MANTINEA

LEGITIMUS SPONSOR AC RECTOR

Iohannes Festa

MODERATOR

Aloisius Miraglia

CONSILIUM DOCTORUM HOMINUM

Michael von Albrecht (Studiorum universitatis Heidelbergensis) • Henricus Berti (Studiorum universi-tatis Paduanae) • Gerardus Bianco (Societatis Magnae Greciae) • Remus Bodei (Studiorum universitatisCalifornianae Angelopoli sitae) • Remigius Brague (Studiorum universitatis Parisinae I et Studiorumuniversitatis Monacensis) • Gualtharius Calboli (Studiorum universitatis Bononiensis) • Vincentius Cri-stóbal López (Studiorum universitatis Complutensis) • Humbertus Curi (Studiorum universitatis Pa-duanae) • Dantes Della Terza (Studiorum universitatis Harvardianae) • Georgius Di Maria (Studiorumuniversitatis Panormitanae) • Iacobus Dobreff (Studiorum universitatis Massachusetanae Bostoniae sitae)• Germana Ernst (Tertiae studiorum universitatis Romanae) • †Iohannes Franciscus Fiaccadori (Stu-diorum universitatis Mediolanensis) • Andreas Fritsch (Liberae studiorum universitatis Berolinensis) •Marcus Fumaroli (Academiae Gallicae) • Caietanus Gantar (Studiorum universitatis Aemonensis) •Alexander Gavrilov (Studiorum universitatis Petropolitanae) • Vido Giglioni (Institutum WarburgenseLondinii situm) • Paulus F. Grendler (Studiorum universitatis Torontinae) • Carolus Guittard (Studio-rum universitatis Parisino-Nemetodurensis) • Iasmina Haskell (Studiorum universitatis Australiae occi-dentalis Perthi sitae) • Ivo Hersant (Scholae studiorum superiorum de disciplinis ad hominum societatempertinentibus Lutetiae Parisiorum sitae) • Marcus Ivaldo (Studiorum universitatis Neapolitanae a “Fri-derico II” nuncupatae) • Albertus Jori (Studiorum universitatis Tubingensis) • Christianus Laes (Stu-diorum universitatis Antuerpiensis) • Paulus Maddalena (Supremae curiae constitutionalis iudex emeritus,alter a praeside) • Iohannes Franciscus Maddoli (Studiorum universitatis Perusinae) • Gerardus Marotta(Instituti Italici studiis philosophiae provehendis) • Maximilianus Marotta (Instituti Italici studiis philo-sophiae provehendis) • Iacobus Marramao (Tertiae studiorum universitatis Romanae) • MatthaeusMcGowan (Novoeboracensis studiorum universitatis a “Fordham” nuncupatae) • Milena Minkova (Stu-diorum universitatis Kentukianae) • Thomas Montanari (Studiorum universitatis Neapolitanae a “Fri-derico II” nuncupatae) • Agnellus Montano (Studiorum universitatis Salernitanae) • Bohumila Mouchová(Studiorum universitatis Pragensis) • †Helgus Nikitinski (Studiorum universitatis Monasteriensis) •Christophorus Pieper (Batavicae studiorum universitatis Lugdunensis) • Fidelis Rädle (Studiorum uni-versitatis Gottingensis) • Petrus Rescigno (Academiae Lynceorum) • Stephanus Rodotà (Studiorum uni-versitatis Romanae a “Sapientia” nuncupatae et Scholae studiorum superiorum Athenaei Taurinensis) •Theodoricus Sacré (Catholicae studiorum universitatis Lovaniensis) • Miran Sajovic (Pontificiae studio-rum universitatis Salesianae) • Salvator Settis (Scholae Normalis studiorum superiorum Pisanae)• CurtiusSmolak (Studiorum universitatis Vindobonensis) • Henricus Solin (Studiorum universitatis Helsinkiensis)• Robertus Spataro (Pontificiae studiorum universitatis Salesianae) • Georgius Stabile (Studiorum uni-versitatis Romanae a “Sapientia” nuncupatae) • Valhafridus Stroh (Studiorum universitatis Monacensis)• Nicolaus Szymański (Studiorum universitatis Varsaviensis) • Philippus Tarantino (Instituti Italicistudiis philosophiae et physices provehendis a “I. Tarantino” nuncupati) • Bernardus Teuber (Studiorumuniversitatis Monacensis) • Terentius O. Tunberg (Studiorum universitatis Kentukianae)

COLLEGIUM LIBELLIS CONFICIENDIS1

Maurus Agosto • Maria Aloisia Aguilar • Antonius Antonioni • Ignatius Armella Chávez • PetrusBono • Fabricius Butlen • Georgius Čepelák • Iulianus Claeys Boúúaert • Christianus Flow • AndreasGotia • Gerardus Guzmán Ramírez • Dominicus Kane • Matthaeus Knispel da Costa • Georgius Lo-yola • Lucas Lucchi • Iosephus Marcellino • Aloisius Miraglia • Gulielmus Monetti • Michael Monteiro• Philippus Neves Silva • Patricius Owens • Ivanus Parga • Claudius Piga • Lucas Quaglierini • Hen-ricus Renna • Lucianus Romano • Ioannes Carolus Rossi • Laurentius Sciajno • Eusebius Áron Tóth• Maximilianus Wallstein

IN PAGINAS OPUSCULUM DIGESSIT

Sergius Scala

DUPLEX TECTORUM CENSORUM RECOGNITIO

Omnes symbolae et commentationes, ut est nunc temporis mos, duobus saltem traduntur doctis le-genda, recensenda, recognoscenda. Nomina censorum ignota ac tecta manent scriptoribus, itemque,versa vice, nomina scriptorum haudquaquam innotescunt iis, qui scripta excutientes recognoscunt.

1 Qui in hoc collegio numerantur, ii commentatiunculas lucubrationesque curant emendandas, elimandas, indicibusvarii generis adnotationibusque locupletandas, Latinitate denique interdum donandas; praesto sunt symbolarumscriptoribus, eisque opitulantur, si quae forte in qualibet re difficultates impedimentave intervenerint.

MANTINEACOMMENTARII BIS IN ANNO PRODEuNTES

volumen I

huius anni singulare

MMXV

ROMAE

IN AEDIBuS

Academiae

Vivarii novi

Instituti Italici

philosophiae studiis

provehendis

Pontificii instituti

altioris Latinitatis

© Edizioni Accademia Vivarium novum s.r.l.

Sedes legitima: via don Minzoni 28 - 83048 Montella (AV) - Italia

Sedes amanuensium: via Corrado Barbagallo 20 - 00166 Roma - Italia

www.vivariumnovum.it - edizioni@vivariumnovum.it

ISSN: 2421-6992

ISBN: 978-88-95611-79-2

Omnia iura vindicantur. All rights reserved.

Bini censores tecti singulas huius voluminis commentationes recognoverunt.

Double blind peer review.

Symbolae edendae ad hanc inscriptionem mittantur: mantinea@vivariumnovum.it

Quisquis commentarios accipere cupierit, is hanc paginam adire poterit:

www.vivariumnovum.it/mantinea

Hi commentarii, qui bis in anno eduntur, in tabulis Abellinensis Fori iudicialis inscripti

sunt ex decreto n. 6 signato ac die 3 m. Novembris anni 2015 promulgato.

Hoc volumen excusum est in officina typographica Kapitális k., Debrecini in Hungaria sita.

Iura divulgandae imaginis in integumento impressae, qua Sibylla Erithraea effingitur, ad Musea

Vaticana pertinent. (© Musei vaticani)

Imagines, quibus singulae huius voluminis partes aliae ab aliis discernuntur, depromptae sunt ex

libro qui inscribitur: Quinti Horatii Flacci Emblemata, imaginibus in aes incisis, notisque illustrata

studio Othonis VAENI Batavolugdunensis, Antuerpiae apud Philippum Lisaert, 1612.

Hi commentarii in lucem dati sunt cura et studio

Academiae

Vivarii novi

Instituti Italici

philosophiae studiis

provehendis

Pontificii instituti

altioris Latinitatis

CONSPECTUS RERUM

Sponsor lectoribus s. p. d...................................................................

Cur hisce commentariis favendum....................................................

Praefatio ad lectorem

A. MIRAGLIA Ne bibamus pocula Lethes: de litteraria omnium gen-

tium republica redintegranda........................................................

Litterae

M. VON ALBRECHT Quid litterae Latinae ad homines educandos con-

ferant..............................................................................................

T. TuNBERG De Iacobo Pontano Iesuita deque Ciceronis imitandi

studio.............................................................................................

C. CARENA Quid Picus Mirandula senserit in illa oratione, quam

“De hominis dignitate” conscripsit...................................................

Philosophia

E. MORIN De humanitate et de homine..............................................

I. HERSANT De humanismo atque studiis humanitatis......................

R. BRAGuE Num pessum danda siet Latinitas..................................

R. BODEI Faber suae quisque fortunae: quantum studia humanitatis

ad indolem cuiusque hominis bene informandam contulerint.........

Rerum historia

C. VASOLI Breves animadversiones de Erasmo et litteris tunc in Ita-

lia renascentibus.............................................................................

7

9

19

73

101

121

151

183

191

205

221

Formae et figurae

S. MAGGI De mensuris in aedificandi arte.........................................

Civilia iura

A. ANTONIONI De iuris fundamento ultimo: super libro F. Todescan

c. i. Il “caso serio” del diritto naturale............................................

Naturalis historia

L. DOLIDON Uno Calliopen comitatu cum Urania esse: sive de astro-

logia poetica.................................................................................

Ars docendi

C. FIéVET Quemadmodum usus sermonis Latini in schola viam ad

legendum planiorem brevioremque aperire possit..........................

V. SCHIBEL Musarum mater: sive quantum exercitium memoriae hu-

manitatis studia iuvet alatque.......................................................

Linguae & philologia

S. DI BRAzzANO Utrum verbum, quod est iubare in Latinitate exstet

necne exstet..................................................................................

S. SETTIS Quae vires verbo, quod est ‘classicum’ aliis locis aliisque

temporibus subiectae sint quantumve sint eius sensus temporum

diuturnitate mutati..........................................................................

Levia gravia

I. ARMELLA Λεξικοφιλία, sive de utilitate litterarum.........................

G. MONETTI Epistula ad Aloisium Miraglia.......................................

Summaria..........................................................................................

Qui in hoc volumine scripserint..........................................................

Normae ad edendas commentationes observandae..............................

Index nominum.................................................................................

247

269

285

305

329

353

373

387

427

435

459

469

493

SPONSOR LECTORIBUS S. P. D.

