:6 The State v Mazambani HH 449/2012

- successful appeal in terms of Code precludes re-investigation

Forestry Commission v Zimunya SC 48/2001 14.12.1 - suspension of determination pending appeal

- rights accrued before 7-3-03 not affected by amendments

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Barclays Bank v Nyahuma SC 86/2004 18.9.4 - suspension of determination - not automatic – must seek suspension

Chauruka v Associated Textiles HH 1990 5.1.18 - on appeal against labour officer, determination automatically suspended

UTC (Zimbabwe) v Chigwedere SC 21/2001 14.9.12 - on appeal in terms of Code of Conduct, determination not suspended

Founders Building Society v Mazuka HH 85/2000 13.10.5 Cotton Company v Mamombe HH 138/2000 14.2.4 UTC (Zimbabwe) v Chigwedere SC 21/2001 14.9.12 Circle Cement v Mugore & Chinymutangira HH 174/2001 15.3.8 - suspension of retrenchment pending – see ‘Retrenchment – Appeals’ - to the High Court - to compel Labour Relations Tribunal to set date to hear appeal

Caltex Oil v LR Tribunal & Others HH c.1991 5.2.15 - also see ‘Review by Court – Rules for review’

An Appeal takes place when a party is satisfied with the proceedings but not the conclusion – compare ‘Review’

- to the Labour Court - against compulsory arbitration

Samudzimu v Dairibord HH 204/2010 24.4.7 - against excessive wage increases awarded by arbitrator

Chamber of Mines v Associated Mineworkers Union LC/H/250/2012 25.3.2 - court looks at evidence placed before it

Zimasco v Chizema SC 68/2007 22.1.4 - grounds of appeal against arbitral award wider than for High Court

Mbisva v Rainbow Tourism Group SC 32/2009 22.4.6 - limits on powers to alter penalty

Mashonaland Turf Club v Mutangadura SC 5/2012 26.1.2 - must first exhaust domestic remedies - cannot apply direct

Murowa Diamonds v Makuumbe SC 16/2009 25.2.5 - must reconsider its default judgments

Redstar Wholesalers v Mutomba SC 142/2004 20.1.6 - standard of proof required at Labour Court - See Proof

- to the Labour Relations Tribunal – see ‘Labour Relations Tribunal’ - to the Supreme Court

- condones use of wrong Court Rule

Zimnat Life v Dikunye SC 21/2008 22.1.12 - don’t waste court’s time by falsely claiming ‘question of law’

Sable Chemicals v Easterbrook SC 18/2010 24.2.4 - no question of law can arise in an order given by consent

Chawatama v UTC SC 99/2004 October 2007(2) Bulletin - not declaring conflict of interest constitutes a question of law

Export Leaf Tobacco v Gwavava SC45/2006 20.6.10 - on a question of law (or where there has been serious misdirection on the facts)

Muzuva v United Bottlers SC 25/1994 7.4.5 National Foods v Magadza SC 105/1995 9.9.1 Gauntlet Security v Mbijana SC 82/1999 12.12.8 Zhomwe v BHP Minerals SC 3/2001 16.2.1 Reserve Bank v Granger & Mataruka SC 34/2001 14.9.13

Mutsuta v Cagar P/L SC 47/2009 23.1.4 - on a question of law

- whether Retrenchment Committee followed procedures is a question of law

UZ v Mandeya & Matamba SC 39/2009 25.2.4 - see also ‘Retrenchment – appeals against’

- loss claimed must be proved

Heywood Investments v Zakeyo SC 32/2013 26:4:2 - waiving rights (and accepting settlement) means cannot then appeal against dismissal

Halwick Investments v Nyamwanza SC 48/2009 24.1.2 - why you must first get permission to appeal to the Supreme Court

- procedure to follow if permission is delayed

Ngazimbi v Murowa Diamonds SC 27/2013 27.1.3 Apprentices – Discipline for apprentices is the same as for other employees

Bingara v NRZ & Others HB 175/94 9.2.1 Arbitration - appeals to Labour Court - grounds of appeal wider than for High Court

Mbisva v Rainbow Tourism Group SC 32/2009 22.4.6 - see also ‘High Court’ - arbitral decision set aside by Supreme Court

Zesa v Maposa SC 114/1999 13.6.1 - challenge to impartiality must be responded to

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Trust Corporation v Gabilo HH 59/2009 23.4.9 - compulsory

Old Mutual v Old Mutual Workers Committee SC 257/1996 10.8.4 Catering Employers Assn v Union & LR Tribunal SC 112/2001 15.8.1 - compulsory arbitration – appeal suspends award

Dhlodhlo v Deputy Sheriff & Watershed College HH 76/2011 25.2.3 - see also ‘Appeals – against compulsory arbitration’

- compulsory arbitration (i.t.o. the Labour Act) cannot be challenged i.t.o. the Arbitration Act

Samudzimu v Dairibord HH 204/2010 24.4.7 - excessive wage awards – not in the best interests of society

Tel-One v CASWUZ HH 74/2007 21.3.7 - excessive wage awards – unaffordable and thus against public policy

Soft Drinks Manufacturing Employers Assn v Union HH744/2015 29.3.6 - excessive wage awards – reduced by the Labour Court

Chamber of Mines v Associated Mineworkers Union LC/H/250/2012 25.3.2 - see also ‘Appeals – to the Labour Court – against excessive wage awards’ - see also ‘Wage negotiations’

- excessive wage award that drives an organization into insolvency is against public policy

ZimPost v CASWUZ HH 60/2014 27.4.2 - failure to give adequate reasons for award – seek court order to compel reasons to be given

Soft Drinks Manufacturing Employers Assn v Union HH744/2015 29.3.6 - limits on powers to alter penalty (on basis of mitigatory factors)

Mashonaland Turf Club v Mutangadura SC 5/2012 26.1.2 - Minister’s authority to refer to arbitration

Zimbabwe Posts & Telecoms Union v PTC HH 116/2001 15.3.14 - ‘Model Law’ in Arbitration Act must be followed exactly

Courtesy Connection v Mupamhadzi HH63/2006 20.5.7 - must be registered with High Court or Magistrates Court (for enforcement only)

Plaza Hotel v Marimbita HB 27/2007 24.4.7 & January 2008(1) Bulletin - Magistrates Court issued warrant without first registering the arbitral award

Delta Beverages v Chimuriwo HH 600/2014 28.2.4 - portion of an award can be registered while rest is in dispute

Mvududu v Zimbabwe Broadcasting Holdings HH 122/2014 27.4.4 - portion of an award cannot be registered – ‘legislation does not provide for divisibility of awards’

Matthews v Craster HH 707/22015 29.4.6 - voluntary arbitration (i.t.o. the Arbitration Act) can only be challenged in the High Court

Mbisva v Rainbow Tourism Group SC 32/2009 24.4.6 - where salary and allowances not paid

Barnsley v Harambe Holdings HH 84/2012 25.4.6 Attachment of employer’s property

- see ‘Arbitration – where salary and allowances not paid’ Audi alteram partem rule (hear the other side) – - employee must be given a hearing

Jiah & Others v PSC & Minister SC158/1998 12.6.1 Matida v PSC & Minister HH 85/2001 15.2.9 Chataira v Zesa SC 83/2001 15.5.5

- see also ‘Evidence – viva voce’ and ‘Hearings – oral hearings’ - ex parte order - rescinding - lawyer refuses to accept court’s authority

Mufundisi v Rusere HH 22/2009 22.3.8 Back-pay - following reinstatement – see ‘Reinstatement – back pay’ - for period between criminal prosecution and disciplinary action

Zimnat Insurance v Dube & Chasi SC 46/97 10.8.10 - in case of under-payment

Tanyanyiwa v The State SC 1989 4.3.2 Balance of probabilities – see ‘Proof – standard of proof in disciplinary cases’

Beyond reasonable doubt– see ‘Proof – standard of proof in disciplinary cases’

Board directives – management cannot evade

Zvoushe & 20 Others v PTC HH 124/99 13.1.2 Bonding agreement for employer’s benefit: employee cannot use it to protect his job

Mutare Rural District Council v Chikwena SC 32/2000 13.11.1 Bonus – legal rights of employees

PSC v Zimbabwe Teachers Association SC 70/1996 10.3.1 Alison Farms v Makwanya SC 9/96 10.3.3

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Burden of proof – see ‘Proof’ for cases on probability/reasonable doubt Cash shortfalls – responsibility of supervisor

Chibuku Breweries v Changara HH 53/2000 14.4.1 ‘Casualisation of labour’

Tel-One v Sengende SC 64/2015 28.4.5 Simbi Steelmakers v Shamu SC 71/2015 29.2.3 Change of job – new probationary period - see Probationary period - change of job : new probationary period

Codes of Conduct - appeals – see ‘Appeals – successful appeal precludes re-investigation’ - applicable to managerial employees

Zimbabwe Tourist Investment Co v Gwinyai SC 150/95 9.6.1 Chikanda v United Touring Co SC 7/1999 12.11.10 - bad drafting - cannot use bad drafting to escape justice

Malimanjani v CABS SC 47/2007 22.3.2 - bad drafting leads to problems in application and interpretation

ZFC v Sithupa SC 34/1999 12.9.12 - definitions of misconduct need not conform to criminal law

Zimasco v Zakeyo SC70/2006 20.5.3 - definition of ‘sabotage’

Speciss College v Chiriseri SC 2/2013 26:3:4 - deviation condoned by Supreme Court because of gap in Code

Dulys v Chanaiwa SC17/2007 21.1.4 - dismissals – see ‘Termination of employment’ - employer’s role in adhering to

Zupco v The State SC 3/1996 10.4.1 Gova v Zimasco HB 1/1998 11.7.8 Lever Brothers v Maguchu SC 192/1998 12.6.10 Clan Transport v Mukwenge SC 16/1999 12.8.7 Mugwebie v Seed Co SC 141/1999 13.6.7 Securitas v Masara SC 15/2000 13.7.11 Standard Chartered Bank v Chikomwe & 211 Others SC 77/2000 14.2.7 OK Bazaars v Gwashu SC 96/2000 14.2.9 OK Bazaars v Soko SC 108/2000 14.3.10 Colcom Foods v Tambudza SC 134/2000 14.7.3 Chubb Union v Chubb Union Workers Committee SC 1/2001 14.6.9 Brake & Clutch v Nyama SC 42/2001 14.8.8 Sibanda v Floyd Enterprises HH 38/2001 14.11.12 & 15.6.7

Barclays Bank v Fortune Ncube SC 26/2009 23.1.7 - must be followed ‘to the letter’

Matienga v Air Zimbabwe LC/H/332/2003 18.1.10 - must use own Code of Conduct (where applicable) rather than National Code

Chikomba RDC v Pasipanodya SC 26/2012 25.4.4 - NEC code applies automatically when employer has not registered own code

Natpak v Mbanje SC 56/2001 15.1.4 - not applicable to managing director in this case

Samuriwo v Zupco SC 47/2000 13.10.1 - offence - clear statement - see ‘Offence, clear statement needed’ - offence - must be in Code

Tanganda Tea v Mvududu SC 1/2007 22.3.11 CABS v Rugwete SC 30/2009 23.2.11

- penalties - see ‘Penalties’ - re-hearing ordered in terms of Code

Whelson Transport v Tribunal HH 137/2000 13.12.8 - terminations – see ‘Termination of employment’ - thirty day rule in terms of Section 101(6) of Labour Act

Mwenye v Lonrho Zimbabwe SC 128/1999 13.5.6 Marimo v National Breweries SC 125/2000 14.6.5 - unregistered Code cannot be used to dismiss

Zimpapers v Ndlovu SC 142/1999 13.10.3 - where no ref. to ‘reasonable excuse’ for absence

Cottco v Muchirahondo SC 94/2002 17.7.10 - words used - importance

Spar v David S Banda SC 113/2002 17.5.25 Collective Bargaining Agreement - allegation of ‘inept handling’

