8

INDEX

Sr. No. Title Author Subject Page No.

1 Accounting Programs for Cost Accounting Prof. Kalola Rimaben A.

Accountancy 1-3

2 Petrography of the Volcanic and Metavolcanic Rocks of Middle Siang Valley, East Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India

P. Bhattacharyya , T.K. Goswami, C. Taye

Applied Geology

4-8

3 Petrography and geochemistry of the host rock of sulphide mineralisation in Potin area, Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh, India

P. Bhattacharyya , B.K. Tamuli, D. Majumdar

Applied Geology

9-13

4 Better Work Environment for Small Scale Industries in Developing Countries

Tapan Kumar Majumdar

Architecture 14-15

5 Generation of Bioelectricty from Waste water and Cow’s urine

H.Vignesh, Hema Kalai Rani

Biotechnology 16-19

6 Constraints in Grapes Production: An Experience of Tamil Nadu Grapes Growers

Mr. Suresh. G, Dr. S. Krishnamurthy

Commerce 20-22

7 Determinants Of Dividend – A Study With Reference to Selected Companies in India

Dr.M.N.Periasamy Commerce 23-26

8 Coffee Consumption in India: An Exploratory Study Shri Arvind A. Dhond Commerce 27-29

9 A Study on Impact of Women of Self Help GROUPs D. Bhuvana Commerce 30-31

10 Impact Of Micro Finance Through Shg-Bank Linkage Programme In Salem District, Tamilnadu

Dr. M. Sumathy, E. Nixon Amirtharaj

Commerce 32-33

11 “A Study On Job Stress With Special Reference To Textile Industries In Tirupur”

DR.M. DHANABHAKYAM , T.SUMATHI

Commerce 34-37

12 The Role of Individual Enterprise and Entrepreneurship in The Economic Development of India, Challenges and Opportunities

A.K.Chandra, B.P.Singh, V.S. Negi

Commerce 38-40

13 Customer Preferences And Attitudes Towards Maruti Cars In Pollachi Taluk

N. MANOHARAN, Dr. R. GANAPATHI

Commerce 41-45

14 (Disaster Management in India : An overview) Dr. Pawar Ashok S. , Dr. Sunita J. Rathod , Shri. Budhwant R.G.

Economics 46-48

15 Economic condition of Banjara and Vanjari communities in India :An overview

Dr. Pawar Ashok S. , Dr.Rathod Sunita J. , Tidke Atish S.

Economics 49-51

16 (Rajshri Shahu Maharajache Shikshan Sarvatrikaran v Stri Sabalikaran Vishayak Drastikon)

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Sunita J. Rathod ,Dr. Vishal Tayade

Economics 52-53

17 “Problems Of Self Help Group Members In Bidar District Of Karnataka”

DR.SANGAPPA V. MAMANSHETTY

Economics 54-56

18 The Role of Private And Public Sectors: An Analysis of Methodological Steps In Understanding Growth Cycles

Dr. Shivsharanappa Dhaba

Economics 57-59

19 “Reforms, Incidence Of Poverty And Employment In India” Dr. Devraj G. Ganvit Economics 60-62

20 An Innovative Teaching Module to Enhance The Knowledge In Grammar Among The High School Students Of Palghat District

Elsamma Sebastian Education 63-64

21 Construction of a web course material and evaluating its performance vis a vis conventional approach towards learning: a pilot study

