Index of Abbreviations

ACH Automated Clearing House AES Advanced Encryption Standard AML Anti-Money Laundering App Application ASP Application Service Provider ATM Automated Teller Machine CDR Call Detail Record CIC Circuit Identification Code CT Credit Transfer DD Direct Debit DDA Dynamic Data Authentication DFID Department for International Development ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution EMV Europay, MasterCard, VISA (a global standard for the interop-

eration of ICCs) EPC European Payment Council ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute FeliCa Felicity Card GPRS General Packet Radio Services GSM Global System for Mobile Communication GSMA GSM Association HTTP Hypertext Protocol ICC Integrated Circuit Card IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity ISO International Organization for Standardization IMF International Monetary Fund KSH Kenyan Shilling KYC Know Your Customer LTE Long Term Evolution MCP Mobile Contactless Payment MNO Mobile Network Operator M-KESHO Swahili for “Mobile Tomorrow” MMS Multi-media Message Service M-PESA Swahili for “Mobile Money” MSISDN Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Number Nana Na Swahili for “Buy”

T. Lerner, Mobile Payment, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-03251-7, © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2013

154 Index of Abbreviations

NFC Near Field Communication OMA Open Mobile Alliance Osaifu-Keitai Japanese for “Mobile Money” OTA Over-the-Air Programming PIN Personal Identification Number POS Point of Sale PPs Proximity Payments PSD Payment Service Directive P2P Peer-to-Peer/Person-to-Person QRC Quick Response Code RF Radio Frequency RFID Radio Frequency Identification ROI Return on Investment RTGS Real Time Gross Settlement SE Secure Element SEPA Single Euro Payments Area SIM Subscriber Identity Module SIM Lock Code for Subscriber Identity Module SMS Short Message Service SMSC Short Message Service Center SQRC Secure Quick Response Code Triple DES Triple Data Encryption Standard TSM Trusted Service Manager UICC Universal Integrated Circuit Card UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System URL Uniform Resource Locator USD US Dollar USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data vCard Electronic Business Card File Format Standard WAP Wireless Application Protocol WML Wireless Markup Language WTLS Wireless Transport Layer Security 3G Third-generation Mobile Communication System

Glossary

Acquirer A bank or financial-service provider that processes credit and debit card payments made for the products and ser-vices sold by retailers. In other words, the bank accepts or acquires credit card transactions from the card-issuing banks within a network (MasterCard, VISA, American Express, Diners Club, etc.).

Acceptance locations Businesses, companies, restaurants, hotels, online shops, supermarkets, etc. that have reached an agreement with card issuers (e.g. credit card companies) to accept pay-ments made with the various cards (credit cards, contact-less cards, etc.).

Android Google operating system for smartphones, cellphones and tablets. The Android software, which is based on a LINUX kernel, is free of charge.

App Short form for “application.” The term usually refers to applications for smartphones and tablet computers that, depending on one’s operating system, can be ordered and downloaded via an integrated online shop.

Automated clearing house

Network for financial transactions made in the United States. The system is used for bank liquidity manage-ment, intercompany payments, loan payments, insurance premium payments, salary payments, tax payments and e-commerce payments.

2D barcode Optical, two-dimensional representation of data in vari-ous geometric patterns that can be read and processed by optical readers such as scanners and cameras.

Billing In the telecommunications industry, billing encompasses all of the process steps from the receipt of user data to the drafting and sending of invoices.

Contactless payment Contactless (i.e. wireless) payment Cross selling Sale of complementary products. The success of M-PESA

payment services led to an increase in the sale of cell-phone airtime for the Safaricom telecommunications company.

Cloud IT infrastructure (i.e. computing, storage and network ca-pacity as well as finished applications) made available to enterprises via a network (e.g. Internet).

Debit card Debit cards are used to make non-cash payments or to

156 Glossary

withdraw cash at an ATM. Denial of service (DOS) attack

Data manipulation. The easiest way to manipulate data is to interrupt the communication between the sender and the receiver. Here, it is necessary to interrupt the data spectrum at the right time and at the right frequency. This is the classic case of a denial-of-service attack.

DFID The Department for International Development is a de-partment of the British government with its own Cabinet Minister. The aim of this department is to promote sus-tainable development and eliminate world poverty.

