239

Index

G. S. Saharan et al., White Rust of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Management, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1792-3, © Springer India 2014

AAbiotic stress 197, 199Accessions 134, 163, 166, 171, 181, 182, 183, 198Acquired resistance 162Albugo genus 1, 33

Distribution 1Area under disease progress curves

(AUDPC) 153Assessment of losses 25Association 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47Asymptomatic infection 8, 17, 230

Albugo candida 1, 7, 8, 63, 91, 92, 97, 133, 151, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 230

Albugo cruciferarum 7, 60Albugo ipomoeae-pandurate 1, 9, 63, 133, 218Albugo lacbachii 64Albugo lepidii 10Albugo mauginii 8, 17, 230Albugo occidentalis 1, 55Albugo portulacearum 60Albugo rorippae 64Albugo spp. 1, 230Albugo tragopogonis 1, 63, 133, 134, 195

BBiochemistry of host-pathogen interaction 193

Amino acids 3carbohydrate metabolism 3, 193, 194Chlorophyll pigments 2, 194, 195Sugar 3, 194Phenolic compounds 3, 194Proteins 3, 194enzyme activity 196, 199fatty acid composition 3, 196, 197Glucosinolate 3growth substances 3, 196Ionic contents 3metabolites 1, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199photosynthesis 1, 194, 195

phytoalexins 3, 197, 198, 199polar metabolites 197, 198, 199respiration 2, 193, 195RNA content 3, 194

Biological control 203, 212Biological strains/ race 226Biological strains/race 96, 134Biology 127, 134, 171Biotic stress 197Brassicaceae 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 64, 67, 70Brassica crops/ Brassica spp 1, 2, 15, 17, 36, 118,

168, 194, 203, 210Brassica crops/ Brassica spp.

B. chinensis 8, 23, 85B. juncea 1, 8, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 34, 42, 43, 46,

71, 73, 76, 78, 79, 81, 85, 96, 97, 100, 103Brassica alba 2, 8

Brassica crops/Brassica spp 134, 181Brassica crops/Brassica spp.

B. chinensis 183B. juncea 92, 93B. rapa 2Brassica alba 183

CCruciferous crops 2, 25, 34, 212Cultural control 3, 203, 212

addition of phosphorus and potassium increases resistance 210

application of organic manures 210avoidance of excess nitrogen 210avoiding dense sowing and growth of

weeds 210

DDisease 1, 3, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 25, 30, 32, 33, 35,

42, 46, 48, 64, 83, 84, 85, 99, 104, 106, 113, 114, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129,

240 Index

130, 152, 183, 153, 154, 155, 162, 184, 185, 193, 200, 203, 219, 208, 210, 211, 212, 221, 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 47

Disease assessment 34, 123, 25Disease cycle 1, 2, 84, 85, 91, 115, 116, 117, 118,

119, 120Disease development 1, 2, 113, 114, 193, 226

disease forecasting 48disease forecasting models 117, 118, 121, 122,

123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129disease incidence 34, 113Disease index 25, 30Disease intensity 32, 33disease scoring scale 25, 27, 29, 31, 34, 223disease severity 34, 113, 123disease stress 36, 37disease symptoms 2, 45, 106Distribution map 15Geographical distribution 15integrated disease management 212pictorial key 30

Disease management 2, 3, 203biological 3, 21, 212chemical control 3, 25, 203cultural 3, 208, 211, 212, 213Field condition 3host resistance 3, 211integrated 3, 212plant extracts 212

Disease tolerance 36, 237Distribution 3, 15, 66, 134, 230

EEconomic importance 1Elicitor induced 109, 110Epidemic 35, 43, 114, 118, 129, 155, 212Epidemiology 2, 46Estimation of oospores 93

FFertilization 80, 81, 217Fine structures 3, 189, 190, 191, 192

electron microscopy 2, 189, 195histopathology 2

haustoria 189, 190Hyphae 2, 189Mycelium 2, 189oospores 1, 191, 192sporangia 1, 190, 191

scanning electron microscopy 2, 58, 59, 60, 191, 192, 203

TEMZ 189Fungicidal control

acylalanines 203Alrette 210Antracol 210apron SD-35 203, 208, 209, 210bayleton 205, 207benlate 203Blitox 210bordeaux mixture 203, 206, 207bravo 205, 207bromosan 205, 207calixin 203carbendazim 203, 207chlorophenate 203cost-benefit ratio 109, 207, 208cyprex 206, 207dexon-PCNB 205, 207difolatan 203, 206, 209dithane Z-78 203dithiocarbamate 203, 207dowco-269 205, 207DPX 3217 205, 207duter 205Fungicidal absorption and degradation 206,