Ms. Sreetanuka Nath Education 65-67

22 Academic Achievement In Relation to Time Perception and Coping Styles

Dr. D. Hassan, Dr. V. Tulasi Das

Education 68-71

23 Use Of E-Resources to Enhance Performance by the Student-Teachers

Dr. S. K. Panneer Selvam

Education 72-74

24 Studies on The Removal of Blue 4 Dye from Textile Effluents Using Cotton Stem

N. Prasanna, Renjitha Saji , S. Bhuvaneswari ,A. Priya

Engineering 75-77

25 Implementation of Self controlled Arbiter for High Speed Communication in on-chip

Kaushik Mukherjee, A.Ch. Sudhir , Dr. B Prabhakara Raob

Engineering 78-82

26 Rate Sequence Space (S2) π B. Sivaraman , K. Chandrasekhara Rao , K. Vairamanickam Vairamanickam

Engineering 83-84

27 The Asphalt in The Hot And Cold Areas Eng. Nasr Ahmad, Prof.Dr. Eng. Mihai Iliescu

Engineering 85-86

28 Corrective Measures to Reduce Physical Work Strain of Dairy Farming

Vinay Deepa, Sharma Suneeta

Ergonomics 87-89

29 Rural Women in Transition: A Case of Women Entrepreneurs

Varinder Randhawa , Ritu Mittal, Parul Gupta

Home Science 90-93

30 Nutritional Status and Impact of Functional Food Supplement on the Performance of Athletes

Uma Mageshwari.S , Mary Jenefer Sharmila.P

Home Science 94-96

31 Effective HRM for Global Competitiveness Dr Mahalaxmi Krishnan Human Resource Management

97-100

32 Role of Materials in English Language Teaching and Learning

Dr. Wajahat Hussain Literature 101-102

33 Expatriate Women in The Fiction of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala P. Mohanapriya Literature 103-104

34 Prakruti Pariyavaran and Sahitya Dr. Sanjay Rathod Literature 105

35 Samkalin Hindi Kavita me Manviya Jivan ke Badalte Dr. Sanjay Rathod Literature 106-107

36 A Servant Turned an Administrator: A Study of Naikar’s Kanakadasa: The Golden Servant

Ashok Hulibandi Literature 108-110

37 A Study on Metacognitive Strategy in Terms of Reading Comprehension of Post Graduate English Literature Students

J.P.Vandhana, T.Sakthivel

Literature 111-112

38 The Psychic Patterns In The Protagonist Of Bharati Mukherjee’s Wife.

B.Kalidoss,Dr. S.Kanakaraj,

Literature 113-114

39 Integrating action research paradigm into decision making -An investigation of an action research model

Haresh B. Barot Management 115-117

40 A Study on Green Marketing Mix Towards Green Products Urmila Vikas Patil Management 118-120

41 Viral Marketing – Is It A Mirage or Reality? Dr. Viral Shilu Management 121-122

42 Evalution of Mandura Bhasma with & without Triphala Churna in Management Of ‘Panduroga’

Dr.D.Anuradha, Dr. M.Srinivasulu

Management 123-125

43 A Conceptual Overview of Value Creation in Business Relationships

Abhishek Pande Management 126-127

44 Plight of Women Entrepreneurs: A Diagnostic Study Anuradha Averineni Management 128-130

45 “Profitability Analysis Of Merger Textile Companies In India During Pre And Post-Merger Periods”

Dr. M. Dhanabhakyam ,R.Umadevi

Management 131-133

46 Impact Of Ngo’s On Rural Marketing R. DURGA RANI,Dr. R. GANAPATHI

Management 134-135

47 Status Of Mutual Fund In India D. JAYANTHI,Dr. R. GANAPATHI,

Management 136-138

48 A Study on “The relevance of Human Resource Accounting in the Present Scenario”

Dr.Giridhar K.V. , Krupa V.D.

Management 139-140

49 Customers Attitude Towards Domestic Air Conditioners With Reference To Lg

M. LAKSHMI PRIYA, Dr. R. GANAPATHI,

Management 141-149

50 Interaction of Gender and Sexual Appeal on Effect of TV Advertisements

P. Shanthi, Dr. S. Thiyagarajan

Marketing 150-151

51 Study on Dislike towards TV advertisements – An empirical Evidence

Ruhani Mahajan, Sahil Goyal

Marketing 152-154

52 Emotions: Ace Tool For Marketing Ashish Nathwani Marketing 155-157

53 Comparison of Fluticasone propionate with Beclomethasone dipropionate in patients of Bronchial asthma”

RAMAKRISHNA GHUBDE, ARCHANA SHEKOKAR

Medical Science

158-160

54 A study of incidence and risk factors for neonatal systemic candidiasis

Dr Sheila Aiyer, Dr Pareshkumar A. Thakkar, Dr. Komal K. Patel, Dr. Kaushik A. Mehta

