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Abaqa (Mongol Il-khan) , , , ,–

Abbasid caliphateand al-Andalus and Egypt and Mamluks –and Mongol invasion , , , and Seljuqs and Spanish Muslims , –

Abbeville, Gerard d’ �Abd al-Mu�min , �Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs �Umar, Abu

Muhammad –Abelard, Peter, and morality Abinafia, Aaron (tax collector) , absolutism, in England –Abu �Abd Allah (Hafsid ruler) –Abu Hafs �Umar –Abu Maydan (Sufi leader) Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah (al-Bayyasi) ,

Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil Abu Muhammad al-Wahid Abu Sa�id �Uthman (Ziyanid leader) Abu Yahya (Marinid ruler) , Abu-Ya�qub Yusuf , Abu Ya�qub Yusuf (Marinid ruler) , Abu-Yusuf Ya�qub (al-Mansur) , , –,

Abu Yusuf Ya�qub (Marinid ruler) , , Abu Zakariya� Yahya (Hafsid ruler) , , ,

Abu Zayd of Valencia –, , Abulafia, D. accounting –, , Accursius Achaea see Morea

Acreand Charles I of Anjou , , fall () , , , , , , , ,

, and maritime republics –, –, ,

, and Mongols , , and trade –, , –, , , ,

Acton Burnel, Statute Ad fructus uberes (papal bull) Ad liberandum (papal decree) , , Adalbert of Riga Adelasia of Torres , , al-Adil II al-Adil, Sayf ad-Din , , –Adimari family , Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne ,

, Adolf of Nassau, king of the Romans –,

, –and Burgundy ,

Adrian V, Pope Adrianople

and Epiros , , and Venice , ,

Adrianople, battle () , , , Aegean, and maritime trade Afonso II of Portugal

and administration –and the Church , –and Islam and territorial integrity

Afonso III of Portugal (count of Boulogne)and the Church –and Sancho II –,

after-life, Christianisation –,

INDEX

Note: Concepts such as army, monarchy and trade are indexed as general concepts and also under indivi-dual countries and regions. Page references in italics indicate main subjects; those in bold indicate maps.

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Agenais, English possession , , Agnes of France Agobard of Lyons , agriculture

and crop rotation and demand , –, , , and grain production –, , , , ,

, , , and improved technology , , , , and livestock rearing –, –, , , ,

, and over-grazing , and pastoralism productivity , , , and share-cropping –subsistence and tenant farmers –, –

Agridi, battle () Ahmad (Mongol Il-khan) Aigues-Mortes, French port , , , , ,

–, Aimery de Lusignan, king of Cyprus , Ain Jalut, battle () , –, , , ,

Akropolites, George, Grand Logothete , ,

Alan of Galloway Alange, battle () Alarcos, battle () , Albania

and Angevins , , , , –and aristocracy and Bulgaria , and Byzantine empire –, and economy and Epiros , –and Latin Church , –, –and Latin empire –and Manfred , and Nicaea , and Orthodox Church , and Serbia , , and trade , , and Venice , , , see also Dhimitër; Gjin; Gregorios Kamonas;

ProgonAlbert III de la Tour-du-Pin , Albert, patriarch of Jerusalem Albert of Riga –Albertus Magnus –, , , Albi

and Catharism , , , cathedral

Albigensian Crusade , , –, , and Dauphiné and Fourth Lateran Council , , ,

–,

and French conquests , , , –, ,, ,

and Honorius III –, and Innocent III , , –, and Jews and Louis VIII of France , –, ,

Albrecht I of Habsburg , and Adolf of Nassau –and Bohemia –

Albrecht ‘the Degenerate’ of Thuringia Alcácer do Sal, battle () Alcaraz, Treaty () Alconstantini, Mossé Alcuin, and Latin Aleksandr Nevskii see Nevskii, AleksandrAleppo

Ayyubid control , , , , Mongol conquest , –, –, Seljuq attack ,

Alexander II, Pope, and Jews , –, Alexander III, Pope

and education and Frederick I and law and monasticism and Order of Santiago

Alexander IV, Popeand Alfonso X of Castile , , –and Bohemia and College of Cardinals , and Empire , –and Inquisition and maritime republics and Mendicant Orders , and Mongols and Navarre and Portugal and Sicily

Alexander II of Scotlandand Hebrides and Henry III of England , , and MacWilliam risings –

Alexander III of Scotlanddeath , –and Edward I of England –marriage ,

Alexander of Hales , , Alexander of Roes Alexians Alexios III Angelos , , , –, ,

n. Alexios IV Angelos, and Fourth Crusade ,

–Alexios V Alexios Komnenos –Alfonse-Jordan of Toulouse Alfonsi, Petrus ,

Index






Alfonso I of Aragon, and Provence Alfonso II of Aragon

and expansionism –and France and maritime republics

Alfonso III (‘the Liberal’) of Aragon and Castile excommunication and the Maghrib and Majorca and Sicily , , , ,

Alfonso VII of Castile Alfonso VIII of Castile

and al-Andalus and defeat of Muslims and Navarre , and succession and the vernacular

Alfonso IX of Leónand Castile and Reconquista , –

Alfonso X of Castile and the Algarve and Andalusia and aristocracy –, –and the Church , , and Dauphiné and Empire –, –, , , –,

, –and France , , , and Granada –, and historiography –, –, and the law and Maghrib –and maritime republics and Murcia –, and Navarre and papacy , and Portugal –and Reconquista , , resources –and Seville Siete partidas , , , , and succession –and the vernacular , , , –, –

Alfonso de la Cerda –Alfred of Wessex, and vernacular writing , �Ali Ibn Ghamiya Alice of Champagne –Alice of Meran Almizra, Treaty () Almohads

administration , army , –, , and Castile , , extent of empire –, and Hafsids , ,

and Jews and Marinids –navy in Spain , , , , –, , ,

and tribal groups –, , in Tunis , , , , see also Maghrib

Almoravidsand Almohads , , , and Islam –

alms-givingand Mendicant Orders as penance –

alphabetsGreek Latin –, ogam runic

Alphonse II of Provence Alphonse of Poitiers

and Catharism and Comtat-Venaissan , and Languedoc , , , ,

Alphonse of Toulouse –altars

decoration –, and Marian devotion

Althusser, Louis Amadeus IV of Savoy Amadeus V of Savoy Amadeus VI of Savoy Amalric, Giraud, records , , Amalricians Amaury of Bène Amaury of Jerusalem Amidei family –, Amiens cathedral , –, plate Amiens, Treaty () Anastasio, Zolo di Anatolia

and Byzantine empire see Nicaea, empireand Latin empire –, and Mongols , , –, , –,

and trade see also Seljuqs

Anconaand Frederick II , and trade

Andalusiaand aristocracy and Castile , , , –, , and Islam –, , –and Marinids population and trade

Index






Andrei of Vladimir Andrew II of Hungary ,

and Fifth Crusade , and new settlement and Rus′ –and Teutonic Knights ,

Andrew III of Hungary , Andrew of Prague Andrew the Venetian Andronikos I Komnenos Andronikos II, Emperor , , , , ,