Quanto perfundar gaudio, benevolentissime lector, quod mihi contigitaliquantam operis partem habere ut hi commentarii prodirent, nonLatinitate donati —cuius rei laus nec parva erat nec nostra memoria usi-

tata—, sed potius in intimis prope Laribus Latinis educati, haud scio an exi-

guitas harum litterarum satis capere non possit. Fit enim nunc temporis

haud raro ut veterum scriptorum monumenta aut in turpissimo deserantur

incultu (quod impietati proximum est), aut tanta superbia eorum, quorum

potius curā custodita oportuit, quasi obsessa retineantur, ut vero ac vitali

usu, ad quem solum facta sunt, paene destituta senescant; cui quidem sceleri

aptiusne sit latrocinii an parricidii nomen, etiamnum, dum scribo, penitus

totusque ambigor.

Verum nunc, cum Mantineam istam, quam in manibus habes, ipse con-

spiciam in forum auspicato progressam, haud iniuria, ut opinor, et mihi et

tibi aliquantum bonae spei praesumam; nam, ut Latinae Camenae medio

iam saeculo praeterito quasi pavore exterritae conticuerunt, nunc primum

fit ut collegium doctorum virorum haud exiguum eas quasi agmine facto ex

ignobili quiete revocare voluerit. Nec id ita fecere ut nescio quam recondi-

tam eruditionem inepte ventilarent, sed potius ut manifestum facerent quo-

modo ea omnia, quae nostro saeculo in ore doctissimi cuiusque feruntur,

cum sententiis opinionibusque eorum omnium, qui plus viginti saeculis La-

tine sua cogitata tradiderunt, quasi continenti quodam vinculo cohaerere

possent, idque longe maiore utilitate quam difficultate.

Nam nunc temporis, cum totum nostri orbis occidentalis cultum in bar-

bariem iam pridem invisitatam non devolvi tantum, sed prorsus dilabi sen-

tiamus, anne dubitabimus eius radices e Romanorum memoria in nostrorum

aequalium conspectum eruere? Cum humaniore quadam institutione, qua

iuvenes ad totum humanum genus fovendum incitentur, nunc potissimum,

7

bello passim imminente, opus sit, nonne controversiam de humanitatis stu-

diis, quae iam pridem a philosophis recentioris aevi suscitata est, rursus ea

lingua agitabimus, quae ipsos humanitatis restitutores innutrivit? aut, si

ipsum humanitatis nomen huc illuc in maxima inanitate iactatur, num forte

operam ludemus, si novam humanae naturae finitionem inveterata lingua

temptabimus? id fecisse doctos plurimos, qui suam operam in hos commen-

tarios contulerunt, minime paenituit, nec nos quidem, quoad vires habebi-

mus, umquam paenitebit.

Vale!

iohannes Festa

iohaNNes Festa

8

Cur hisCe Commentariis favendum

Homines, qui orbem ad solis occasum vergentem ante nostram memo-riam celebrarunt, antiquorum Romanorum sermonem ita usurpareconsueverunt, ut inter sese, quamvis ortu, moribus, institutisve discrepantes,

per temporum decursum uno eodemque cultūs litterarumque vinculo con-

tinerentur, non terrarum modo, verum etiam saeculorum varietates com-

plectente: scilicet quicumque nobis monumenta litterarum ea lingua exarata

tradiderunt, ii, licet iam pridem exstincti, ita supersunt quasi hereditate con-

secrati, ut nobiscum etiamnunc vivo sermone disserere videantur.

Nunc vero, ut est Latialis sermonis existimatio (vel apud eos quibus doc-

trinae religionisve causa curanda erat), res adeo neglegentiae devoluta est,

ut parum absit quin eo honore, quo olim in Europa et ultra eius fines floruit,

illius studium omnino destituatur. Verum enimvero, diuturno eius usu lau-

deque decrescente, perpetuum commercium cum maiorum nostrorum me-

moria, thesauro illo scilicet incomparandae praestantiae, magis magisque

sive incuria obscuratur, sive irreparabili oblivione deletur.

Et cum in iis, quotquot nostris temporibus sese ad priscam Romanorum

doctrinam atque eloquentiam applicant, complures numerentur qui non um-

bratilibus tantum semitis seu palaestrarum exercitationibus oleum potius

quam vitam olentibus contenti manere velint, aliae viae muniantur oportet,

quae non ad diluendum, sed ad augendum linguae Latinae studiorumque hu-

manitatis honorem conducere possint.

Nos igitur, licet splendorem Latinitatis degenerare videamus, id vel

vice symboli cuiusdam temptandum arbitramur, ut flammam illam veteris

honoris sive integra, sive puriore quodam rerum et argumentorum lumine

posteritati adservemus. Quamobrem summa vi nitendum esse credimus,

ut in copia operum servanda, quin immo in novis commentariis periodicis

9

aliusve generis scriptis edendis studium collocemus, quae etiam nunc ser-

mone illo, qui diu in re publica litterarum fuit in usu, primitus exarata

divulgentur.

Nos quidem id toto animo speramus fore, ut numero hominum, qui iam

multi ac dignissimi in toto terrarum orbe hoc inceptum fovendum suscepe-

runt, plurimi alii cultūs humanitatisque gratia identidem adiciantur.

michael von albrecht (Philologiae classicae professor in studiorum uni-

versitate Heidelbergensi)

martinus f. J. Baasten (Linguae et litterarum Hebraicarum professor in

studiorum universitate Lugdunensi Batavorum)

henricus Berti (Historiae philosophiae professor in universitate studiorum

Patavina; socius academiae Lyncaeorum)

Gerardus Bianco (praeses Societatis Magnae Graeciae)

iohannes fabricius Bignami (praeses instituti italici astrophysicae; praeses

coetus investigationibus de spatiis sideralibus fovendis [COSPaR]; so-

cius academiae Lyncaeorum)

remus Bodei (professor Philosophiae in Californiana universitate studio-

rum angelopoli sitae [UCLa])

remigius Brague (professor Philosophiae mediaevalis et arabicae in stu-

diorum universitate Parisina i a Pantheo et Sorbona nuncupata atque

in athenaeo Monacensi a Ludovico Maximiliano nominato)

Gualtharius Calboli (professor Linguae et litterarum Latinarum in athe-

naeo Bononiensi)

Patricia Caravero (moderatrix investigationum in instituto italico astro-

physicae [iNaF] et rectrix instituti astrophysicae sideralis et Physicae

mundanae)

franciscus Paulus Casavola (professor iuris constitutionalis in Neapolitanis

studiorum universitatibus a “Friderico ii” et ab “Ursula Benincasa”

nuncupatis; praeses quondam Collegii constitutionalis et instituti En-

cyclopediae italicae edendae)

iacobus Cavallo (praeses Collegii parandis et componendis consiliis de dis -

MaNtiNEa

10

ciplinis physicis Coetus Europaei studiis de spatiis sideralibus fovendis

[ESa]; sodalis institutorum investigationibus provehendis, quae com-

pendiariis litteris CNR et iNaF vulgo nominantur)

vincentius Cristóbal López (professor Litterarum Latinarum in studiorum

universitate Complutensi)

Gerardus Colombo (quondam iudex et rei publicae magistratus)

humbertus Curi (professor Historiae philosophiae in studiorum universi-

tate Patavina)

ferdinandus dalla Chiesa (professor investigationis humanae societatis

eiusque ordinum formarumque in studiorum universitate Mediolanensi)

dantes della terza (professor Litterarum italicarum in studiorum univer-

sitate Harvardiana)

Georgius de maria (professor Philologiae classicae in studiorum universi-

tate Panormitana)

tullius de mauro (professor artis sermocinalis in studiorum universitate

Romana i a “Sapientia” nuncupata)

iacobus dobreff (professor Linguarum classicarum in studiorum universi-

tate Massachusetana Bostoniae sita)

Germana ernst (Philosophiam aetatis renatarum artium in studiorum uni-

versitate Romana iii professa)

†iohannes franciscus fiaccadori (professor Formarum et figurarum pos -

terioris aetatis antiquae et prioris aetatis mediae atque Cultus humani-

tatisque Byzantinorum in studiorum universitate Mediolanensi)

andreas fritsch (professor Linguae et litterarum Latinarum earumque do-

cendi artis in Libera studiorum universitate Berolinensi)

marcus fumaroli (professor emeritus Collegii Gallorum doctorum et so-

dalis academiae Gallicae)

Caietanus Gantar (professor Linguae et litterarum Latinarum in studiorum

universitate aemonensi)

antonius Gargano (professor Historiae philosophiae in Neapolitana stu-

diorum universitate ab “Ursula Benincasa” nuncupata et a secretis in-

stituti italici philosophiae studiis provehendis)

CUR HiSCE COMMENtaRiiS FaVENdUM

11

alexander Gavrilov (professor Philologiae classicae in studiorum univer-

sitate Petropolitana; conditor Bibliothecae classicae Petropolitanae)

vido Giglioni (professor Historiae philosophiae aetatis renatarum artium

in Londiniensi instituto ab “abrahamo Warburg” nuncupato)

Carolus albertus Graziani (professor institutionum iuris privati in studio-

rum universitate Senensi)

Philippus Graziani (Scholae machinalis spatiis sidereis transvolandis Ro-

manae praepositus - sodalis studiorum universitatis Romanae i a “Sa-

pientia” nuncupatae)

tullius Gregory (professor Historiae philosophiae in universitate Romana

i a “Sapientia” nuncupata; socius academiae Lyncaeorum; rector in-

stituti lexico Europaeo eorum vocabulorum quae ad doctrinam et eru-

ditionem pertinent conscribendo et notionum cogitatorumque

historiae investigandae [iLiESi])

Paulus f. Grendler (professor emeritus Historiae aetatis renascentium lit-

terarum et artium in studiorum universitate torontina)

Carolus Guittard (professor Litterarum Latinarum in studiorum universi-

tate Parisino-Nemetodurensi)

iasmina haskell (doctrix in studiorum universitate australiae occidentalis

Perthi sita, ubi Humanas litteras recentioris Latinitatis profitetur)

ivo hersant (rector studiorum in Schola studiorum superiorum de disci-

plinis ad hominum societatem pertinentibus Lutetiae Parisiorum sita)

victorius hösle (professor Liberalium artium et litterarum atque Philoso-

phiae et doctrinarum rei publicae temperandae in indianensi studio-

rum universitate a “Nostra domina” nuncupata; sodalis instituti

provectiorum studiorum athenaei Principetoniensis)

marcus ivaldo (professor Philosophiae moralis in studiorum universitate

Neapolitana a Friderico ii nuncupata)

albertus Jori (professor Historiae philosophiae antiquae in studiorum uni-

versitate tubingensi)