German Banking In-dustry Committee

This association of the German banking industry was known as the Central Credit Committee until August 2011 when it changed its name to the German Banking Industry Committee. The five main banking associations are represented in this overarching association.

Disruptive innovation A disruptive innovation is an innovation that has the ca-pacity to lead to the quick elimination of an existing tech-nology, product or service.

EDGE Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution is a technology used to increase data transmission rates in GSM mobile networks.

e-Float The term used for M-PESA cellphone credit Electronic commerce Network-based electronic business transactions. The term

is largely used to describe Internet-based business activi-ties.

e-Money The term electronic money is a synonym for digital cur-rency, i.e. money that is only exchanged electronically. Numerous e-money systems use contactless technology to raise the convenience of payment transactions for retailers and customers.

EMV EMV is an international standard that applies to integrat-ed circuit cards (i.e. cards outfitted with a processor chip) and the accompanying chip-card devices such as POS terminals and ATMs. The standard was developed by Eu-ropay International, MasterCard and VISA. The current EMV standard is Version EMV 4.3.

EPC The European Payments Council (EPC) has worked to promote the formation of a unified Euro payment area (SEPA – Single Euro Payments Area). The EPC is a non-profit organization whose member banks and banking associations are from 32 European countries.

FeliCa Short form for the contactless RFID smartcard technology

Glossary 157

that is used by JR East and NTT DoCoMo in Japan for Su-ica and Osaifu-Keitai. It was developed by Sony for use in payment systems.

Flat rate Pricing structure involving a single fixed fee for a service, i.e. regardless of usage

Flat fee A synonym of flat rate Fraud An act of deception or misrepresentation for illicit gain Money laundering Introducing illegally acquired money or assets to official

or legal channels GPRS General packet radio service is a packet-oriented service

for the transmission of data in GSM networks. GSM Global system for mobile communications is a standard

for digital-cellular networks. It is used for elephone, packet-based data transmission, accessory services such as USSD and text messaging. It is the successor to ana-logue system of the first generation.

Information security The goal of information security is to ensure protection against intentional attacks. This goal includes the follow-ing sub-goals: Availability: The provider must ensure the availability of the applications and information. Confidentiality: Communicated or stored information must be protected against attacks and unauthorized ac-cess. Integrity: The accuracy and consistency of the infor-mation must be protected against unauthorized or inad-vertent changes. Authenticity: The parties involved are who they claim to be. Non-repudiation: Protection of agreements and transac-tions via authentication. A given party to a transaction or agreement cannot deny having been a party to the trans-action or agreement. Accountability: Combination of the security aims of non-repudiation and authenticity

i-mode Proprietary protocol developed by NTT DoCoMo and currently competing with wireless application protocol (WAP). In Germany, i-mode is used by E-Plus.

International mobile equipment identity (IMEI)

IMEI identifies mobile devices (cellphones, smartphones).

Network effects See “Multi-sided Platforms.” In economics and business,

158 Glossary

one speaks of a network effect when the use of a product or service by a user has an impact on the value of the product or service.

IMF The International Monetary Fund is an organization of the United Nations with the mission of promoting inter-national cooperation in matters of currency policies, the expansion of global trade, the stabilization of exchange rates, extending loans and monitoring monetary policies.

Credit card Card used to pay for goods and services. The term is not used uniformly throughout the world. Real credit cards, which essentially extend credit, are also referred to as charge cards. In Germany, the term credit card is general-ly used to refer to cards that bear the logo of a credit card company and are accepted as a means of payment at the corresponding acceptance locations.

Killer application Application that elicits mass demand. In Germany, such applications include SMS.

Keyed-in transactions Payment security services in the Square business model. KYC (know your cus-tomer)

Banks and insurance companies have an obligation to make a background check of their customers before providing services to them in an effort to avoid money laundering.

LTE Long term evolution is the successor to the UMTS mobile network standard. It enables much greater download and up-load speeds than its predecessor. It is also referred to as 4G.

Man-in-the-middle attack

Man-in-the-middle attacks arise when two parties who want to exchange information wind having the exchange orchestrated by a third party.

Meiwaku Japanese sensibility according to which people should generally avoid creating inconvenience for others or be the cause of trouble: pay quickly at the cash register, en-sure you are solvent, avoid paying with credit cards and avoid being the cause of a long line. One of the Japanese sensibilities NTT DoCoMo took into consideration when introducing its Osaifu-Keitai service.