Mutandiro v PTC HH 43/2001 14.10.1

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- employer is legally bound by CBA

Zupco v The State SC 3/1996 10.4.1 ZimPost v PTC & Minister HH 116/2001 15.3.14 - excessive wage awards not in society’s interests

Tel-One v CASWUZ HH 74/2007 21.3.7 - incapacity to pay wages

NUST v NUST Academic Staff HB7/2006 August 2007(2) Bulletin - remains in force until replaced, cannot be varied by verbal agreement

Siziba (Grade 4 & 5 NRZ Supervisory Staff) v NRZ HB 27/99 13.5.3 NRZ v Siziba representing NRZ Supervisory Staff SC 13/2001 14.10.7 - right of workers committee to negotiate ‘top up’ wages in-house

- see ‘Top up’ wage negotiations - unilaterally increasing CBA wages - see ‘Top up’ wage negotiations - unless allowances are in a CBA, they are not a legal right

NRZ v Railway Unions SC 46/2015 28.3.2 Collective job action - because of reduction of salaries

ZimPost v PTC & Minister HH 116/2001 15.3.14 - dismissal of strikers nullified

CASWUZ v Tel-One HH91/2005 19.5.1 - dismissal of strikers upheld - essential service

Tel-One v CASWUZ SC 26/2006 20.2.3 - dismissal of strikers upheld - interrupting normal services equates to ‘sabotage’

Speciss College v Chiriseri SC 2/2013 26:3:4 - disposal order issued by Labour Court

Retrieve It P/L v Employees LC/H/328/2003 17.9.5 - see also ‘Disposal Order’

- grounds for dismissal

Kadoma Magnesite v Regional Hearing Officer HH 1991 5.2.6 Wholesale Centre v Mehlo, Ndlovu & Others HB 6192/1992 6.4.4 & 15.4.4 Lancashire Steel v Zvidzai & Others SC 29/1995 9.1.1 Cargo Carriers v Zambezi & Ors 1996(1) ZLR 613 (S) 12.3.13 & 15.4.4 James North Ltd v Muronzie & 7 Others HH 32/97 10.9.7 Zisco v Dube & 53 Others SC 107/1997 10.12.8 & 15.4.6 Tsodzo & 87 Others v Saybrook HH 148/98 12.1.7 Chikomwe & 337 Others v Standard Bank SC 152/1998 12.2.4 & 15.4.5 Tsingano & 45 Others v Bernstein Clothing SC 163/1998 12.2.6 & 15.4.5 Manyonda & Others v PTC HH155/1999 13.1.6 Manyonda & Others v PTC SC 110/1999 13.3.8 Chiwanza, Zindoga & Chihota v Copper Creations SC 139/1999 13.7.8 Chikuwe & 38 Ors v Guruve Rural District Council HH 123/2000 15.1.5

CABS v Rugwete SC 30/2009 23.2.11 - ‘innocent’ participation

Lancashire Steel v Zvidzai & Others SC 29/1995 9.1.1 - see also ‘Show cause order’

- singling out for discipline/ punishment of ringleaders

Lancashire Steel v Zvidzai & Others SC 29/1995 9.1.1 Kambuzuma & Others v Athol Evans Hosp. LC/H/336/2003 18.1.7 Mashonaland Turf Club v Mutangadura SC 5/2012 26.1.2

- special case : Supreme Court divided on dismissals

Dube & 167 Others v Unifreight & Minister SC 101/1999 13.7.4 & 15.4.6 - unlawful strike – Labour Court’s Approach

Dunstan Transport v Workers Committee LC/H/323/2003 18.1.8 - withholding wages from striking workers

National Railways v ZRA Union SC 8/2005 19.1.12 Common law rights - a statute cannot effect an alteration of the common law without saying so explicitly

Nyamande & Donga v Zuva Petroleum SC 43/2015 28.3.5 Company cell-phone – attempt to take back from suspended employee

Mutandiro v PTC HH 43/2001 14.10.1 Chodokufa v NEC Catering HH 67/2002 15.11.12 Company house - court should not force people to associate

Mufakose Housing Co-op v Magazore HH 17/2007 22.1.11 - employer tries to back out of selling house

Kovi v Ashanti Goldfields HH 83/2007 21.3.13 - order to vacate

Cotton Co v G Mamombe HH 138/2000 14.2.5 Mutandiro v PTC HH 43/2001 14.10.1

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Circle Cement v Mugore & Chinymutangira HH 174/2001 15.3.8 Arundel School Trust v Pettigrew HH 242/2014 29.4.2 - unclear whether employer selling or leasing company houses

Antonio & Others v Ashanti HH 135/2009 23.3.4 Company property - recovering company property from ex-employee

- where employee is still disputing termination

DHL v Madzikanda HH 51/2010 23.2.2 - where employee has resigned

Medical Investments v Pedzisayi HH 26/2010 23.2.5 Company vehicle - attempt to take back from suspended employee

Mutandiro v PTC HH 43/2001 14.10.1 Chodokufa v NEC Catering HH 67/2002 15.11.12 - purchase on resignation

Nalco-Chemserve v Sibanda HH 199/1999 13.4.2 Cooper v Leslie & Others 2000(1) ZLR 14 (H) 14.12.8 Makamure v Deven Engineering HH 106/2008 22.2.2 - see also ‘Anton Piller order’ - purchase on resignation - employee unilaterally reduced price, paid, took vehicle

PG Industries v Machawira HH 255/2012 26.2.3 - see also ‘Contract regarding purchase of company vehicle’ and ‘Option to purchase company vehicle’ - refusal to return vehicle

Samkange v Wycombe Foundation SC 10/2001 14.12.10 ZBH v Gono HH 162/2009 23.4.5 Zimasco v Marikano HH 148/2010 23.4.2 PG Industries v Machawira HH 255/2012 26:2:3

- refusal to return vehicle - ex-employee had no right to purchase, in terms of wording of motor vehicle scheme

Surface Investments v Chinyani HH 295/2014 27.4.5 - wording of company vehicle policy crucial regarding option to purchase

Firstel Cellular v Sefadaiga & Munyoro HH 70/2012 26:2:4 Compensation – see ‘Reinstatement – compensation after – meaning of’ - see also ‘Damages - payment as alternative to reinstatement’ Conditions of employment - benefits are separate matter from membership (of medical aid society)

Railway Artisans Union v Railmed HH 111/2008 22.2.10 - employers cannot unilaterally withdraw allowances stipulated in a CBA

NRZ v Railway Unions SC 46/2015 28.3.2 - restraint of trade can form part of conditions of employment

Greendale Hardware v Bangaba SC 15/2007 21.3.10 - transfer of employee – see ‘Transfer’ - privileges do not become rights through the passage of time

Foreman & Moultrie v KLM Airlines HH 24/2001 14.9.15 - rights are conferred by contract of employment

Arundel School Trust v Pettigrew HH 242/2014 29.4.2 - see also ‘Varying terms and conditions of employment’

Confidential reports – see ‘Suing – employee sues company auditor’

Conflict of interest - even potential conflict of interest must be disclosed

Zimasco v Zakeyo SC 70/2006 20.5.3 - when not formally declaring interest constitutes misconduct

Export Leaf Tobacco v Gwavava SC 45/2006 20.6.10 - see also ‘Termination of employment – for failing to disclose’

Constructive dismissal – see ‘Termination – constructive dismissal’ Constructive resignation – see ‘Resignation - repudiation of contract’

Contract of employment - application to court to clarify legal position of employment contracts

Dandavare & Others v Zimbabwe Open University HH 49/2002 16.2.11 - breaches of

Babbage & Galloway v Electroreps SC 241/95 9.8.1 Girjac Services v Mudzingwa SC 41/99 12.10.3 Mwanyisa v Minister of Finance & Others HH 65/2001 14.10.4

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- cannot include agreement to ignore labour laws

Mutandiro v PTC HH 43/2001 14.10.1 - changing terms and conditions – see ‘Varying terms and conditions’ - corruption : secret contracts

Babbage & Galloway v Electroreps SC 241/95 9.8.1 - handbook forms part of

Colcom Foods v Chatira SC 135/2000 14.7.5 - privileges and rights – see ‘Conditions of employment – privileges’ - probation – terminating during/after – see ‘Probationary period – dismissal’ - promotion during probation does not create new contract

Time Bank v Moyo HH 26/2002 16.2.5 - repudiation of contract - by alternative employment – see ‘Alternative employment’ - by failure to make oneself available to perform duties

Lawn v Zimbabwe Sun Hotels HH 72/1987 1.2.2 Zimsun v Lawn 1988(1) ZLR 143 (S) 5.1.16 & 15.5.10 Kandemiri v Director of DDF & Minister HH 6/98 11.7.4 Mwanyisa v Minister of Finance & Others HH 65/2001 14.10.4 - by failure to return to work in terms of agreement

Chikuwe & 38 Ors v Guruve R/District Council HH 123/2000 15.1.5 - by constructive resignation – see ‘Resignation from employment’ - not necessarily effected by failure to return to work

Chimanikire & Union v PTC SC 199/95 11.2.8 - root of contract affected by serious disobedience

Samkange v Wycombe Foundation SC 10/2001 14.12.10 Mashonaland Turf Club v Mutangadura SC 5/2012 26.1.2

Celsys Ltd v Ndeleziwa SC 49/2015 29.2.2 - signing contract implies assent

Mashezha v First Bank HH 186/99 13.3.10 - termination of fixed-term contract - at end – see ‘Termination of employment – at end of fixed-term contract’ - during – see ‘Termination – during a fixed-term contract’ - termination : compensation – see ‘Termination – on payment of compensation - termination not possible when no contract of employment has been agreed

Airey v Heating Elements SC 136/97 11.5.9 Contract (regarding purchase of company vehicle)

- for a contract to exist, the parties must agree on the terms and conditions of sale

PG Industries v Machawira HH 255/2012 26:2:3 Corruption

- carrying unauthorized passengers deemed corruption

Circle Trucking v Mahachi SC 4/2007 26:3:5 Courts - - only deal with specific disputes, 'not academic opinions'

MDC v the President HH28/2007 January 2008(1) Bulletin - see also - ‘Appeals’- to High Court, Labour Court, Supreme Court ‘Declaratory order by High Court’ ‘Finality in judgment’ ‘High Court’ ‘Judgment of Supreme Court is final’

‘Jurisdiction in labour matters’ ‘Labour Court’ ‘Labour Relations Tribunal’ ‘REVIEW BY THE COURTS’ – by Magistrates Court, High Court,

Labour Court, Supreme Court Criminal prosecution is a separate matter from disciplinary proceedings

African Distillers case HH 1.4.5 Kahari v International Construction Co HC 1990 5.2.8 Matemadombo v Barclays Bank HH 64/1992 5.4.18 Zimnat Insurance v Dube & Chasi SC 46/1997 10.8.10

- also see ‘Suspension from employment – in criminal cases’ Cross examination – see ‘Hearings, disciplinary – cross-examination’ Damage to employer’s property – recovering costs

City of Bulawayo v Fuyana SC 68/1995 9.7.1 Damages - for wrongful dismissal

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- accepted, then increase sought

Chawatama v UTC SC 99/2004 19.2.16 - employee must show he sought (not found) alternative employment

Fokoseni v Lobels Bakeries SC 20/2004 18.5.11 - for wrongful dismissal

Chivhange v Clan Transport SC 268/1996 10.8.6 Zupco v Chisvo SC 5/1999 12.7.1 Reserve Bank v Estate Late F W Siwawa SC 25/1999 12.7.1 - for wrongful suspension

Lawn v Zimbabwe Sun Hotels 1988(1) ZLR 143(S) 5.1.16 & 15.5.10 Makaruse v Hides & Skins Collectors SC 219/1996 10.10.12 - Labour Court must quantify damages in dollar figures