Christianus Laes (professor Historiae antiquae in universitate antuerpiensi)

MaNtiNEa

12

Paulus maddalena (Collegii constitutionalis italicae Rei publicae iudex eme-

ritus et alter a praeside)

iohannes franciscus maddoli (professor Epigraphiae Graecae in studiorum

universitate Perusina)

henricus malato (professor Litterarum italicarum in Neapolitana studio-

rum universitate a “Friderico ii” nuncupata)

dacia maraini (fabularum sive Romanensium sive scaenicarum scriptrix)

Gerardus marotta (praeses instituti italici studiis philosophiae provehendis)

iacobus marramao (professor Philosophiae in universitate Romana iii)

matthaeus mcGowan (professor Litterarum Latinarum in studiorum uni-

versitate Novo-Eboracensi a “Fordham” nuncupata)

milena minkova (doctrix quae Litteras Latinas in studiorum universitate

Kentukiana profitetur)

agnellus montano (professor Historiae philosophiae in studiorum univer-

sitate Salernitana)

Bohumila mouchová (Linguam et litteras Latinas professa in Pragensi stu-

diorum universitate Carolina)

†helgus nikitinski (professor Philologiae Latinae mediae aetatis et recen-

tiorum temporum in Monasteriensi studiorum universitate)

renatus Parascandolo (diurnarius praepositus quondam administrationibus

radiophonicae et televisificae societatis italicae ad institutionem [RAI

Educational] et ad rerum mercaturas [RAI Trade] pertinentibus; En-

cyclopaediae de philosophorum doctrinis ac placitis pluribus subsi-

diis visificis atque electronicis edendae auctor fuit eique initia dedit)

Georgius Petroni (rector studiorum universitatis Rei publicae Sancti Marini)

Paulus Procaccioli (professor Litterarum italicarum in tusciae studiorum

universitate Viterbii sita)

Carolus albertus Pinelli (archaeologus et anthropologus; documentorum

cinematographicorum auctor)

fulcus Quilici (anthropologus et documentorum cinematographicorum

auctor)

CUR HiSCE COMMENtaRiiS FaVENdUM

13

fidelis rädle (professor Litterarum Latinarum mediae aetatis in studiorum

universitate Gottingensi)

alexandra i. ramos maldonado (doctrix studiorum universitatis Gadita-

nae, ubi Philologiam Latinam profitetur)

Petrus rescigno (professor emeritus iuris civilis in studiorum universitate

Romana i a “Sapientia” nuncupata; socius academiae Lyncaeorum)

Carolus ripa di meana (quondam italicae reipublicae administer)

stephanus rodotà (professor emeritus iuris civilis in studiorum universitate

Romana i a “Sapientia” nuncupata et professor Bioethicae doctrinae

in Schola studiorum superiorum athenaei taurinensis)

franciscus rositi (professor doctrinae de humana societate in studiorum

universitate ticinensi; quondam rector academicae Scholae superioris

ticini sitae)

theodericus sacré (professor Linguae et litterarum Latinarum in Catholica

studiorum universitate Lovaniensi ibidemque praepositus instituto

philologiae humanisticae)

miran sajovic (praeses et decanus Pontificii instituti altioris Latinitatis ac

Facultatis litterarum Christianarum et classicarum Pontificiae studio-

rum universitatis Salesianae)

alexander scafi (professor in Schola provectiorum studiorum athenaei

Londiniensis; Historiam cultus civilis mediae et renascentium littera-

rum aetatis in instituto ab “abrahamo Warburg” nuncupato profite-

tur, cuius sodalis est)

fulvius scaparro (professor emeritus Psychologiae in studiorum universi-

tate Mediolanensi)

salvator settis (professor archaeologiae Graeco-Romanae in Schola Nor-

mali studiorum superiorum Pisis sita)

Conradus sforza fogliani (praeses societatis popularium mensarum argen-

tariarum italiae)

Curtius smolak (professor Litterarum Latinarum in studiorum universitate

Vindobonensi)

MaNtiNEa

14

henricus solin (professor Litterarum Latinarum in studiorum universitate

Heilsinkiensi)

robertus spataro (professor Graecarum litterarum Christianarum in Pon-

tificia studiorum universitate Salesiana)

Georgius stabile (professor Historiae graviorum doctrinarum physicarum

in studiorum universitate Romana i a “Sapientia” nuncupata)

sergius stammati (professor institutionum iuris publici in studiorum uni-

versitate Neapolitana a “Friderico ii” nuncupata et Humanorum

iurum in Libera universitate omnium gentium studiis ad societatem

humanam pertinentibus fovendis [LUiSS])

valahfridus stroh (professor emeritus Litterarum Latinarum in Monacensi

studiorum universitate)

nicolaus szymański (professor Philologiae classicae in studiorum univer-

sitate Varsaviensi)

Philippus tarantino (praeses instituti studiis philosophiae et physices pro-

vehendis a “iosepho tarantino” nuncupati)

Bernardus teuber (professor Philologiae Romanensis in studiorum uni-

versitate Monacensi)

terentius tunberg (professor Litterarum Latinarum in studiorum univer-

sitate Kentukiana)

Paschalis terracciano (Rei publicae italicae orator apud Britannos)

franciscus Zeffirelli (scaenarum rector)

CUR HiSCE COMMENtaRiiS FaVENdUM

15

SUMMARIA

FRUCTUS LABORIS GLORIA:

Qui studet optatam cursu contingere metam,

Multa tulit, fecitque puer: sudavit et alsit:

Abstinuit Venere et vino. Qui Pythia cantat

Tibicen, didicit prius, extimuitque magistrum. (Horatius)

Gaudet patientia duris.

Laetius est, quotiens magno sibi constat, honestum. (Lucanus)

Nemo umquam ignavia est factus immortalis. (Sallustius)

Aloisius Miraglia: Ne bibamus pocula Lethes

Rei publicae litterarum notionem, plurimis usus omnium aetatum scriptorumtestimoniis, non modo bona luce collustrare, verum etiam quantum adhuc valeathuius symbolae auctor demonstrare conatur. Hac enim lucubratiuncula, manifestasvult facere causas et rationes, quibus permoti haud pauci viri docti initia his com-mentariis dare voluerunt.

Est enim litteraria res publica ita constituta ut nec temporum nec locorum fi-nibus contineatur; cuius cives, non modo nationum civitatumque saeptis, verumetiam aetatum omnium repagulis et artis saeculorum claustris effractis, inter seseuno litterarum vinculo coniunguntur. Senserunt igitur iam inde a remotis tempo-ribus viri docti ad hanc rem publicam constituendam, fovendam, provehendamunā opus esse linguā, quae nequaquam, sicut ceteri sermones solent, identidem mu-taretur; unde „mortuam” linguam in immortalium numerum rettulerunt, quā im-mutabili facile suis in colloquiis uti possent. Est igitur haec lingua, testibus Vallā,Mureto aliisque quam plurimis, magnum sacramentum, aerarium sapientiae, sa-crarium doctrinae. Usi sunt eruditi hoc sermone, non sine probando quodam ar-tificio, ut facile ac sponte Erasmus est confessus, per saecula et hominum aetates,quamvis numquam defuerunt qui, sive pigritiā adducti, sive malitiā impulsi, sivefalsis ac speciosioribus quam verioribus sententiis tracti, eius perpetue et numquamintermisso usui resistere vellent. Nunc temporis, cum facile talis nobilis scribendiloquendique doctorum consuetudo cum moribus quorundam qui magis per iocumquam serio Latine garrire solent confundatur, multi sunt qui praeiudicatā quadamopinione afficiantur, quā rem omnino damnent atque aversentur. Qui vero hoscommentarios edendos curavēre nequaquam credunt linguam Latinam, tot thesau-rorum clavem, paucorum tantum manibus esse tractandam, qui – quasi sint novae“auctoritates” ad cuius arbitrium nutumque homines moveantur – ea quae Latinescripta sunt antiquitus, aevo quod medium dicitur, renascentium litterarum tem-poribus recentioribusque aetatibus in linguas vernaculas conversa et ex suo ipsorumtantum conspectu considerata ceteris praebeant praemansa. Recusant item, qui sibiofficium susceperunt haec acta publici iuris faciendi, tam turpiter inservire tempo-ribus et saeculo, ut non credant id fieri posse, quod tam saepe factum est. Honosenim est litteris tribuendus, quo uno aluntur artes; quae, si apud quosque impro-bantur, numquam non neglectae turpiter iacent. Neque spectacula aut leviora ani-morum irritamenta, utilia quidem ad quandam multorum hominum curiositatemexcitandam, in severiorum atque altiorum studiorum locum suffici possunt. Ne-cesse est igitur docendi vias rationesque ita renovatas mutare, ut efficaciores evadantet iucundiores.

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Si vero abdicaverimus omnino nos ab hāc a veteribus acceptā Latine scribendi,loquendi assidueque legendi consuetudine, atque sermonem interpellaverimus quemcum maioribus nostris per saecula magno cum societatis humanae incremento con-seruimus, tunc ipsi nobis illud cultus humanitatisque exitium decernemus, quemiam Benedictus Croce et thomas Mann post omnium gentium bellum alterum,quasi futurorum temporum vates, portenderunt.

Lest we drink from the cup of Lethe

Drawing on references from the writings of several periods, this article ex-plores the notion of a “republic of letters”, and to what extent it may still havepurchase today. The hope is to show clearly why several scholars have felt com-pelled to begin this journal. For there is indeed a res publica litterarum, definedneither by boundaries of time nor space, whose citizens, defying the enclosuresof national affiliation and temporal difference, are conjoined by the common bondof letters. To the construction, care, and promotion of this literary republic, scho -lars have for ages considered a single language indispensable –a language thatcould in no way be allowed to change and evolve the way others naturally do.And thus Latin, a supposedly “dead” tongue, was elevated to immortality, anunchanging medium through which denizens of the learned republic could con-veniently continue their conversations across generations. The speech of the Ro-mans, according to Valla, Muret, and many others, became itself a great compact(magnum sacramentum), a treasury of knowledge, a temple of learning. Scholarshave employed Latin –not without a certain degree of artificiality, as Erasmushimself freely admitted– for centuries, although those were never lacking who,out of laziness or malice, or a vulnerability to the allure of false arguments, weremoved to oppose its otherwise uninterrupted usage. These days, when the no-bility of speaking and writing an ancient language can easily be conflated withthe absurdities of those who make a gimmick of their Latinity, the practice isoften derided out of hand. But the editors of this journal simply will not acceptthat the Latin language, the key to so many literary riches, should be reservedfor those so-called authorities who have translated the writings of antiquty, themiddle ages, the Renaissance, and still more recent epochs, issuing them to rea -ders predigested and indelibly marked by their own perspective. And they refuseto follow modern conventions in considering impossible precisely the sort of dis-course that has so often already been realized in the course of our history. Thebelief is that in the end, if we foreswear entirely the inherited convention of wri -ting, speaking, and carefully reading the Latin language, and we interrupt the

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conversation that through the ages we have cultivated with our forebears, muchto the good of society, then we will consign ourselves to the cultural and moralruin that, like prophets of things to come, Benedetto Croce and Thomas Mannwere already predicting in the aftermath of the second world war.