Multi-sided platform (with network effects)

A multi-sided platform is where two or more customer groups meet who have been led to the platform (or mar-ketplace) by the operator of the platform. The platform operator must provide an attractive service for all cus-tomer groups – whether they are paying or non-paying groups – so that the customers within the various groups

Glossary 159

are represented in numbers sufficient to generate the nec-essary network effects. If the turning point is reached, the platform operator may consider the introduction of a fee, which generally applies only to one group of market participants. The others may continue to use the service free of charge. They usually have little opportunity to provide a service that could compete against the network effect. Examples of success-ful network effects include Amazon, EBAY (bargains), Google (search engine), Apple (iTunes platform), NTT DoCoMo (i-mode, Osaifu-Keitai: mobile wallets), Face-book.

MicroSD card The microSD is a standardized memory card used in a wide range of portable devices.

M-KESHO The M-KESHO is an interest-bearing bank account intro-duced by Equity and Safaricom. The service enables the tabulation of interest on small savings, loans and casualty insurance policies.

MMS Multimedia Messaging Service is used to transmit multi-media contents (e.g. photos, films, postcards). The service is a successor to SMS.

Mobey Forum Founded in the year 2000, the Mobey Forum is a bank-led association whose aim is to bring leading financial-service companies, mobile network operators, mobile device manufacturers and payment providers to define user-friendly mobile-finance services for the mass market and to make a contribution to open and secure technology standards. Mobey Forum is managed by Bank of Ameri-ca, Deutsche Bank, DnB NOR, HSBC, La Caixa, Nokia, Nordea, PostFinance, Rabobank and UBS.

Mobile banking Banking services that can be accessed and used via mo-bile devices. Such services may include the provision of information, brokerage, loans and payment transactions.

Mobile commerce Buying and selling products and services via a mobile device

Mobile NFC The term mobile NFC refers to proximity-payment ser-vices that make use of near field communication (NFC) technology and suitably enabled cellphones or smartphones (wallet app, security features, etc.). Mobile NFC is the most promising area of the developing mobile payment market.

Mobile payment Payments that are transacted with the use of a mobile de-

160 Glossary

vice. Mobile wallet Portable wallet that is used as an application in the con-

text of mobile payment services M-PESA Introduced in the year 2007, M-PESA is the mobile pay-

ment service offered by Safaricom, Kenya’s largest tele-communications company. Use of the service does not re-quire a regular bank account. Thanks to its success, the service has become a model for other developing coun-tries.

Nanua Na M-PESA payment service based in Kenyan supermarkets Near field communi-cation (NFC)

NFC is a wireless technology that enables the exchange of data over short distances. The solution is largely used to transact small cashless payments.

NFC Forum Public platform for the promotion of near field communi-cation (NFC). The Forum’s current membership includes 100 companies. These companies are currently working out architecture designs and other technical specifications for the technology.

Octopus Card Introduced to the market in Hong Kong in 1997, this re-fillable, contactless smartcard is outfitted with a non-standard RFID chip based on Sony’s FeliCa technology. The Octopus Card is used to make electronic-payment transactions.

Business ecosystem The business ecosystem describes an organism in the business world or in a particular economic community that has been formed by multiple enterprises for the pur-pose of jointly providing a product or a service on the market. The inhabitants of this ecosystem include suppli-ers, producers, competitors and other stakeholders who, in accordance with their abilities, assume responsibility for certain roles and tasks in the framework of a mutual undertaking. Such systems or organisms were first de-scribed by James F. Moore.

OMA Open Mobile Alliance – conglomeration of mobile-service operators and other product and service providers whose aim is to develop and standardize market-ready, interop-erable, digital services.

Osaifu-Keitai A mobile payment service that was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 2004 in the context of the company’s lifestyle strategy.

PayPass Contactless card service introduced by MasterCard payWave Contactless card service introduced by VISA

Glossary 161

Phishing Illicit attempts using “bait” and “hooks” to “reel in” pass-words. Attempts are made via bogus addresses, e-mails or short messages to gain access to the key data of an In-ternet user, ranging as far as identity theft.

POS Point of sale Postpaid Contracts specifying the billing of services after their use Prepaid Usually used in connection with a smartcard or money

card and prepaid cellphone airtime. In Germany, for in-stance, prepaid money cards have been in use since 1996. Various contactless services such as girogo involve pre-paid solutions.