First Mutual v Muzivi SC 9/2007 January 2008(1) Bulletin - loss must be proved

Art Printers v Moyana & Regional Hearing Officer HH 168/1987 1.3.2 Medical Investments t/a Avenues Clinic v Phiri SC 266/1996 10.9.9

Heywood Investments v Zakeyo SC 32/2013 26.4.2 - must mitigate by seeking alternative employment

Ambali v Bata Shoe Co SC 56/1999 17.3.6 - must mitigate loss after injury through gainful activity

Gwiriri v StarAfrica HH 20/2010 23.2.6 - not payable where employee takes up alternative employment

Chindume v Dandy LC/H 326/2003 18.5.6 - payment of damages as alternative to reinstatement

United Bottlers v Murwisi SC 41/1995 8.4.9 Hama v NRZ SC 96/1996 9.11.1 BHP Minerals v Takawira SC 81/1998 12.12.10 Leopard Rock Hotel v van Beek SC 6/2000 13.9.11 Nyaguse v Mkwasine Estates SC 34/2000 13.11.6 Mukwinya v Clan Transport SC 47/2001 14.10.12 Bulawayo Public Library v Ngulube SC 93/2001 15.5.11 - payment of damages as alternative to reinstatement

- after Dollarisation

Mpofu v Commissioner of Police HH 8/2011 25.1.2 Samanyau v Pleximail HH 108/2011 24.3.4 - see also Dollarisation’

- arbitral award must specify amount

Mandiringa & Others v NSSA HH 95/2005 19.5.6 - must mitigate by seeking alternative employment (if dismissed)

Duly Holdings v Spanera SC 140/2004 20.1.8 - must not mitigate by seeking employment (if suspended)

United Bottlers v Kaduya SC 34/2006 20.2.2 - no allowance for inflation

Olivine Industries v Nharara SC 88/2005 20.1.10 - payment of damages separate from back-pay

Kuda Mudyara v Globe & Phoenix t/a RAN Mine SC 63/2002 17.3.10 Declaratory order by High Court – see aso ‘Review by Court’ and ‘High Court’ - application for declaratory order, as opposed to application for review

Marasha v Old Mutual 2000(2) ZLR 197 (H) 15.8.5 - jurisdiction in labour matters - residual - declaratory order by High Court

Mushoriwa v ZB Bank HH 23/2008 22.4.10 Samanyau v Pleximail HH108/2011 24.3.4

- to compel continued payment of salaries

Dandavare & Others v Zimbabwe Open University HH 49/2002 16.2.11 - to compel Labour Relations Tribunal to set date to hear appeal

Caltex Oil v Labour Relations Tribunal & Others HH c.1991 5.2.15 Deductions from terminal benefits – see ‘Terminal benefits – deductions’

Defamation

Banda v Wright HH 139/1997 11.6.1 Default judgment - judgment given in absence of one party can be cancelled on application, in terms of the Labour Act

Nhari v ZABG SC 51/2013 27.2.4 Delay in application to dismiss – see ‘Termination – forthwith – meaning of’ Demotion as a disciplinary penalty – see ‘Penalties’

Desertion from employment

Kandemiri v Director of DDF & Minister HH 6/1998 11.7.4

10

Determination proceedings - judicial procedure – see ‘Discipline – procedure at hearing’ - registration in magistrates court – see ‘Registration of labour officer’s order’ - right of parties to representation – see ‘Hearings, disciplinary – representation’ - right to an expeditious determination

Nyoni v Secretary for Public Service HH 193/1997 11.7.1 Directors’ responsibilities compared to employees’

Gomwe & Charidza v Associated Newspapers HH 203/2001 15.7.1 Dirty hands, coming to Court with – not telling the truth to the Court

Tutani v Agricultural Finance Corporation HH October 1987 2.2.8 Disciplinary committee - composition

Chikanda v United Touring Co SC 7/1999 12.11.10 - different from Disciplinary Authority (which can consist of single person)

National Engineering Workers Union v Dube SC 1/2016 29.4.4 - irregular procedure/composition

Minerals Marketing Corporation v Mazvimavi SC 205/1995 10.10.3 Madoda v Tanganda Tea SC 48/1999 13.2.8 Discipline - see also Hearings, disciplinary - see also Evidence in hearings - charges must be sufficiently detailed – see ‘Offence, clear statement needed’ - charging employee with alternative offences : guidelines

Nyamande v Home Affairs HB 14/2011 25.2.2 - see also ‘Offence – good idea to charge alternative disciplinary offences’

- Code of Conduct – see ‘Codes of conduct’ - delay in disciplinary proceedings cannot on its own justify reinstatement

Nhari v ZABG SC 51/2013 27.2.4 - demotion as punishment – see ‘Demotion as disciplinary penalty’ - discipline separate from criminal prosecution – see ‘Criminal prosecution’ - employer has right to investigate misconduct and effect discipline - see Violence in the workplace - hearings – see ‘Hearings, disciplinary’ - internal rules and regulations

Phillemon v OK Bazaars SC 22/1995 9.2.3 Colcom Foods v Chatira SC 135/2000 14.7.5 - internal rules and regulations – must be followed

Mashonaland Turf Club v Nyamangunda HH 21/2009 22.3.16 - limits on employer’s authority - director strips, searches and detains guard overnight; sentenced to 18 months for assault/kidnap

State v Hall HH 446/2014 29.3.4 - mass discipline – see ‘Mass discipline’ - must hold hearing before giving warning

Director of Works v Nyasulu SC27/2002 20.4.2 - natural justice in discipline – see ‘Natural justice’ - once started, must be finalized

Zimra v Mpindiwa SC85/2006 21.1.6 - onus of proof – also see ‘Proof’ for cases on probability/reasonable doubt

National Foods v Magadza SC 105/1995 9.9.1 - oral hearing – see ‘Hearings, disciplinary – oral hearings’ - penalties – see ‘Codes of conduct – penalties’ - procedure at hearing

National Foods v Magadza SC 105/1995 9.9.1 Minerals Marketing Corporation v Mazvimavi SC 205/1995 10.10.3 Tapfumaneyi v Cotton Co & Others SC 140/1997 11.5.1 - record of proceedings – see ‘Hearings, disciplinary – record of proceedings’ - selective discipline – see ‘Collective job action – singling out’ - where investigator also conducts hearing

ZFC v Geza SC 14/1998 11.8.10 - wilful disobedience of a lawful order – see ‘Disobedience of order’ Discrimination – racial – see also ‘Equity principle’

Blue Ribbon Foods v Gonyora & Others HH c. 1991 5.2.12 Sithole v Botton Armature Winding SC 11/2001 14.10.14,

Dismissal - Termination is different and distinct from dismissal

Zuva Petroleum v Nyamande & Donga LC/H 195/2014 28.1.2

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Nyamande & Donga v Zuva Petroleum SC 43/2015 28.3.5 Nyamande & Donga v Zuva Petroleum (Constitutional appeal) CC 8/2015 29.1.2

- see also ‘Termination of employment’ Disobedience of order

Chimenya v Associated Textiles SC 201/1994 8.3.1 Mukarati v Rufaro Marketing SC 15/1996 9.12.1 Kurawaga v Norton Bakery SC 80/1995 9.12.1 Chironda v Swift Transport SC 28/1996 10.2.9 PTC v Chihoro SC 4/1997 10.10.10 Sirdar Manufacturers v Chinya SC 192/1997 11.5.10 Chikosi v PTC SC 215/1997 11.7.10 Zisco v Keche SC 34/1998 11.9.6 ICL Zimbabwe v Mwatsaka SC 164/1998 12.2.10 Mpumela v Berger Paints SC 133/1999 13.5.1 Chikuwe & 38 Ors v Guruve Rural District Council HH 123/2000 15.1.5 Samkange v Wycombe Foundation SC 10/2001 14.12.10 Scientific & Industrial R & D Centre v Chakuparira SC 94/2001 15.8.3 - cannot use grievance, genuine belief or ‘moral excuse’ to disobey

Matereke v Bowring & Associates SC 80/1987 1.1.6 Masiyiwa v TM Supermarkets SC 14/1990 4.2.4 - cannot use poor working conditions as reason to disobey

Sirdar Manufacturers v Chinya SC 192/1997 11.5.10 - disobedience goes to very root of employment contract

Zimbabwe Alloys v Muchohonyi SC 7/2006 20.2.1 - essential elements of a lawful order

ZCTU v Makonese SC 141/2004 20.1.1 and 28.4.2 Innscor v Gwatidzo SC 5/2015 28.4.3

- ill-health as reason to disobey order – see ‘Ill-health’ - refusal to explain behaviour is not disobedience of an order

Harare United Omnibus Co v Mutsveta LR Board Sept 1987 2.2.3 Disposal order in relation to strike – see also ‘Collective job action’ - can suspend strike but cannot lift employer's suspension of strikers

ZESA v ZESA Employees SC 106/2004 19.1.15 - service of order in writing

Zimbabwe Railwaymen’s Union v NRZ HB Jan.1992 5.3.1 - service of order on lawful representative of strikers

Tsingano & 45 Others v Bernstein Clothing SC 163/1998 12.2.6 - dismissal in terms of order

Dube & 167 Others v Unifreight & Minister HH 16/98 11.6.7 Dube & 167 Others v Unifreight & Minister SC 101/1999 13.7.4 & 15.4.6 Dollarisation - calculation of damages after dollarisation

Mpofu v Commissioner of Police HH 8/2011 25.1.2 Samanyau v Pleximail HH 108/2011 24.3.4 - see also ‘Damages – payment of damages as alternative to reinstatement – after dollarisation’

Domestic remedies must be exhausted before starting Court action i.e. no multiple proceedings – see Section 124 of Labour Act, Chapter 28:01

Tutani v Agricultural Finance Corporation HH October 1987 2.2.8 Chikomwe & 337 Others v Standard Chartered Bank SC 15/1998 12.2.4 & 15.4.5 Chikuse v Minerals Marketing Corporation HH 96/1999 12.12.5 Chisipite School Trust v Clarke HH 139/1999 12.12.5 Chikonye & Chinyemba v Peterhouse School SC 105/1999 13.6.10 Robb v Versapak & Others SC 16/2000 13.8.10 Murape v Angola Airlines & Another HH42/2000 14.4.2

Rushwaya v Enbee Stores SC 79/2000 14.1.11 Halwick t/a Whelson v Tribunal & Nyamusakuru SC 49/2001 14.12.2 Natpak v Mbanje SC 56/2001 15.1.4

Mudzuri v City of Harare HH 83/2001 14.11.1 Nicholas v Fraser Alexander P/L HH 175/2001 15.2.4 Murowa Diamonds v Makumbe SC 16/2009 25.2.5 - exception – see ‘Review – by High Court – procedural irregularities’ - see also ‘Appeals – to the Labour Court’

Dress code, disobeying instructions on

Mpumela v Berger Paints SC 133/1999 13.5.1 Due process – see Violence in the workplace

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Duties - of the employee - employee’s duty of care – see ‘Termination – for negligence/incompetence’ - judicial interpretation of ‘carry out any related duties’ – see ‘Job description’ Early retirement – cannot be used to effect retrenchment

Mutare Board & Paper v Kodzanai SC 48/2000 13.10.7 & 14.7.13 - see also ‘Retrenchment’ Employee Share Option Schemes – tax on

Barclays v Zimra SC31/2006 21.2.3 Employment contract – see ‘Contract of employment’ Entertainment allowance – payable during annual leave

Industrial Steel & Pipe v Moodie SC 90/1997 10.12.6 Employer’s liability for actions of employee

Cargo Carriers v BP Zambia Ltd HH 174/1997 11.8.6 Biti v Minister of State Security 1999(1) ZLR 165 (S) 14.4.4 Musengami v Min of Defence HH45/2006 21.2.1 Gwande v Matonhodze & Minister of Home Affairs HH 123/2012 25.4.2 Local Authorities Pension Fund v Nyakwawa HH 60/2015 28.2.3

Equity - ‘same offence deserves same penalty’

