index mains 1e topic page ethics sociology 45 - 571919 bombay university sociology department was...
TRANSCRIPT
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 0
INDEX – Mains 1E
Topic Page
Ethics
Introduction
Conscience
Values
Stress Management
Gandhian Ethics
Ethics of Bhagwad Geeta
Teachings and learning from the lives of great thinkers
Moral and Political attitudes of civil servants
Case Studies
Sociology
Development of Sociology
Varna Vyavastha
Ashram System
Sanskar
Types of marriages
Caste
Sanskritization
Social Values
Public Administration
Administration and Management
Evolution of Public Administration as a discipline
Concept of Power
Principles of Organization
Functions of Management
Theories of Administration
Principles of scientific management
Administrative Setup – Rajasthan
District Administration
State election commission
Lokpal
Lokayukt
State Human Rights Commission
Public Service Guarantee Act 2011
Panchayati Raj
1 - 44
1
8
9
22
25
32
33
36
39
45 - 57
45
46
48
49
50
50
54
57
58-181
58
72
80
94
100
105
108
119
131
149
156
160
163
168
176
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 1
ETHICS
What is ethics ?
Ethics is sum total of all the values, customs, norms, traditions, conventions, rules, &
regulations which are followed by a society over a particular period of time.
Ethics is not a static concept rather it changes along with time & geography.
For eg:- Sati tradition was part of social ethics in 17th century but it is considered unethical in
21th century.
Ethics in the society is determined by various factors.
Sources of Ethics:-
I. Religion (most important)
II. Family
III. Education system
IV. Laws & constitution
V. Conscience (अन्तरत्मा).
Before beginning of modern era the social ethics was predominately decided by the
religion but in modern age, secular education democratic constitutions mainly decide
what is social ethics.
In a transitional society like India, where religion is still dominant, religion becomes
dominant over social ethics.
In such condition the circumstances of confrontation emerges b/w religion & the law.
e.g- Triple Talak issue.
Ethics has both good & bad components.
Good features of Indian ethics:-
I. Respect for elders.
II. Worship of nature
III. Vasudhaiv Kutumbkam
IV. Non-violence
V. Spirituality
VI. Supremacy of karma.
Bad features of Indian Ethics:-
I. Casteism
II. Inferior treatment to women
III. Nepotism
IV. Tolerance for corruption
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 2
V. Dowry culture
VI. Child marriage
VII. Female. Foeticide
VIII. Khap panchayats
IX. Child labor
X. Communalism
XI. Superstition
The problems with Indian ethics is that Indian society is extremely (excessively) tolerant
towards those things for which it should not be.
Types of Ethics:-
1) Individual ethics
2) Societal ethics
3) Ethics in governance.
Why we should be Ethical ?
Human beings are selfish by nature. Hence, their actions often result in harm for others.
This increase conflicts in the society. Social conflicts cause trust deficit which results in
reduction in social fraternity & increase in social instability.
Such an unstable society becomes easy victims of violence & revolution. In this kind of
society human itself is in loss.
Individual society
They are always interdependent.
1. It means harm to the society result in harm to the individual as well.
2. We are dependent on others for our survival & happiness.
3. If we do good to others then only good will come to us.
4. Human relations are based upon reciprocity. Hence our happiness can be ensured only
if our action are Ethical.(if we remain ethical towards others)
Why we shouldn’t be unethical?
I. Immoral acts will result in sadness for us in long term.
II. Most of the immoral acts are crimes which results in legal punishment.
III. Unethical acts give rise to social criticism & boycott.
IV. Those who do immoral acts can never be happy permanently.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 3
Because all our actions are also guided by maximization of happiness in life that’s
why only ethical conduct can result in permanent happiness in life.
Before industrial revolution:-
There was shortage of material comforts.
Life was highly uncertain & life expectancy was low.
People were less inclined towards property.
Economic inequality was low that’s why people used to seek happiness in human
relation.