Proximity payments The term is generally used in connection with mobile NFC payments, contactless payments via smartcards, barcode-payment services and services involving the use of a mobile device as a payment terminal.

PSD The Payment Service Directive is a guideline issued by the European Union for the implementation of SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area).

P2P Person-to-person: interpersonal exchange via mobile network services or computer technology.

P2P Peer-to-peer: communication among equals (e.g. a net-work of computers where all computers are equal in sta-tus).

P2P remittance Transfer of money from one personal account to another personal account. In the case of M-PESA, for instance, the “Send money home” initiative was crucial to the early success of the business model.

RFID Radio-frequency identification enables the automatic identification and localization of objects and living crea-tures. RFID technology consists of a tag (i.e. a transpond-er that is attached to an object) and a reader. In RFID technology, short range magnetic fields or radio waves are generated. A program in a reader can then be used to control the read-out process. RFID technology is integrat-ed in the new NFC technology and is therefore subject to further development.

RSA RSA is an asymmetric encryption process named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir and Adleman. It can be used both for data encryption and digital signatures.

RTGS Real Time Gross Settlement system for the interbank transfer of funds. In most countries, RTGS applications are used for transacting large-volume payments. The

162 Glossary

largest RTGS system is Target2, which links 26 European central banks.

Secure element The computer chip that is used to store encrypted user data in the Google Wallet is referred to as the “secure el-ement.“ The payment information on the secure element can only be accessed by trustworthy programs. The se-cure element is separate from the mobile device’s storage unit.

SEPA Single Euro Payments Area. Private individuals and companies in the countries included in the payments area are to be assured of a uniform process, no matter where payments are sent within the SEPA. A total of 32 coun-tries are participating in the implementation of SEPA. SEPA products include SEPA credit transfers, SEPA di-rect debits, SEPA card payments and SEPA direct debits for businesses. Further new services are also to be intro-duced in the signatory countries.

Service provider Provider of services (telecommunications, mobile net-work, Internet, software, etc.)

SIM card Subscriber identity module card. The SIM card identifies only the user. If the card is lost or stolen, it can be remote-ly deactivated via the network.

SIM lock A network code that limits the use SIM cards on mobile devices.

Smartcard Plastic card with an embedded chip with an integrated circuit that may contain memory, microprocessors and other logic elements. The cards are also referred to as chip cards or ICCs (integrated circuit cards).

SMS Short Message Service. Telecommunications service for the transmission of short text messages.

SQRC Secure Quick Response Code is a further development of the two-dimensional code that includes data encryption functions. Decryption is then performed by a decoder in-stalled on the reader.

Tokushita Japanese sensibility marked by an enthusiasm for “get-ting something for free,” thereby leaving Japanese recep-tive to bonus and reward systems. This is a feature of the NTT DoCoMo mobile wallet.

Touchpoint Point of contact for Deutsche Bundesbahn’s Touch-and-Travel ticketing service. Touchpoints mark a train jour-ney’s points of departure and arrival, which are then used to determine routes and prices.

Glossary 163

Triple DES Triple execution of the symmetric data encryption stand-ard (DES).

Trusted service man-ager (TSM)

The TSM plays an important role in the NFC business ecosystem, acting as an impartial broker who drafts busi-ness agreements and secures business connections among mobile network operators, mobile device manufacturers and parties who control and secure the secure element on mobile devices. The TSM ensures that service providers are able to integrate their applications into the business ecosystem and that the appropriate parties have access to the secure element in NFC-enabled devices. The term is used uniformly by the GSM Association, the European Payments Council and the NFC Forum.

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the mo-bile network standard of the third generation which per-mits higher data transmission rates and bandwidths than GSM and GRPS.

USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) is a protocol used by GSM cellphones to communicate with the service provider's computers and also supports a range of simple auxiliary services. In connection with mobile payment services, it is largely used in developing countries.

WAP Wireless Application Protocol is a wireless transmission standard for accessing information on the smaller dis-plays of cellphones and smartphones. WAP can be used with various network technologies, including GRPS, UMTS and LTE.