Anes, Estevão Angers, law school Angevins

and Albania , , , , –and Aragon , , , –, , –,

expansion , , , , –and Florence –, and Hohenstaufen dynasty –and house of Savoy and Hungary –, and Jerusalem –, and Naples , , –, –, , ,

and papacy , , , , , and Provence –, , , in Sicily , –, –, , , –,

–, –, see also Charles I of Anjou; Charles II of

Anjou; Naples; Provence, kingdomAnglo-Saxon Chronicle , Anjou –

and Charles II of Anjou and Henry III , and John of England , , see also Angevins

Anna Komnena Annibaldi, Riccardo Anselm of Canterbury Antioch, principality

defences fall () , , and Khwarizmians Latin rule , , , and Mamluks and Mongols and trade

Antonine Order Anweiler, Markward von (imperial vicar) ,

–apocalypticism, and Hohenstaufen emperors

n. , Apostolics , , apprenticeship ,

Apuliaand Otto IV and trade , ,

Aquinas, Thomasand Catharism and Jews –, and new learning and papal primacy and secular clergy , Summa theologica and university –, , , , and usury ,

Aquitaineand John of England –, –and serfdom see also Gascony

Aquitaine (Gascon) war (-) –, ,

Arabicand the Maghrib and new learning –, , , ,

Arabsand Maghrib , –, –, ,

–and Mamluks

Aragon-Catalonia –, –, and administration and Almohads , –and Angevins , , , –, , ,

–and aristocracy , , –, and Byzantine empire and Castile , , , , –and Catharism , and Corsica expansion and France: and Albigensian Crusade –;

and Majorca , –; and Navarre–, , ; and Provence , ,, , , , , –; andRoussillon and Montpellier , , ,–, , ; and Sicily –, , ,–, , –

and Granada and the Maghrib , , , , and maritime republics –, –and monasticism and Navarre –, , , , and papacy , , , and peasants and records and revenues –, , –, rise –and Sardinia and taxation , , –and Tlemcen

Index






and trade , , , , and unity of the kingdom and Valencia , , , , , , ,

–, –, , see also Barcelona; Church and state; cortes;

Frederick III; James I; James II; Jews, inSpain; Majorca; Peter II; Sicily

Aragonese language Arbanon see Albaniaarbitrium, of the signori , –architecture –, –

and cultural interchange –Decorated Style English Court Style French Court Style –Gothic , , , –, –, and master masons , , Rayonnant style , , , Romanesque , , , ,

archontes

in Albania , in Morea , –, in Thessalonika in Thrace

Arghun (Mongol Il-khan) , –, Arié, Rachel , Arigh Böke (Mongol leader) aristocracy –

and the arts and chivalry –, , –, –, and clergy , and commerce –, –, ecclesiastical –, , –, , –,

–, , , and gentility , and heresy and inheritance –, –, –and justice , –, –and knighthood –and landownership –, –, , and Mendicant Orders , and military Orders and military service , , , , –and ministeriales –and monasticism , –and patronage and popolo –and prayer for the dead revenues –, –, , , rural , , , and rural society –and taxation –, , –and universities urban , –, , –see also barons; esquires; knighthood; and under

individual states

Aristotelianismand art and universities , –,

Aristotle, and tyranny Arjona, Muslim control , , –Arles, kingdom –,

and Angevins –and Savoyards –, ,

Arma Christi Armenia, Cilician , ,

and Antioch and Louis IX and Mamluks and Mongols , , , , , , and trade , , , –, see also Hethoum

armiesand military specialisation see also mercenaries and under individual countries

Arnald-Amalric (abbot of Citeaux) , –Arnold, archbishop of Trier Arnold, B. Arnolfo di Cambio , Arnswalde, Treaty () –Arpád dynasty of Hungary , , –, ,

Arsenios, patriarch of Constantinople art –

and classicism –court , –Gothic , , –Italian –religious –, urban –

Arte della Calimala , , Arte del Cambio Arte della Lana , Arte di Por Santa Maria Arthur of Brittany , artisans

and the Church in Flanders –in Florence , , regulation and representation , , and urbanisation , –, ,

Artois, county, and Flanders –, , –asceticism

and Catharism and Mendicant Orders –, and monasticism , –

Asen dynasty al-Ashraf Khalil , , –al-Ashraf Musa , , –, al-Ashraf Muzaffar, Sultan Aspremont, Gobert d’

Index






Assassinsand Ayyubids , , , and Mongols ,

Assisi, S. Francesco , plate Assizes of Romania –, association, voluntary Athens, duchy , , –Athis-sur-Orge, Treaty () , Attila the Hun, and Hungary Augustine of Canterbury, St Augustine of Hippo, St, and Jews , Augustinian canons –, Augustinian hermits –, , , Aurembiaix of Urgell , Ausculta fili (Boniface VIII) , Austria

and aristocracy , and Bohemia , , , and Fifth Crusade and Frederick II , , –and Hungary and Jews and Mongols as power centre and trade

authorityacademic aristocratic –, imperial papal , , , , ; and College of

Cardinals , ; and crusades –,; and Orthodox Church , , ;and plenitudo potestatis –, , ; andsecular rulers , –, , ,

royal , , –, , , Autier, Pere & Guillem –Auxerre cathedral Ave Maria, lay knowledge of , Averroes (Ibn Rushd) , , , Averroists , Avesnes dynasty of Hainault , , Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Avignon

and Albigensian Crusade , –and France , , as papal capital , , , , ,

Ayas, and trade , , Aymar of Valentinois-Diois Aymer, bishop of Winchester Aymon of Faversham Ayyubids

and administration and crusader states –, , , –,

, in Egypt , , , , , , ,

–, –

and Frederick II , and Mamluks , , , , –and papacy and Seljuqs , in Syria , , , , –, –, ,

–, and Zengids

al-Azraq (Muslim rebel) Azzo (jurist)

Bacon, Roger , Badoer, Marco Badr ad-Din Lulu Baeza, siege () Baiju (Baichu; Mongol general) , –bailiffs

Catalonia Flanders , , Latin empire Norway –,

bailliages

Dauphiné France –, –, Provence Savoy

Balbuino, Lanfranco Balduino, Jacopo di Baldwin I of Constantinople (Baldwin IX of

Flanders)and Byzantine tradition –capture by Bulgaria , , , and Fourth Crusade , , and Venice ,

Baldwin II of Constantinople (Baldwin II deCourtenay)

and Charles I of Anjou , , , and Ivan II Asen , , and papacy

Baldwin II de Courtenay see Baldwin II ofConstantinople

Baldwin V of Hainault, count of Flanders

Baldwin IX of Flanders see Baldwin I ofConstantinople

BalearicsAlmohad control , and Aragon-Catalonia , , –and Genoa and Pisa , , , see also Majorca

Balian of Arsuf Balian of Beirut –, Balk, Hermann Balkans

and Byzantine empire –and Charles I of Anjou –, , and Charles II of Anjou

Index






and Mongol invasion and Nicaean empire –, and trade , , see also Albania; Bulgaria; Serbia

Balliol, John , , , Baltic

and Danish expansion , and military Orders , , , –, ,

and Swedish expansion –see also Estonia; Finland; Lithuania; Prussia;

Rus′; Scandinavia; Teutonic KnightsBaltic trade –

and Hanseatic League , , , , and Rus′ , , and Scandinavian kingdoms , ,

Bamberg, and sculpture banking

in Barcelona –development , –, , in England , and fairs , in Flanders , in Florence , , , –, ,