Medical Science

161-163

55 Pharmacoeconomic appraisal of antimicrobial utilization in a medical college hospital

Dr. Parveen Kumar Sharma, Dr. Rekha Bansal

Medical Science

164-166

56 Various aspects of antimicrobial utilization in OPD of a medical college hospital

Dr. Parveen Kumar Sharma, Dr. Rekha Bansal

Medical Science

167-168

57 Subjective well Being and Job Satisfaction Among Survivors of Economic Downturn

Vijaya. R, M. Y. Manjula

Psychology 169-172

58 Knowledge of Mothers About Nutrition of Child Under Five Years of Age

Dr.K.Jothy, Ms.S.Kalaiselvi

Social Sciences 173-175

59 Geriatric in India and Their Right to Health Minni K. T. Sociology 176-177

Volume : 1 | Issue : 7 | May 2012 ISSN - 2249-555X

20 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

Research Paper

* Prof in Commerce, SNMV College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore

** Asst. Prof in Commerce, CPA college, Bodinayakkanur, Theni, Tamil Nadu

Commerce

Constraints in Grapes Production: An Experience of Tamil Nadu Grapes Growers

* Mr. Suresh. G ** Dr. S. Krishnamurthy

Keywords :

INTRODUCTION:India is second largest fruits producer in the world (10 Per Cent), and fruits production in India shows significant growth with compound growth rate of 4.8 per cent per annum in-creasing from 28.63 million tonnes in 1991-92 to 72.30 million tonnes in 2009-2010. A large variety of fruits are produced in India at tropical, mild-tropical, sub-tropical and temperature groups, of which Mango, Banana, Grapes, Citrus, guava, pineapple and apple are major fruits. Grape is one of the commercially important fruit crops grown in India, which con-tributes nearly 17 per cent of foreign exchange realization among foreign exchange earnings of fruits exports. It leads to the central and state Governments to give importance for the grapes production in their policy decisions. With this result, India came to ninth position in terms of world grapes produc-tion and first position in the terms of productivity in the year of 2009.

REVIEW OF LITERATUREDr. Olawepo (2010) conducted a study in Nigeria on con-straints of productivity in food grains in rural areas and the problems faced by growers such as high cost of human la-bour, lack of credit facility and high cost of inputs.

Saravanakumar (1996) conducted a study on mango growers in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu and reported that major-ity of the respondents faced problem like inadequate irrigation facilities, high cost of inputs and non- availability of labour.

Govinda Gowda (2002) in his study on sustainable grape cultivation reported that the important constraints in grapes production and marketing are non-availability of credit in time and inadequate quantity of credit.

Lakshmisha (2000) in his study on cashew reported that there is need for integrated pest management (IPM) approach to manage the pests effectively in long period.

Shreeshail .H. Gotyal (2007) in his study on major constraints perceived by the grape growers found that irregular and in-sufficient power supply, high rate of interest on credit, non-availability of credit in time and lack of information on demand and supply are their major problems.

The studies on constraints associated with production and marketing of agricultural produce indicate the problems of inadequate credit facilities, lack of storage facilities, lack of input availabilities, lack of trained labour, lack of knowledge and lack of irrigation and the like. So it would be worthwhile to study the problems associated with grapes cultivation by grape growers in Tamil Nadu.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYv To study about the Production and Productivity of the

grapes in Tamil Nadu.v To find out the Constraints associated with grapes cultiva-

tion.v To offer suitable suggestions based on the findings of the study.

METHODOLOGY:This section is dealing with choice of the study area, sampling design and data collection, period of study and tools of analy-sis used in the present study.

Choice of the study areaIn the present study, Tamil Nadu is selected as the study area, as it is one of the most important grapes producing states in India. Muscat and Thomson Seedless varieties of grape are grown widely in the study area.

In Tamil Nadu soil and climate conditions are highly suitable for grape cultivation. In the state important grapes, growing areas are Theni, Coimbatore, Dindigul and Krishnagiri Dis-tricts, which are having perennial water supply facilities. The climate prevailing in the areas is also suitable for grapes cul-tivation. The acreage under grape cultivation also keeps on increasing in the above districts. Hence, the Tamil Nadu is selected as the study area.

Sample design and data collectionStratified multistage random sampling is used in the study with Tamil Nadu as the universe, grape growing districts as the primary unit and the grape growers as the ultimate units. Though Tamil Nadu has the sixteen grapes growing districts, out of sixteen districts, three districts namely Theni, Coimbat-ore and Dindigul cover more than 80 per cent of area and production of grapes. In each of these districts, grape growing villages were arranged in a descending order of area under grapes cultivation and the first five villages in each district were selected. The proportionate probability sampling tech-nique has been used to select 300 grape growers from these 15 villages. Primary as well as secondary data was used in the present study. Based on the information gathered at vineyard level, a well-designed schedule was drafted, pre-tested and used during the field survey to collect primary data through personal interviews.