208Fungicidal seed treatment 203, 205, 208fungicidal spray 118, 126, 129, 203, 204, 205,

206, 208, 213galixin 203Kavach 209, 210kocide-101 205, 207LFA 2043 205, 207mancozeb 33, 203, 206, 207, 208, 209mancozeb + metalaxyl (ridomil-MZ) 203manzate-200 205, 207mersil 205, 207metalaxyl 25 WP 203miltox 203N.F. 48 207N.F. 65 207panogen 205, 207perenox 203PMA-10 205, 207polyram 203, 207R-28921 205, 207residual toxicity 125

241Index

ridomil-MZ 33, 208, 209, 210, 231seed treatment 203, 208sicarol 205, 207Sulfex 210terraclor 205, 207terrazole 205, 207tersan SP 205, 207thiovit 203topsin M 205, 207vitavax 203, 207ziram 203ziride 203

GGametogenesis 80, 217Genetics of host-pathogen interaction 1, 151,

152, 153, 154Broad-spectrum resistance 154Induction of systemic resistance 158inheritance of partial resistance 154, 156, 157inheritance of resistance 151, 152, 153, 154

digenic 3, 152, 153, 187dominant genes 2, 151, 154epistasis 2, 153, 154monogenic 1, 151, 152, 153, 154

inheritance of virulence 157, 158, 159plant defense resistant genes 160, 161, 162, 163resistant gene mapping 2, 163, 164, 166, 168,

169, 170Genotypes 2, 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 33, 36,

78, 82, 103, 104, 113, 115, 228, 229

HHistopathology 43, 44, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,

104, 109Historical 7, 55, 56, 57, 133Host diversity 8, 10Host-parasite interaction 2, 103, 104, 105, 106,

107, 108, 109, 152, 193Host range 1, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14

African mustard 14bitter cresses 12black mustard 8, 10, 11borecole 11Brassica spp. 15broccoli 10Brussels sprouts 11Burma Sarson 11cabbage 12Calabrese 10

candytuft 12caper bush 8, 12carrot 13cauliflower 8, 12charlock 12Chinese cabbages 8, 10, 12Chinese kale 12cole crops 12collards 12common nasturtium 14corn spurry 14creeping yellow cress 14crucifers 42, 46, 134daikon 14dames-rocket 14eastern rocket 14false flax 14field cress 14Field mustard 11field pennycress 14garden and wild rape 14garden cress 13garlic mustard 11gobhi sarson 11Goldkugel 11great yellow cress 14hairy yellow cress 11hedge mustard 14honesties 13honesty 13horse radish 13Indian mustard 11inu-nazuna 13Jamaica cauliflower 14Jersey kale 11kale 11Karashina 11kitchen kale 11kohlrabi 11komatsuna 12London rocket 14marrow stem kale 12marsh cress 14mibua 11mignonette 14Nazua 12Nasturtium 12pak choi 12pennycress 14perennial pepper weed 13

242 Index

perennial wall rocket 13pigweed 11Portugese cabbage 12purple vein rocket 13radish 14rape 10rockcress 11rutabaga 12salsify 12Savoy cabbage 12scurvy weed 14shepherd’s-purse 12slender amaranth 11snow-in-summer 11stocks 13swamp morning glory 13sweet alyssum 13sweet potato 13tall horseradish 14tall rocket 14tanetsukebana 12tansy mustard 14thale cress 11thousand-head kale 12toothwort 14treacle mustard 13tronchuda cabbage 12turnip 12vegetables 10Virginian peppergrass 13wallflower 12, 13watercress 13, 14water spinach 13weeds 10white mustard 14whitlow grass 14wild mustard (charlock) 14wild radish 14wormweed mustard 14yellow marsh cress 14yellow mesambay 12yellow rocket 14

Host resistance 2, 3, 114, 203, 211, 212, 237, 238identification of 100induction of 42

Host specificity 68, 237Hypersensitivity 103, 104, 106, 151, 163, 170,

197

IIncubation period 102, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148Infection 1, 30, 42, 99, 100, 103Infection rate 25, 31, 113Interaction phenotypes (IP) 25, 28, 30, 220, 226

Mixed infection 17, 42, 43, 44System infection 24, 25

LLaboratory and field techniques

detached leaf culture 226detection of white rust pathogen 230DNA extraction 233gel analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis 233,