Bannockburn, battle () Banu Ashqilula, and Granada –Banu Hilal Arabs , , –Banu Marin , Banu Nasr clan Banu Sulaym Arabs , , –baptism, forced , , Barberino, Francesco da Barcelona

and aristocracy –and civil war and cloth industry and rise of Aragon , , –, and Sicily , and trade , , , , , , , –and Valencia

Bardanes, George, bishop of Corfu , Bardi company , , , Bargone, Pietro di Barisone, judge of Arborea , Barnim I of Stettin Barnwell annalist , barons

Aragonese , –, , –, Austrian Burgundian , English ; and Henry III , , –,

–, , ; and John , –,–, , –; and loss of Normandy, , , ; revenues ; and Sicily

Frankish

French: and coinage ; and Louis VIII–, ; and Philip III ; rebellions–, –, ; and regency –,

Italian, signori as –Magyar , Sicilian , , , , , –, Welsh –see also aristocracy; knighthood

Bartholomew of Pecs Bartolus of Sassoferrato Basegio, Marco Batu (khan of Golden Horde)

and central Europe , , –, and Hülegü and Islam and Christianity –, and Rus′

Bavariaand aristocracy and Hohenstaufen as power centre and Rudolf of Habsburg serfdom and freedom

Baybars al-Jashnikir (Mamluk emir) Baybars, Sultan –

and crusader states , –, and crusades , and Mongols , –, , and Nicaea

al-Bayyasi (Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah) ,

Beatrice (wife of Ferdinand III) Beatrice of Burgundy Beatrice de Claustral Beatrice of Dauphiné Beatrice de Faucigny , Beatrice of Hohenstaufen , Beatrice of Nazareth Beatrice of Orlamunde Beatrice of Provence (wife of Charles I of

Anjou) , , , , , Beatrice of Savoy Beatriz of Castile Beauvais

cathedral , and royal finances –

Bede, the Venerable , bedouin see Arabsbegging, by Mendicant Orders , , , beghards beguines , , , , ,

in France , Behaim, Albert Beirut

and Mamluks , , , and trade , , see also John I of Ibelin; John II of Ibelin

Index






Béla III of Hungary Béla IV of Hungary

and aristocracy , –, and the Church extent of territory , and Mongol invasion , , , –

Bélibaste, Guillem Bella, Giano della –Belleperche, Pierre de Bembo, Marco Benedetta of Cagliari Benedict XII, Pope , Benedict XIII, Pope Benedictine Order –, –,

in Corsica , in Sardinia

Benevento, papal enclave Benevento, battle () , , , Bensch, Stephen bequests, pro anima Berard, Thomas Berat, battle () , , Berbers

and Almohads , , , –and Arabs –and Granada history –and Islam –and Ziyanids ,

Berceo, Gonzalo de , Berengaria, infanta of Castile Berenguela of Castile , Bergen, and trade –Berke (ruler of Golden Horde) , , , Bernard of Caux (inquisitor) Bernard of Clairvaux, St , , , , ,

, Bernard of Parma n. Bernhard IV of Saxony Berthold V of Zähringen Bible

illustrated , plate and papacy in vernaculars , ,

Bigod, Hugh Bigod, Roger, earl of Norfolk Birger Magnusson of Sweden , –, , bishops

and the arts , , Cathar –and councils , , and development of cities election , , , , –, , ,

, and Inquisition and Mendicant Orders –, , –,

and papacy , , , and religious Orders and rural society –, and universities –, –

Bisson, T.N. , , Black Death , Black Sea trade

and crusader states and Latin empire –and maritime republics –, , –,

, and Rus′ and Seljuq state , ,

Blanche of Artois , , Blanche of Castile

and Albigensian Crusade , , and Ferdinand III and Provence as regent , –, ,

Blanche of France (daughter of Louis IX) ,, ,

blasphemy , and Jews , , –

Blemmydes, Nikephoros , Blicke, P. n. blood libel Boccaccio, Giovanni Boccanegra, Guglielmo , , Boccanegra, Niccolò body, theology of –, –Boethius of Dacia Bogomil heresy , Bohemia

and Albrecht I of Habsburg –and aristocracy , , and central European kingdoms –,

and coinage and election of emperor –, ,

–extent of territory , and Germany and Hungary , and Jews and Mendicant Orders , –and monasticism and Mongols , , and new settlements and Poland , , –, –, as power centre and Prussia –and society and trade , see also Church and state; John of Luxemburg;

Moravia; Ottokar I; Ottokar II; Premysliddynasty; silver; Teutonic Knights; Vaclav I;Vaclav II; Vaclav III

Index






Bohemond III of Antioch Bohemond IV of Antioch-Tripoli Bohemond V of Antioch , , Bohemond VI of Antioch-Tripoli , –,

, , , , Boileau, Etienne Boinebroke, Anton Bolesl-aw I of Swidnica-Jawor Bolesl-aw II of Mazovia Bolesl-aw III (‘Wrymouth’; Krzywousty) of

Poland Bolesl-aw the Pious of Greater Poland , Bolesl-aw (‘the Chaste’; Wstydliwy) of Cracow

, Bolesl-aw (‘the Tall’; Wysoki) of Silesia Bologna, commune –, , , –Bologna University ,

Colleges of Doctors –and law school , , , , , and Mendicant Orders and ‘nations’ , organisation and students

Bonacolsi, Guido , Bonacolsi, Pinamonte , , Bonacolsi family , –, , , –Bonaventure, St

and Mendicant Orders , –, and St Francis as theologian , , ,

Boniface VIII, Popeand Aragon , , and the arts , , attacks on –, –and canon law , and College of Cardinals , , and crusades and dynastic feuds –, election , and Empire and Jews , and maritime republics and monasticism and multiple burials and Philip IV , –, , and Sicily , , and universalism see also Liber Sextus; Unam sanctam

Boniface of Montferratand Fourth Crusade , –and Thessalonika –, , ,

Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, ,

Bonis, Barthélémy Bony, Jean Book of Hours , book-keeping, double-entry –

Bordeauxand England , , , , , and wine trade , ,

borghi, Florence , Borgo San Donino, Gerardo di Boril of Bulgaria , Bornhøved, battle () , Bosnia

and Catharism , , and Hungary , –, and papacy

Bouchard of Avesnes bourgeoisie, and moneylending Bourges cathedral Bouvines, battle () , , , , ,

–Brabant, and cloth industry Bracton (book of laws) Brandenburg

and aristocracy and imperial electors , , and political power and Teutonic Knights –

Branner, Robert –Bremen

and military Orders –and trade ,

Brethren of the Sword of Livonia ,–

Brezeanu, S. n. Brian O’Neill, king of Tyrone , –bridges , Bristol British Isles

Celtic lands –, and the English state –see also England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales

Brittanyand John of England and Mendicant Orders and rebellion ,

Bruce, Robert Bruges

and France –growth , and manufacturing , –and Mendicant Orders and self-government and trade , , , ,

Bruno von Schaumberg of Olomouc , ,

Bulgariaand Albania and Epiros , , –, and Hellenic culture –and Hungary and Latin Church , , , ,

Index






Bulgaria (cont.)and Latin empire , –, –, , ,

, –, –, –and Mongols , , , and Nicaea , –, , , , –and Orthodox Church , , , and Serbia –, , see also Constantin Tis; Ivan II Asen; Kalojan

