index [link.springer.com]978-1-4615-6823...herbst's interpretation, 65 spemann's...
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Index
Abercrombie. M .• 216 Allman. G. J .• 18 Anderson. N. G .• 150 Antibodies
used by Spiegel to inhibit cell aggregation. 148
used to isolate cell adhesion molecule in Dictyostelium, 148
used to isolate adhesion molecules in vertebrates. 150
Baer. K. E. von against preformationism. 10. 11 systematized studies of chick development.
8 coined term "spermatozoa," 7 comparative studies, 9 Entwickelungsgeschichte. 7-10 identifications of notochord and neural
folds. 5 discovery of mammalian egg. 5-7 distinguished five parts of brain. 8 dispute with Burdach. 3 formation of extraembryonic layers and gut
organs. 8 frustration studying sea urchins. 70 professional historY. 2. 5 progressive differentiation, 10 refutation of law of parallelism. 11 teleological change within embranchments,
7.11.20 use of theories by Darwin. 18
Balfour. F. M .• 22 Baltzer. F .• 180 Barski, G .• 214 Barth. L. G. and L. J., 119, 120 Bautzmann. H., 118 Beadle. G .• 210 Beisson, J., 250 Bernal, J. D .• 176 Biogenetic law
Haeckel and, 19. 44 His' refutation of, 44
Biogenetic law (cont.) See also Ilarallelism, law of
Biotheoretical gathering Needham and. 165, 176 Waddington and. 196. 199 Woodger and, 165. 173
Born. G. disagreements with Pfluger's interpretations.
47 Entwicklungsmechanik and. 51 transplantation of embryonic tissue. 48
Boveri, T. inflqence on Spemann. 93 nuclear determination of heredity. 52
Brachet. J .• 119. 120. 239 Brooks. W. l< •• 181 Burnet. M., 147. 150
California Institute of Technology Ephrussi and. 210 Waddington and. 191
"Cambridge group," 119 Cadherins. 152 Canalization. 197 Cell adhesion
initiating research in. 130 role of divalent cations in, 140. 150-153 immunological approaches to study. 146-
150 multiple adhesive systems, 153
Cell affinity hypothesis (Holtfreter). 136-139 Cell membranes
considered unimportant in cell function. 132. 141, 219
Ephrussi's view of, 219. 226-227 fluidity of. 141 just's view of, 135 stereocomplementarity of macromolecules
on. 134 Chabry. L.
biographical details. 35, 39 calcium ion deficiency studies. 35, 70-71 conflict with neo-Preformationism. 37-38
259
260
Chabry, L. (cont.) experiments on ascidian embryos, 35-38 influence of G. Pouchet, 35 separation of natural from experimental
monstrosities, 37 socialism and, 39 studies in animal physiology, 35
Chatton, E., 241, 242 Chesley, P., 184 Child, C. M., 235, 238 Chuang, H. H., 117 Ciliates (see unicellular organisms as models
for metazoan development) Competence
amphibian gastrula and, 121, 190, 194-195 lentogenic ectoderm and, 99
Conklin, E. G. biological determinism and, 39 cytoplasmic determinants of development,
238 Cornefert, F., 214 Correlative development (reciprocal
interactions) lens formation seen as, 95, 98, 100-101 proposed by Herbst, 93
Cortical inheritance, 230, 249 cortex as scaffold (Nanney), 252 "Cytotaxis," 250 extrapolations to mosaic embryo!!, 251-252 Sonneborn's studies, 250 "Stability center" (Frankel), 253
Cruikshank, W. C., 6 Curtis, A. S. G., 142, 154 Cyclopea
Herbst's interpretation, 65 Spemann's interpretation, 94
Cytoplasm controlling gene activity, 200 formed by material from nucleus, 233 isotropy and anisotropy of egg, 38,40,44,
47, 241 organization not random, 249
Dalq, A., 39-40 Dareste, C.
teratogenic experiments, 32 arguments with Fol and Warynski, 34
Darlington, S. D., 239 Darwin, C.