Education was value based. Hence, character was always preferable to property.
After industrial revolution :-
Material things are available in surplus.
People have become materialistic because of rapid rise in population, human relations
are loosing their charm because of growth in individualism, and selfish tendencies are
becoming stronger.
Education is technical & job oriented.
Education has become value neutral.
Property & post is more important than character.
Success is considered good, regardless of how it is achieved.
Those who are rich but don’t have character are considered successful.
Ends have become more important than means.
People who have character but are poor, are not considered as role models.
Thus, there is a blind race of post, property & prestige among people because in
modern day society , property is considered as parameter of success, not character &
values.
In modern world (society) people are seeking happiness in material comforts but in the
process they resource to (use) unethical means but material things can never give us true
happiness because human has emotion for the material but material has no emotion for
humans.
Emotion
Human material
No emotion
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 4
For a true happiness there should be emotional reciprocity. emotional reciprocity is only
possible in human relations.
All the big thinkers & philosophers agree on the point that essence of life is gaining
happiness .
1) Charvak:- As per Charvak happiness can be achieved (acquired) by fulfillment of
Bodily & material pleasures.
As per Charvak there is no god, no heaven , no hell.
Hence, human conduct should not be judged on morality.
Do you think atheism is immoral ?
2) Thomas Hobbes:- As per Thomas Hobbes people created state by upward delegation of
power with the fundamental objective of maximizing their own happiness.
But unfortunately, today state has become a (turned into)”levatham” (भष्मासुर).
Hence, it is increasing sorrows of people by oppressing them & by denied them their
entitlement.
In order to revive this fundamental work (objective) of state it is essential that civil servants
are ethical.
3) Thomas Acquinas:- (absolute in nature)
1) Primary laws:- Natural laws
2) Secondary laws:- Man-made laws
It is always questionable.
Primary law is always preferable (superior) to secondary laws.
a) Primary laws:-
As per Thomas Acquinas primary laws are absolute ,eternal & un-questionable.
These are basically laws of nature which should not be violated at any cost.
For e.g- illegal mining, sustainable development, pollution.
These are issues related with most of lives of peoples.
b) Secondary laws:- These are man-made laws which are always questionable.
Secondary laws often have conflicts with primary laws.
In such conditions, only primary laws should be preferred followed.
For e.g:- child labour.
4) Jeremy Bentham & James mill:-Their theory called “utilitarian theory”.
Laws
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 5
As per that theory, those actions are good & ethical which result in maximum happiness for
maximum no of people.
This is the most , useful theory for administrator.
5) John stuart mill:-
As per John (him) our actions should result in maximizing happiness of all the living
organized humans, animals & plants.
This theory strengthens “environmental Ethics” & creates Ethical basis for sustainable
development.
What is Ethical ?
What is unethical ?
As per valmiki , good means what is good for others & bad means what is bad for others
which means religious all our actions which result in sorrows & pain for others are sin &
unethical actions while those actions which are good for others are ethical or good actions.
“ पारोपकाराय पुण्याय पापाय पर पीडनम ”
Gandhiji himself said –
“ वैष्णव जन तो तेने कहिए, पीर पराइ जाने रे ”
Good , means good for others.
Bad means bad for others.
Ethics is all about “others”.
Those who live for themselves are animals. Only those who can live for others are humans.
1) True happiness can’t be achieved (gained) by property, post, prestige & relations because
all these things are temporary & there is constant fear of loosing while fearlessness is first
condition of true happiness.
2) True happiness can be achieved only by unselfishness , unconditional attitude & sense of
detachment.
In true happiness there is joy of giving not desire (rather than) of possession.
(selfless) unselfish Detachment (Non-expectation, Non-greed, Non-possession)
unconditional
fearless sense of service
joy of giving or permanent in nature
joy of renunciation
Before becoming a good civil servant, one has to be a good human being which means a civil
servant should have so many virtues.