Buondelmonte family –, Burchard of Ursperg Burchard of Worms , , burgesses

crusader states , English –, ,

Burgh, Hubert de , , , , Burgh, Richard de –burghers

Flanders , Germany , , ,

Burgos, Council () Burgundy, kingdom –, –

and aristocracy, ecclesiastical –, ,–

and Arles –and Catharism and chivalry and Dauphiné , and Holy Roman Empire –, –, and house of Chalon , –, and house of Savoy , –, –and Philip IV and serfdom see also Arles; Franche-Comté; Provence

burialadoption in church by Mendicant Orders , , in monasteries , multiple refusal ,

Burnel, Robert Burns, Robert I. –, Burunday (Mongol general) –Byzantine empire –

administration –, and Albania and Balkans –cadastral register –and Charles I of Anjou –, , , ,

, , , and Charles II of Anjou , and crusades , cultural heritage –, expansion and fall of Constantinople , , , , and Genoa , , ,

and Holy Roman Empire , –, , ideology of exile , , , –, –and Orthodox Church –, –, –and papacy –, , –, recovery of Constantinople , , , ,

, , , –, , restoration of territory –and Serbia and society , , –, and taxation and threat to Latin empire –unity and Venice , , , , , , –see also Constantinople; Epiros; Latin empire

of Constantinople; Nicaea; Trebizond

caballeros

hidalgos –, villanos –,

Cabrera, Guillem, of Urgell Cabreros Treaty () Caedmon Caernarfon castle , plate Caesarius of Hesterbach , Caetani, Benedetto see Boniface VIII, PopeCaetani family, and papacy , Cahorsins, and trade Calixtus, Pope, and Corsica Callann, battle () Caltabellotta, Treaty () , , Calvi, Nicola da –, Camaldolian Order Cambridge University ,

colleges , and Mendicant Orders ,

Camino, Gherardo da , , , Campaldino, battle () Cannaregio, Giovanni Blanco da canon law

and Fourth Lateran Council –, –and Jews –, –, , –and papacy , and universities , ,

Canterburycathedral , plate and pilgrimage

Capetian dynasty –and aristocracy –, –, , and Boniface VIII –and Burgundy , –, and Dauphiné –and heretics and Hohenstaufen dynasty , and patronage , –, and peasantry and revenues –, , , , ,

Index






as sacred and territorial expansion , , , ,

–, , , –, , see also France; Louis VIII; Louis IX; Philip II;

Philip III; Philip IVcapital, theory of Capua, Bartolomeo da caravanserais cardinals see College of CardinalsCarinthia, and Bohemia , , Carmelites , , , Carobert see Charles Robert (Carobert) of

HungaryCarolingians

and art , and fairs

Carpini, Giovanni di Pian , , and Mongols , , –and Rus′ –, –

Carthusian Order , , cartography, development cartularies, maritime republics , , , ,

–, –Casimir II (‘the Just’) of Poland Casimir of Opole Castel del Bosco, battle () Castile –, , –

and agriculture and Almohads , , –, and Andalusia , , , –, and Aragon , , , , –and aristocracy , –, , , –and crusades and de la Cerda infantes –, –and England , expansion of territory , –, , ,

and France –, , , –and Gascony , , and Granada –, –, –, , ,

, –, , –and León , –, , , –, and Marinids , , , , , –and maritime republics , and Murcia , , , , –, , and Navarre –, –, , and papacy –, , population , and Portugal –, resources –and revenues see also Alfonso VII; Alfonso VIII; Alfonso X;

Church and state; Ferdinand III; FerdinandIV; Henry I; Jews, in Spain; Reconquista;repartiamentos; Sancho IV

Castilian language , , , , , –,

castle buildingof Edward I , –, , of Frederick II Hungary Scandinavia , –,

Castro, Pedro Fernández de Catalan, as literary language , , Catalonia

and aristocracy –corts , , and France and maritime republics , –, and record-keeping and Sardinia , and serfdom , , and Sicily , , , and trade , , , , , , –;

Levant , ; with Maghrib , , ,, ; Mediterranean , ,

see also Aragon-Catalonia; BarcelonaCatharism

and Albigensian Crusade , , –and Aragon , in Bosnia , –decline –, and Dominicans –, and heresy laws –and Inquisition –, , perfecti , , –, , –, , ,

and Real Presence revival and rural society and scholarship –, spread , and urban society , see also Bogomil heresy

cathedralsand Gothic style , , , –and Marian devotion and patronage of the arts , –schools

Catherine of Valois Caucasus, and Golden Horde , Cavalcanti, Guido Cavallini, Pietro cavalry, Scandinavia Cazola, Treaty () Celestine III, Pope

and military Orders and Sicily

Celestine IV, Pope , Celestine V, Pope , , , –, , Celestine Order –Cellites Celtic Church

Index






Celtic lands –and Christianity and vernaculars –,

Cepolla, Guglielmo Chaghadai khanate Champagne

and Catharism and fairs , , , , –, , , ,

, –and Jews –and nobility and Philip IV and serfdom

chancellorin England , , in Flanders

chancery, English , , chansons de geste , , , chapters, cathedral

and appointment of bishops and church building , –, and general councils and Mendicant Orders ,

chapters, monastic , –Charino, Pay Gómez charity

France and lay brotherhoods rural –urban ,

Charlemagne, and Latin Charles I of Anjou

and Albania , , , and Aragon , and the arts , , plate and the Balkans –, , , , and Burgundy , and Constantinople , , , , ,

, , , and Eighth Crusade , , –, and Empire , , –, –, and Epiros , and Flanders , and Florence –and Guelfs and Ghibellines –, , and Hainault and Inquisition and Italian crusade –, , –, and Jerusalem and Cyprus , , and Maghrib and maritime republics –, marriage , , and Marseilles and Martin IV –and Mongols and Morea , and Poitou

and Provence , –, , and Sardinia and Seventh Crusade –, and Sicily –, , , , , –,

, , , –, –, ; andpapacy –, , ; Sicilian Vespers–, , , , , , , ,

and signori , Charles II of Anjou

and Aragon , , , as Christian ruler , and Hungary –and Italy , , –and Jerusalem –and Jews , , , marriage and Morea –and Muslims , and Sicily , , , ,

Charles II of Naples see Charles II of AnjouCharles IV, Emperor Charles Martel of Anjou

and Arles –and Hungary

Charles Robert (Carobert) of Hungary –,

Charles of Salerno see Charles II of AnjouCharles of Valois

and Aragon , , , , and Flanders and Florence marriage

Chartersunder Edward I of England under Henry III of England , , see also Magna Carta

Chartres cathedral , –, , plates and Chernigov

and Mongols , and Olgovichi clan –, –

chevalerie/chevaliers –, , child murder, accusations against Jews , ,

, children, abandonment Children’s Crusade , –, China

and maritime republics –and Mongols , , , , –and trade , , , –

Chinggis Khan –, , , , , Chittolini, G. chivalry

and aristocracy –, –, , –,

and crusades , and monarchy , see also knighthood

Index






Chobham, Thomas de Chormaghun (Mongol general) Christ, humanity –, , Christburg treaty () , Christendom, Latin

attitudes to Orthodox Church –, ,

and the Balkans , , , , –and central Europe –, –, expansion , , and Jews –and Mongols , –, , , , –,