Michael Von Albrecht: Quid litterae Latinae ad homines educandos con-

ferant

in huius symbolae initio de facultate renascendi suique transformandi disseriturRomanis insita, quae est studiorum humanitatis pars non parva. Deinde exemplis exrerum gestarum memoria et liberae reipublicae et aetatis imperatorum petitis expli-catur qualis quantaque fuerit Romanorum discendi inveniendique facultas atque sol-lertia, qui saepissime eas ipsas vires, quibus inimici vigebant, in suum usum verterint.Denique de Roma et Europa paucis disputatur et de iis armis, quibus contra linguasvere mortuas – mercatorum praeconia et pseudopoliticorum ineptias– linguis sempervivis –sermonem Latinum Graecumque dico– instruamur. Discant igitur adulescentesLatine, discant Graece, discantque viva voce. Nam qui diligenter Latine loqui et scri-bere didicerit, etiam sermone patrio maiore cum cura atque venustate utetur.

The contribution of the Latin language and literature to the education of

men

The article begins by treating the Romans’ innate ability to renew and transformthemselves – an ability in no small part intertwined with the study of the humani-ties. Using historical examples from both the republican and imperial period, Al-brecht highlights the Romans’ inventiveness and adaptivity, which very oftenallowed them to turn even their enemies’ strengths to their own advantage. Finallyhe turns to Rome in the context of Europe at large, and to the way in which wemight oppose discourses that are in the truest sense ‘dead’ –one thinks particularlyof mass-advertising and the frequent inanity of political debate– with the languagesof the Greeks and Romans, which are in fact forever ‘living’. Ultimately the authorrecommends that students receive viva voce instruction in both Latin and Greek,arguing that those who can speak and write the ancient languages will have amuch more exact, much more stylistically adept sense of their mother tongue.

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Terentius Tunberg: De Iacobo Pontano Iesuita deque Ciceronis imitandi

studio

Ut alii humanistae non pauci, ita iacobus Pontanus iesuita (1542-1626) dialogosLatinos composuit unde pueri Latine scribere et loqui discentes specimina sermonisfamiliaris haurirent. Colloquia Pontani seu Progymnasmata Latinitatis –sic enimPontanus suos dialogos nuncupavit– si quis diligenter legerit, non solum discetqualis discipulorum eo saeculo fuerit vita, sed Pontanum ipsum audiet disserentemde ratione quadam dictionis Ciceronianae imitandae, quae in Europa septentrionalisaeculo sexto decimo exeunte videtur multum viguisse. auctor hanc symbolamscribens sibi proposuit ut hanc doctrinam paulisper excuteret, nonnullos locos cumaliis ex operibus tum maxime sumptos e Pontani dialogis considerans.

On Jacobus Pontano S.J., and the imitation of Cicero’s style

Like many humanists before him, the Jesuit Jacobus Pontano (1542-1626) composed dialogues in Latin as examples of informal conversation forthe use of schoolboys learning to read and write. A careful examination of thesedialogues, which Pontano called ‘Progymnasmata Latinitatis’, yields not only apicture of what student life was like at the time they were written, but also Pon-tano’s thoughts on a particular mode of Ciceronian imitation which seems to havebeen widespread in Northern Europe in the late sixteenth century. The authorproposes to offer a brief study of this brand of imitation by considering severalpassages from the dialogues of Pontano himself together with other works.

Carlo Carena: De hominis dignitate

ab antiquorum memoria usque ad saecula illa, quibus mansuetiores Musae re-natae sunt, philosophi complures illam hominis dignitatem, quae caput est ac fun-damentum totius humanitatis, tum certis finibus constituere, tum in hominummentes inculcare haud parvo labore enixi sunt. Nimirum Picus Mirandula et Eras-mus Roterodamus (ad quorum notionem dignitatis hominis cum antiquitatis stu-dio, eloquentiae cura Platonisque placitis arctissime copulatam haec investigatiopotissimum tendit) suam de re sententiam conformaverunt, modo accipiendo,modo excipiendo, modo etiam mutando ea omnia, quae saeculis volventibus ad

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eandem conformandam sunt e diversis fontibus collata. ante omnia, notionesconcordiae, benevolentiae et caritatis humani generis, fideique in hominis vir-tutibus collocatae, in quo, quasi in microcosmo omnia contineantur, fundamentavidentur esse, quibus innixus Picus suam orationem de hominis dignitate con-scripserit. Cum vero homo sit copula inter caelestia et terrestria, sublimium etinferorum internuntius, Picus ipse est quasi anulus, quo media aetas et Christiano-rum placita cum renascentium litterarum doctrinis et novo rerum conspectu quitunc temporis apparebat, coniunguntur copulanturque. ita fit ut eius notionibusperstringantur et absorbeantur ea, quae de hominis dignitate per saecula et aetateserant a variis diversisque viris doctis conscripta, eademque nihilominus longesuperentur novo lumine collustrata. Conatus est igitur auctor, exorsus a notionehominis, ut penes antiquos habita est idque potissimum iuxta Stoicorum placita,et ad medium postea aevum transgressus, considerans imprimis praeclarissimicuiusque auctoritatem, utputa Eucherii, Petri Damiani, Sancti anselmi, SanctiBernardi atque innocentii eiusdem nominis iii, ita maxime rem illustrare, ut ac-curate pensitaret quid in ea ex antiquorum, quid maxime ex Christicolarum doc-trina in Pici operibus et mente ortum sit. Ceterum Erasmus, qui in iuvenili suoopere De contemptu mundi cum mediae aetatis scriptoribus plane consentire vide-tur, mentem altius indagantibus ostendit a severitate mediaevalium mysticorumlonge discedentem; nam ibi Erasmus hominis dignitatem agnoscit, ubi quis rerumgestarum historiae litterisque studeat, conscientiam mali et boni alat, animumdenique intendat in hominibus singulis et humana societate ad bonos mores in-formanda: qua in re potius ad Petrarcae et Ciceronis, quam ad Lotharii Signinimentem accedit. id igitur summa ope prosecutus est scriptor, ut in manifestoponeret omnes colores, quibus hi duo auctores suas sententias adumbratas propo-suissent, aut, si quae sunt, quibus in rebus secum ipsi pugnare viderentur.

The dignity of man

From the Classical era to the Renaissance, many philosophers have labouredto define and to propose to others what the ‘dignity of man’ is, a question at thehead and foundation of all humanistic thought. Foremost among these philoso-phers are Pico della Mirandola and Erasmus of Rotterdam. The primary aim ofthis article is to show clearly how they formulated their thought by sifting andeven reformulating the tradition with a special preference for Plato, and to high-light any differences that may exist between them. Before all others, the notionsof concord, benevolence, love of humankind, as well as the faith placed in thevirtues of man as a microcosm in which everything is contained, seem to be the

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foundations of Picus’ speech on human dignity. Just as man is a sort of mixturebetween divine and earthly things, a sort of bridge between the earth and theheavens, so Picus himself acted as a link between Medieval and Christianthought and the new ideas of his time, joining the Middle Ages with the Renais-sance. Thus, after collecting, condensing, and absorbing the various notions ofhuman dignity stemming from the greatest minds from different ages, Picus over-comes all the previous doctrines and casts a new light on the question of the di-gnity of man. The subject leads us to consider the opinions of the best authorsof antiquity and the Middle Ages on the subject, namely the Stoics, Eucherius,St. Peter Damian, St. Anselm, St. Bernard, and Pope Innocent III. The author ofthis article examines what Picus takes from ancient philosophers, and what hereceives from Christian thinkers. On the other hand Erasmus, in his early workDe contemptu mundi, seems to show a propensity toward the writers of the Mid-dle Age, revealing to the careful reader a mind far different from the severe atti-tude of medieval mystics. In De contemptu mundi, Erasmus recognizes humandignity in the study of history, in a constant nourishment of one’s own conscience,in the care which one takes for the moral education of individual men and ofhuman society as a whole. In these, we easily note that Erasmus turns to thethought of Petrarch and Cicero rather than to that of Lothar of Segni.

The article tries to show how Picus and Erasmus colored their own developingideas with an unimaginable variety of sources, and to determine what, if any,differences and discrepancies are between the two.

Edgardus Morin: Quid sit homo, qualisve humanitas sit nostra aetate fo-

venda

Priusquam humanitatem ipsam definire et attingere possimus, de ipsa hominisnatura disputandum et cogitandum est, siquidem, ut recte monet Heidegger ille,quamvis plura hodie nota sint nobis de hominis natura quam umquam antea, fa-tendum est tamen nondum plane a nobis definitum esse quid omnino sit homo;quod non tam reprehendendum quam dolendum est. id ipsum igitur hoc loco trac-tandum sibi suscepit auctor, ut quam intricata sit hominis natura, quamve neces-sarium sit nobis de ea semper nobiscum meditari, bona luce collustret. Primo igiturhominem ut triformem sive trifarium definit: homo nempe simul ad societatem etad genus pertinet, nec ideo unus ac singularis esse desinit. Haec igitur, quibus singulihomines continentur, cuncta vicissim in se ipso quisque continet: quandoquidem

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nulla societas sine hominibus umquam exstitit; tum etiam codex, quem aiunt, ge-neticus, quo omnes eius virtutes per generationes servantur, in singulis eius cellulliscontinetur; denique ipse homo est persona singularis, quam individuam esse dici-mus. Verum ista partitio ad hominem penitus intelligendum nequaquam sufficerevidetur, ideoque post eam illud potissimum animadvertendum est, quam sit homi-nis natura multiformis: etenim non modo sapientia, verum etiam dementia, reli-giones, poesis in eius animo insita est; quin homines modo ad rationabilia, modoad ludicra inclinare videmus. Quae quidem, ut inter se contraria, ita etiam miraquadam ratione coniuncta temperataque sunt, nec secus dicendum est de philautiaet caritate, quae nobis innata numquam non nostros animos regunt. Perquam igiturintricata et spinosa quaestio, sed sane ab omnibus tractanda quorum semet ipsosnovisse interest.