True happiness
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 6
The main purpose of civil services is to serve the society but service demand certain
attributes.
For e.g:-
a) Selfish attitude
b) No expectation for reward & recognition.
c) Sense of detachment.
Detachment is a very important pre condition to service because detachment
means a civil servant fulfills his duties without any expectation , without any greed
,without any fear, without any favor & without desire for any post.
Detachment is such an important attribute for a civil servant that in its absence a
civil servant will become self serving , vulnerable to fear, biased & less accountable
towards the people.
Detachment is a quality on which there is strong emphasis in Bhagwad Geeta as
well.
It is the absence of detachment in civil servant which results in high corruption &
poor governance.
The problem with Indian society is that it rarely appreciates good works done by
people or civil servants because honesty is not rewarded, civil servants don’t find it
attractive.
It is said that , in India honesty is (punished) penalized while corruption is rewarded.
Because of this corruption in India it has become “low risk & high gain “ business.
The two most important problems (challenge) faced by India today are-
1) Corruption
2) Bad governance
& the solution to these problems lies in ethical civil servants.
Que. In India people fear the law but in west people respect the law.
Que. Law is as good as we make of it.
Que. A law which is incoherent with social values, will always struggle.
Que. In India corruption doesn’t have wheels rather it has wings.
Ethical value judgement:-
1) Ethics
2) Morales/morality
3) Values.
Morality = good E good + bad
M= good
Ethics = good + bad
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 7
Sociology
Development of society:-
Renaissance and religious reform movement developed scientific temperament due
to which many machines were built. This resulted into “industrial revolution” (I.R).
Due to ‘I.R’ middle class and labor class arised.
Later on slogans of French revolution i.e liberty, equality and fraternity changed
social , economic and religious scenario of the society.
Now need for such subject was felt which can do “scientific analysis” of social
changes.
Initially, the concept of sociology was given by “Auguste Comte” and it was called “
social physics” but later on it was named “Social Science”.
Development of sociology in India:-
G.S Ghurye is called father of sociology.
Initially, in 1917 , sociology was started as an optional subject in Bombay university.
Later on 1917 – Kolkata university
1921 – Lucknow university
1923 – Andhra & Mysore universities.
1919 Bombay university sociology department was established under the
leadership of Patrick Geddes.
Before independence, sociology was taught with economics and anthropology but
after independence it was studied separately in various colleges and universities.
In 1952 “Indian sociology society” was established. Later on research centers
were established at many places like :-
1) Tata institute of social science – Lucknow
2) Institute of social science – Agra.
I. Varna :- Ashram:- Purusharths:-
Barhmina Brahmacharya Dharma
Kshatriya Grihastha Arth
Vaishya Vanprastha Kama
Sudra Sanyas Moksha
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 8
Sanskar:-
1) Garbhadhan
2) Punsavan
3) Simantonyan
4) Jatkarma
5) Namakaran
6) Nishakarman
7) Annaprasan
8) Churakarma
9) Karnavedha
10) Vidhyarambha
11) Upanayan
12) Vedarambha
13) Kesanth/goden
14) Samavartan
15) Vivah
16) Antyesti
Varna Vyawastha:-
The word ‘Varna’ means “color”. It is originated from ‘vri’ root of Sanskrit which means
‘selection’.
Here “selection means to select the occupation” and in ancient times the society was
divided into 4 Varnas on the basis occupation. It was initially mentioned in the Purush
Sukta of 10th Mandal of the Rigveda.
According to it the Brahmins , Kshatriya , Vaishya and Sudra respectively originated
from
mouth , arms , thighs and legs of the supreme being.
These 4 Varnas were initially based on occupation and were flexible but later on it was
based on birth and become rigid. Afterwards Varna changed into caste.
Brahmin:- Their main work was to study , to teach , to carry sacrificed works or acts of
Yajna and to give and take donations.