234germination of oospore 222, 223germplasm screening 223, 224, 225, 226greenhouse screening 227growth chamber screening 227induction of stageheads 223, 231inhibition of cyst germination on cellulose

dialysis membrane 232, 233inhibition of zoospore release from sporan-

gia 231, 232inoculation applicator 219inoculation method 224, 225, 226inoculation preparation 224in-vitro callus culture 218, 219, 221maintenance of A. candida isolates 224measurement of spores 232pathogen culture 224, 225, 226preparation of extracts 231production of oospores 230, 231purification of DNA 233sporangial preservation 219sporangial viability test 219

Life cycle of disease \t see Disease cycle 84Life cycle of pathogen 82, 83

MMapping of genes 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,

169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174Molecular biology 1, 3Molecular mechanism

of host-pathogen interaction 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 170, 171

Monogenic control of resistance 152Multiple disease resistance source 185

243Index

PPathogen 1, 2, 3, 55

key to the genus Albugo 2, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70pathogenic diversity 2, 70, 71structures and reproduction 2

mycelium and haustoria 76oospores 2, 80, 81, 82, 93sporangiophores and sporangia 2, 76, 77, 78,

79, 80zoospores 2, 80

Pathogenesis 43, 148, 194Perpetuation\t see Survival of pathogen 2, 91Phylogeny of pathogen 3

Sexual organs 80spore germination

oospores 95, 96sporangia 95, 96, 97

taxonomy and morphologyAlbuginales 7, 8, 60, 66Chromista 66Differential host 2, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,

139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148historical and current taxonomy 63Isogenic lines 2lectotypification 7, 8, 62, 63Morphology 3, 7, 78morphological variations 76, 78new combinations 57, 59, 60new species 62, 64, 72, 74phylogenetic relationship 71, 72, 73, 74,

75, 143phylogenetic tree 72, 73, 74, 75species concept 3, 60, 61

Physiologic specialization/Pathogenic variabil-ity 2, 133, 134

historical development 2, 133phylogenetic relationship of races 133, 143race nomenclature/pathotypes 3, 134, 135, 149virulence spectrum 136, 143

Pustula chardiniae 57, 59Pustula hydrocotyles 59Pustula tragopogonis 169, 59

Pylogeny of pathogenChromista 15, 57Mycota 60

RResearch priorities 237Resistance genes (R-genes) 2, 160, 161, 171

Resistant varieties/ cultivars 2, 99, 115, 116, 166, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 194

SSlow white rusting 155Sporangia 95, 97

Diseased plant parts 1, 2Spore germination 95

Oospores 95, 96Survival of pathogen 1, 2, 91

mycelium 91sporangia 91, 92

Symptomatology 1, 2, 15, 16, 42Galls 1general symptoms 15, 16, 17Isolate specific 15stageheads 1, 17, 22, 23, 26, 34symptoms specificity 1, 2, 15, 23, 25symptoms variability 1, 2, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21,

22, 26systemic infection 1, 2, 17, 22, 26, 34

TTaxonomy 1, 3, 60, 61, 62, 64, 71, 72

fungal 81phylogenetic, of Albugo 60Species concept 60

Techniques 217–234Biotic abiotic elicitation 231Components of partial resistance 219DNA extraction 233DNA purification 233DNA quantification 234Disease scoring scale 223Detached leaf culture 226Detection of pathogen 230Fertilization 217Gel analysis 233, 234Gametogenesis 217Germplasm screening 223, 227, 228, 229Induction of staghead 223, 231Inhibition of cyst germination 232Inoculation applicator 219In-vitro callus culture 218Mycelium 217Oospore formation 217Oospore germination 222Oospore production 230Spore measurement 232

244 Index

Sporangia 217Sporangial preservation 219Sporangial viability 219Sporangiophore 217Weed control tool 222

Thermal death point 92Tolerance 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 106, 152, 213Triangle of U 182

VViability 92Virulence 2, 3, 46, 71, 106, 108, 134, 135, 137,

138, 139, 140, 141, 142Avirulence 2inheritance of 2, 157

Virulence spectrum 136, 143, 237Virulent genes 42, 46, 106, 159, 164, 170, 171,

197, 198

WWeather data recording 122White blister 1, 7White blister rust 1, 7White rust pathogens 1, 72Wilsoniana achyrantis 57

Wilsoniana amaranthi 57Wilsoniana bliti 57Wilsoniana platensis 57Wilsoniana portulacae 57

YYield component 35Yield estimates 34, 35, 36Yield increase 203, 205, 206, 210Yield losses 1, 2, 34, 35, 36, 43, 114Yield potential 36Yield prediction 35