The nature of man and the kind of humanism that must be promoted du-

ring our age

Before we can define humanism we must think about the very nature of Man.Even if we accept, as Heidegger rightly indicated, that we know more abouthuman nature today than ever before, we must confess that we have yet to defineclearly what is Man as a whole – a state of affairs not so much reprehensible asregrettable. This very issue, its intricacy, and especially its aptness for furtherinvestigation, is taken up by the author. He first of all argues that Man is to bedefined as having three parts: he belongs inextricably both to society and to hisspecies; at the same time however he never loses a third element – that whichdescribes him as an individual, a unique entity. The tension between collectiveand individual, between general and unique is clear: Society could not arise inthe absence of single men, at the same time the common genetic code, by whichthe race of Man is preserved through generations, is contained in the cells ofeach individual; and on the super-cellular level each man constitutes a singleperson, which we call an individual. But this sort of partitioning in no way yieldsa sufficient understanding of Man, nor should one forget about other indices ofhis multiform nature: the way in which, for instance,not only reason, but also in-sanity, religion, and poetry are innate to his soul, so that humans seem inclinedat times to reason, at times to folly. Such things appear contrary but in a strangeway can be reconciled, just like the apparently opposing selfishness and love forothers, which are deep-seated in the human spirit. The subject is a thorny one,but in the pursuit of self-knowledge cannot be left untreated.

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Ivo Hersant: De humanismo atque studiis humanitatis

initium sumens a commentatione illius thomae Mann, quae ‘Cave Europa’(vulgo Achtung, Europa!) nuncupatur, huius symbolae auctor perscrutandumsumpsit nomen illud humanitatis, quidnam reapse sibi velit, quove vinculo cumstudiis litterarum sit contentum. Etenim, ut ad nos usque manavit, saepe adeo multacomplectens exsistit, ut parum iam constringere videatur. Quapropter, ablata omnidefiniendi praesumptione, auctor monet nullam esse veram humanitatem nequeullum humanismum, qui generis humani caritate ac benevolentia hominisque dig-nitatis respectu careat. Quin immo, ubi studia sic dicta humanitatis consideramus,videndum est ne contra ista agant, si modo eis nomen humanitatis iure meritoquedeferre velimus. Denique parum de nostris temporibus disceptatur: scilicet nonpauca sunt superanda, ut studia humanitatis etiamnum redintegrata colantur; tameneo enixius nobis sunt ea colenda, quo uberiores fructus posteritati promittere vi-dentur.

On humanism and the humanities

Starting with the article by Thomas Mann entitled ‘achtung Europa’, thispiece aims to analyse the meaning of ‘humanism’ and its link with the study ofliterature. The word itself over the course of time has had such a wide array ofapplications as to seem almost incoherent. Thus the author, leaving aside anyattempt at a definition, advises that there can be no true humanism or study ofthe humanities where love for the human race and consideration for human dig-nity are absent. Indeed, when considering the so-called ‘study of the humanities’,we must be sure that it does not run counter to these principles; otherwise it isunworthy of the name. The contribution ends with an analysis of our own times:there are several hurdles to be overcome so that the study of the humanitiesmight be restored; nevertheless, the clearer becomes their benefit to posterity, themore earnestly we should pursue them.

Remigius Brague: Num pessum danda siet Latinitas

Quemadmodum populi ad Mare internum vergentes omnesque ii, qui olimsub ditione fuerunt Romanorum, eorundem cultu et hereditate, quamvis saepe

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inscii, etiamnum conglutinati exsistant, hac symbola exponere auctor nixus est.Exemplis enim variis et undique sumptis vestigia huius Romanitatis in provinciisad cultum humanitatemque pertinentibus inquisivit. Namque initio egit de eovocum patrimonio, quod quidem diversis sermonibus commune in linguae Latinaehereditatem radices agit. Dein, quoniam lingua cives non unius dumtaxat civitatis,sed aliarum quoque inter se coniunguntur, de legibus deque iure Romano disse-rendum existimavit: sic enim populi Romanorum temporibus inter se copulatiexstiterunt, scilicet legibus, lingua, civitate. Huc accedit quod illud a Romanisquasi secundarium, ut ita dicamus, patrimonium accepimus, quo fit ut, praeterimperium ac servitium, quae in gentium commerciis fere usu venerunt, apudomnes gentes olim Romanis subactas “fas sit et ab hoste doceri”. Unde fit utomnes paene, quicumque Romanorum hereditatem alicunde accepimus, ita nos-tram vitam degamus, tamquam si semper ad meliorem statum et ope doctrinae,et cultu atque humanitate transcedere possimus. Nec huic commentationi finemfacere visum est, quin propriae ac singulares sermonis Latini virtutes ostenderetur,quae potissimae causae exsistunt, cur etiamnunc eius institutio passim sit colendaatque divulganda.

Whether Latin should be destroyed

The author attempts to demonstrate how Mediterranean peoples, and thoseonce under Roman control, are still united to this day –although unawares–by the Roman culture and heritage. In a series of examples he seeks the tracesof this ‘Romanity’in the cultural sphere and in the humanities. He first treatsthe lexical inheritance common to the various languages rooted in Latin. Hethen moves to Roman law and jurisprudence, for it was not just by languageand culture, but by laws as well that Rome united different nations. Still fur-ther, the article discusses the ‘secondary patrimony’ received from the Romansby all the nations once conquered by them: namely the notion that beyond thesubjugation and servitude common to international relations, it was, as Ovidput it, ‘possible to be taught by one’s enemy’. Whence it happens that almostall of us who have received in someway the Roman inheritance lead our lifeas if we might always be improved through learning, culture, and humanity.The article ends with a discussion of the particular virtues of Latin, whichthemselves make the strongest case for why Latin instruction should even nowbe widely promoted.

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Remus Bodei: Faber suae quisque fortunae: quantum studia humanitatis

ad indolem cuiusque hominis bene informandam contulerint

Multi fuerunt hodieque etiam sunt qui adversus humanitatis studia exsurrexerinteaque delere conati sint. Huius symbolae auctor, profecto non omnes, quod maioriserit laboris, sed recentissimos praesertim auctores, qui contra studia humanitatisdixerunt, singillatim quasi in ius rapere voluit, ut eorum verba pensitaret, conatus,si quid posset aliquid contra respondere, necnon remedia adversus mala ab iis re-prehensa invenire. ac primo quidem de nota illa Petri Sloterdijk opinione egit,qui, cum studia humanitatis ad institutionem civilem parum egisse existimaret,aliam eruditionis speciem proposuit, ad nostrae aetatis medica praecepta confor-matam, quae mirum quantum ab humanitate detrahat. Dein ad accusationes illiusNietzsche progressus est, ut satis notas, ita aequalibus nostris passim acceptas. Porroetiam Heidegger illius Epistulam de humanismo tractare adorsus, conatur distin-guere verum humanitatis studium ab inanitatibus illis eloquentiae, quae saepe proea intelleguntur. Nec raro praeterea humanismum carpunt quidam, veluti Sartreille et Sédar Senghor, quod ad unam tantum gentem eamque albicolorem pertineat.at scriptor quidem, quamvis volens sane notiones Europae innatas etiam alienoex conspectu considerare, tamen vindicatum voluit verum humanitatis nomen,cuius veri cultores hac re prorsus egregi semper exstititerunt, quod totum huma-num genus amplecti nixi sunt. Nonnulla etiam de rerum natura atque humanitatisnotione, potissimum ut Lévi-Strauss ea vulgavit, consideranda suscepit, unde etiamexhortari voluit ut vinculum illud, quo olim studia litterarum atque disciplinas na-turales contentas inter se fuisse accepimus, nostra quoque aetate restituatur.

Each man is the architect of his own destiny: to what extent the study of

the humanities have contributed to a sound formation of character

There have been –and still are today– many who have criticised the study ofthe humanities and even attempted to eliminate them. Though it would be impos-sible to look at all who have written in this vein, the author has tried especially toadress the most recent examples, examing them one by one, weighing their argu-ments, and if possible offering either a response or a fix for the problems theyidentify. He first deals with the well-known opinion of Peter Sloterdijk, who, be-lieving that the study of the humanities had contributed little to public education,proposed another form of erudition, tuned to modern genetic science: the approachundermines the notion of humanity to an unsettling degree. Next are treated the

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arguments of Nietzsche, which are both well known and widely accepted, as wellas Heidegger’s ‘Epistle on humanism’, in which context an attempt is made to di-stinguish the true study of the humanities from the hollow exercise in eloquencethat is often mistaken for it. Not infrequently there have been criticisms of huma-nism –the works of Sartre and Sédar offer examples– on the grounds that it per-tains only to one, predominantly white, sort of people. Although the authorrecognizes the considerable value of considering European ideas from a foreignor external perspective, he claims that an authentic humanism embraces the wholehuman race, and that its true supporters are distinguished precisely by this con-viction. The article also includes some reflections, particularly from the vantagepoint of Lévi-Strauss, on the rapport between the natural sciences and the hu-manities, and proposes that we should look to restore the link that seems once tohave exis ted between the study of literature and the study of nature.

Caesar Vasoli: Breves animadversiones de Erasmo et litteris tunc in Italia

renascentibus

Profecto mirum est Erasmum Roterodamum, litterarum restitutorum facileprincipem, in italiam non nisi iam ad quadragesimum aetatis annum accedentem, ethumanistarum, qui dicuntur, placitis iam penitus imbutum, itineratum esse. Quoditer, ut numquam non in votis, ita alias alia de causa semel atque iterum dilatum est.illud igitur in priore huius commentatiunculae parte auctor sibi proposuit illustran-dum, quo modo Erasmus, a primis annis institutionis, novas doctrinas ab italicis lit-terarum restitutoribus mutuatas percepisset, quibusve de causis ei affinitas cum illisnovatorum gregibus, quamvis ignotis, orta esset. ita igitur multi ex viris doctis, quosErasmus sibi arctissima consuetudine devinxit, censentur, necnon quid quisque siveErasmo tradiderit, sive cum eius placitis commune habuerit, docte atque dilucide il-lustratur. tum vero iter illud, quod Erasmus primum in italiam anno 1506 suscepit,auctor paene per singula iens descripsit, ita ut facile pateat quid ille ad suam doctrinamaugendam ex ipsis mansuetiorum Musarum incunabulis hauserit. Ceterum saepe adopera eius palmaria auctor sese confert, ut ea, quae ex rebus gestis illustrantur, etiamin ipsis litterarum monumentis comprobata asserantur.