Kshatriya:- it means one who is able to defend. Their main work was to study, to
defend, to give donations and to organize Yajnas.
Vaishya:- Their main work is to study, to be engaged in production and storage , to give
donation, to organize Yajna etc.
in “Geeta” they are given “right to Varta” , which means cultivation , animal husbandry
and commercial activities.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 9
Sudra:- it was the lowest class of society. They were deprived of all rights and Sanskars.
Their mains work was ‘ to serve Dvijas ’. Although in ‘Arthashastra’ they were also given
right to Varta.
:- Those who could take rebirth as human being they could wear
“Janeu”. They belong to upper three Varnas , namely Brahmin , Kshatriya and Vaishya.
:- This concept was developed in the Gupta period , according which in
case of emergency a person can adopt occupation of another Varna in
addition to his own Varna.
Impacts of Varna system:-
Positive:-
1) It brought awareness towards duties and responsibilities and eliminated
unnecessary competition.
2) It resulted into “labor division” and work –specialization.
3) Cultural features were transferred from generation to generation.
4) Initially it was a flexible system, in which a person could improve his qualities
and work and thus could bring changes in said conditions.
5) In this an equitable society has been established in which activities and services
of all Varnas are given equal importance. Thus individual development has been
done through collective responsibility.
6) It was a scheme (योजना) based on “balance of power” in which all the powers
were not centralized with one class or group.
Negative:-
1) Later on the base of Varna system converted to “birth” instead of work and
qualities. By which the society was divided into many castes and sub-castes, it
increased their mutual conflicts. It narrowed the communal feelings which
hurdles in national unity.
2) Birth based Varna system gave birth to Untouchability. It declared Sudra Varna ,
as inferior and denied then all rights to development.
Thus in Varna system , different activities and duties were fixed for all the
persons which brought coordination in the society and the spirit of class struggle
vanished but later on when it is based on birth then many of it demerits
appeared and it became exploitative in nature.
Dvijas
Apadha
Dharma
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 10
Public administration
Administration is related to what & how of government.
What means :- The subject of problem
How means :- The technique & procedure used to solve the problem
The collective efforts made to achieve a pre-determined objective is called
administration.
Public administration:-
The administration which works for the welfare of the citizens of the country or the
general public is called public administration.
When administration works in the political scenario of a state, then it is called govt.
administration or public administration.
Definition of public administration given by thinkers:-
According to professor Woodrow Wilson
Public administration is detailed & systematic execution of public law , every particular
application of general law is an act of administration.
According to L.D. white
Public administration consists of all these operations having for their purpose the
fulfillment of public policy. Eg- education & health.
According to Herbert Simon
Public administration in common usage means the activities of executive branch of
national, state & local govt.
According to Gladen
Public administration is concerned with the administration of the government.
According to Negro
Public administration is :-
1. Cooperative efforts in public order.
2. Inter relation of the 3 organs of govt.
3. Significant role in determining public politics.
4. Different from private administration.
5. Provides services to the community.
According to Paul H Appleby
Policy making is the essence of public administration.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 11
Difference b/w administration & public administration:-
Administration Public administration
1) Refers to simple or general context. 2) Administration has an executive
broader scope. 3) Administration generally is meant for
getting the work done with proper strategy.
4) It includes process & activities.
5) It is a worldwide phenomenon have
multiple factors like society , state & organization etc playing their roles .
6) It could be both public & private sector oriented.
1) It refers to public context which is related to public policies.
2) Public administration has a limited area of operation.
3) While public administration is both a subject of study which includes research study teaching , it is dynamic as science & again it is also a procedure.
4) It is related to policy making & implementation.
5) It is implements on specific activity in govt. function & effects public in broader view.
6) It is only related to public administration.
Administration - aim / leadership / decision / directing
Administration organization
Physical factor human factors/elements
Sources economic - intelligence
Machinery
Administration:-
Administration is that power which decides any aim through organization &
management.