Blue Ribbon Foods v Gonyora & Others HH c. 1991 5.2.12 Jiah & Others v PSC & Minister SC 158/98 12.6.1

- see also ‘Collective job action - singling out for discipline’ - considerations of equity

Simbi Steelmakers v Shamu SC 71/2015 29.2.3 Evidence in hearings

- see also Hearings, disciplinary - see also Evidence in hearings - admissions – see ‘Admission - affidavits

Time Bank v Moyo HH 26/2002 15.9.3 - circumstantial evidence may be acceptable, if certain tests are met

The State v Fata HH 420/2013 27.2.2 - documents - in hearings – see ‘Hearings, disciplinary – oral hearing necessary’ - in summary judgment – see ‘Summary judgment’ - don’t rely on demeanour unless there is no other evidence

The State v Tambo HH 56/2007 21.1.7 - from the victim

Medical Investments t/a Avenues Clinic v Phiri SC 266/96 10.9.9 - hearsay evidence - when it may be admissible

Hiltunen v Hiltunen HH 99/2008 23.3.6 - ignoring vital evidence leads to re-hearing

Filon v PSC & Another SC 39/2000 14.3.13 - insufficiency of evidence

Unifreight v Chidziva SC 4/1994 7.3.4 Sibanda v Floyd Enterprises HH 38/2001 14.11.12 Manhanga v Haulong Construction HH 2/2002 15.7.9 The State v Gaviyaya HH 85/2008 22.3.9 - must present to rebut assertion in court

Bata v Pongweni & Another SC 115/2002 17.7.9 - responsibilities of hearing officer/chairman in regard to compiling written record

The State v Mazangwa HH 370/2012 26:3:6 The State v Mazambani HH 449/2012 - viva voce evidence (presented by witnesses in person, allowing cross-examination)

MMCZ v Mukwayaya LR Tribunal c. 1991 5.3.3 - written statements as evidence

Chataira v Zesa SC 83/2001 15.5.5 - useful guidelines for assessing evidence

City of Gweru v Mbaluka HH 93/2014 29.3.2 Expectation – doctrine of legitimate expectation

Kanonhuwa v Cotton Co HH 10/98 11.6.3 Information Minister v PTC Managerial Workers Committee SC 24/1999 12.8.1

(NB With effect from 7 March 2003, Section 12B(3)(b) of the Labour Act introduced a new factor in fixed-time contracts - that of unfair dismissal where contract worker ‘has a

13

legitimate expectation of being re-engaged’) - benevolence does not create legal dependency (in will)

Maloya v Nyamupfukudza HH 115/2008 22.3.6 - contract employee bound by express conditions in fixed-term contract

Magodora & Other Employees v Care International SC 24/2014 27.3.2 TelOne v Sengende SC 64/2015 28.4.5

- doctrine of legitimate expectation (of promotion)

Mudarikwa v Municipal Council SC56/2006 20.5.1 - onus is on employee claiming legitimate expectation to provide evidence of his and replacement’s work

TelOne v Sengende SC 64/2015 28.4.5 - two conditions necessary to prove wrongful dismissal

UZ-UCSF Women v Shamuyarira SC 10/2010 23.3.2 Failure to return to work

Chimanikire & Union v PTC SC 199/1995 11.2.8 - also see ‘Absence from work’

False qualifications

Makina v The State 1983(1) ZLR 202 14.12.4 Kaziboni v The State HH 256/1984 14.12.4 Zhanje v The State HH 5/1986 14.12.4 Charumbira v The State SC 119/1985 2.1.8 & 14.12.4 Final written warning – see ‘Termination – following final written warning’ Finality in judgment - judge cannot alter order of judge of parallel jurisdiction

Matanhire v BP Shell SC 5/2005 19.1.18 Fixed-term Contract - contract employee bound by express conditions in fixed-term contract

TelOne v Sengende SC 64/2015 28.4.5 - expires automatically upon the effluxion of its stipulated period

Simbi Steelmakers v Shamu SC 71/2015 29.2.3 - fixed-term contracts do not amount to casualisation of labour

Tel-One v Sengende SC 64/2015 28.4.5 Simbi Steelmakers v Shamu SC 71/2015 29.2.3

- permissible to insert a clause in a contract about not expecting renewal

TelOne v Sengende SC 64/2015 28.4.5 – also see ‘Termination – during/at end of fixed-term contract’

Forced resignation – see ‘Resignation – forced’ Forthwith – see ‘Termination of employment – forthwith’ Fraud - dismissal for – see ‘Termination of employment – for fraud’ - need to prove criminal intent

Makuwaza v NRZ SC 186/1997 11.5.14 Functus officio

('official having discharged the functions of his office') - see Final written warning Funerals – leave to attend – see ‘Leave – for funerals’ Good faith in negotiations – see 'Top up' wage negotiations

Go-slow – resulting in dismissal

James North Pvt Ltd v Muronzie & 7 Others HH 32/1997 10.9.7 - see also ‘Collective job action – grounds for dismissal’ Grievances – no appeal unless Code so provides

Olivine Industries v Jack SC 138/2004 19.1.21 Hearings, disciplinary - see also Evidence in hearings - cross examination of witnesses – not essential

Chataira v Zesa SC 83/2001 15.5.5 - evidence – see ‘Evidence in hearings’ - good faith

Chataira v Zesa SC 83/2001 15.5.5 - if determination not made in stipulated time – see ‘Codes – thirty day rule’

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- natural justice in hearings – see ‘Natural justice’ - non-attendance at hearing

Munyuki v The State SC 20/1998 12.4.6 - notifying absent employee of a hearing

MB Ziko v Cestaron SC 68/2007 22.1.6 - notifying absent employee of a hearing - risks in serving notice on a third party

Croco Properties v Ruby Auctions HH 220/2013 27.2.3 - oral hearing - is necessary

Machiya v BP Shell Marketing Services HH 170/1997 11.6.13 Brake & Clutch v Nyama SC 42/2001 14.8.8 - is not always necessary

Matare v PSC HH 126/2000 14.2.10 - record of proceedings - found defective by Supreme Court

Firstar v Tavarwisa SC 13/1998 12.1.9 - no legal right to copy of proceedings of Appeals committee

Muroyiwa v OK Bazaars SC 83/2000 14.2.4 - reponsibilities of hearing officer/committee chairman

The State v Mazangwa HH 370/2012 26:3:6 The State v Mazambani HH 449/2012 - representation at hearings

Zimbabwe Granite v Workers Committee Chairman SC 99/1996 11.1.1 Nhari v PSC SC 71/1999 13.2.1 Chataira v Zesa SC 83/2001 15.5.5

- no general right to legal representation

Musarira v Anglo American Corporation SC 53/2005 19.5.3 - representation at a hearing by a legal practitioner is a constitutional right (since 2013)

Chanakira v ZimPost : HH 110/2016 29.4.3 - waiving right to attend hearing – see ‘non-attendance’ above - who should start in hearing

Mashonganyika v Air Zimbabwe HH 127/2001 15.3.6 High Court - see ‘Declaratory order by High Court’ - see ‘Review by Courts’ - see ‘Summary judgment’ - ‘acknowledgement of debt’, even arising from contract of labour can be dealt with by High Court

Ndlovu v Highlanders Football Club HB 95/2011 24.4.2 - jurisdiction in labour matters – when ousted/not ousted

Mawere v AFC HH 46/2006 20.6.8 Belle’s Creations v Mutombwa SC21/2006 20.6.8

- jurisdiction in labour matters - residual - declaratory order by High Court

Mushoriwa v ZB Bank HH 23/2008 22.4.10 - jurisdiction in labour matters - did 2013 Constitution oust Labour Court’s jurisdiction?

Triangle Ltd v Zimbabwe Sugar Milling Workers Union HH 74/2016 29.4.2 - outstanding wages for ex-employees is merely a debt collection matter, not a labour matter

Chiweshe & Others v Air Zimbabwe HH 688/2014 28.2.2 - re arbitration award – see 'Arbitration – must be registered with High Court (for enforcement only)' Ill-health – when sufficient grounds for refusing to obey lawful order

PTC v Chihoro SC 4/1997 10.10.10 Illiteracy – implications when signing letters of acknowledgement

Tiger Construction v Mapiya & Handiseni SC 185/1998 14.11.7 Incompetence or negligence – see ‘Termination – for negligence/incompetence’

Independent contractor - different from ‘employee’

Southampton Assurance v Mutuma & Another HH 3/1990 3.3.6 (NB With effect from 7.3.2003 the definition of ‘employee’ in section 2 of the Labour Act covered many people formerly viewed as independent contractors)

- different from ‘employee’ : High Court says definition of ‘employee’ in Labour Act unhelpful

Masango v Farmers’ Commodity Stock Exchange HH 248/2013 27.2.5 Inflation – effect on awards and packages

Marcussen & Cocksedge v Dzikiti SC 72/2006 October 2007(2) Bulletin Insubordination – see ‘Termination of employment – for insubordination’

Interpretation of statutes

15

- the eiusdem generis (‘of the same kind’) rule of interpretation

Murawo v GMB SC 27/2009 23.1.2 Job description – interpretation of ‘carry out any other related duties’

Zupco v Mabande & Mawire SC 122/1998 11.12.3 Job evaluation – judicial comment

PTC Managerial Workers Committee v PTC HH 71/1998 11.10.1 Chiremba & Others v Reserve Bank SC 117/2000 14.5.7

Joint discipline – merits of each case must be considered separately

Cherera v Chitungwiza Council 2000(2) ZLR 273 (H) 15.7.15 - see also ‘Mass discipline’ Judgement of Supreme Court is final

Banda & 45 Others v Zisco SC 54/1999 12.10.6 Jurisdiction in labour matters – when it remains with the High Court - see ‘High Court’ Labour Act

- ‘prevails over any other enactment inconsistent with it’, legislature stipulated in 2005

Crempton Trading v Matekenya HH 332/2012 26:4:4 Labour Court - 2013 Constitution and the Labour Court’s jurisdiction over labour matters

Triangle Ltd v Zim Sugar Milling Workers Union HH 74/2016 29.4.2 - appeals to the Labour Court against compulsory arbitration

Samudzimu v Dairibord HH 204/2010 24.4.7 - appeals to Labour Court - grounds of appeal wider than for High Court

Mbisva v Rainbow Tourism Group SC 32/2009 22.4.6 - see also ‘Arbitration’ - exclusive jurisdiction in the first instance not necessarily retrospective

Belle’s Creations v Mutombwa SC 21/2006 24.4.4 Mawere v AFC HH 46/2006 24.4.4

- see also ‘High Court – jurisdiction in labour matters – when ousted/not ousted’ - limits on power to alter penalty on basis of mitigatory factors

Mashonaland Turf Club v Mutangadura SC 5/2012 26.1.2 - mitigatory factors in regard to dismissal

NEI Zimbabwe v Makuzva SC24/2006 20.5.11 - no jurisdiction because common law remedy invoked

Surface Investments v Chinyani HH 295/2014 27.4.5 - no power to alter offence

Nyarumbu v Sandvik Mining & Construction SC 31/2013 27.1.2 - no power to issue declaratory orders

Mushoriwa v ZB Bank HH 23/2008 24.4.5 - procedure when refused leave to appeal to Supreme Court

Export Leaf Tobacco v Gwavava SC45/2006 20.6.10 - review jurisdiction of the Labour Court only clarified by 2005 amendments to the Labour Act

Tuso v City of Harare HH 1/2004 24.4.3 - when it may change its own decision

Marcussen & Cocksedge v Dzikiti SC 72/2006 October 2007(2) Bulletin Labour Relations Officer – power to refer dispute to arbitration

Old Mutual v Old Mutual Workers Committee SC 257/1996 10.8.4 Labour Relations Tribunal - appeals to

Mineral Marketing Corporation v Mazvimavi SC 205/1995 8.3.3 & 10.10.3 Mwatsaka v ICL Zimbabwe SC 175/1995 9.6.4 Dalny Mine v Banda SC 39/1999 12.10.1 Halwick t/a Whelson v Tribunal & Nyamusakuru SC 49/2001 14.12.2 - appeals from