Index of Figures

Figure 1: The history of money and forms of payment until 1876, © Jan de Meester “Mobile Wallets” 2010, Olswang Digital Money, 2010 .. 2

Figure 2: The history of money and forms of payment since 1945, ©Jan de Meester “Mobile Wallets” 2010, Olswang Digital Money, 2010 ... 3

Figure 3: Overview of the payment services map .......................................................... 5 Figure 4: Four core segments in the continued development of mobile payment

solutions .............................................................................................................. 8 Figure 5: Overview of active mobile payment services worldwide, © Mobile Money

for the Unbanked 2012 (GSMA), GSMA 2010: “GSMA- Mobile Money and Wireless Intelligence ................................................................................ 13

Figure 6: Distribution of mobile payment services in Africa, © “GSMA-Mobile Money and Wireless Intelligence” ................................................................. 14

Figure 7: Market estimates and projections for the mobile payment sector, © McKinsey/ Informa/ Paypal 2010 ............................................................... 15

Figure 8: U.S.-market segmentation and size, © Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, IDC Survey(2006), eMarketer(2006), Nilson-Report(2005) . 16

Figure 9: P2P transactions in the U.S. in the year 2010, © AITE-Group Survey August 2010....................................................................................................... 17

Figure 10: Contactless services in Europe, © NFC Insight, April 2011 / NFC World Europe, June 2011 ....................................................................... 18

Figure 11: The development of mobile money, © NFC Insight Monitise 2011 ......... 19 Figure 12: Conservative forecast of the global development of mobile payment

services, © Research and Markets, in: PYMTS 28th October 2011 .............. 20 Figure 13: Retailer response to mobile payment services, ©ibi Research 2011 ......... 21 Figure 14: Percentage of cash transactions according to payment value,

© Bundesbank Study 2009 .............................................................................. 22 Figure 15: Retailer sales according to method of payment .......................................... 22 Figure 16: The bank-driven model .................................................................................. 24 Figure 17: Advantages of bank-driven model ............................................................... 25 Figure 18: Benefits and risks of offering mobile payment services for banks ........... 26 Figure 19: Benefits and risks of the bank-driven model (for MNOs, retailers

and customers).................................................................................................. 27 Figure 20: The MNO-driven model ................................................................................ 29 Figure 21: The advantages of the MNO-driven model ................................................ 29 Figure 22: Benefits and risks of the MNO-driven model for MNOs .......................... 30 Figure 23: Benefits and risks of the MNO-driven model for banks, MNOs

and customers ................................................................................................... 31 Figure 24: Value chain resulting from the collaborative model .................................. 32

166 Index of Figures

Figure 25: Benefits and risks of the collaborative model for banks, MNOs and trusted service managers ................................................................................. 33

Figure 26: Benefits and risks of collaborative model for retailers and customers .... 34 Figure 27: The independent model ................................................................................. 35 Figure 28: Benefits and risks associated with the independent model ...................... 36 Figure 29: Benefits and risks of the independent model for retailers

and customers ................................................................................................... 36 Figure 30: Criteria for the success of a mobile payment model .................................. 37 Figure 31: USSD profile .................................................................................................... 41 Figure 33: SMS profile ...................................................................................................... 44 Figure 34: WAP profile ..................................................................................................... 45 Figure 35: NFC/QRC profile ............................................................................................ 48 Figure 36: Comparison of NFC and RFID technology ................................................. 48 Figure 37: Possible active-passive mode combinations in NFC .................................. 49 Figure 38 Comparison of mobile technologies used in Japan and the rest of

the world, © Etona Ueda/2008 ........................................................................ 50 Figure 39: Integration of NFC technology in mobile devices ...................................... 51 Figure 40: Diagrams of secure NFC architecture in mobile devices,

© Dave Holmes, NXP, NFC Market Upddate Q407, page 5 ...................... 51 Figure 41: Benefits and risks of NFC .............................................................................. 55 Figure 42: General security goals .................................................................................... 56 Figure 43: Contactless FeliCa technology, © SONY FeliCa: Contactless

Technology 2011 ............................................................................................... 60 Figure 44: Approaches to managing outside innovation: markets versus

communities ...................................................................................................... 62 Figure 45: Motivation for external innovators, © Kevin J. Boudreau /

Karim R. Lakhani ............................................................................................. 63 Figure 46: Various platform strategies, © Kevin J. Boudreau / Karim R. Lakhani ... 64 Figure 47: Real-world examples of the various platform models, © Kevin J.