Tools for analysis:i. Trend and Compound Growth RateThe trend in growth with regard to area, production and pro-ductivity has been estimated based on the semi-log or expo-nential function.

Log Y = a + bT

Where,Y = Area/ Production/ productivityT = Time

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INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 21

‘a’ and ‘b’ area the parameters to be estimated.

Compound growth rate = [ (anti log b-1) x 100]

ii. Garrett’s Ranking TechniqueTo analyse constraints in the yield of grapes in the study area the Garrett’s Ranking Technique was used. The factors, which are limiting the grapes production in the study area, are collected from the farmers. The order of merit thus given by the respondents was converted into rank by using the follow-ing formula:

100 (Rij – 0.5)Per cent position = ----------------------- NjWhereRij = Rank given for ith factor by jth farmer and Nj = Number of factors ranked by jth farmer

The percent position of each rank there obtained was con-verted into scores referring to the table given by Garrett. The scores of individual respondents for each factor added together and divided by the total number of respondents for whom the scores added. The mean scores for all the factors are analyzed in ascending order as per, ‘ranks assigned and the important factors identified.

GRAPES PRODUCTION IN TAMIL NADUThe major portion of grape production in Tamil Nadu is con-tributed by the three major grape growing districts namely Theni, Coimbatore and Dindigul. The grape is now also grown in some pockets in Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Thirunelveli and Vellore districts of Tamil Nadu. The area under cultivation and production of grapes are slowly showing increasing trend. However, productivity of grapes showing negative trend in the recent years and area under cultivation of grapes showing downward trend in some grape growing region like Coimbat-ore district. Table 1 shows the production of grapes in Tamil nadu during 1999 -2000 to 2008 -09

TABLE 1PRODUCTION OF GRAPES IN TAMIL NADUYear Production

(,000 Tonnes)Increase/ Decrease

Percentage Increase/Decrease

Trend Value

1999-00 41.0 - 0.00 36.62000-01 47.0 6.0 2.82 43.042001-02 51.7 4.7 2.43 49.482002-03 35.7 -15.0 -5.36 -55.922003-04 59.9 24.2 14.50 62.362004-05 69.7 9.8 6.83 68.82005-06 84.8 15.1 12.80 75.242006-07 91.6 6.8 6.23 81.682007-08 83.5 8.1 6.76 88.122008-09 91.0 7.5 6.83 94.56CGR 10.7

Source: Directorate of Horticulture and Plantation Crops of Tamil Nadu.Table-1 shows that the production of grapes in Tamil Nadu over the last decade which was on increase from 41000 tonnes to 91000 tonnes. The increase is more than 100 per-cent during the study period. In the year 2002-2003, the trend value of production of grape had a negative trend of 55.92. In general, the grape production in Tamil Nadu shows the posi-tive trend. The compound growth rate of the grape production was 10.7 per annum.

Productivity of Grapes in Tamil NaduThe average yield of grapes per hectare, the percentage in-crease or decrease, trend values and compound growth rate was presented in table -2

TABLE 2PRODUCTIVITY OF GRAPES IN TAMIL NADUYear Productivity

(‘000/hectare) Increase/ Decrease

Percentage Increase/Decrease

Trend value

1999-00 20.491 - - 222000-01 23.495 3.004 0.71 23.182001-02 25.866 2.371 0.61 24.362002-03 17.833 -8.033 -1.43 25.542003-04 29.950 12.117 3.63 26.722004-05 34.850 4.900 1.71 27.92005-06 28.267 -6.583 -1.87 29.082006-07 32.714 4.447 1.45 30.262007-08 29.821 -2.893 -0.86 31.442008-09 29.355 -0.466 -0.14 32.62CGR 4.7

Source: Directorate of Horticulture and Plantation Crops of Tamil Nadu

The above table illustrates that the yield of grapes per hec-tare in Tamil Nadu had a fluctuating trend during the study period. The table exhibits that the productivity of grape per hectare ranged from 17.833 tonnes to 34.850 tonnes. During the period of 2002-2003, 2005-2006, 2007-08 and 2008-09 productivity shows negative trend and in other period show the positive trend. In general, the trends of grape productivity in Tamil Nadu witnessed decreasing trend after 2006-07 and the compound growth rate of productivity was 4.7 per annum.