Gauntlet Security v Mbijana SC 82/1999 12.12.8 - incorrect order to re-instate

J I T Industries v Sibanda SC 101/2000 14.3.5 - no jurisdiction - to hear appeal against Retrenchment Committee

Sunsand Manufacturers v Retrenched Employees SC 120/1999 13.6.8 - to remit case which is subject of appeal under Code of Conduct

16

Halwick t/a Whelson v Tribunal & Nyamusakuru SC 49/2001 14.12.2 Late appeals against dismissal – see ‘Appeals’ Lawful orders – wilful disobedience : see ‘Disobedience of order’ Leave - absent without – see ‘Absence’ - for funerals

Chikosi v PTC SC 215/1997 11.7.10 - of absence – see ‘Paid leave of absence’ - refusal of permission to take leave implies order to remain at work

Zisco v Keche SC 34/1998 11.9.6 - sick, exceeding entitlement – see ‘Sick leave exceeded’

Legal representation at hearings

Minerals Marketing Corporation v Mazvimavi SC 205/1995 8.3.3 & 10.10.3 - see also ‘Hearings, disciplinary - representation’ - see also ‘Natural Justice’

Legitimate Expectation – see Expectation – doctrine of legitimate expectation Letters – signing acknowledgement – see ‘Illiteracy’ Liquidation – employment ceases when provisional liquidator appointed

Merlin Ex-Workers v Merlin Ltd SC 4/2001 15.3.9 (NB With effect from 7 March 2003, the definition of ‘employer’

in Section 2 of the Labour Act was extended to expressly include a liquidator or trustee of an insolvent estate if authorised to carry on the business by the creditors or Master of the High Court – presumably to bring into play new Sections 12C & 12D on Retrenchment

- by means of a court order rather than voluntarily - must still consult employees

Crempton Trading v Matekenya HH 332/2012 26:4:4 - voluntary - must notify Registrar of Labour & Workers Committee

Radiator & Tinning v Workers Committee HH 278/2010 24.2.2 Loans, personal – recovery of – see ‘Terminal benefits – suing for recovery’ Lock-out of employees by employer

Cargo Carriers v Zambezi & Others 1996(1) ZLR 613 (S) 12.3.13 & 15.4.4 Loss suffered by employer through employee’s negligence

Delta Distribution v Gurupira SC 20/2001 14.8.7 Managerial employees - applicability of Code of Conduct – see ‘Codes of Conduct – applicable’ - definition

Zimbabwe State Trading Corporation v Gamanya SC 76/1997 10.11.5 (NB With effect from 7 March 2003, the definition of

‘managerial employee’ in Section 2 of the Labour Act has been narrowed, by the removal of the reference to making recommendations on hiring, firing etc.

Managers’ duty of accountability to employer

Babbage & Galloway v Electroreps SC 241/1995 9.8.1 Mandamus – order to public official to perform a specific duty

Nyoni v Secretary for Public Service HH 193/97 11.7.1 Oil Blending Enterprises v Minister of Labour HH 213/2001 15.7.3

Mass discipline, without individual hearing – see also ‘Joint discipline’

Cargo Carriers v Zambezi & Others 1996(1) ZLR 613 (S) 12.3.13 & 15.4.4 Medical grounds – see ‘Termination of employment – on medical grounds’ Merits of each case must be considered individually – see ‘Joint discipline’ ‘Mischief rule’ In interpreting statutes, what is Parliament attempting to remedy?

Art Corporation v Moyana SC c.1990 4.1.6 Simbi Steelmakers v Shamu SC 71/2015 29.2.3

17

Misdirection on the facts – see ‘Appeals to the Supreme Court’ Misconduct - admissions/not responding – see ‘Admissions’ - need for clear statement – see ‘Offence, clear statement needed’ - onus of proof – see ‘Burden of Proof’ - provocation – see ‘Provocation defence against misconduct’ - refusal to obey lawful order – see ‘Disobedience of order’

Mistake in calculating salaries – see ‘Salary increases – effect of mistake’

Multiple Proceedings – see ‘Domestic Remedies’ above National Code of Conduct - difference between Disciplinary Committee and Disciplinary Authority (can consist of single person)

National Engineering Workers Union v Dube SC 1/2016 29.4.4 - also see ‘Codes of Conduct – must use own Code’

National Social Security Scheme – compulsory contributions are legal

Nyambirai v NSSA & Minister SC 110/1995 9.5.1 Natural justice - principles/rules

R.A.N. Mines v Alufari & Minister of Labour HH 521/1986 1.3.1 Air Zimbabwe v Dondo LR Tribunal judgment 1.3.4 Tapfumaneyi v Cotton Co SC 140/1997 11.5.1 Chadoka & Others v Local Government Minister HH 104/2000 14.3.3 Chataira v Zesa SC 83/2001 15.5.5 Mashava v PSC HH 150/2001 15.6.9 - right to hearing – see ‘Audi alteram partem rule’ - right to representation at hearing – see ‘Hearings, disciplinary – right’ - rule against bias; and right to be heard

Duly’s v Chanaiwa SC17/2007 21.1.4 - summary judgment (‘invasion of natural justice’) – see ‘Summary judgment’

NEC – National Employment Council - no authority to determine disputes

Arian & Co v Tsodzo & Another SC February 1993 7.1.1 (NB With effect from 7 March 2003, Section 63(3a) & (3b) of the Labour Act gave NECs’ Designated Agents the same conciliation powers as Ministry Labour Officers - refuses NEC membership to 2

nd Trade Union

NEC Catering v Catering & Hosp. Union SC 55/2007 22.2.4 - where a company’s operations fall within scope of more than one Council

NEC Printing v Aluminium Industries & EEAZ LR Tribunal 1989 2.4.3 Cole Chandler Agencies v 25 Named Employees SC 161/98 12.4.8 Negligence - dismissal for : see ‘Termination – for negligence/incompetence’ - employer’s liability for employee’s negligence

Cargo Carriers v BP Zambia HH 174/97 11.8.6 - liability for professional negligence

Chibage v Ndawana HH 141/2009 23.4.8 Negotiations on wages with workers committee - see ‘Top up wage negotiations’

N’ganga – see ‘Traditional healer’ Notice of termination - by employer – see ‘Termination of Employment - on notice’ - by employee - does not require acceptance – see ‘Resignation – unilateral’

Novation of employment contract

Time Bank v Moyo HH 26/2002 15.9.3 Offence - clear statement needed

Tip Top Dry Cleaners v Karangura SC 167/97 11.7.5 Mashava v PSC HH 150/2001 15.6.9 - good idea to charge alternative disciplinary offences

Nyamande v Home Affairs HB 14/2011 25.2.2

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Office – refusal to vacate when ordered to do so

Samkange v Wycombe Foundation SC 10/2001 14.12.10 Oral hearings – see ‘Hearings – oral hearing’

‘Out of court’ settlement – effect on subsequent action

Majora v Kuwirirana Bus Service SC c.1990 4.1.3 Outside working hours – offences – see ‘Working hours’ Overpayment of wages – guidance on recovery

City of Harare v Zimucha SC 32/1995 9.1.14 Overtime - for extra time spent at work, on tea-break

Lever Brothers v Bimha & Others SC 85/2004 18.9.1 Paid leave of absence – different from suspension – gives time to investigate

Chodokufa v NEC Catering HH 67/2002 15.11.12 - see also ‘Suspension from employment’ Parity principle – see ‘Equity principle’ Penalties - demotion as penalty

Fisher & Others v Air Zimbabwe HH June 1988 2.1.3 Mhowa v Beverley Building Society SC 91/1998 11.11.4 TM Supermarkets v Muburiri SC 55/2000 14.2.14 - employer gives ‘intolerable options’

TM Supermarkets v Mwaita & Phiri SC21/2007 22.1.7 - exercise of discretion

Zonke v PSC SC 46/1993 8.2.1 - no discretion – see ‘Reinstatement – discretion of labour officer is limited’ - exercise judgment to balance uniformity and individual circumstances

State v Mahove & Others HH 83/2009 22.4.2 - maximum penalty - may be obligatory

Caltex Oil v Mutsvangwa SC 95/1993 8.1.1 - may not necessarily be obligatory

Zikiti v United Bottlers HH 60/98 11.9.8 Coh Coh Enterprises v Mativenga & Kusowa SC 30/2001 14.12.12 - must assess competing interests

The State v Mukome HH 68/2008 21.3.8 Police - investigation of criminal conduct

Zimnat Insurance Co v Dube & Chasi SC 46/1997 10.8.10 Brake & Clutch v Nyama SC 42/2001 14.8.8 - see also ‘Criminal prosecution’ - production of identity documents

Elliot v Commissioner of Police & Minister SC41/1997 10.8.1 Prescription of Disputes (i.e. out of time)

Nhidza v Unifreight SC 27/1999 12.9.14 Chambe v Rufaro Marketing & Another HH 73/2000 13.9.4

(NB With effect from 7 March 2003, Section 94(1) of the Labour Act increased the period of Prescription of disputes from 6 months to 2 years)

Probation - defined

Scientific & Industrial R&D Centre v Chakuparira SC 94/2001 15.8.3 Probationary period - change of job : new probationary period

Sibanda v Field Management Services SC 74/1995 9.3.1 - employment after probation does not necessarily confirm appointment

Gumbo v Air Zimbabwe HH 163/2000 14.1.5 & 14.5.1 - dismissal during probation

P.E.N. Transport v Ministry of Labour HB 1988 1.4.1 P.E.N. Transport v Ministry of Labour 1989(1) ZLR 293(S) 3.1.3 & 14.5.1 Sibanda v Field Management Services SC 74/1995 9.3.1 University of Zimbabwe v Sibanda SC 256/1996 10.9.4

19

Madawo v Interfresh t/a Mazowe Ctirus HH 115/2000 13.11.3 &14.5.2 (NB With effect from 7 March 2003, section 12 of the Labour Act permits employer to give notice during probation)

- dismissal after probation

Kazembe v Adult Literacy Organisation SC 173/1994 9.3.3 Time Bank v Moyo HH 26/2002 15.9.3 - promotion during – see ‘Contract of employment – promotion’ - testing probationer is permitted

Scientific & Industrial R&D Centre v Chakuparira SC 94/2001 15.8.3 - transfer – see ‘Transfer – departmental - new probation period’ Promotion - during probation – see ‘Probationary period – promotion during’ - is a privilege and not a right

Muwenga v PTC SC 200/1997 11.4.3 - see also ‘Conditions of employment – privileges’

Proof, in discipline – is ‘on balance of probabilities’, not ‘beyond reasonable doubt’

Zesa v Dera SC 79/1998 11.10.9 CAPS Holdings v Chikwavira SC 73/1999 13.2.6

(compare ‘Discipline – onus of proof’ : employer has to prove any allegations) - standard of proof required at the Labour Court

Zimbabwe Financial Holdings v Mafunga SC 45/2005 19.6.9 Provocation is defence against misconduct

Chapepa v Heritage Clothing SC 8/2000 13.10.4 Purchase of business as a going concern – implications for employees

Premier Wholesalers v Regional Hearing Officer & Others SC 83/1993 8.1.2 Questions of law & Questions of fact – see ‘Appeals to Supreme Court’

Records of disciplinary proceedings – see ‘Hearings, disciplinary – record’ Recovery of cost of damage to employer’s property

City of Bulawayo v Fuyana SC 68/1995 9.7.1 Registration of labour officer’s order in Magistrate’s Court for enforcement

Nhidza v Unifreight SC 27/1999 12.9.14 de Klerk v Rostol & 13 Others HB 13/2000 14.12.13 Reinstatement - after wrongful dismissal – see ‘Wrongful dismissal’ - alternatives to – see ‘Damages – payment as alternative’ - authority of company representative to reinstate