proposed gemmules as hereditary determinants, 232
used Baer's examples, 18 de Graaf, 6 Developmental biology, ix, 207, 221 Developmental genetics
Ephrussi's contribution to, 217-219 term used by Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer,
185
Developmental genetics (cont.) operon model in, 246 research programs of Gluecksohn
Schoenheimer, 185, 187 technological metaphors in, 245-246 Waddington's models in, 191
de Vries, H., 232 "Diachronic biology," 188 Dictyostelium, 148-149
Index
Differential adhesion hypothesis (Steinberg), 137,142
DNA transfection, 153 Dollinger, 1., 2-3 "Double assurance"
proposed by Braus, 101 Spemann's view, 101 Wolff's influence on, 93
Driesch, H. blastomere separation experiments, 51-52,
93, 236 evidence for induction, 75 personality, 67 vitalism, 52, 237 internal and external stimuli, 93, 129, 236
Drosophila eye pigments Ephrussi and Beadle's experiments, 210 Waddington's interpretation of research,
192-194 Dumas, J. B., 6 Dunn, L. C., 191
Edelman, G. regulator hypothesis, 137 use of antibody approach to isolate N-CAM,
149,153 Ehrlich, P., 134, 146 Embryonic fields
chordamesodermal field, 118 Lwoff's usage, 248 Sinnot's understanding, 243 Spemann's understanding, 99, 102
Embryology as key to understanding life, 17 major problem of (according to Holtfreter),
124 split from genetics, 18, 237-238
Entwicklungsmechanik origins of, 23, 43, 55 His' call for physiological approach to
embryos, 44 Roux's call for, 51, 56-57
Ephrussi, B. as embryologist using genetic techniques,
191, 210, 217-218 early experiments, 208-209 Barski, G. and, 214 cytoplasmic inheritance of petite mutant of
yeast, 211, 239
Index
Ephrussi, B. (cont.) cytoplasm as seat of differentiation, 244 "epigenotype" regulation, 216 establishment of genetics in France, 211, 221 Faure-Fremiet, E. and, 208, 217 Harris, H. and, 216 "household" versus "luxury" functions of
the cell, 215 Hybridization of Somatic Cells, 214 importance of cell membrane and
cytoplasm, 219, 226-227, 241 intrinsic factors crucial to differentiation,
208 Monod, J. and, 220 Nuc1eo-cytoplasmic Relations in
Microorganisms, 240 nucleus/cytoplasm interactions, 211, 241, 245 Rapkine, L. and, 208 regulatory genes in differentiation and
malignancy, 216 skepticism of morphological data, 209, 213 skepticism on prokaryotic models of
differentiation, 220, 247, 251 Slonimski, P. and, 211 somatic cell hybridization, 213-215 unicellular organisms as models, 210-211,
216,220 Epigenesis: see Preformation and epigenesis Epigenetic landscape, 197 "Epigenotype," 216 Evolution and development, 18
Faure-Fremiet, E., 242 Fertilization, 16-17 Frankel, J" 230, 253 "Freiburg group," 119 Fol, H., 33-34
Galtsoff, P. S. importance of calcium in sponge
aggregation demonstrated, 133 amoeboid movement of isolated sponge cells
demonstrated, 133 species-specific sponge cell adhesion
demonstrated, 133 Gegenbauer, C., 44
influence on Spemann, 92 Gene theory
founded from embryology, 182 similarity to Weismann's hypotheses, 237
Genetic assimilation basis for evolutionary change, 195-196 competence as the basis for, 195
Genetics, rise of, 182, 237 Gerisch, G., 148 Germ layers
Baer and, 8-10
Germ layers (cont.) Balfour and, 22
261
ectoderm and endoderm named by Allman, 18
Haeckel and, 21-22 Huxley and, 18 Kleinenberg and, 21 Kovalevsky and, 20-21 Metchnikoff and, 20-21 Pander and, 3-4
Germ plasm, 232-235 Gluecksohn-Waelsch (Gluecksohn
Schoenheimer), S. Dunn and, 184 initiated program for "developmental
genetics," 185 on roles of induction, 181 research on T locus, 184 Spemann and, 183, 185 viewed T-Iocus as gene for organizer Waddington and, 183, 191
Goldschmidt, R. B. attempt to synthesize genetics and
embryology, 182, 185 on Herbst, 69
Goodwin, B., 253 Gradients, 123, 190 Gregg, G. J. H., 148
Haeckel, E. "fundamental biogenetic law" of ontogeny
recapitulating phylogeny, 19 germ-layer doctrine and, 21
Haldane, J. S., 176 Hamburger, V.