Boudreau / Karim R. Lakhani ......................................................................... 65 Figure 48: M-PESA’s business success and contribution to Kenya’s national

economy ............................................................................................................ 68 Figure 49: Prerequisites for success ................................................................................ 69 Figure 50: Value-added chain and M-PESA roles ........................................................ 72 Figure 51: M-PESA customer and retailer development up until March 2011 ......... 74 Figure 52: Distribution of M-PESA sales outlets in Kenya, © Weltbank, August

2010, Ignacio Mas / Dan Radcliffe (Bill & Melinda Gates Stiftung) ........... 75 Figure 53: Comparison of payment transaction volumes and value per channel,

© Central Bank of Kenya, December 2010, Nairobi, Kenya ....................... 79 Figure 54: Access to financial services, © World Bank in : Kenya, Economic

Update, December 2010 ................................................................................... 80 Figure 55: A chronology of success, Safaricom ............................................................. 81

Index of Figures 167

Figure 56: Mobile money replaces other forms of money transfer,© World Bank .. 82 Figure 57: M-PESA summary .......................................................................................... 83 Figure 58: M-PESA’s international expansion ............................................................... 84 Figure 59: Illustration of Sony’s FeliCa technology ...................................................... 85 Figure 60: Global comparison of FeliCa technology and other technologies,

© Etona Ueda/ 2008 .......................................................................................... 85 Figure 61: Suica prepares the way for DoCoMo’s Osaifu-Keitai,© Tadashi

Morita (Sony) .................................................................................................... 86 Figure 62: The new value-added chain/innovation via Osaifu-Keitai, Hironari

Tomioka,NTT Data, 2010 ................................................................................ 88 Figure 63: Implementation of lifestyle strategy by NTT DoCoMo,© Masaki

Yoshikawa (NTT Docomo), 2008.................................................................... 89 Figure 64: NTT DoCoMo’s business model ................................................................... 90 Figure 65: The economic development of FeliCa (Suica/Osaifu-Keitai) in Japan ..... 91 Figure 66: Current proposals for improvement ............................................................ 94 Figure 67: Lessons to be learned from the NTT DoCoMo story ................................. 96 Figure 68: A successful mobile FeliCa business model ................................................ 96 Figure 69: Illustration of the Starbucks mobile payment process (smartphone,

Starbucks Card and account status function) ............................................... 97 Figure 70: The most successful mobile payment service in the United States

in 2011, © Starbucks ......................................................................................... 98 Figure 71: Starbucks supports various smartphone operating systems. ................... 99 Figure 72: Breakdown of the smartphone market in the United States,

© Comscore Period; Dec. 2009- Dec. 2010 ................................................... 100 Figure 73: Summary of the Starbucks Touch-and-Pay service ................................. 101 Figure 74: Advantages and disadvantages of Square, © Varad Kandahai:

Mobile Payment Processing: Squaring up the Competitors ..................... 103 Figure 75: Use of Square with mobile devices............................................................. 105 Figure 76: Square’s development at a glance .............................................................. 106 Figure 77: Trajectory of Google’s Mobile Wallet so far .............................................. 109 Figure 78: Development of mpass ................................................................................ 114 Figure 79: Paybox profile ............................................................................................... 117 Figure 80: PostFinance profile ....................................................................................... 117 Figure 81: Photo of a Touchpoint .................................................................................. 118 Figure 82: Development of Touch and Travel ............................................................. 119 Figure 83: Mainz 05 FanCard ......................................................................................... 125 Figure 84: Expansion of the payment process to include value-added services .... 127 Figure 85: Examples of Splash-supported payment services .................................... 128 Figure 86: Advantages and disadvantages of Splash ................................................. 130 Figure 87: Avance Pay solutions ................................................................................... 131 Figure 88: Need for cost effective terminals ................................................................ 132 Figure 89: Avance Pay’s role in the value-added chain ............................................. 132

168 Index of Figures

Figure 90: Comparison of Square, iZettle and PayPal Here ...................................... 139 Figure 91: Comparison of girogo, Mainz 05 FanCard and Suica .............................. 140 Figure 92: Comparison of global solutions: VISA payWave, MasterCard

PayPass and PayPal ....................................................................................... 142 Figure 93: Matrix representation of the mobile payment landscape ........................ 147 Figure 94: Mobile-ready enterprises ............................................................................. 151

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Osaifu-Keitai

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Mori, Kyoshi: “NTT DoCoMo Case Study,” June 2013, 16 pages. Dawai, Tian: “Mobile Wallet of China,” June 2013, 9 pages.