Hungwe v Grindlays Bank HH March 1993 6.4.6 - back-pay up till time of reinstatement

Standard Chartered Bank v Matsika SC 23/1996 9.10.1 Leopard Rock Hotel v van Beek SC 6/2000 13.9.11

Madyara v Globe & Phoenix t/a RAN Mine SC 63/2004 17.3.10 Nhari v PSC SC 113/2001 15.9.5 - compensation after reinstatement – meaning of

Municipality of Chegutu v Manyora SC 49/1996 9.10.5 Standard Chartered Bank v Matsika SC 156/1997 11.3.1 - delay in disciplinary proceedings cannot on its own justify reinstatement

Nhari v ZABG SC 51/2013 27.2.4 - discretion of labour officer to order re-instatement is limited

Masiyiwa v TM Supermarkets SC March 1990 4.2.4 Wholesale Centre v Mehlo, Ndlovu & Others HB 6192/1992 6.4.4 & 15.4.4 - discretionary remedy - employee must show reinstatement is appropriate

Mukwinya v Clan Transport HH 142/1999 12.12.3 - employer is responsible for initiating reinstatement

Mukwinya v Clan Transport SC 47/2001 14.10.12 - of striking workers

Dube & 201 Others v Unifreight & Minister HH 16/98 11.6.7 - taking up alternative employment

Blue Ribbon Foods v Gonyora & Others HC c. 1991 5.2.12 Sibanda v Floyd Enterprises HH 38/2001 15.6.7 - retrenchment – see ‘Retrenchment – and reinstatement’ - right to reinstatement not waived by accepting pension refund

Mukwinya v Clan Transport SC 47/2001 14.10.12 - wrongful reinstatement by Labour Tribunal

20

J I T Industries v Sibanda SC 101/2000 14.3.5 Repudiation of contract of employment – see ‘Alternative employment’ - also see ‘Contract of employment – repudiation’ - also see ‘Resignation - repudiation of contract : constructive resignation’ Resignation - cannot appeal against own conduct

Jakazi v Anglican Church HH 80/2010 23.4.6 - constructive resignation – see below : ‘repudiation of contract – constructive’ - finality of

Forestry Commission v Kujinga HH 1992 5.4.17 Mudakureva v GMB SC 15/1998 15.5.8 Muzengi v Standard Chartered Bank HH 166/2000 15.5.8 Riva v NSSA HH 68/2002 15.12.7 - forced

Fonda v Mutare Club HH40/1991 15.5.9 Mudakureva v GMB SC 15/1998 11.8.4 Muzengi v Standard Chartered Bank HH 166/2000 14.1.1 & 15.5.9 Rushwaya v Enbee Stores SC 79/2000 14.1.11 - former employee does not fall under jurisdiction of Ministry of Labour

NRZ v Mushonga & Others HH 1988 2.3.5 - see also ‘Review by High Court’ - offer and acceptance of contract re terms and conditions of resignation

Monteiro v Wankie Colliery HH 100/1995 9.4.1 & 15.5.8 - purchase of company vehicle – see ‘Company vehicle’ - repudiation of contract : constructive resignation

Lawn v Zimbabwe Sun Hotels HH 72/1987 1.2.2 Zimsun v Lawn 1988(1) ZLR 143 (S) 5.1.16 & 15.5.10 Chimanikire v PTC SC 199/1995 15.5.10 Maguchu v Lever Brothers SC 78/2000 15.5.10 - resignation is unilateral act – can only be withdrawn if employer consents

Muzengi v Standard Chartered Bank HH 166/2000 14.1.1 & 15.5.9 Riva v NSSA HH 68/2002 15.12.7 - verbal

Murire v NSSA HH 124/1997 11.3.5 Murire v NSSA SC 75/1998 11.10.6 & 15.5.7

Retirement - on reaching age specified in pension rules

Munhumutema v Tapambwa HH 254/2010 24.3.2 Athol Evans Hospital Home v Maruta SC 66/2005

(Note : not summarised in LRIS - see George Makings’ Useful Labour Cases, 6

th Edition, 2013 - available from Aquamor – contact aquamor@mweb.co.zw for purchase details)

- ‘pensionable age’ is not the same thing as ‘normal age of retiring from employment’

Machaya v Circle Cement & CC Pension Fund Trust HH 115/2003 27.3.5 Retrenchment - and reinstatement

Garikai v Zimasco SC 46/1996 9.8.4 & 14.7.11 Chidziva & 4 others v Zisco HH 10/1996 10.1.1 & 14.7.12 Mudondo v National Breweries HH 149/2001 15.2.1 - appeals against

Toropito, Kandiwa & Kubeta v Gulliver Cons SC 203/1995 9.5.10 Chinyerere & Others v Cotton Co SC 113/1999 13.5.8 & 14.7.12 Sunsand Manufacturers v Retrenched Employees SC 120/1999 13.6.8 & 14.7.9

Matseyengwa v Colcom Foods HH 251/1999 14.5.9 Mashave & Others v Zupco & Minister SC 24/2000 13.11.7 & 14.7.13

Fungura & Sigauke v Zimnat Insurance HH 67/2000 13.9.8 & 14.7.9 Fungura & Sigauke v Zimnat Insurance SC 59/2001 15.1.1 Chikuya v Dairibord HH 124/2001 15.1.7

UZ v Mandeya & Matamba SC 39/2009 25.2.4 - see also ‘Appeals – to the Supreme Court - on a question of law’

- appeals - suspension of retrenchment pending appeal

Phiri & 206 Others v Industrial Steel & Pipe SC 242/1995 9.8.6 & 14.7.11 Vengesai & Others v Zimbabwe Glass Industries HH 244/1998 12.6.6 & 14.7.10 - backdating

Kadir & Sons v Panganai & Minister SC 79/1996 11.1.8 & 14.7.12 - binding nature

Toropito, Kandiwa & Kubeta v Gulliver Cons SC 203/1995 9.5.10 Chidziva & 4 others v Zisco HH 10/1996 10.1.1

- designed to avoid liquidation so well-being of retrenchees cannot be only consideration

Continental Fashions v Mupfuriri SC 161/1997 28.2.5

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- employer can reverse intention to retrench even after Minister approves

Freda Rebecca Mine v Nhliziyo SC 16/2013 26:3:2 - see also ‘limits on Ministerial authority’ - limits on Ministerial authority

Garikai v Zimasco SC 46/1996 9.8.4 & 14.7.11 Philips Electrical v Jokonya & Malan SC 9/1997 10.8.9 7 14.7.11 Chinyerere & Others v Cotton Co SC 113/1999 13.5.8 & 14.7.12 - not finalized when business changes hands – see Termination - of managerial employees

Prosser v Zisco HH 673/1993 7.3.1 & 14.7.8 - or early retirement – see ‘Early retirement’ - packages – Supreme Court’s obiter dictum : State should quanitify retrenchment packages

Continental Fashions v Mupfuriri & Others SC 161/1997 11.2.1 & 14.7.8 & 28.2.5 - package unilaterally increased

Marcussen & Cocksedge v Dzikiti SC 72/2006 October 2007(2) Bulletin - peremptory provisions must be carried out

Stanbic Bank v Charamba SC 77/2005 19.6.2 - procedural defects

Philips Electrical v Jokonya & Malan SC 9/1997 10.8.9 Continental Fashions v Mupfuriri & Others SC 161/1997 11.2.1 & 14.7.8 Matseyengwa v Colcom Foods HH 251/1999 14.5.9

Flexible Packaging v Mushonga SC 72/2000 14.3.11 - Retrenchment Board - personal appearances before

Zindoga & Others v Ministry of Labour HH 75/2006 20.3.11 - summary of main judicial rulings on Retrenchment since 1993 12.7.6 - voluntary

Matseyengwa v Colcom Foods HH 251/1999 14.5.9 Chikuya v Dairibord HH 124/2001 15.1.7 - Works Council’s role in facilitating retrenchment

Mugabe & Others v Zvimba RDC SC 29/2006 20.3.13 Prosser v Zisco HH 673/1993 7.3.1 & 14.7.8 Nyangoni & 14 Others v Zim Dev Corp & Others SC 142/2000 14.6.7 Fungura & Sigauke v Zimnat Insurance HH 67/2000 13.9.8 & 14.7.9 Fungura & Sigauke v Zimnat Insurance SC 59/2001 15.1.1 Retrospective effect of the law - when statutes may have retrospective effect

NEI Zimbabwe v Makuzva SC24/2006 20.5.11 REVIEW BY COURTS - Judicial Review is sought when procedural irregularities

are alleged – compare Appeals Review - by Magistrate’s Court – no authority to rescind labour determination

de Klerk v Rostol & 13 Others HB 13/2000 14.12.13 Review - by High Court (NB: all cases below are prior to 2003 amendments to the Labour Act – thereafter Labour Court had review jurisdiction) - application may be made by third party on behalf of aggrieved person

National Foods v Kare & Others HH 66/1990 4.4.33 - coming to Court with ‘dirty hands’ – see ‘Dirty hands’ - declaratory order – see ‘Declaratory order’ - dismissal of application – see ‘Domestic remedies must be exhausted’ - grounds for review

Tapfumaneyi v Cotton Co & Others SC 140/1997 11.5.1 Nicholas v Fraser Alexander P/L HH 175/2001 15.2.4 - of in-house tribunal’s decision

Mudzuri v City of Harare HH 83/2001 14.11.1 - of continuing to work after probationary period

Gumbo v Air Zimbabwe HH 163/2000 14.5.3 - of Labour Ministry’s jurisdiction in case of employee who resigned

NRZ v Mushonga & Others HH 1988 2.3.5 - see also ‘Resignation’ - of procedural irregularities

Art Printers v Moyana & Another HH 168/1987 1.3.2 Fisher & Others v Air Zimbabwe HH June 1988 2.1.3

P.E.N. Transport v Ministry of Labour HB 1988 1.4.1 P.E.N. Transport v Ministry 1989(1) ZLR 293(S) 2.4.1 & 3.1.3 & 14.5.1

Mlambo v City of Mutare HH 1991 5.2.4 Manica Zimabwe v Labour Relations Board HH 1991 6.1.5

Brake & Clutch v Nyama SC 42/2001 14.8.8 - rules for review

Dandazi v Wankie Colliery HH 180/2001 15.2.2 Chataira v Zesa SC 83/2001 15.5.5

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Malambo v City of Harare HH 217/2001 15.7.5 - application must be brought within 8 weeks of decision

Chikuya v Dairibord HH 124/2001 15.1.7 - condonation of late application

Mambo Press v Zhakata & Chikware HH 4.1.1 Marasha v Old Mutual 2000(2) ZLR 197 (H) 15.8.5

Review - by Labour Court - 2005 amendments to Act clarified Labour Court’s review jurisdiction

Tuso v City of Harare HH 1/2004 18.9.2 Review - by Supreme Court - of alleged procedural defects in retrenchment

Philips Electrical v Jokonya & Malan SC 9/1997 10.8.9 - of arbitral award

Catering Employers Assn v Union & LR Tribunal SC 112/2001 15.8.1 - where employee refuses to acknowledge allegations

Medical Investments t/a Avenues Clinic v Phiri SC 266/1996 11.8.8 Takawira v Ministry of Finance SC 67/2001 15.3.10 - courts only judge cases where specific relief is sought

Sithole v Botton Armature Winding SC 11/2001 14.10.14 Chataira v Zesa SC 83/2001 15.5.5

Root of employment contract affected by misconduct See ‘Contract – root of contract affected by serious disobedience’ and ‘Termination of employment - where misconduct goes to root of employment contract’ Sabotage - defined as interfering with normal operations of employer’s business

Speciss College v Chiriseri SC 2/2013 26:3:4 Salary increases – effect of mistake in calculation

Bakasa v Chibuku Breweries SC 69/2001 15.4.7 PTC v Zim Posts & Telecoms Union SC107/2002 16.8.5 University of Zimbabwe v Gudza SC 45/1996 9.9.5 Zimbabwe Posts & Telecoms Union v PTC HH 116/2001 15.3.14