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Brief observations on Erasmus and Italy during the Renaissance

It is curious that Erasmus of Rotterdam, easily among the leaders of the hu-manists, did not visit Italy, the cradle of humanism, until he was approachingforty years of age and already advanced in his studies. The journey, which hehad always intended to make, had been delayed again and again for variousreasons. In the first part of this essay the author illustrates how Erasmus, fromthe very beginning of his education, perceived the new ideas exported by the Ita-lian humanists, and the causes that drove him to identify with their innovations.He examines the thought of several humanists with whom Erasmus had a closerelationship, pointing out in particular what each imparted to Erasmus, or hadin common with Erasmus’ teachings. The second part of the article treats theItalian journey itself, undertaken in 1506, describing each stage in detail anddemonstrating the development of his ideas through contact with this birthplaceof the Renaissance. The author often cites from the principal works of Erasmus,particularly where they can offer further insight about the historical details underobservation.

Stephanus Maggi: De mensuris in aedificandi arte

Saepissime hodie de necessitate vivendi in urbe ad hominis modum exstructaverba fiunt. Sed si quis circumspectat facere non potest quin interroget: de quo ho-mine loquimur? De homine ab architectis excogitato, fortasse; vel melius de hominenunc ab hoc nunc ab illo architecto mente ficto! Non parum saepe in nostrae aetatisarchitectandi arte sui arbitrii proposita praevalere videntur singulorum hominumpropria, quavis norma reiecta et repudiata (lacessendi enim causa dictum est normam“periculum” esse). Quae cum ita sint, optandum ut altera ex parte notio omniummembrorum propria ex quibus urbs constat, quae sunt aedes, plateae, viae,… resti-tuatur– ut lingua quasi communis aedificiorum structurae ita habeatur ut antiquistemporibus esse solebat;– altera vero ex parte (forsitan in primis et ante omnia), ut,confusione nimiaque modorum licentia praetermissa, ad aedificia architectandiqueartem redeatur homini eiusque convenientiae atque congruentiae idonea, quae facilecomponantur atque intellegantur; aliter enim fieri nequit ut aedificiorum aequa si-militudo ac ratio hominibus apta asservetur.

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The value of ‘human proportion’ in architecture

One often hears today about the need for living in a city ‘built to the scale ofpeople’. But looking around us, we might be forgiven for asking: which people?The people conceived by the architect perhaps, or, more properly, the peopleconstantly re-imagined according to the vision of one architect after another. Toooften idiosyncrasies prevail in modern architecture, while norms are rejected (forthe sake of provocation norms are often said to be ‘dangerous’). Given thesetrends it is to be hoped on the one hand that a unified concept for all of a city’scomponents (buildings, public areas, roads), together with a ‘common language’of forms, such as existed in the past, may be recovered. In addition, and perhapsmore importantly, we need to transcend the current anarchy of scale through areturn to principles of modular dimensions grounded in human beings and theirproportions, principles that are immediately comprehensible and easy to execute.This is essential in order to achieve a sustainable degree of consistency in thearchitectural environment.

Antonius Antonioni: De iuris fundamento ultimo

illa quaestio per saeculorum diuturnitatem vexatissima fuit hodieque adhucapud nonnullos agitatur: utrum fundamentum iuris in naturali quadam lege, an insolo hominum arbitrio sit constabilitum. Quam quaestionem, ut apud recentiorisaevi iuris consultos percrebuit –idque potissimum ioanne Kelsen auctore– in libro,quem vulgo Il ‘caso serio’ del diritto naturale inscriptum paucis annis ante exaravit,Franciscus todescan allatis plurimorum auctoritatibus excussit. Hoc igitur scriptoet argumentum huius operis summatim auctor tractare voluit, et de partibus, quasin eo potissimas existimavit, fusius disserere, etiam ad ea digrediens, quae todescanille sive modo adumbravit, sive obliquo modo tetigit. Sunt enim complura in hacquaestione quae ad gnoseologiam, ut inde a Kantio apud philosophos tradita est,recta pertinent quaeque non facile absolveris, nisi prius quaedam quae ad ontolo-giam spectant accuratius consideraveris. itaque hoc fuit auctoris propositum in hacsymbola scribenda, ut volentibus, cum librum, de quo supra mentio facta est, legere, tum vero quaes tiones de natura iuris accuratius perspicere, quasi breviculammanuductionem praeberet.

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The natural foundation of the law

Through the centuries, thinkers have been –indeed remain– troubled by thefollowing question: does legislation have a foundation in some natural law, ordoes it depend on the will of the legislator alone? This question –widely dis-cussed by legal scholars of the past century, above all by Hans Kelsen– wastaken up a few years ago by F. Todescan in his book il ‘caso serio’ del dirittonaturale, which assesses the opinions of many prior authors. This article brieflysummarizes the argument of Todescan’s book, before going into detail on whatthe author judges to be its most important sections. The piece also expands oncertain topics that Todescan was able only to outline or imply. In fact, it argues,there is much in the topic that directly pertains to gnoseology, as treated by Kantand later philosophers, with which one cannot easily deal without establishingcertain fundamental ontological principles. The author’s intention therefore is tooffer a brief introduction to those wishing to read Todescan’s book and to ap-proach in more detail questions about the nature of law.

Ladislaus Dolidon: Uno Calliopen comitatu cum Urania esse, vel De as-

trologia poetica

De familiaritate atque cognatione, qua antiquitus rerum caelestium cognitioMusarumque cultus arctissima continebantur, hoc scripto tractare adorsus,quatenus astrologus ad poetam accesserit, quatenus vero astrologus, ut ita dicamus,poetissaverit, potissimum indagavit auctor. Nimirum de astrologia rationali eti-amnum rerum naturae exploratoribus tractata, quae stricto sensu astronomia vo-canda est, hac commentatione disseritur, nec vero de infirmiore illagenethliacorum disciplina. ac primo quidem illustrantur aliquot Homeri versus,quibus quaedam haud contemnenda de sideribus traduntur; unde scilicet patetquam sint vetera nonnulla, quae diuturnitate temporum astrologis fueruntperquam usitata. Porro etiam ad Ptolemaei opus, quod tralaticio nomine Al-magestum innotuit, progressus, eius exponendi rationem inspexit auctor, quaenostrorum aequalium iudicio poetae pastorive, magis quam gravi rerum natura -lium scrutatori utique videri possit. at illud quidem, quod vitio darent quidam,huius commentationis scriptor meliore luce illustrare conatus est, quod profectoexistimavit optimum orbicularis doctrinae universarumque disciplinarum con -iunctionis exemplum. Denique etiam quaedam ex illius azophi, penes arabes as-

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trologi, palmari opere proposita sunt cum indice Ptolemaei conferenda, undevidere est veteres astrologorum notitias eo facilius posteritati traditas esse, quomelius doctrinarum utilitatem cum Musarum suavitate in se coniunxissent.

On astrology and poetry

The author’s intention is to treat the close link in antiquity between know-ledge of the heavens and poetry. The article investigates in particular to whatextent an astrologer approached the status of poet, to what extent on the otherhand he was a mere versifier. The subject is astrology in its ‘scientific’ sense–which, strictly speaking, we might call astronomy– and not with the makingof horoscopes and the like. First, the author examines certain Homeric versesthat contain useful information about the stars. Next, Ptolemy’s work, tradi-tionally called the almagest, is addressed, in particular its method of exposi-tion, which to contemporary eyes may seem more apt for poets or shepherdsthan professional investigators of nature, but in fact is an excellent exampleof ‘encyclopedic knowledge’ and the conjunction of all disciplines. Finally, theauthor juxtaposes Ptolemy with certain items from the best known works ofAzophi, the Arab astrologer, showing how older astrological knowledge wasmore easily transmitted for posterity if it united useful teaching with poetry.

Claudius Fiévet: Quemadmodum usus sermonis Latini in schola viam ad

legendum planiorem brevioremque aperire possit

Ex tralaticiis modis Latinae linguae discendae discipulos perquam exiles fructuspercipere, idque haud brevi temporis spatio, nemo est quin videat. Cuius rei nonmodo causas, verum etiam medelam aliquam auctor exponere voluit. Etenim hicomnes rationes et progymnasmata, quibus tirones ad Latinitatis studium hodie du-cuntur, iuxta recentioris artis sermocinalis rationes perpensas ostendit, tum veroalia eaque utiliora proposuit. Nec illud fecit verbis tantum nixus, sed usu atque ex-perientia, quam in studiorum universitate Palensi in Gallia sita adeptus est permeth odum audio-oralem, qua linguam Latinam plurimos per annos discipulos ettirunculos et doctrina provectiores instituit.

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How the active use of the Latin language in schools can benefit students’

reading ability

It is clear to everyone that traditional methods of learning Latin lead to poorresults, and these only after much time and effort. This article hopes to identifythe cause of this state of affairs, and also to propose a remedy. To this end, theauthor first examines through the lens of modern linguistics current methods andexercises by which students are taught Latin. He then proposes other methodsthat appear to him more useful. The observations are based not only on theory,but on several years of application and experience in teaching beginners andmore advanced students at the University of Pau in France according to the oral-aural method.

Volfgangus Schibel: Musarum mater

Memoria nostris temporibus quantum ex scholasticorum usu exciderit ad-modum mirum est, praesertim cum et veterum auctorum testimonio et recen-tiorum rerum naturae vestigatorum experimento iamdudum in lucem sitprolatum quot et quanta memoriae exercitatio ad linguas et patrias et peregrinasdiscendas conferre possit. Hac igitur commentatione, Quintiliani admonitionesrespiciens aliosque eius studiosos auctores discutiens, quales Gesnerus etMorhofius fuere, ea quae nostra quoque aetate apud linguarum magistros magismagisque percrebrescunt non inventa quidem a nobis sed ab antiquis recepta essedeclarare voluit auctor: linguae indolem, regulas structuramve potius usu quamindicibus discipulos sibi comparare posse; nihil apte disci nisi amore et liberaquadam curiositate; verba a rebus numquam seiungenda; genus ad quamque ae-tatem accommodatum proponendum; memoriam semper atque perpetuo irritan-dam esse. Hanc ob rem pueris fa bulae et narrationes, adulescentulis rerumgestarum historia sapientiumque dicta proponantur; omnibus vero fabulae inscaenam producendae, tractandique dialogi orationesque, quibus res cum verbisquasi natura copulantur. item imagines et icones utilissimae sunt ad hunc finemattingendum; res praeterea memoria teneri possunt si inter sese conexa et con -iuncta sunt, non si offeruntur aliae ab aliis seiunctae et separatae; oportet igituretiam eas apto et recto ordine disponere. Haud abs re erit discipulo aliquandodocendi munus committere, quo fit ut longe melius res omnes discat altiusqueinvestiget. at haec memoriae vis non in sola linguarum institutione animadver-

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tenda est: litterae enim, et potissimum Latinae, pretiosissimus quidam thesaurusmemoriae atque sapientiae maiorum esse videntur, cuius ope perplurima com-moda ad se quisque contulerit, modo ad eas gazas bono duce procedat, in quibusvitas factaque memorabilia eorum qui nos tempestate et virtute praecurreruntmagno cum suo societatisque humanae fructu inspicere poterit. Qua quidem ra-tione memoriam rerum gestarum litteris Latinis redin tegrabimus, usum urbanecolloquendi ac sapienter iudicandi continuabimus, linguam denique Latinam alatebris, silentio, situ vindicabimus.