, –, –and new learning and religious images –and Sardinia –and Scandinavia –and slavery and superficial Christianisation –, –,

and toleration see also Church; papacy

Christendom, Orthodoxand the Balkans , , , , and Byzantine empire –and filioque clause , –, , , –,

and Hellenism –, –and Latin Church –, –and nationhood , –and papacy , , –, –, and religious images –and sack of Constantinople , –, and union of the Churches , , –,

, –, , –, , , Christian, Bishop –Christopher II of Denmark , Chronica aulae regiae , Chronica Poloniae maioris , , Chronica Turpini Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña Chronicon parmense , Church

and the arts –, –Celtic and charity and education and justice –in maritime republics and papal primacy –and reform , , , , , –, ,

, –and rural society –in Sicily and use of Latin , , –and the vernacular , –, wealth

see also bishops; cathedrals; Christendom;churches; clergy; monasticism; papacy

Church and statein Aragon in Bohemia , , –in Byzantine empire –, –, –in Castile , , , in central Europe and crusades –in Denmark , , in England , –, , , and Fourth Lateran Council in France –, , , , in Germany –, , , in Iceland in Norway , , in Portugal , , –, –in Sicily –, –, –, , , ,

–, and the signori –,

church-wardens churches

and parishes –pilgrimage rural urban , , –, see also cathedrals; Church; parishes

Cid, the Cimabue (Cenni di Peppi) Cistercian Order –

and architecture , –, , and art , –and asceticism and Catharism –in central Europe , , –, and Frederick II –, and John of England and lay brothers and Marian devotion and monastic reform and Neoplatonism and preaching and universities and urban society and women –

cities and administration and charity , in crusader states –distinctiveness –and episcopate and government growth –, –, , –, , , –and manufacturing , , , , and Mendicant Orders , –port cities –, and public health and safety –

Index






cities (cont.)self-governing and social exclusion and specialisation , , and trade –, , see also towns

cities, imperial , , –, , , –,–,

cities, Italian see communes, Italian; Ferrara;Florence; Genoa; Padua; Pisa; Venice;Verona; Vicenza

citizenship, urban , , , Ciutat de Mallorca, refoundation , , Clare of Assisi, St , class, social see aristocracy; artisans; peasants;

popolo

Clement IV, Pope , , plate and architecture as cardinal and Charles I of Anjou , death , election and Florence –, and Jews , –, , and Portugal –and succession and union of east and west –,

Clement V, Pope –, , Clementia (daughter of Rudolf of Habsburg)

clergy

and aristocracy , and celibacy , , and concubinage and discipline –, , and education , , –and laity –and the Mass , , plate and Mendicant Orders –, –, –pastoral role –representation secular , , –, and taxation –, , , , –, ,

, , , , –and tithes and travel , –and vernacular script see also preaching; priest

Clericis laicos (papal bull) cloth industry

Barcelona and finishing , , , –, , Flemish , , –, Florentine , France Sicilian

and trade , , , , , –, , ,,

see also woolclothing, and identity , , , , –,

Cluniac Order , , Cluny, and church building , Codex Cumanicus coinage , ,

Catalan , central European kingdoms Flanders French , , , gold , , , silver , , , ,

Colle di Val d’Elsa, battle () collegantia see commenda partnershipsCollege of Cardinals , –

and Boniface VIII , , and Frederick II –, , , and papal depositions and papal elections , –, , ,

–Collet, Aimeri du, Cathar bishop of Albi

Cologne

and archbishops , and Catharism cathedral growth and imperial electors , and trade , , ,

colonisationin east and central Europe , , , ,

–of Ireland , –, in Spain see Reconquista

of Wales , , Colonna family, and papacy , , –,

–, Comita, judge of Arborea , commenda partnerships , , , –commerce –

and agriculture , and communications –and contracts –, England –financing –, –, , infrastructure –maritime –, –and nobility –, –, and partnerships , , , , and record keeping –and regulations –see also banking; fairs; trade; and under individual

states

Index






commercialisation , –, Common Neo-Brittonic ‘Commune of Acre’ communes

French Italian , , ; and banking ; and civic

patronage of art ; and government ,; and military service ; population ;and rise of the signori –; and urbannobility –, –

and laity rural –, Serbian Swiss

communicationsand commerce –infrastructure –methods of transport –and towns –

communion, frequency , , , , ,

communion of saints Compagni, Dino , Comtat-Venaissin ,

and Alphonse of Poitiers , –and Raymond VII of Toulouse ,

Comyn family , Conches, Raymond de confession , , , , , –, ,

and Inquisition –and Mendicant Orders , , , , ,

Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis , confraternities see fraternitiesConfraternity of St Andrew Connacht, ruling families –, Conrad IV, Emperor

as heir of Frederick II , –, , –,

and Inquisition and Jerusalem , as king of Sicily , , , –and Louis IX and maritime republics , and Mongols and papacy

Conrad of Hochstaden, archbishop of Cologne, –

Conrad of Marburg (inquisitor) , , Conrad of Masovia , ,

and Greater Poland , and Teutonic Knights –, ,

Conrad of Montferrat , Conrad of Wittelsbach, archbishop of Mainz

Conradin of Sicilyand Charles I of Anjou death , and Ghibellines –and Jerusalem and succession to Frederick II , , ,

, consecration, forced consorterie (tower societies) , , Constance (wife of Henry VI) –, ,

–Constance of Hohenstaufen (daughter of

Manfred) , , , , , , Constantin Tis of Bulgaria Constantinople

and the arts , conquest () , , , , , , ,

–, –, , , , , and Frederick II and massacre of the Latins () , and trade , , see also Byzantine empire; Latin empire of

ConstantinopleConstantinople, patriarchate

and Fourth Crusade , , Latin , , , Orthodox –, –, –and Venice

Constitutiones pro zelo fidei constitutions, Florence , Constitutions of Melfi , consulates

Catalan , Majorcan ,

Consuls of the Sea , contado

and agriculture –Florence , , –and maritime republics , and rise of the signori , –, , , ,

and serfdom –and trade Tyre

contracts, and trade Corbeil, Treaty () , , Cordeliers

see also Franciscan OrderCórdoba

Christian conquest , , , Muslim control –

Corfuand Angevins , and Holy Roman Empire , , and Venice

Coron, and Venice ,

Index






Corpus Christi feast , , corsair wars, maritime republics , , ,

–, , –, Corsica –

and Cathars and Genoa and Pisa , , , , , ,

, –internal strife and James II of Aragon , , and papacy , , society –and vendetta ,

Cortenuova, battle () , , , –cortes

Aragon , , , and aristocracy –Castile Portugal

corts, Catalonia , , , Costa, Alamanno da, count of Syracuse , Costantino, judge of Torres Costanza Lancia (wife of John Vatatzes) ,

councils, general, and papacy , –,

–, –, –, county, English , –,

and administration , –, , , Courson, Robert court

and culture –, , –, and patronage of the arts –

Courtrai (Kortrijk), battle () , , ,,

courtscounty , , ecclesiastical , feudal honorial , –, , , –hundred , , , royal

Crac des Chevaliers (castle) , , Cracow

and Bohemia and German law and Greater Poland , –, –and Mendicant Orders –Mongol attack ,

craftsand education Flanders –and urban development

creditand rural economy , and trade , , , , , ,

creedand filioque clause , –, , , lay knowledge of , , ,

Crete, and Venice , , , , , , ,

Crevillente, Muslim enclave –, crucesignatus

rights –tensions –

Crusade, Eighth (-)and Edward of England , , , ,

–and Louis IX , , , –, –, ,

Crusade, Fifth (-)

and Austria –and Cyprus and Egypt –, , , , and Franciscans and Frederick II –, , , –, –,

and Hungary –, , and Innocent III and maritime republics , and Mongols –see also Damietta