Salary review need not necessarily lead to salary increase

Chiremba & Others v Reserve Bank HH 10/2000 13.7.1 Chiremba & Others v Reserve Bank SC 117/2000 14.5.7 Mwenye v Lonrho SC 128/1999 13.5.6

Sale of business as a going concern - implications for employees

Premier Wholesalers v Regional Hearing Officer & Others SC 83/1993 8.1.2 Sexual harassment allegation

Lever Brothers v Maguchu SC 192/1998 12.6.10 Mwenye v Lonrho SC 128/1999 13.5.6 Mudzingwa v One Stop Co-op SC 38/2001 14.10.11

(NB With effect from 7 March 2003, Section 8(h) of the new Labour Act made sexual harassment an unfair labour practice)

Show cause order in relation to strike – see also ‘Collective job action’

Chikomwe & 337 Others v Standard Chartered Bank SC 152/1998 12.2.4 Sick leave exceeded - inability to work is grounds for termination

Mutakwa v National Dairy Co-op SC 58/1996 11.1.3 (NB With effect from 7 March 2003, Section 14 of the Labour Act provided for up to 90 days on full pay and up to another 90 days on half-pay with a doctor’s certificate)

- employer must notify employee before terminating for exceeding sick leave

Zimasco (Pvt) Ltd v Marikano SC 6/2014 27.3.6 Singling out for discipline – see ‘Collective job action – singling out’ Stay of execution - when necessary to apply for

Dhlodhlo v Deputy Seriff & Watershed College HH 76/2011 25.2.3 - see also ‘Appeals – against compulsory arbitration automatically suspends award’ - see aso ‘Arbitration – compulsory arbitration – appeal suspends award’

Strikes – see ‘Collective Job Action’

23

Suing - employee for personal loans – see ‘Terminal benefits – suing for recovery’ - employee for value of stolen products

Rothmans v Chitswanda HH 8/2001 26:2:3 - employee sues company auditor for defamation

Banda v Wright HH 139/1977 11.6.1 - suing supervisor for cash shortfalls

Chibuku Breweries v Changara HH 53/2000 14.4.1 - workers committee right to sue – see ‘Workers Committee – right to represent’ Summary judgment (i.e. judgment without a hearing/trial)

Time Bank v Moyo HH 26/2002 15.9.3 Masheza v Prime Bank HH 55/2002 15.11.9

Supreme Court – see ‘Review by Courts’ – see ‘Appeals to the Supreme Court’

Suspension of determination pending outcome of appeal - appeal against retrenchment suspends determination

Vengesai & Others v Zimbabwe Glass Industries HH 244/1998 12.6.6 - see ‘Appeals to the Tribunal in terms of Code does not suspend determination’ Suspension from employment - see also ‘Paid leave of absence – significant difference from suspension’ - application to terminate – see ‘Termination of employment – forthwith’ damages for wrongful suspension – see ‘Damages - see also below – ‘wrongful suspension’ - defiance of suspension

Samkange v Wycombe Foundation SC 10/2001 14.12.10 - delay in finalising disciplinary matter

Mawere v CIO SC30/2007 21.1.8 - grounds for application

Standard Chartered Bank v Matsika SC 23/1996 9.10.1 - guidelines on suspension

Various cases previously reported summarised 11.7.11 & 14.8.4 - in criminal cases

Zimnat Insurance v Dube & Chasi SC 46/1997 10.8.10 Brake & Clutch v Nyama SC 42/2001 14.8.8 - invalid, where Code not followed

Mugwebie v Seed Co SC 141/1999 13.6.7 Brake & Clutch v Nyama SC 42/2001 14.8.8

- of employees as opposed to directors

Gomwe & Charidza v Associated Newspapers HH 203/2001 15.7.1 - on full pay, under common law

Chambe v Rufaro Marketing HH 73/2000 13.9.4 - on full pay, unless Code provides for suspension without pay

Zupco v The State SC 3/1996 10.4.1 - retrospective : unconstitutional to deprive of property without compensation

Nhari v PSC SC 113/2001 15.9.5 - to facilitate investigation

Zesa v Maposa SC 114/1999 13.6.1 - without pay

Makova v Urban Development Corporation HH 108/1992 6.1.4 Muzengi v Standard Chartered Bank HH 166/2000 14.1.1 Toolmaking & Engineering v Chimombe SC 12/2001 14.10.15 Brake & Clutch v Nyama SC 42/2001 14.8.8 Mutandiro v PTC HH 43/2001 14.10.1 Geddes v Makadzange SC 46/2001 14.11.10 Nicholas v Fraser Alexander P/L HH 175/2001 15.2.4 Chodokufa v NEC Catering HH 67/2002 15.11.12 - wrongful suspension

Lawn v Zimbabwe Sun Hotels HH 72/1987 1.2.2 Zimsun v Lawn 1988(1) ZLR 143 (S) 5.1.16 & 15.5.10 Unifreight v Chidziva SC 4/1994 7.3.4 Tsiga v Harare Sheraton SC 16/1995 8.4.11 Tax on payments in kind - PAYE not due on fuel coupons, hampers etc (2005 amendment to forex remuneration)

Heywood Haulage v Zimra HH 81/2011 24.3.6

24

Terminal benefits - cannot be accepted ‘without prejudice’, i.e. conditionally

Forestry Commission v Kujinga HH 1992 5.4.17 - deductions from

Muchabaiwa v City of Harare HH 252/99 14.5.5 - suing for recovery of personal loans

Time Bank v Moyo HH 26/2002 15.9.3 - when withholding pension benefits permissible

ZECO's Liquidator v Registrar of Pension Funds SC 42/2002 18.9.7 Termination of employment - adequacy of grounds

Ward v The State SC 7/1984 1.1.3 - application for permission to terminate need not be expressly worded as such

Manica Zimabwe v Labour Relations Board & Others HH 1991 6.1.5 Dube v Nielsen Engineering & Another SC 173/1993 7.4.9 - at end of fixed-term contract

Mbedzi v Registrar of High Court & Radiator & Tinning SC 57/1997 10.11.13 Chikonye & Chinyemba v Peterhouse School SC 105/1999 13.6.10 - at end of fixed-term contract

- fixed-term contract expires automatically upon effluxion of its stipulated period

Simbi Steelmakers v Shamu SC 71/2015 29.2.3 - at end of fixed-term contract - legitimate expectation claimed successfully

Scimitar Investigations v Chimedu LC/H 144/2007 26:2:2 NB With effect from 7 March 2003, Section 12B(3)(b) of the Labour Act introduced a new factor in fixed-time contracts - that of unfair dismissal where contract worker has a ‘legitimate expectation of being re-engaged’

- at end of fixed-term contract - legitimate expectation claimed unsuccessfully

UZ-UCSF Women v Shamuyarira SC 10/2010 23.3.2 - at end of fixed-term contract - legitimate expectation

- contract employee bound by express conditions in fixed-term contract

Magodora & Others v Care International SC 24/2014 27.3.2 - by verbal agreement – must be in writing

Taruvinga v Save the Children Fund HH 1988 2.2.6 & 15.5.7 - by written agreement

Choga v Johnstons Motor Transport HH 220/1998 12.6.8 - cannot appeal against dismissal after waiving rights and accepting settlement

Halwick Investments v Nyamwanza SC 48/2009 24.1.2 - constructive dismissal

Fonda v Mutare Club HH 40/1991 10.1.4 & 15.5.9 Mudakureva v Grain Marketing Board SC 15/1998 11.8.4

Muzengi v Standard Chartered Bank HH 166/2000 14.1.1 Rainbow Tourism Group v Nkomo SC 47/2015 29.1.3

- court action to prevent dismissal

Ziyenge & Others v Cold Storage Co HH 56/1999 13.1.8 - damages – see ‘Damages – for wrongful dismissal’ - delay in disciplinary proceedings cannot on its own justify reinstatement

Nhari v ZABG SC 51/2013 27.2.4 - dismissal for first offence possible, despite lighter penalty

Toyota v Posi SC 55/2007 22.1.2 - during probation – see ‘Probationary period – dismissal during probation’ - after probation – see ‘Probationary period – dismissal after probation’ - during a fixed-term contract

Taruvinga v Save the Children Fund HH 1988 2.2.6 Lever Brothers v Marapuza & Others SC 23/1997 10.10.7 & 13.9.1 Scientific & Industrial R & D Centre v Chakuparira SC 94/2001 15.8.3

(NB With effect from 7 March 2003, section 12B(3)(b) of the Labour Act introduced a new factor in fixed-time contracts - that of unfair dismissal where contract worker has a ‘legitimate expectation of being re-engaged’. Also, from 30 December 2005, amendments to section 12(4)&(5) of the Act clarified periods of notice for terminating various fixed-term contracts before their expiry)

- employee disputing dismissal temporarily retains benefits

Zimtrade v Makaya HH52/2005 20.4.2 - employer cannot dismiss -

- for action it induced

Shepherd Makovere v Zvimba RDC LC/H/330/2003 18.1.1 - for conduct it has forgiven

CIMAS v Yvonne Maeka LC/H/294/2003 18.1.2 - for misconduct it induced

James Beni v OK Bazaars LC/H/337/2003 16.9.1

25

- failure by Ministry to set date for hearing – see ‘Mandamus’ - failure to prove substitute offence

Edson Masendu v Schweppes LC/H/333/2003 18.1.18 - fairness – see ‘Equity principle’ - final written warning - official cannot abolish rights his previous action created

Delta Operations v Mpepula SC 60/2004 19.1.17 - following final written warning

Standard Chartered Bank v Richardson SC 3/2000 13.6.5 Fawcett Security v Phiri SC 53/2000 14.3.14 - for absence from work – see ‘Absence from work’ - for act inconsistent with conditions of contract

Mvere v Tanganda Tea SC 130/2004 19.2.17 - for act inconsistent with conditions of employment contract

Murawo v GMB SC 27/2009 23.2.8 - for carrying out unauthorised duties

PTC v Muchena SC 28/1998 12.1.5 - for collective job action – see ‘Collective Job Action – grounds for dismissal’ - for corrupt behaviour

Circle Trucking v Mahachi SC 4/2007 26:3:5 - for criminal conduct

Zimnat Insurance v Dube & Chasi SC 46/1997 10.8.10 - for false qualifications – see ‘False qualifications’ - for failing to disclose conflict of interest

Robb v Versapak & Others SC 16/2000 13.8.10 - for fraud

Mpini v Zidlee Enterprises SC 53/1999 12.11.15 Zata & Others v Harare City Council SC 74/1999 13.2.11 - for fraud (against customer, not employer)

Standard Chartered v Mapuka SC 125/2004 19.1.9 - for incapacity – exceeding sick leave – see ‘Sick leave exceeded’ - for incompetence – ‘unacceptable performance in key result areas’

OK Zimbabwe v Gomo SC 36/2009 26:2:5 - see also - ‘for negligence/incompetence’ - for indebtedness

Agrifoods v 11 Employees SC 189/1998 12.7.8 - for insubordination

Makari v Industrial Development Corporation LR Tribunal 1989 3.1.2 - for irregular tender procedure

Matangi v PTC SC 8/1997 10.8.7 - for lack of skill/care

Total Zimbabwe v Moyana SC 127/2004 19.1.7 - for misconduct : dismissal not justified - - if misconduct provoked

Chapepa v Heritage Clothing SC 8/2000 13.10.4 - if charges not specified in detail - – see ‘Offence, clear statement needed’ - for negligence – gross – constituent elements

Standard Chartered Bank v Chipiningu SC 104/2002 19.6.7 - for negligence/incompetence