Mother of the muses

It is astonishing the degree to which the cultivation of memory has beenabandoned by students, especially because, according to the testimony of an-cient authors and the experiments of modern scientists alike, it is clear howmuch the exercise of memory can help in learning a first or second language.Looking back to Quintilian and others such as Gesnerus and Morhorfius, thisarticle demonstrates that the very methods that in our own time are ever morefrequently used by teachers were first discovered not by us, but by the ancientsthemselves. They taught that one could learn a language –its rules, and struc-tures– much more effectively through use than through lists of words and gram-mar schemes alone. They taught that nothing is learned aptly without love andfree curiosity, that words should never be separated from the things they signify,that all methods must be adapted to every age, and that memory should con-tinuosly be exercised. For these reasons, they proposed narratives and fablesfor children, for teen-agers history and philosophy. But for all, they demandedthat stories be acted out in scenes and that orations and dialogues be delivered.In this way, words and things are seamlessly joined. Likewise pictures andsymbols are crucial. If we take words out of context, divorced from their settings,the mind struggles to retain their meanings. Through images, however, we areable to associate words with one another, fortifying our memories. It will alsobe useful, from time to time, to entrust the task of teaching to students them-selves, since he who teaches learns and investigates things very much morethoroughly.

The influence of memory, moreover, is to be observed not only in the teachingof languages: literature in general, and especially Latin literature, is itself a pre-cious storehouse of the memory and the wisdom of our ancestors. By its help,each individual benefits himself and enriches his fellows, provided he ap-proaches these treasures with the help of a good guide. In this way, we will re-

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vive our historical memory through Latin literature, and maintain the habit ofspeaking well and judging wisely; in a word, we would reclaim the Latin lan-guage from hiding, silence, and neglect.

Stephanus di Brazzano: Utrum verbum quod est ‘iubare’ in Latinitate ex -

stet necne exstet

Forma uerbi ‘iubet’, quae apud Fulgentium legitur, cum coniungatur formaequae est ‘occidat’ in loco quo humana superbia exiguo siderum ardori comparatur,fortasse non est accipienda ut indicativus praesentis verbi ‘iubendi’, sed potius utconiunctivus praesentis verbi cuiusdam ‘iubandi’, hactenus quidem neglecti ab iisqui lexicis conficiendis operam dederunt, cuiusque vis deducenda sit a vocabuloquod est ‘iubar’, plerumque a poetis usurpato, basis autem eadem sit ac vocabuli,itidem poetarum sermonis proprii, quod est ‘iuba’. idem igitur valebit ac ‘splen-dere’, ‘fulgere’. Verbum hoc ‘iubandi’ restituendum esse videtur et in prioris elegiaein Maecenatis obitum loco ubi sermo de galearum fulgore est (Eleg. in Maecen. 1,58).

Whether the verb ‘iubare’ exists in the Latin language or not

The verbal form ‘iubet’ in Fulgentius, since it is joined to the verb ‘occidat’ in apassage where human pride is compared to the meagre heat of the stars, is perhapsnot to be understood as the present indicative of the verb ‘iubere’, but rather as thepresent subjunctive of a verbal form ‘iubare’, not identified by lexicographers thusfar. Its meaning can be derived from the word ‘iubar’, often used by the poets, andwould serve also as the root of the word ‘iuba’, also a favourite among poets. Thesense of the word would be akin to that of the verbs‘splendere’ and ‘fulgere’. It seemslikewise advisable to restore this verb ‘iubare’to the passage in the first elegy onMaecenas’ death, where the radiance of helmets is described (Eleg. in Maecen. 1,58).

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Salvator Settis: Quae vires verbo, quod est ‘classicum’ aliis locis aliisque

temporibus subiectae sint quantumque sint eius sensus temporum diutur-

nitate mutatiVerbum quod est classicum, quale ab antiquis temporibus ad nostram usque ae-

tatem multifariam usurpatum sit, in hac symbola tractatur, scilicet primum quaehuius vocis fuerit origo, deinde quae, ut tot vires contineret tantopereque divulga-retur, fuerint causae, tum quomodo hoc verbum initio de rebus politicis, oecono-micis, castrensibus adhibitum, postea, aulo Gellio auctore, aliquid seu vi seuantiquitate praestans significare coeperit, denique quo pacto per humanitatis resti-tutores eorumque asseclas hac significatione vulgatum, hoc vocabulum ad linguasvernaculas, artes effingendi nec non ad sermonem cotidianum, merces vendendas,immo etiam ad gentes ab Europa remotissimas translatum sit, quaeritur. Videmusigitur quomodo exstincta ita renasci per intervalla soleant ut non ex integro eadematque antea restituantur, sed cibi humanitatis instar nova semper alant, creent, gig -nant.

On the meanings of the word ‘classical’ in different periods and places,

and the extent to which its sense has changed over time

This paper examines the sense of the word ‘classical’ from antiquity to thepresent. Initially the author treats the origin of the word, followed by the rea-sons for its ample array of denotations and its wide diffusion. Originally foundin political, administrative, and military contexts, ‘classical’ evolved, from thetime of Aulus Gellius, to indicate something excellent or outstanding with re-spect to its quality or antiquity. There follows a discussion of how this meaningcame to be employed in diverse contexts by the humanists and their followers:in the vernacular languages, the fine arts, everyday speech, commerce, andeven among people far removed from Europe. In the end the arc of this parti-cular word suggests that which is so often the case: that a concept fallen intodisuse can find new life after a period of neglect, with changed form, suchthat it offers new nourishment, an innovative stimulus to human culture.

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Ignatius Armella: Λεξικοφιλία sive de utilitate litterarum

Hunc parvum dialogum cum scribere adorsus esset, prae oculis Luciani,Erasmi aliorumque huius ordinis auctorum exemplaria usque habuit scriptor,idque suscepit examinandum, argumentum quidem ad nostra studia his tempo-ribus quam maxime conveniens, quaenam sit vera litterarum studiis utilitas,quidve in iis praestantius sive honestius inveniendum sit, inventumque in lucemproferendum. atqui non tam in responsis, quod prolixiore indiguisset tracta-tione, consistere voluit, quam in illis opinionibus excutiendis, unde maximanostrae professioni damna subrepere censet.

On the utility of literature

To write this short dialogue, the author selected as models Lucian, Erasmus,and other exemplary practitioners of the genre. The piece’s subject is of specialrelevance at present in literary fields. How, the author asks, is the study of lite-rature really useful? What might we discover through such study that is parti-cularly significant or noble? And how are such discoveries to be made availableto a wider public? The author’s intention was not to stop and answer each ques-tion, which would have required a far longer treatment, but rather to addressthose views which, for the study of literature, appear most damaging.

Guilelmus Monetti: Epistula ad Aloisium Miraglia

Epistula hac, neque eruditioni affectandae neque cuiquam alii tunc scripta, nisiad eum, cui primum data est, breviter recensetur ignatii armellae dialogus Lexi-cophilia inscriptus, cuius cum dicendi genus, lepidum quidem nervisque succiqueplenum laudatur, tum praesertim ipsae res commendantur, aetati huic nostrae per-quam accommodatae: esse litterarum spiritum e molestae eruditionis ergastulis adlucem, ruptis vinculis, vitalemque vitam revocandum, esse denique nimiae erudi-tionis angustiis ponendum modum. ita futurum ut aetati huic nostrae misere adla-boranti auxilia parentur, ut animis denique nostris, quos in dies magis ad pecudumritus restringi videmus, suppetiae ferantur, veraque restituatur humanitas.

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Letter to Luigi Miraglia

This letter, originally intended only as private correspondence and reproducedhere as written to its initial addressee, gives a brief review of Ignacio Armella'sdialogue, entitled Lexicophilia. The style of the work is praised for its wit, for itsvigorous and vivid composition, but especially appreciated is the content. Armel-la's notion that there is a vital quality to literature that needs to be revived, libe-rated from the domineering grasp of dusty pedantry, that we must not allow"learning" to become so ponderous that it suffocates and confines ― these areideas extremely apt for our times. If we take them seriously, we might well beable to improve our own lot, to find help for a world that seems ever less capableof true criticism, ever more bound by a sort of herd mentality, and to reawakena more genuine conception of what it means to be human.

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QUI IN HOCVOLUMINE SCRIPSERINT

AMICITIAE TRUTINA:

Amicus dulcis, ut aequum est,

Cum mea compenset vitiis bona, pluribus hisce,

Si modo plura mihi bona sunt, inclinet, amari

Si volet: hac lege in trutina ponetur eadem. (Horatius)

Antonius ANTONIONI, laurea in litteris classicis Bononiae impetrata ani-moque ad philologiam classicam converso, duce Iohanne Pugliese Carratelli

Athenis in Schola Italorum archaeologica (1974) studiis operam intendit.

Tum operibus manu scriptis in Bibliotheca Divi Marci Venetiarum servan-

dis est praefectus, dein ab anno 1991 usque ad annum 1997 rectoris munere

in Studiorum universitatis Patavinae bibliotheca functus est. Eodem tem-

pore, ducibus Francisco Leita et Antonino Papisca, praesertim iuribus ho-

minum eaque tuendi rationibus indagandis curam adhibet. Opera scripsit

tum philologa tum iuridica, at his ultimis annis philosophiae iuris incumbit

commerciumque inter iura hominis et gentium apud Hugonem Grotium et

ius belli apud scriptores a saeculo XVI usque ad XVIII (ab Alberico Gentili

ad Iohannem Bodinum, a Francisco de Victoria ad Emmerichum de Vattel)

inquirit. Condidit et ab anno 1978 usque ad annum 1991 rexit Philologos

commentarios Ferrarienses (vulgo: “Giornale filologico ferrarese”).