Crusade, First (-) , , , , Crusade, Fourth ()

and Egypt , , financing –and Flanders and French , , and Hungary , and Latin patriarchate , and sack of Constantinople , , , , ,

–, –, , and Venice –, , , –

Crusade, Seventh (-)and capture of Damietta , and Charles I of Anjou –, and Henry VII and Innocent IV –and Louis IX of France , , , –,

, –, , –, , and Mamluks –, –, and maritime republics –and Mongols –

Crusade, Sixth (-)and Frederick II , and maritime republics

Crusade, Third (-) , , , and crusader states –

crusader states –, –, , , ,–,

and agrarian wealth and Ayyubids –, , , –, ,

and Byzantine empire and defence , , , –, and Frederick II –, , –

Index






and Mamluks , , , , , –,–, –, ,

and maritime republics , –, –and military Orders , , , ,

–; see also Knights Hospitaller;Knights Templar; Teutonic Knights

and Mongols –, –, and patriarchate and trade –, and truces with Muslim states , , ,

–, and urban wealth –and War of St Sabas –, –and western shipping –see also Antioch, principality; Jerusalem, Latin

kingdom; Tripoli, countycrusades , –

and art and crusader privileges , financing –, , , , –, ,

–, –, –and Fourth Lateran Council , –, ,

, and lay spirituality –and Mongols –, political , , , and recovery of Jerusalem , , –, small-scale , and trade , –vow , , , –, see also Albigensian Crusade; holy war;

Teutonic KnightsCrutched Friars culture

chivalric –, , court –, , , , , –, and elites –erudite and interchange –, rural –see also architecture; art

Cumansand Bulgaria evangelisation , , –, and Hungary , , , , –and Mongols , , ,

curate –curia, Flanders –, curiales, England currency see coinageCurzola, battle () –customs duties, England –, , Cyclades, conquest , Cyprus ,

and Antioch and Aragon , and Frederick II

and Hohenstaufen –and kingdom of Jerusalem , , –,

–and Mamluks , and Orthodox Church , , and Richard I , and Seventh Crusade , , , , and trade , , , –, , and Venice ,

Cyril of Alexandria, St ,

da Camino family Dafydd ap Gruffudd , Dafydd ap Llywelyn , –al-Dahmani (Sufi leader) Dalimil (chronicler) , , Dalmatia

and Serbia and Venice , , , , see also Zara

Damascusand Ayyubids , , , –, , ,

, –, and Mamluks , , Mongol capture () , –, –and trade

Damiettaconquest () , loss () , , , siege () , , , , ,

Dandolo, Andrea –Dandolo, Enrico (doge of Venice) , , ,

, –Dandolo, Ranieri (doge of Venice) Daniil Romanovich of Galicia and Volyn ,

, , and Andrei of Vladimir and Kirill II of Kiev and Mongols , –and succession

Dante Alighieri , , and ‘Blacks’ and ‘Whites’ –Commedia , , and Italian and papacy and signori , , Vita nuova ,

Danzig (Gdansk) , Dauphiné

administration –territories , , –

David, and Prester John legend David ap Llewelyn see Dafydd ap LlywelynDavid of Ashby –David of Dinant David Komnenos –, Davies, Norman xviii

Index






de Braose, William see William de Braosede Braose family , , de Burgh, Hubert see Burgh, Hubert dede Burgh family , , , de Lisle, Robert death and the after-life –decretals, collection Deheubarth, principality , , della Scala family see Scala, delladella Torre family see Torre, della, familyDemetrios Chomatenos, archbishop of Ohrid

, , , Demetrios Tornikes , Demetrius of Montferrat Denmark

and administration and agriculture , and aristocracy , , , , , –and castle building and culture decline , and education expansion , , , , , , , ,

internal struggles , , , –and kinship and military specialisation –, , and monarchy , and Norway , and peasants –population , , revenues , and Sweden –and taxation , , , and trade see also Christopher II; Church and state; Eric

Klipping; Eric Menved; justice; Knud VI;Scandinavia; Valdemar I; Valdemar II

de Roover, Raymond Desiderius Desio, battle () despots, in Italian communes –, devotion

Eucharistic , –, , Marian –, , , –, to saints

Dhimitër of Albania , , dialectics, and the universities , , ,

–Diego de Azebo (bishop of Osma) , , Dietrich of Meißen Dinis of Portugal , , divorce doctrine

and art –and filioque clause , –and level of conversion –

Dodecanese islands, conquest domini –, , Dominic, St , , , –, , Dominican Order

in central Europe –, –, and charity , and church building and confession and penance in Constantinople , –convents and monasteries , , and education , , , expansion in Florence , –and French monarchy –, and heresy , and Inquisition , , , , , ,

and Islam and Jews , , –, and mission , and new learning and poverty , –and preaching , –in Prussia success , –and urban society , –and women

Donati, Corso –Donati family , , , –Donation of Constantine , Donin, Robert , Dopsch, A. n. Doria family

in Corsica in Genoa , , –, , , , –in Sardinia –,

Douaiand cloth industry , fortification self-government

Douais, C. n. dualism, of Catharism , , –Dunbar, battle () , Duncan II of Scotland Durand of Huesca , , Durandus, bishop of Mende Durazzo (Dyrrachium)

and Albania , , –, and Angevins , , , and Bulgaria , and Epiros and Manfred and Nicaea and Serbia siege () and Venice ,

Durben, battle ()

Index






Dürnkrut, battle () , Durward, Alan Dusan, Stefan, of Serbia , , Dyrrachium see Durazzo

Easterlings Ecija, battle () , economy

central Europe –and commerce –, –cycles , expansion , –, monetarisation , rural –, , –, slowdown , and specialisation urban , –, –, –, –, ,

Edmund of England (son of Henry III)and crusade and Navarre and Sicily , , , , ,

educationChristian , , –of clergy , –and elites –expansion , , –and Latin , and Mendicant Orders , , , , and monasticism , and preaching , , , see also schools; universities

Edward I of Englandand aristocracy and castle building , –, , and court –and crusade , , , , , –,

, and Eleanor of Castile –, and Eleanor of Provence , , –,

and Empire and Flanders and France –; Philip III ; Philip IV

, –, , , and Gascony , –, and government –, and household , –, and Jews , –and justice –, –, and monasticism and papacy and parliament , –and public health revenues , –, –, –and Scotland , , , , –, ,

, –, –and Sicily

Statutes and taxation –, , –and Wales , , , , –, –,

–war expenditure , , and Westminster Abbey , plate

Edward III of England, and aristocracy Edward the Confessor –, plate

and Westminster Abbey , Edwards, J.G. Egypt , , , , ,

and Abbasid caliphate –administration , , agriculture , and Ayyubid rule , , , , , ,