definition of induction, 64 O. Mangold's assistant, 114 on Herbst, 67, 69, 73 The Heritage of Experimental Embryology,
109 Harris, H., 216 Harrison, R. G., 64, 99, 124
likens nerve-muscle interaction to fertilization, 134
on importance of cytoplasm in development, 238
Hausman, R. E., 145 Harvey, W.
attempt to discover mammalian egg, 5 observations of chick embryonic blood and
heart, 1 Hayashi, Y., 119 Hemitery, 36 Herbst, C.
mechanical interpretations abandoned, 79 calcium ion deficiency experiments, 70-73,
150 crustacean regeneration studies, 80
262
Herbst, C. (cont.) disagreement with Pouchet and Chabry, 75 effects of external stimuli on development,
78 effects of internal stimuli on development,
78-79 foundations of chemical embryology, 73 Formative Reize, 64 friendship with Driesch, 65 gall formation as inductive, 79 heteromorphosis (homeosis), 80 influence of plant tropism theories, 74 influenced Hamburger to enter embryology,
69 interpretation of cyclopea, 65 lens induction, 65, 95 lithium ion experiments, 73 mechanical view of induction, 76, 93 opposed by Spemann for directorship of
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 67 opposition to Nazis, 69 professional history, 65-70 sea urchin development, 70 sex determination in Bonellia, 70
Hershey, A. D., 251 Hertwig, o.
attempted to reconcile preformation and epigeneis, 40
constriction of amphibian eggs, 64 Heteromorphosis (homeosis), 70 His, W.
call for physiological embryology induction, 81 microtome, 22, 43, 45 modeled embryonic movement by stretching
deformable material, 129 organbildende Keimbzirke, 45, 52 refutation of biogenetic law, 22, 44-45
Holtfreter, H., 109, 118 Holtfreter, J.
activity of "killed tissue" inducers, 116-118, 190
autoinduction hypothesis definition of induction, 64 devised amphibian culture medium, 116 determination of gastrula tissues, 116 disagreement with Spemann's concept of
vital organizer, 117-118 disputed existence of gradients in
amphibian embryos, 124 doctoral thesis under Spemann, 110 early life, 110-114 explores Lapland, 111 failure of program to find neural inducing
molecule, 119-123 interned during WWII, 126 as "intuitive scientist," 138 at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 115
Holtfreter, J. (cont.) life as a painter, 111 on Dreisch, 135 on Roux, 136 as O. Mangold's assistant, 114 "sandwich experiment," 117
Index
shows chordamesoderm essential for neural induction, 119
shows that killing can activate neural inducer, 120
tissue affinity studies, 135, 142, 153 travels to Asia, 125
Homogenetic induction, 120 H6rstadius, S., 111 Huxley, J., "organization center" and, 190 Huxley, T. H.
germ layer theory and coelenterate taxonomy, 18
importance of cell surface in development, 141
Ideology, as cause and result of embryological research, 1, 38-39, 52,167, 186, 196
Induction chick embryo, 189 definition by Holtfreter and Hamburger
(1955), 64 first used as a term for development by
Pfeffer, 81 first used in science by Faraday, 84 Herbst's views, 77-78, 93 His' view, 81-82 Holtfreter's attempts to identify neural
inducer, 115-124 identical term to "correlation," 76 importance of (Holtfreter), 123 likened to environmental sex determination,
81,193 likened to fertilization, 121 likened to plant tropisms, 74-76, 81-82 Kinky gene and, 186 mechanical nature of, 76 methylene blue and, 190-191 T-Iocus gene and, 186 Sd gene and, 187 Spemann's understanding, 102 sterols and, 189-190 vague usage by Driesch and Herbst, 75
IKB,205 Ishihara, K., 109-110
Jacob, F., 245 Jeffreys, H., 173 Jenkinson, J. W.