Administration decides the dynamic practices which management & organization
works.
Organization :-
Organization means gathering of physical & human resources efficiently & intelligently.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 12
Management:-
Use of an organization to achieve the pre-determined goals.
*Philosophy of management Oliver Sheldon
In his book Sheldon has stated clear difference b/w administration , organization &
management.
Administration - affective direction
Management - executive
Organization - effective system
Administration Management
1) Administration is comprehensive in nature & has a broader range of area to cover.
2) It determines the targets, goals & objective.
3) It coordinates the finance , production & distribution.
4) Administration ensure the effective direction.
1) Management comes under the area of administration.
2) Under this goals are achieved according to the direction give by the administration.
3) It coordinates the activities & actions.
4) Management ensures the effective performance & execution.
Various views on administration & management:-
1) American:-
Administration is a broader term which include management within
2) European :-
Administration
management
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 13
management administration
Management has a broader sense & includes administration within it.
3) UNO:-“ Development administration “
Management & administration are
Synonymous
4) Overlapping:-
Main work
Direction
Coordination
Execution
At every level of organization there is presence of both administrative & management
activities.
As we got to higher levels more time is given to administrative function & their
effectiveness also increases while less time to managing functions.
While at lower levels more time is given to managing functions while less time to
administrative functions.
management
administration
Administration
Top management
management
middle administration management
management
lower management adm management
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 14
Therefore , it is clear that at every level & stage administration & management
overlaps.
Scope of public administration:-
As Activity In form of field of study
Broad Narrow Modern Luther Gulick subject
matter
(Posdcorb) Viewpoint
1) Extensive (Broader) viewpoint:-
It includes all the 3 organs of govt. legislature , executive & judiciary.
Supporters : Wilson
White
Semock
2) Narrow viewpoint:-
It includes only the executive branch of govt.
Supporters:- Herbert Simon
Luther Gulick
Joshua stamp
3) Modern view point:-
Present state is a “social welfare state” , therefore each work done in social welfare is
public administration.
This view believes that public administration is a tool for social welfare.
Supporter:- Negro
J.L. Nehru
In form of field of study:-
1) POSDCORB:-
This concept was proposed by Luther Gulick in A.D.1937 in his book
“ papers on the science of administration”.
In this book the technique of POSDCORB has been described According to lurther , in
the subject area of public administration there are 7 activities.
P – planning
O – organizing
S – staffing
D – directing
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 15
C – coordination
O –
R – reporting
B – budgeting
Gulick believed that Posdcorb provides integrity, Assurity & clarity to public
administration & sequentiality to its teaching.
POSDCORB:-
1) Planning (हनयोजन):- Design the framework to achieve the desired goal.
2) Organization(सन्गठन):- To achieve the target the organizing of physical & human
resources as per their capability.
3) Staffing (कार्ममक):- recruitment & training of human resources & establishing an order
according to ability.
4) Direction:- Directing the officials to achieve the goal.
5) Coordination:- positive cooperation b/w the work of individual & units of an
organization to avoid overlapping , conflicts & dualism.
Time + synchronization + coordination
Eg:- Bicycle
6) Reporting (प्रहतवेदन) :- To prepare a report of the progress of work.
How much work is done. Feedback-प्रहतपुहि
How the work is done.
What is difficulties encountered.
7) Budgeting:- auditing & accounting of income & expenditure.
Evaluation :- This term was added in 1971 & was placed after ‘direction’. It mainly was
meant for evaluation of the progress.
POSDCORB provides unification, certainty & clarity to pub. Ad. & coordinate the subject
of public administration.
But this concept of POSDCORB is criticized by critics as they think it only emphasizes
upon on technique while ignoring the subject matter.
POSDCORB is done by different institutions & they does not pay attention to their
problems.
POSDCORB view is technique oriented but not subject view oriented.
Therefore, the root value neglect the knowledge of the subject.