, –and Fifth Crusade –, , , –and Fourth Crusade , , and Mongols –, , , and Seventh Crusade , and Sunni Islam and trade , , , –, , , ,

, , –, see also Mamluks

Elbistan, battle () Eleanor of Castile , , –, Eleanor de Montfort –Eleanor Plantagenet Eleanor of Provence , –, –, ,

, election see bishops; Empire, Holy Roman;

monarchy; papacyElias, Norbert , Elias of Cortona , , , Eliezer of Prague, Rabbi Elisabeth of Hungary, St , , , –Elisabeth of Vermandois elites, clerical, and the arts , elites, social

and conversion and culture –and education , in the Maghrib mercantile and parish councils in Scandinavia –urban , , see also aristocracy

Eljigidei (Mongol general) , , –, Emeric (Henry) of Hungary , Empire, Holy Roman

and Alfonso X of Castile –, , –and art and Burgundy –, –, and Dauphiné , decline xviiand Denmark

Index






Empire, Holy Roman (cont.)and election of emperor , , –, ,

–, , –, , , –and Flanders interregnum period –and papacy –, , , –, , ,

, –, , , , –; AlexanderIV , –; Boniface VIII ;Gregory IX , –, , , , ,, , , , , ; Gregory X ,, ; Honorius III , n. , ,, ; Innocent I ; Innocent III ,–, , , –, , , –

and Philip III and Sicily –, , –, , ,

–, , –and succession , , –and Translation of Empire , , see also Church and state; Conrad IV; Frederick

I; Frederick II; Germany; Henry; HenryRaspe; Otto IV; Philip of Swabia; Rudolf Iof Habsburg; William of Holland

Engelbert, archbishop of Cologne –England –,

administration , –, –, and agriculture , , and architecture , –, , –aristocracy: and crusades ; and debts ,

, , , ; and Europe ; andFrench territories ; French-speaking ;and justice , –, –, –; andknights –, , –; and monarchy, , , –, –, , ; andparliament –; revenues –, ;revolt of the barons , , –,–, , –; and Scotland ; andtaxation ; and trial by peers ,

army , , , , and art and Britain –and Castile , civil war: - , –, , , ,

; , , –, –, , and economy and France: and Burgundy –; and Edward

I , , –; Gascon war –, ,; and Gascony , , , ,–, , ; and Henry III , ,, , , , –; and Isabelle ofAngoulême , , , ; and John–, ,

and Mendicant Orders , monarchy: and aristocracy , , ,

–, –, , ; and law –; see

also Edward I; Edward the Confessor;Henry II; Henry III; John of England;Richard I

and monasticism , –, and national feeling –, and Navarre and papacy , , , , , , , peasants , population , , and serfdom –and status of women trade , , , , , , ; and fairs

and markets , universities , –; see also Cambridge

University; Oxford Universityand vernaculars –, and woollen industry , and xenophobia , –, see also Church and state; government, local;

Ireland; Jews; Plantagenet dynasty;Scotland; Wales

English language –, Enzo, king of Sardinia –, , epidemics Epiros, despotate

and Albania , –and Bulgaria , , –, and Byzantine empire , , , –,

and Charles I of Anjou , and Corfu , and Latin empire , , and Orthodox Church , , and Serbia –, , and Thessalonika and trade –and Venice , , see also Michael I Angelos Doukas; Michael II

Angelos Komnenos; Theodore AngelosDoukas

Eric, duke of Sweden Eric Klipping of Denmark Eric Menved of Denmark , , , , Eric of Sweden, St Ervennes, Treaty () Erzinjan, battle () escheats

England –, , Germany

esquires estates general , estates (Stände), Germany Este, Azzo d’

and chivalric culture , , , and the Church and Lombardy as podestà of Verona , ,

Este family , , , , –, , , Este, Obizzo II d’ –, , , , , ,

Index






Estensi see Este familyEstêvão Soares of Braga Estonia

and Denmark , and military Orders , and trade

Estoria de España –Etsi animarum (papal bull) Etsi de statu (papal bull) Etsi doctoris (papal bull) Etsi judaeos (papal bull) –Euboea see NegroponteEucharist

and Jews , and prayer for the dead , and Real Presence , –, and role of priest , see also Mass; Transubstantiation

Eudes of Châteauroux –, Eudochia (wife of Stefan II of Serbia) ,

Europe –

central see Bohemia; Hungary; Polandand Il-khanate –and Mongol empire –, , –,

Eusebius of Esztergom Eustache de Beaumarchais evangelisation

of Cumans , , –, European , , , , , , –and use of vernaculars ,

Evesham, battle () Evreux, Treaty () exchequer, English , , , Excommunicamus (decree of Fourth Lateran

Council) , , –excommunication –

of Alfonso III of Frederick II –, , –, , ,

, , , , , of Genoa and heresy –of James I of Aragon , of John of England , of Manfred of Michael VIII Palaiologos –of Otto IV , of Raymond VI of Toulouse , –

exempla , Exiit qui seminat (papal bull) exogamy exports

agricultural , , , –, , cloth , restriction , –wool , , , –see also commerce; trade

Ezzelino da Romano see Romano, Ezzelino II da;Romano, Ezzelino III da

Fabliaux Fadrique, Infante , , fairs , , –,

Champagne , , , , , , , ,, –

decline , English

Fakhr ad-Din ibn al-Shaykh , Falkirk, battle () , Famagusta, and maritime republics family

rural and society of kindred ,

famines , , , farmers, tenant farmers –, –, –Fasani, Ranieri –Fatimids, in Maghrib , Fawtier, Robert Felipe, Infante , Ferdinand III of Castile

and aristocracy , and the Church , and defeat of Huddite Muslims –, –and Empire , and León –and maritime republics and Reconquista –,

Ferdinand IV of Castile , Fernández, Adán Fernando de la Cerda (son of Alfonso X) ,

, , Fernando de Serpa (brother of Sancho II) Ferragudo, Pietro da Ferrand of Portugal, and Flanders Ferrara, and the signori , , , , –,

–, , feudalism

in England in Flanders –in Germany , , , in Italy –, –in Jerusalem in Latin empire , –in Scotland , in Sicily

feudsblood-feuds see vendettadynastic , –, in Scandinavia , –

Fez, and Marinids –Fibonacci, Leonardo Fifanti family , Filangieri, Riccardo , Fine, J.V.A. n. ,

Index






Finlandand crusade , and Russia and Sweden , –and trade

fish trade , –fitzGerald dynasty , , , –Five collections (of decretals) –Flagellants –, , Flamma, Galvano , , , , Flanders –

and administration –and aristocracy , , –, –and banking , and Catharism and Charles I of Anjou , and cities , –and communications and economy –and Empire –and England , female government –and France: Philip II –; Philip IV –,

, –, , , imperial and maritime republics and Mendicant Orders , , –and nobility and population , , revenues –, and serfdom territories –textile industry –, , –, and trade , , , –,

Florence –and Angevins –, , and aristocracy , –, , –, –army , and banking , , , –, , and ‘Blacks’ and ‘Whites’ –and Cathars and coinage constitutions , and crafts and culture –defences –, and economy , –, , –, and Empire factions , –, –, , –growth –, –, , and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , –,