published first textbook of experimental embryology, 57
canonized Roux's version of Entwicklungsmechanik, 58
Index
Jenkinson, J. W. (cont.) sought basis of cytoplasmic organization, 238
Jennings, H. S., experimental method and, 59 Just, E. E.
attempt to synthesize genetics and embryology, 182
view of cell surface, 135, 243
Kawakawi, I. K., 119 King, H., obtains "free lenses," 99 Kinetoplasts, 241 Kinky gene, 186 Kintner, C. R., 154 Koelliker, A., 16 Kovalevsky, A., germ layers and, 20 Kuusi, T., 119
Landauer, W. Creeper mutation and, 185 teratology studies, 70
Langley, J. N., 134 Lens induction
Herbst and, 65 Jacobson and, 106 Liedke and, 106 Mencl and, 96 King and, 100-101 Lewis and, 97, 102 paradigmatic inductive process, 91-92, 95,
96,103 Reyer and, 106 species specificity, 101 Spemann's entry to, 95 Spemann's experiments, 95-102 technical problems in transplantations, 101
L'Heritier, P., 239 Lilien, J., 145, 148, 154 Loeb, J.
influences Herbst, 74 sought basis for cytoplasmic organization,
238 Lewis, W.
disputed King, 100 lens induction experiments, 97, 102 refuted Mencl, 97
Lillie, F., 133 Loeb, J., 133 Luria, S., 248 Lwoff, A.
extrapolation of ciliate cortex to metazoans, 244
importance of plasmagenes, 239, 241-242 Problems of Morphogenesis in Ciliates, 241
Mangold, H. P., 63, 91, 115 Mangold, 0., 114-115, 124
gastrula ectoderm acquires inducing ability, 119
Maynard Smith, J., 230 Mencl, E., 96-97 Metchnikoff, E., 20 Molecular biology, 177 Monod, J., 220, 245 Morgan, T. H.
263
against role of cytoplasm in inheritance, 231,237-238
Embryology and Genetics, 182 Ephrussi and, 208 favored cytoplasmic determination of
development, 181 refuted Roux's paper on cleavage planes, 54 Theory of the Gene, 182 translated Boveri's paper on nuclear
determination, 54 Moscona, A. A.
on fluidity of membranes, 141 qualitative membrane differences mediate
cell adhesion, 141, 144 search for tissue-specific cell adhesion
molecules, 145, 148, 153 rotating cell cultures, 144 trypsin, calcium-free medium for cell
dissociation, 144, 150 Muller, F., Fiir Darwin, 18
Nanney, D. L. formation of supramolecular structures, 251 on importance of protozoological studies,
230 on ciliates as exceptions to general rule, 230 role of cortex as scaffold, 252
N-CAM,150 Needham, J.
attempts at characterization of organizer molecule, 189-190
biotheoretical gathering formed, 165 championed biochemical embryology, 159 concern with biological organization, 175-
176 defense of philosophical integrity of
biochemistry, 163-165 dialectical materialism, 196 meets and corresponds with Woodger, 165 Dunn Laboratory of Biochemistry, 159 Hopkins and, 163 reconciliation of embryology and
biochemistry,174 reconciliation of mechanism and
organicism, 159, 164 reconciliation of physics and biology, 174-
175 supports Holtfreter at Cambridge, 126
Niu, M. C., 119, 120
Okada, Y. K., 119 Oocyte cytoplasm, 44, 47
264
Operons "masked evocator" and, 197 models of differentiation, 196, 201, 245-246 reconciles "developmental paradox," 247
Organizer cornerstone of embryology, 172 discovery, 63, 91, 115-116 Holtfreter and 0. Mangold attempt to
characterize, 114-117 Holtfreter's dislike of term, 117 Kinky gene seen as, 186-187 T-locus gene seen as, 184, 186-187 sterols seen as possible inducing molecules,
189
Pander, C. Beitrage, 3 germ layers of chick, 3-4 mutual assistance of germ layers, 4 professional history, 2
Pangenes, 232 Parallelism, law of
Baer's refutation, 11 Haeckel's support, 19 Meckel support, 11 F. Miiller's support, 18 Rathke's support, 13 Serres support, 11 See also Biogenetic law
Pauly, A., 93 Pfl iiger, E.