Subject View (Levis Marine)
Two blade theory
POSDCORB Subject matter
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 16
According to levis marine functions of each administrative agency is according to the
view.
Policy-formation:-
In the state any kind of government system & the political persons (minister) have lack
of time & knowledge.
Policy formation is a technical Subjects in which finding of problems & to find out the
options for problems solving to select the right option & in accordance to that shape
policy-formation. For providing completeness to this procedure an efficient & smart
administrator is required.
Policy-formation is the essence of public administration.
Nature
In form of procedure In form of subject
Integral managerial modern science-whether Art
It is or not
Integral view (specialization):-
To achieve the set goals the implemented actions, its totality is integral view.
Top Collection
To deputy commission
Bottom
Every subject has its specific characteristics , which is not mentioned in POSDCORB.
Problems of each administrative agency depends on the subject matter.
Lewis Marine is a strong critic of POSDCORB. He believes that POSDCORB is incomplete.
He believes that public administration is a tool with a 2 blades like scissors.
One blade of that tool includes –knowledge & area that comes under POSDCORB.
Second blade is – The knowledge of the subject matter.
In which POSDCORB technique will be used.
Therefore to make this tool effective , knowledge of both blades is necessary.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 17
With this the top to bottom activities in an public organization are included.
According to the view administration depends on the subject of the department means
that the subject would different from department to department.
Concept supported by thinkers.
1) Pfiffner , Marx & L.D. white
2) And followed by America.
Managerial view (generalization):-
Within this only managerial activities are included .
In this view , administration is determined by the top level strata of an organization.
In this administration is similar is every field because in every field managerial
technique are similar.
This view point considers the administration itself is a different & separate activity the
one nuho have knowledge about the managerial activity can be administrator.
Thinker who supported this view
Simons
Thomson
Smithberg
Modern view:-
Administrative process is a dynamic concept means the real nature of administrative
depends on the context (environment, situation) where the work is taking place.
Therefore, according to the changing situation the nature of administration will parallel
change.
Public administrative as a science:-
Before declaring this subject as a science, the clarification of science is necessary.
Public administrative is used in 2 meanings:-
Luther Gulick was a traditional thinker.
Kautilya – All institutions depends or finance.
Income
tax
Education
depart.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 18
1) As government activity:
2) As subject of study
In the form of process we completely consider it as an art but in governmental issues
when implemented it is taken as a science when it is researched.
science such as subject in which lies clarity, certainty & which is completely based
on facts where these facts could be reexamined & whose work & results is not
influenced & affected by time , circumstances & human nature & where forecasting
could be made.
Supporting points to prove that public administration is science:-
Alike science public administration too has some set principles which could be
tested(परीक्षण) anywhere like – 1) Coordination
2) Span of control
Alike science in public administration there is inter dependent relation b/w knowledge
& research.
The principles of public administration are universal, certain & firm (सटीक).
On the basis of these principles forecasting could be made.
Supporters of this thought:-
1) Woodrow Wilson
Henry Fayol
Marcen
Charles Austin
Public administration is not a science:-
Supporters:- Waldo(वाल्ड़ो) , Wales(वालेस), Finer(फाइनर), Morias(मोरेस), R. Cohen
(कोिन).
Arguments:-
1) Science remains unbiased & neutral while public administration as works inside
the society is thus bounded by values.
2) Science is based on the fact thus Certainty lies in it while public administration
has its absence.
3) Public administration area/field is dynamic in this the practices of could not be
used.
4) Principles of science are not affected by human behavior while public
administration is affected by human behavior.
5) The subject matter of public administration is human behavior which is
unstable.
Conclusion:-
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 19
Robert Dahl(डिोल):- until & unless the study(अध्ययन) of public administration is not
made comparative till then the claim over public administration to be a science will
remain hollow.(खोखला)
His essay – The science of public administration : Three problems
1) Normative attitude- Human attitude could not be differentiated. (values
indulgence)
2) Human behavior is uncertain.