CONSTRAINTS OF GRAPES CULTIVATIONThe factors that affect the cultivation of grape in the study area is broadly classified into two major heads: They are

A. Bio-physical constraints, and i. Water shortage ii. Soil fertilityiii. Pest attack iv. Weedsv. Variety and vi. Cultural practices

B. Socio-economic constraintsi. Credit v. Lack of input availabilityii. Economic behavior vi. Risk aversioniii. Knowledge vii. Laboratory & institutionsiv. Traditions

Apart from the above mentioned constraints some there are some other common constraints also which include lack of trained Labour, lack of infrastructure, high investment, and lack of storage facilities. As these problems are common to all agricultural products which are not taken into account for this study. In Muscat grape cultivation, the factors identified as yield constraints are given under Table-3.

Table.3YIELD CONSTRAINTS IN MUSCAT VARIETYS.No Constraints Mean Score Rank1 Pest attack 64.15 I2 Weeds 61.04 II3 Water shortages 49.34 III4 Credit 46.10 IV5 Lack of input availability 38.37 VSource: Sample Survey (2011)

Table 3 shows that the problem of pests attack are ranked first followed by weeds. The water shortage was ranked third; credit facility was ranked fourth and lack of input availability was given fifth rank.

In Thomson Seedless grape cultivation, the factors identified as yield constraints are given in table.4.

Volume : 1 | Issue : 7 | May 2012 ISSN - 2249-555X

22 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

Table.4YIELD CONSTRAINTS IN THOMPSON SEEDLESS VARIETYS.No Constraints Mean

ScoreRank

1 Water shortage 57.06 I2 Pest attack 56.00 II3 Weeds 50.10 III4 Lack of input availability 48.90 IV5 Credit 47.93 VSource: Sample Survey (2011)

In Thomson Seedless variety, water shortage found to be the major constraint which affect the potential yield in the study area. Pest attack pointed out to be the second factor affecting the achievement of maximum yield. The problem of Weeds ranked third followed by lack of input availability, which ranked fourth. Poor credit facility given fifth rank.

FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS: v In general, Grapes production in Tamil Nadu shows the

positive trend.

v Grapes production in the study area has increased more than 100 per cent during the last decade

v During the last three years grapes productivity shows that the negative trend.

v Pest attack is playing dominant impact on yielding of grapes in the study area.

v Water shortage is a major problem in Thomson seedless variety production.

v Both the varieties of grapes growers are facing Credit availability problems in the study area.

v In order to reduce problems associated with the grapes production the Government, Horticultural board and other institutions wants to provide technical and non technical training to the farmers

v Farmers of grapes have to take the association them-selves to get technical guidance from other farmers who has accomplish something.

CONCLUSION: As the grapes are having good export market, there should be good encouragement to farmers to go for grape cultivation at large level. For this, the Tamil nadu government should as-sist the farmers by removing bottlenecks in grape cultivation. There is a immediate need for increasing the productivity in grape cultivation which ultimately results more revenue to the farmers. The farmers should be encouraged to go for applica-tion of scientific and modern methods in the grape cultivation. In this regard, the government should conduct workshops to the farmers to make them aware of modern cultivation tech-niques in production of grapes. Such a measures results in more production and productivity which ultimately attracts more ad more farmers towards the cultivation of grapes in Tamil Nadu

REFERENCES

1. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3673/ | 2. South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, Policy paper October 2009 | 3. Project Group Report: Research on Measures to Address China’s Food Security and the Role of Development Banks. | 4. Wang Jiashu 2002. Water Resources and National Food Security. Geological Publishing House (Dizhen chubanshe), August 200, vol, 1-1 p. 108. | 5. HortScience 36(4): 729-731. 2001. Early Season weed Competition Reduces Yield of Newly Planted Matted Row Strawberries, By Marvin P. Pritts et. all. | 6. Economics of Grapes Cultivation in Theni Districts by Ramanan, April 2004, Unpublished PhD Thesis submitted to Madurai Kamaraj University.