Ignatius ARMELLA CHÁVEZ in studiorum Universitate Publica Mexicana(UNAM) litteris antiquis primum incumbere coepit ibique lauream impe-

travit. Sub inde in Italiam, in Academiam Vivarii novi migravit; ibi alterā

laureā coronā in Instituto Pontificio Altioris Latinitatis Studiorum Uni-

versitatis Salesianae redimitus est. Septimum iam annum antiquorum

Graecorum philosophiam in Academia Vivarii novi profitetur et varia se-

minaria, cum de antiquis, tum de recentioribus auctoribus, agitare con-

suevit. Marsilio Ficino et omnibus eis qui illius temporibus Florentiae

bonas litteras et Platonis philosophiam restituerunt maximam his annis

operam impendit et quamcumque ansam porrectam ut eos eorumque co-

gitationes cum sermocinationibus colloquiisve tum etiam litteris quasi in

vitam reducat propere arripere solet. Investigavit quid de concordia sen-

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serint Nicolaus Cusanus et Marsilius Ficinus quibusve modis eam sectati

sint; de qua re librum scripsit (Coincidentia oppositorum, Romae 2013).

Pluribus praeterea omnium gentium conventibus de humanis litteris in

Italia, in Hispania et in Hungaria interfuit quorum partem ipse etiam in -

struxit et moderatus est.

Remus BODEI, doctoris gradum in studiorum universitate Pisana adeptus,historiae philosophiaeque studiis incubuit duplicemque lauream ex Normali

schola superiore Pisana reportavit, dein Cantabrigiae, Ottavae, Novi Ebo-

raci, Toronti, Gerundae, Mexicopoli docuit. Hodie potissimum Angelopoli

in universitate Californiana, quae compendiariis litteris vulgo UCLA nun-

cupatur, philosophiam profitetur, postquam per multos annos Pisis in Nor-

mali schola superiore et in studiorum universitate philosophiam ac

disciplinam aestheticam docuit. Studia eius plurimorum philosophorum

velut Renati Cartesii, Thomae Hobbesii, Benedicti Spinozae nec non eorum,

qui a saeculo XIX usque ad hanc nostram aetatem floruerunt, opera attin-

gunt. Ceterum notionem pulchritudinis et tragici excussit, psychoanalysi

illius Sigismundi Freud curam admovit, quae sit memoria, quis sit homo

quive eius in hoc mundo locus studiosissime inquirit.

Remigius BRAGUE, litterarum Arabicarum ac philosophiae religionis inuniversitate studiorum Sorbonensi et philosophiae in universum Monachii

in universitate studiorum Ludovico-Maximilianea professor emeritus, prae-

cipuam operam in philosophiae historia, in Arabum, Hebraeorum, Chris-

tianorum cogitatis indagandis collocat, quae media, quae dicitur, aetate

viguerunt, plurimosque libros de historia hoc genus cogitatorum, de reli-

gione, de propriae gentis notione, de litteris, de iure conscripsit ediditque.

Pro meritis suis est seu in patria seu peregre plurimis praemiis honestatus,

immo etiam in numerum equitum Legionis honoris ascitus. Docet praeterea

in collegio et universitate studiorum Bostoniensi, in universitate studiorum

Pensilvaniana aliisque totius orbis terrae Institutis.

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Carolus CARENA postquam in lyceis studiorumque universitatibus docuit,e domo editoria, quae Einaudi appellatur, nonnulla tum antiquorum tum

recentiorum scriptorum (velut Vergilii, Horatii, Augustini, Iohannis Pici

Mirandulae, Erasmi Roterodami, Blasii Pascalii) opera edenda vel interpre-

tanda curavit nec non aliquot lemmata in Encyclopaedia ex iisdem aedibus

editoriis in publicum missa conscripsit. Praeterea omnium gentium praemio

Monsilicensi interpretibus litterarum et gravioris doctrinae operum tri-

buendo praesidet et in edendis supplementis, quae ad cultum humanitatem-

que pertinent, eorum actorum quibus indices Il Sole 24 ore et Il corriere

del Ticino, operam collocat.

Stephanus DI BRAZZANO, laurea in litteris classicis apud studiorum uni-versitatem Tergestinam impetrata, alteramque lauream magistralem in an-

tiquitatis disciplinis adeptus, docturam in philologia, glottologia, historia

Graecorum Romanorumque apud Scholam Normalem studiorum superio-

rum Pisanam consecutus est; dein, Tergeste reversus, ibidem in universitate

studiorum Institutiones linguae Latinae et Latinam linguam litterarum pro-

priam professus est. Sub auspiciis Societatis omnium gentium studiis mediae,

quae dicitur, aetatis provehendis et Venetae universitatis studiorum, cui

nomen est Ca’ Foscari, consilio interfuit poetis Latinis, qui in Italia florue-

rant, dicato; praeterea auspicante Neapolitana universitate studiorum Orien-

tali et universitate studiorum Patavina, consilii, quod Nomenclator metricus

Graecus et Latinus inscribitur, particeps fuit. Studia eius, universam Lati-

nitatis provinciam complexa, imprimis ad posterioris antiquitatis scriptores

et ad mediam, quae dicitur, nec non ad renascentium litterarum aetatem

spectant; ideoque Catullo, Laudi Pisonis, quam praefatione, commentariis,

notis criticis instructam edidit, Venantio Fortunato, cuius Carmina in Cor-

pore scriptorum ecclesiae Aquileiensis publici iuris facienda curavit, Pas-

sioni sancti Iusti Martyris nec non humanitatis restitutoribus, quae

Maximiliani I aetate Tergesti et in regione Foroiuliensi floruerunt, in iis vel

imprimis episcopo Petro Bonomo curam admovit. Recentissimis temporibus

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operam dat investigationibus, quae, saeculo XIX conscriptae, ad editionem

principem epitomes Herodiani operis Περὶ πνευμάτων a Theodoreto Gram-

matico exaratae spectabant (quae tamen editio nondum foras prodiit) varia-

que opera manu scripta hactenus non explorata considerat.

Vladislaus DOLIDON, postquam Lutetiae Parisiorum in Collegio studiorumsuperiorum praecipue philologiae Graecae studuit, in universitate studiorum

Parisina VII utramque linguam docuit, operis Adagiorum Erasmi Rotero-

dami in Gallicum interpretandorum partem cepit (Les belles lettres), editio -

nem Odysseae per se illustratae discipulis destinatam paravit (Accademia

Vivarium novum), ad usum Instituti doctoris Angelici regulas studiorum,

quae anno 1259 Valentiae in studiorum universitate viguerant, in Gallicum

convertit. Dum in Collegio studiorum superiorum laureae doctorali asse-

quendae studet, scholia Iohannis Pediasimi ad Scutum Hesiodeum apparatu

critico commentariisque instruxit et, Brigita Mondrain duce, libros manu

scriptos ad editionem criticam libri VII Almagesti praeparandam indagavit.

Praeterea gregi interest, cuius participes sibi interpretationem Sacrarum scrip-

turarum apud patres Graecos et Latinos, qui a IV usque ad VI saeculum flo-

ruerant (quales fuerunt Didymus Caecus, Gregorius Nazianzenus, Diodorus

Tarsensis, Theodoretus Cyrensis, Augustinus, Pseudo-Iohannes Chrysosto-

mus, Cassiodorus), investigare, eorum opera interpretari commentariisque

ornare proposuerunt. Multis denique conventibus in Gallia, in Italia, in Hun-

garia celebratis interfuit ibidemque nonnullas acroases habuit. Nunc est pro-

fessor in Schola Lormensi Pauli Barreae nomine nuncupata.

Claudius FIÉVET fuit Latinitatis professor in Instituto linguis classicis ver -naculisque dicato et in Instituto poesi, historiae litterarum, glottologiae inda-

gandae Universitatis studiorum Palensis regionumque Aturo adiacentium,

cuius etiam praeses ac totius Athenaei rectoris vicarius fuit. Ibi magnam ope-

ram in arte linguam Latinam docendi navavit facultatesque iam inde ab annis

septuagesimis saeculi praeteriti exploravit, quibus artium sermocinalium nos -

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trae aetatis methodi, inventa, principia ad utramque linguam penitus perdi-

scendam potissime adhiberentur; qua de re haud pauca nec minimi ponderis

symbolas in periodicis Gallicis, Italicis, Germanicis, Latinis edidit. Quibus in-

vestigatis, docendi viam rationemque, quam ipse descripsit atque audio-oralem

appellavit, primus nec sine fructu usurpavit deque ea in plurimis conventibus

et in patria (Leodii, Tolosae, Nancei, Carcasone, cet.) et peregre (in Italia, in

Hungaria, cet.) acroases habuit. Praeterea notionem civitatis diligenter indagat,

id est unde aut quomodo orta, dein oblivioni sub iecta, tum vero denuo ac sae-

pius inventa sit quantove emolumento ad augendam conformandamque civi-

tatis notionem, quae nunc viget, per saeculorum decursum fuerit.

Ivo HERSANT, studiis in Normali, quae dicitur, schola superiore LutetiaeParisiorum prospere peractis, initio in exterarum rerum administerio iis

rebus provehendis operam navavit, quae ad cultum humanitatemque perti-

nent; at iam inde ab anno 1981 in Instituto superiorum studiorum discipli-

narumque socialium (quod litteris compendiariis EHESS vulgo

nuncupatur) item Parisiis sito scholas habere solet investigationisque consilia

regit. Praecipuam curam vero collocat in cogitatis atque artibus pernoscen-

dis, quae renascentium artium aetate viguerunt. Complura opera ex Graeco,

Latino, Italico in Gallicum convertit, antiquorum scripta e domo editoria,

cui est nomen Les belles lettres, in lucem mittenda curat atque in variis stu-

diorum universitatibus, velut Novi Eboraci et Genavae, litteras profitetur.

Stephanus MAGGI, anno 1977 lauream Ticini seu Papiae consecutus, quinqueannis post Bononiae doctoris gradum in archaeologia impetravit; qua in stu-

diorum provincia diu versatus, primum in Pedemontano Athenaeo orientali

Archaeologiam provinciarum Romanarum professus est, tum anno 2005 pro-

fessor Archaeologiae Graeco-Romanae in studiorum universitate Ticinensi

factus una cum aliis doctoribus in indaganda historia, cultu atque humanitate

gentium, quae regiones circum mare Internum sitas incolebant, operam col-

locavit atque rector est creatus Instituti methodis archaeologiae Graeco-Ro-

463

manae docendae provehendis nec non artibus mechanicis antiquis temporibus

adhibitis indagandis (quod litteris compendiariis CRIDACT inscribitur).

Aloisius MIRAGLIA corona laurea in litteris classicis redimitus est Neapoli,in studiorum universitate a “Friderico II” nuncupata, Latina dissertatione de

antiquis litter