Entwicklungsmechanik and, 46, 51 hybridization research, 46 gravitational fields and development, 47 sex determination research, 46 manipulation of development by
environment, 47 Physics, 161, 171, 175 Plant development as source of first induction
models, 74, 81 Plasmagenes
in yeast, 211-212 T. M. Sonneborn and, 239, 240 used to account for cell differentiation, 239,
240, 244 Positional information
Goodwin's model, 254 Wolpert's model, 253-254
Pouchet, G., 35, 70-71 Preformationism and epigenesis
Baer on, 10 Driesch on, 93, 129, 236 Pander on, 4 political use of, 38 Prevost and Dumas on, 10 Roux on, 48-50 Weismann on, 232, 236
Prevost, J. L., 6
Przibram, H., 160 Purkinje, J. E., 6
Index
Quantity versus quality in development, 140
Rabl, T., 95 Rathke, H.
comparative embryology of invertebrates and vertebrates, 14
comparative embryology of urogenital organs, 12-13, 14-15, 26
discovery of gill slits in human embryo, 11-13
distinguishes male and female gonoducts, 14-15
formation of vertebrate skull, 13 law of parallelism and, 13 professional history, 3, 12
Rauber, A., 36 Regeneration, 70 Regulator hypothesis, 137 Remak, R.
cell theory and germ layers reconciled, 17 cellular nature of the egg, 16
Retinal-tectal interaction, 145 Rhumbler, L., 137, 139 Rinaldi, 1., 151 Ringer, S., 150 Roseman, S., 145 Roth, S., 146 Roux, W.
blastomere cauterization experiments, 49-50, 52, 93, 129, 236
cleavage plane determination, 48 Der Kampf der Theile, 48, 82 edited Archiv, 57 Entwicklungsmechanik proposed, 51, 56-57 separation of blastomeres in calcium-free
medium, 150 qualitative nuclear division, 48 self-differentiation, 48, 50, 93, 129 Weismann on, 236
Rutishauser, U., 154
Sachs, J., 74 Saint-Hilaire, E. G.
belief in the unity of plan throughout animal kingdom, 32
defends epigenesis, 38 teratological experiments, 32
Saint-Hilaire, 1., 36 Saxen, L., 119 Schaper, A., 22 Schwann, T., 16 Sex determination, 46, 79, 182
Herbst's experiments on Bonnellia, 80 Schoenheimer, S.: see Gluecksohn-Waelsch, S. Sinnot, E., 243
Index
Slonimski, P., 211, 213 Somatic cell hybridization: see Ephrussi, B.,
somatic cell hybridization Sonneborn, T.
cortical inheritance in Paramecium, 250 G-antigen experiments, 200-201 killer trait in Paramecium, 240 independent evolution of genome and
cortex, 250 plasmagenes in Paramecium, 239 disagreed with extrapolation of operon
model to eukaryotes, 247 disagreed with extrapolation of viral
morphogenesis to cells, 24a Sorieul, S., 214 Spemann, H.