Likukuma v Scotfin SC 186/1998 12.7.11 Muchabaiwa v City of Harare HH 252/1999 14.5.5 Quest Motor Corporation v Nyamakura HH 143/2000 13.12.1 Delta Distribution v Gurupira SC 20/2001 14.8.7 Reserve Bank v Granger & Mataruka SC 34/2001 14.9.13 Mutandiro v PTC HH 43/2001 14.10.1 Matida v PSC & Minister HH 85/2001 15.2.9 - for refusal to obey lawful order – see ‘Disobedience of order’ - for sexual harassment – see ‘Sexual harassment’ - for wilful disobedience – see ‘Disobedience of order’ - forthwith - meaning of and significance of failing to apply forthwith

Kahari v International Construction Co HH 1990 5.2.8 Matemadombo v Barclays Bank HH 64/1992 5.4.18 Standard Chartered Bank v Matsika SC 23/1996 9.10.1 Toolmaking & Engineering v Chimombe SC 12/2001 14.10.15 Mutandiro v PTC HH 43/2001 14.10.1 Geddes v Makadzange SC 46/2001 14.11.10 & 15.6.11 - in the Public Service

Chivinge v Mushayakarara & NSSA SC 177/1998 12.7.9 Nhari v PSC SC 71/1999 13.2.1 Nhari v PSC SC 113/2001 15.9.5 Matare v PSC HH 126/2000 14.2.10 Filon v PSC & Another SC 39/2000 14.3.13 Takawira v Ministry of Finance SC 67/2001 15.3.10

26

Mashava v PSC HH 150/2001 15.6.9 - internal inquiry not always possible/necessary

Medical Investments t/a Avenues Clinic v Phiri SC 266/1996 10.9.9 - of employees rather than directors

Gomwe & Charidza v Associated Newspapers HH 203/2001 15.7.1 - of Local Authority employees/councillors

City of Mutare v Earlings & Others HH 139/1987 1.2.4 City of Bulawayo v Fuyana SC 68/1995 9.7.1 City of Mutare v Matamisa SC 80/1998 11.11.2 Muchongwe v Municipality of Redcliff SC 116/1998 12.1.4 Masuku v Chitungwiza Council & Another HH 165/1997 12.4.4 Zata & Others v Harare City Council SC 74/1999 13.2.11 Mutare Rural District Council v Chikwena SC 32/2000 13.11.1 City of Mutare v Mudzime & Others SC91/1999 14.2.1 Chadoka & Others v Local Government Minister HH 104/2000 14.3.3 Chikuwe & 38 Ors v Guruve Rural District Council HH 123/2000 15.1.5 Cherera v Chitungwiza Council 2000(2) ZLR 273 (H) 15.7.15 Mudzuri v City of Harare HH 83/2001 14.11.1 Nhire v Chitungwiza Council HH 87/2001 15.4.8 Malambo v City of Harare HH 217/2001 15.7.5 - of Urban Council officials – see ‘of Local Authority employees/councillors’ - of workers committee chairman

Vero Garments v Moyo LR Tribunal February 1993 7.1.3 - on employer going out of business and ceasing to be an employer

Stead v The State SC 1992 5.2.1 - on grounds different from those of suspension

Brake & Clutch v Nyama SC 42/2001 14.8.8 - on liquidation of business – see ‘Liquidation’ - on medical grounds

Mutakwa v National Dairy Co-op SC 58/1996 11.1.3 Kwaramba v Bain Industries HH 150/2000 13.12.4 - on notice – see also ‘Mischief rule’

Art Corporation v Moyana SC c.1990 4.1.6 Lever Brothers v Marapuza & Others SC 23/1997 10.10.7 & 13.9.1 Muringi v Air Zimbabwe & Minister SC 201/1997 11.4.14 Chivinge v NSSA SC 177/1998 12.7.9 Samuriwo v Zupco HH 86/1999 12.12.1

- employer can terminate a permanent employee by giving three months notice

Zuva Petroleum v Nyamande & Donga LC/H 195/2014 28.1.2 - did the 2015 amendments to Labour Act do away with the common law right to terminate on notice?

Nyamande & Donga v Zuva Petroleum SC 43/2015 28.3.5 Nyamande & Donga v Zuva Petroleum (Constitutional appeal) CC 8/2015 29.1.2

- on payment of compensation

Industrial Steel & Pipe v Moodie SC 90/1997 10.12.6 - on reaching retirement age

Munhumutema v Tapambwa HH 254/2010 24.3.2 See also ‘Retirement’ - procedural irregularities

- 'don't determine disputes on technical irregularities'

Proton Bakery v Takaendesa SC 126/2004 19.1.20 - only important if prejudicial

Nyahuwa v Barclays Bank SC 67/2005 19.6.5 - procedural irregularities/unreasonableness

Nhire v Chitungwiza Council HH 87/2001 15.4.8 - procedure

Makwembere v City of Harare HH 224/2001 15.7.7 - rules and procedures - must be interpreted accurately by employer

Phillemon v OK Bazaars SC 22/1995 9.2.3 - must be easily available to those affected

PTC v Nembaware LR Tribunal September 1992 7.1.5 - specification of grounds – see ‘Offence, clear statement needed’ - undisputed facts make dismissal unjustified

Petros Matinha v PG Glass LC/H/292/2003 18.1.15 - unlawful dismissal

Choga v Johnstons Motor Transport HH 220/98 12.6.8 Sibanda v Floyd Enterprises HH 38/2001 15.6.7 - unreasonableness

Nhire v Chitungwiza Council HH 87/2001 15.4.8 Celsys Ltd v Ndeleziwa SC 49/2015 29.2.2 - unsuccessful application to terminate can result in reinstatement or damages - see ‘Damages - payment of damages as alternative to reinstatement’ - when business changes hands

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Premier Wholesalers v Regional Hearing Officer & Others SC 83/1993 8.1.2 - when business changes hands - in middle of retrenchment

Nkomo versus Rubber & Allied SC 14/2002 18.5.16 - where misconduct goes to root of employment contract

Celsys Ltd v Ndeleziwa SC 49/2015 29.2.2 - without suspension

Zisco v Guzha SC 198/1997 11.5.11 - wrongful – see ‘Wrongful dismissal’ ‘Top up’ wage negotiations

Old Mutual v Old Mutual Workers Committee SC 257/1996 10.8.4 TM v TM National Workers Committee HH 58/1999 13.1.1

TM v TM National W/Committee SC 77/2002 16.8.14 Olivine Industries v Olivine Workers Committee SC 88/2000 14.3.1 - in good faith - refusing an increase is not the same as refusing to negotiate

TM v TM National Workers Committee SC 19/2004 18.5.12 Trade Union - can only use check-off for those it is registered to represent

Zibawu v Beverley Building Society & Commercial Workers Union SC 5/2010 23.3.10 - employer cannot choose union for employees

POSB v Chimanikire HH30/2005 20.5.4 - membership, dues, check-off

Zibawu v Beverley Building Society HH 63/2007 22.2.7 - registration of rival union

ALB/GAPWUZ v Zim Agro-Industry Union SC 126/1998 12.11.3 Auto & Allied Trade Union v Motor Trade Union SC18/2006 20.5.6

Traditional healer - guidance on medical certificate

City of Harare v Zimucha SC 32/1995 9.1.14 - report rejected by Court

Mwanyisa v Minister of Finance & Others HH 65/2001 14.10.4 Transfer - can transfer unilaterally but should give chance to object

Guruva v Traffic Safety Council SC 30/2008 23.1.2 Rainbow Tourism Group v Nkomo SC 47/2015 29.1.3 - refuses to accept : claims ‘constructive dismissal’

Rainbow Tourism Group v Nkomo SC 47/2015 29.1.3 - should consult

Kanonhuwa v Cotton Company HH 10/1998 11.6.3 Chikuya v Dairibord HH 124/2001 15.1.7 Rainbow Tourism Group v Nkomo SC 47/2015 29.1.3 - to facilitate investigation

Chimenya v Associated Textiles SC 201/1994 8.3.1 - departmental : new probationary period

Sibanda v Field Management Services SC74/1995 9.3.1 Kanonhuwa v Cotton Co HH 10/1998 11.6.3 Varying terms and conditions of employment

Premier Wholesalers v Regional Hearing Officer & Others SC 83/1993 8.1.2 Mangosho & Others v Urban Development Corp HC 9272/1993 7.4.6 Chiremba & Others v Reserve Bank SC 117/2000 14.5.7 Stewart & 13 Others v University of Zimbabwe HH 165/2000 14.1.4

Hlahla & Others v NSSA HH 32/2001 14.11.2 Chimbaira v Zimbabwe Financial Holdings HH 80/2001 14.11.2 Zimbabwe Posts & Telecoms Union v PTC HH 116/2001 15.3.14 Agribank v Nachingaifa SC 61/2008 22.1.13 - see also ‘Conditions of employment’

Vicarious liability of employer for employee’s actions – see ‘Employer’s liability’

Victimisation – victim must prove allegation

Mashanda v TM Supermarkets LC/H/229/2003 18.1.6 Violence in the workplace

ZESA v Mare SC 43/2005 19.2.19

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Viva voce (oral) evidence – see ‘Evidence – viva voce’ Wage Negotiations – see ‘Collective Bargaining Agreements’ - also see ‘Top up wage negotiations’ - also see ‘Arbitration – excessive wage awards – reduced by Labour Court’

Waiving rights to legal action – after volunteering for and accepting retrenchment

Matseyengwa v Colcom Foods HH 251/1999 14.5.9 Wilful disobedience – see ‘Disobedience of order’

Working hours – offence committed outside

Mudzingwa v One Stop Co-op SC 38/2001 14.10.11 Paradzavi v Makwiro Platinum Mines LC/H/318/2003 18.1.12 Makwiro Platinum Mines v Paradzayi SC 46/2004 19.1.5 Tanganda V Mvududu SC 1/2007 22.3.11

Workers Committee - limited right to represent members in litigation

CSC National Workers Committee v CSC HC 1994/2001 Bulawayo 15.12.1 - no right to represent members in litigation – not a legal persona

CT Bolts P/L v Workers Committee SC 16/2012 25.4.5 - other instances where workers committee represented members in litigation

Old Mutual v Old Mutual Workers Committee SC 257/1996 10.8.4 TM v TM National Workers Committee HH 58/1999 13.1.1

TM v TM National W/Committee SC 77/2002 16.8.14 Olivine Industries v Olivine Workers Committee SC 88/2000 14.3.1

- see cross-references above to ‘limited right to represent…’ and ‘no right to represent…’ - right to be notified if company seeks voluntary liquidation

Radiator & Tinning v Workers Committee HH 278/2010 24.2.2 - right to negotiate – see ‘Collective Bargaining Agreements’ - right to represent members does not include forceful obstruction

- see Violence in the workplace - worker’s criticism of Workers Committee need not concern management

Harare United Omnibus Co v Mutsveta LR Board Sept 1987 2.2.3 Works Councils

Paramount Garment Works v Marembo & Chipiti SC 33/1999 12.9.10 Late Matema & 8 Others v Zimoco SC 118/1999 13.5.4 - management not bound by

Nyangoni & 14 Others v Zim Dev Corporation HH 34/1998 11.9.3 - role in facilitating retrenchment - see ‘Retrenchment – Works Council’s role’

Written statements – see ‘Evidence – written statements’ Wrongful dismissal - damages for – see ‘Damages – for wrongful dismissal’ - dismissal irrational and grossly unreasonable

Matenda v Choto, Minister of Mines & PSC SC 99/1999 13.10.9 - employee may not waive his rights

Choga v Johnstons Motor Transport HH 220/1998 12.6.8 - reinstatement after wrongful dismissal

Mukwinya v Clan Transport HH 142/1999 12.12.3 Mukwinya v Clan Transport SC 47/2001 14.10.12 Cherera v Chitungwiza Council 2000(2) ZLR 273 (H) 15.7.15 - taking refuge in technicality a travesty of justice

Mpofu v Commissioner of Police SC 15/2008 22.2.12 Wrongful suspension – see ‘Suspension from employment - wrongful’

- damages for – see ‘Damages – for wrongful suspension’

Index updated by Howard Dean, March 2017, Harare