3) The principles are incomplete which are based on limited national &
historical examples.
(The examples from America history could not be applicable or cannot
correlated to Indian circumstances)
Hence, there are 2 extreme viewpoints:-
1) One which considers public administration as science.
2) Other which considers public administration is not science.
But reality is that public administration is a social science which studies (अध्ययन) the
human behaviour which alike physics could not claim the purity.
Science मे illusion निी िोते while public administrationमे illusion , agriculture taxesमाफ
कर दगेे during election but after election nothing is done.
According to the arguments given by the criticizers:-
Public administration could not be considered science until & unless it does not fulfills
the following 3 conditions:-
1) The adequate(समुहित) knowledge of human behaviour.
2) The values & ideology of public administration should be completely defined.
3) Study of different cultures & in this such principles of public administration
should be embedded which are not bounded by cultures.
Public administration as a art :-
Art:- Art is a way of doing a work or it is a systematical way of doing work.
When knowledge is practiced in life it becomes an art.
Argument in favour :-
1. Public administration alike art is a systematic practice.
2. Art is a material talent – administrator performs his works with execution of his
talent.
3. Public administration alike art depends on personality of the person.
4. Art constitute certainty & so in with public administration.
5. Great administrator take birth & are not created.
6. In art , expression of good(शुभ) is seen & in public administration there is also
expression of good. (welfare of people)
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 20
7. Art changes with nation & time. Public administration also changes.
Public administration is a fine art –lead.
Significance of public administration:-
In the form of subject
1. The increasing complexities of society.
2. The increasing practices of democracy in state.
3. To increase efficiency & effectiveness in public administration.
4. To understand the impact of govt.’s policies & work.
5. To increase the impact of public administration in developing nation.
Nature
Blue print:-
Procedure Subject
Integral managerial Modern Art
science
Supporter - is science
Has future chances as science
Can never be a science
Importance of public administration as procedure/activity:-
Public administration every aspect of society , state & human that why the present state is called administrative state.
A thinker said” if the pub. Ad. Fails then the whole structure of a civilization will collapse into sand dune”.
Dimension of role of pub. Ad.:- I. Whatever govt.’s form is (monarchy, autocracy, democracy etc) it’s basis is public
administration II. It executes the policies & planning conceived by the govt. so acts as a tool of
implementation. III. It is the instrument of social change & economic development of the developing society
(Third world). IV. It is specially a tool for unification to the nation where lies caste war & sub nationalism.
(nation theory)
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 21
V. It provides services to the public eg- health, education etc. VI. It provides stability to the society.
VII. When there are chances of revolt & protest In the state then it provides stability.
Growing importance of public administration:-
Traditionally the role of pub. Ad. Has been confined but in contemporary society it’s role has been dynamic & comprehensive following are its reasons:-
I. Industrial revolution as a result of industrial revolution the birth of social &economic problems.
II. Science & tech because of the use of science & tech the area of work of pub. Ad. Widened.
III. Welfare state The police was replaced by welfare state. IV. Public welfare Adopted the planning for the achieving the aims of public welfare. V. Population due to increased population expansion of service eg- increased demand ,
public health, education & transportation. VI. Democratic system for maintaining democratic system the role of the public
administration is very important eg:- conducting election. VII. Social coordination lack of social coordination which leads to – class struggle, caste
struggle , religious clashes. VIII. Environmental causes due to the environmental causes the disaster caused like –
flood, earthquake, etc during this time services are provided by the pub. Ad.
Conclusion:-
The number of work of state their complexity & diversity has increased because of backward public ad. Backward pub. Ad. Means imbalance b/w desires & the performance {desires – what public experts , performs – what govt. gives}.
Therefore , here the necessity is development of administration & through improvement in the administration the ability & capability of th administrative system should be ensured.
Gerald E. Caiden:-
The dynamic of public administration (book).