Google, MasterCard, First Data

NFC Times: “Google´s CEO Eric Schmidt Said NFC-enabled Smartphones Could Transform the Shopping and Payment Experience,” 15 February 2011, 2 pages.

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ISIS/mpass

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Square

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Kimberly Horg-Webb: “Mobile Money Matters – Businesses Talk Benefits of Square Credit Card App,” The Business Journal, 19 May 2011, 32 pages.

Phil Christiansen (First Data Whitepaper): “Four Important Trends Shaping the Future of Credit Cards,” 2 March 2011, 11 pages.

Dan Schutzer: “The CTO Corner – Banking and Finance over the Mobile Channel,” 8 Sep-tember 2010, 8 pages.

Erika Morphy: “Square Pulls Buyers and Sellers into the Loop,” E-Commerce Times, 5 May 2011, 4 pages.

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iZettle

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VISA

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Technology

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Ernst Haselsteiner and Klemens Breitfuss (Philipps Semiconductors): “Security in Near Field Communication (NFC) – Strength and Weaknesses,” 28 April 2006, 11 pages.

Csaba Szalai: “NFC pay – Near Field Communication – The Next Generation of Mobile Payment”, Microtronic, 23 February 2010, 13 pages.

Collin Mulliner: “Attacking NFC Mobile Phones,” (Fraunhofer SIT, London), May 2008, 71 pages.

Stephan Tiedemann and Frank Dawidowsky (Sony): “Beyond Tags: Type 3 Platform for De-velopers (Tips and Tricks, Open Source and the Dynamic Tag),” 2011, 58 pages.

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Mahil Carr (Hyderabad): “Mobile Payment Systems and Services: An Introduction,” 1 No-vember 2007, 12 pages.

Sattar J. Aboud: “Public Key Cryptography for Mobile Payment,” 16 July 2009, 5 pages. Jim Shea (Cyber Defense Institute): “Managing Smartphone Security,” at the Tech Summit

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Regulation

European Payments Council (EPC): “Draft: Mobile Contactless SEPA Card Payments – In-teroperability Implementation Guidelines,” Reference EPC 178-10, Version 1.0, 28 April 2011, 117 pages.

European Payments Council (EPC): “White Paper Mobile Payments, 1st Edition,” EPC492-09, Version 2.0, 18 June 2010, 65 pages.

EPC Newsletter: “SEPA Standards – SEPA for Mobile: the Linchpin,” 29 January 2010, 2 pages.

EPC-Newsletter: “SEPA Standards – Common Architecture for Mobile Payments – EPC and GSMA Publish Joint Paper on Mobile Contactless Payments Service Management,” 25 October 2010, 2 pages.

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Banks and Credit Card Companies

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Bank Technology News: “Which Mobile Payment Technology is the Best Fit for Banks,” June 2011, 2 pages.

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Retailers

Dr. Key Pousttchi (Universität Augsburg): “Von Mobile Payment zu Mobile Retail – Die strategische Bedeutung des mobilen Kanals für Handelsunternehmen,” in: eco-Arbeitskreis M-Commerce, Cologne, 18 March 2011, 8 pages.

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Mobile Network Operators

Mark Smith, Jan Markendahl and Per Andersson: “Analysis of Roles and Position of Mobile Network Operators in Mobile Payment Infrastructure,” at the 21st European Re-gional ITS Conference, Copenhagen, 13-15 September 2010, 26 pages.

Daniel Klein (Business Development Mobile Products): “Forum 40/20 – Mobile Wallet – Leading into a New Service Era,” 21 October 2010, 23 pages.

German Market

Sven Siering (Deutsche Postbank): “Mobile Payments – welcher Weg führt zum Erfolg,” 28 January 2011, 10 pages.

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Prof. Dr. Hans-Gert Penzel, ibi Research at the University of Regensburg: “Technische Inno-vationen als Treiber des Zahlungsverkehrs,” at the “Symposium of the Deutsche Bundesbank: Zahlungsverkehr in Deutschland im Jahr 2011,” Frankfurt, 23 May 2011, 28 pages.

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