advised Mangold not to hire Holtfreter, 115 Boveri and, 93 confirmation of Driesch's results, 94 "crushed organizer" experiments, 116 dictum for experimental embryology, 185 disputes with Mencl, 97 dorsal lip experiment (Spemann and
Mangold, 1924), 63, 91, 115-116 "double assurance," 93, 101 egg constriction experiments, 64, 94 embryonic fields, 99 Embryonic Development and Induction, 63 genetics and, 191 heteroplastic transplants, 104 induction and, 63-64, 91-92, 102 Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer and, 183, 185 lens induction, 95-102 King and, 100-101 Kramer and, 116 Lewis and, 97, 102 metaphysical concept of organizer, 117 Nobel Prize, 63, 91 opposed Herbst for directorship of Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute, 67 optic cup
dependence, 95 removal,64
organisers, 104 Pauly and, 93 professional history, 92-95 progressive determination, 105 reciprocal interactions, 98, 104 regulation and self-differentiation in
gastrula, 103-104 regulation and self-differentiation in lens, 100 skeptical of attempts to find organiser
"molecule," 105 scientific caution, 96, 99-100 technical difficulties with transplantations,
101, 105 vertebrate body axis, 64, 94 Wolff and, 92, 98-99
Spencer, H., 232 Spiegel, M., 148 Sponge reaggregatation
H. V. Wilson and, 130-131 Galtsoff, 132-133
Steenstrup, J., 17 Steinberg, M., 140-143, 151; see also
Differential adhesion hypothesis (Steinberg)
Stevens, N., 182 Sturtevant, A., 210 "Substrate competition" model of
differentiation, 201, 212
Tartar, V., 242, 249 Takeichi, M.
265
calcium as protecting cell adhesion proteins, 151
discovery of cadherins, 152-153 transfecting cadherin genes into amphibian
embryos, 154 Taxonomy
role of comparative embryology, 16 germ layers used for, 18
T-locus, 184, 209 Thompson, D., 164 Tiedemann, H., and H., 119 Trinkaus, J. P., 151 Trypsin in cell dissociation, 141, 143-144 'lYler, A., 147 Townes, P., 138
Unicellular organisms as models for metazoan development
Ephrussi and, 210-211, 216, 220 Waddington and, 200-201 Nanney and, 229-230
Virchow, R. influence on Herbst, 82 views on stimulation and evocation, 83
von Bertalanffy, 166 von Ubisch, 111
Waddington, C. H. Antennapedia gene and, 192 biographical information, 188, 191 canalization hypothesis, 197 chick embryo induction, 189 Drosophila wing mutants and, 191 "Genes as Evocators in Development," 192 genetic assimilation hypothesis, 195-197 Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer and, 183, 191 identified organisers and genes, 192-194 Introduction to Modern Genetics, 192 member of "Cambridge group," 119 on outsiders, 181 operons and, 201-202
266
Waddington, C. H. (cont.) New Patterns in Genetics and Development,
201, 203 Organisers and Genes, 192 Principles of Embryology, 200, 201 Whitehead and, 188, 196-200
Warynski, S., 33-34 Wehmeier, E., 118-119 Weston, J., 146
biophors, 232 chromosomes as bearers of heredity, 233 germ line theories, 22, 49, 181, 231
Weiss, P. lock-and-key stereospecificity on cell
surface, 146, 147 interdependent molecular interactions, 154
Whitehead, A. N. Waddington and, 174, 188, 196-197 concept of organism uniting biology and
physics, 163, 171, 174 importance of relations, not classes, 168 Woodger and, 167-168
Wilson, E. B. championed nuclear determination of
development, 181
Wilson, E. B. (cont.) repeated Driesch's experiments, 53
Wilson, H. V., 130 Wolff, G.
Index
introduced Spemann to lens induction, 92 purposefulness of organic nature, 92
Wolpert, L., 253 Woodger, J. H.
biotheoretical gathering and, 165, 173 Biological Principles, 160-161 criticisms of Needham, 166-167, 170 intrinsic properties versjJs relational
properties, 168 influenced by Przibram, 160 influenced by Vienna Circle, 169 life as characterized by quantity of
organization, 168 view of biology and physics as equals, 161,
166
Yamada, T., 119
Zwilling, E., 150