In this he has talked of role of pub. Ad. In modern society.
1) Protection of state system.(जैसा राज्य कि रिा ि ैवैसा िम कर लेग)े
2) Maintain stability & the system.
3) Giving institutional form to social & economic changes.
4) To provide the big industrial & trade services.
5) To develop the “public opinion”.
If the pub. Ad. Fails the civilization collapses:-
If our civilization collapses then the main reason for this would be failure of pub. Ad.
Pub. Ad. Works in govt. of environment & administrative institution effect a person from his birth to death. Government comes & go but administrative remains static.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 22
In civilized(सभ्य) society stability is necessary & administration only has the capacity which could control the destructive elements of human civilization.
Pub. Ad. Works for maintaining national unity , socio-economic changes & judicial system & these are the elements which are necessary for existence of a civilization & if administration fails then existence of civilization is difficult.
The process of / administrative procedure is a universal procedure – Henry Feyol.
Administration is a moral procedure & the administrator is a moral agent(अभिकर्ता)- lead
Role of public administration in developed & developing :-
Developing societies:-
Louis Irving Horowitz gave the concept of 2 worlds in his book “three worlds of development”. world
First world second world Third world
Developed nations communist society developing nations
- once ruled by foreign powers
- Leading towards development
- Nations – USA - nations with -Asia , Africa & Latin
Eastern Europe leadership of USSR America
Role of pub. Ad. In developed society:- Developed society is not related to materialism but is means highly educated & mature society along with that in these societies political organization & administrative org. are mature , developed & committed , where the pub. Ad. Form is also mature.
Characteristics of public administration in developed societies:- 1) Administrative institutions are formed & changed according to public desires.
2) Legality (वैधाहनकता) , rationality(तार्ककक)& clarity are features of pub. Ad. 3) Specialization is used in every field of pub. Ad. 4) Bounded towards constitution , national laws & high ideals.
5) Top level(उच्च स्तरीय) morality (नैहतकता)& work efficiency. 6) Emphasis on decentralization & public participation.
Role of pub. Ad. In developed nations:- 1) Administrator play the role of advisor in policy formation. 2) Use of discretion in execution of policies. 3) In developed society the political the political institutions being developed in
policy formation political person play an active role. 4) Due to work specialization the clear role of a bureaucrat could be seen. 5) Allocation of work according to individual to individual (personal) achievement.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 23
6) Taking administrative & political decisions on the basis of rational & factual
standard(मानक) . 7) Impactful political control of over bureaucrat.
In developed societies pub.ad. has following 3 duties to perform:-
1) Regulator (हनयात्मक)& repellent(हनरोधक) work. 2) Service work. 3) Support , help & promotion to private industries.
Administration is an ethical activity & administrator is an ethical correspondent
.Explain?
Administration is an activity to care & look after the public & transparency & non-
discriminatory elements of it make it ethical. Administrator is an ethical correspondent
of administration who uses his own ability & capability according to the aspirations of
society & performs welfare functions rationally, logically & by abiding to the law.
Developing society:-
Developing society is that society in which normally.
1. Production in less & cost high.
2. Per person income level is low.
3. Social structure is full of complexities.
Characteristics of developing society:-
1. Political is not matured.
2. It consist of high population & low human resources development.
3. Agrarian economy.
4. Illiteracy , mal-nutrition , fatalism , poverty , orthodox society prevails.
5. Majority these societies were once colonies.
The features of pub. Ad. In developing societies:-
1. Administrative system of developing societies are copy of the imperial system.
2. The administrative system in hands of generalists.
3. Bureaucratic system & red tapism is found giving rise to corruption.
4. Administration considers itself as supreme & thus disconnects & separate itself
from public.
5. Pub. Ad. Seems neutral from it’s outer appearance but is actually affected by
the polity.
6. Lack of transparency & accountability.
7. Has more rules & regulations & less development.
-
KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 24