–, –, and guilds , , –, –and Inquisition , and manufacturing , , , and Mendicant Orders , –and militia ,

and Naples Ordinances of Justice () –and papacy –and Pisa –, , podestà –, , , , , and politics , , –, and popolo –, , –population , , –, priorate –, –and public building and trade , , –, ,

Florent of Hainault Flotte, Pierre , , , , Foix

and Albigensian Crusade , , –,

and Aragon and Philip III ,

foreignersin England , –, and permission to trade –

forest, royal , , , –Fornari, Bartolomeo di Foulques, Gui see Clement IV, PopeFournier, Jacques (inquisitor) Frame, Robin France –, –

and administration –, –, –, ,; see also sénéchaussées

and agriculture , and Aragon: and Albigensian Crusade –;

and Majorca , –; and Navarre–, ; and Provence , , ,, , ; and Roussillon andMontpellier , , , –, , ;and Sicily –, , –, , –

and architecture –, –aristocracy: and bishops ; and crusades

–, ; and inheritance –; legalstatus –, ; and monarchy , ; andnobiles and milites –; rebellion of barons–, –, ; and revenues

army , , and art , –, and bishops , and Castile –, , , –and Catharism –and communications and Dauphiné –economy and England , , ; and Burgundy

–; and Edward I , –; Gasconwar –, , ; and Gascony , ,, , , –, ; and Henry III, , , , –; and Isabelle ofAngoulême , , , , ; andJohn of England –, ,

Index






and Flanders: and Philip II –; and PhilipIV –, , –, , ,

and Germany: and Adolf of Nassau ; andAlbrecht I of Habsburg ; and FrederickII –, ,

and Italy and Mendicant Orders , –, –, and monasticism , , –, , and Mongols , , , , –,

–and Navarre –, , –and papacy: Louis VIII –; Louis IX

–, –, , –, , ; PhilipIII –; Philip IV , , , –, ,–, ,

and peasants population , and Scotland , , and serfdom , –taxation: and aristocracy –; of the Church

, ; of Jews , , , , ,; and warfare ,

towns and cities –, trade , , –, ; and currencies ; fairs

and markets –, ; and maritimerepublics –; and record keeping

and universities , , , ; see also

Montpellier; Paris Universityand vernaculars , see also Angevins; Anjou; Aquitaine; Arles;

Brittany; Burgundy; Capetian dynasty;Church and state; Gascony; Jews;Normandy; Paris; parlements; Provence

Franche-Comté , , , –see also Burgundy

franchise, urban Francis of Assisi , , , –

and Basilica , and Byzantine empire and poverty , , –, and preaching and stigmata , , Testament ,

Franciscan Orderand art in central Europe –, –and charity , and church building and confession and penance , , and convents and monasteries , –, and crusade expansion , in Florence , and French monarchy –and Inquisition , , and Jews , , and mission

and Neoplatonism and Orthodox Church , –and political theory and poverty , , –, –, , and preaching , , –, Spiritual , –standardisation –success and universities , –and urban society , –see also Cordeliers

Frangipani, Romano –Frankfurt, Peace of () Frankish states see crusader states; GreeceFranks

and art and ‘medieval’ Latin

fraternities , –, , –Fraticelli Frederick I (‘Barbarossa’), Emperor

and Alfonso X n. and aristocracy and Burgundy and crusades and Henry the Lion and Lombard League and royal election and Sardinia –and universities

Frederick II –and agriculture as Antichrist , The art of hunting with birds and Austria , , –, and Bohemia –and Burgundy and Cistercians –court and Cyprus –and Dauphiné death , , , , , , , and defence of the Church , , ,

–deposition , –, –, , , as Emperor , –, –, –excommunication –, , –, , ,

, , , , , and Fifth Crusade , , , , –,

–, and First Council of Lyons , –,

–, , and Franciscans , and Henry VI , –and heresy: charges –; suppression , ,

and House of Savoy –and Hungary

Index






Frederick II (cont.)and imperial cities –, and Inquisition and Italy , , , , –, , ,

, , , –and Jerusalem , –, , –, and Jews , , , as king of the Romans as king of Sicily , , –, , –,

–, –, , and literature and Louis VIII and Mongols , and Nicaea , , , , and papacy –, , –, , , ,

, , , ; Gregory IX , –,, , , , , , , –, ,; Honorius III , n. , , ,, ; Innocent III , –, , ,–, , , , ; Innocent IV ,–, , ,

and patronage of the arts –and Pisa , and revenues , , , and Sardinia –, and Sixth Crusade , , and succession , , –, , and Teutonic Order and Welf dynasty , ,

Frederick II (the Bellicose) of Austria and Styria, –,

Frederick III of Aragon, as ruler of Sicily ,, , ,

Frederick of Antioch , freedom

and aristocracy –, in cities , and decline of serfdom –ecclesiastical , –, , –, ,

intellectual in rural society

Frenchin Flanders as literary language , , ,

friars see Mendicant OrdersFriars Minor see Franciscan OrderFriars Preacher see Dominican OrderFriars of the Sack –, , , Friars of St Mary of Carmel Fucecchio, Treaty () fueros

Castile , , , –Navarre ,

Fulk of Neuilly , fur trade , ,

Gaibrois Ballasteros, M. Galicia and Volyn , , –

and Hungary , and Mongols , , , –, and Riurikid dynasty , –,

Galician, as literary language , galleys , , , , Galloway, rulers gallowglasses Gangalandi family , Gascon war (-) –, , Gascony

and Castile , , and England , , ; Edward I ,

–, ; Henry III , , , ,, ; John , ; trade

Gaza, battle () , Génicot, L. Genoa –

and Aragon , and Barcelona –buildings and public works and Castile and citizenship civil strife , –, and coinage and Corsica , , , –and Cyprus , and education and Empire , and Florence , and Frederick II , and Granada –growth , and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , ,

, and law codes and Mongols , –and Pisa –, , , , –, –,

–, –, , , , podestà , , , –, and politics , , , –, –, and Sardinia , , , , , –, –,

–and self-government and shipbuilding –and Sicily , , , , and Sixth Crusade –and trade –, , , , –, , –,

, –; with Armenia ; withBalearics ; with Byzantine empire ,, ; cloth trade , , ; withCorsica and Sardinia ; with Cyprus ;with Egypt –, , ; with Epiros; with Europe , –, ; and fairsand markets ; with Far East , ;

Index






financing ; with France , –; withLatin empire , –, ; with Levant, , , , , , , ; withMaghrib –, , , , –; withNicaea , , ; and record keeping, , ; with Spain ; and transport

and Venice , , , , –, –, Gente, Giberto da –, , , gentility, and nobility , gentry, in England , Geoffrey I de Villehardouin, prince of Morea

, , , Geoffrey II de Villehardouin, prince of Morea

–Geoffrey de Genneville Geoffrey de Langley Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia regum Britanniae

Geoffrey de Sergines , –Geoffrey de Villehardouin (chronicler) , ,

, n. George of Cyprus George of Zeta , Georgia, and Mongols Gerhard, archbishop of Mainz German Crusade (-) German language , , Germanos II, patriarch of Constantinople ,

–, –, , Germany –, –

administration and architecture –, , aristocracy: ecclesiastical , –, –,

, –, –, ; and Frederick II, , , –, ; and Henry VI–; and knights , ; and ministeriales

–, , , , , , , , ,

and art and Catharism court –and Danish expansion , , expansion of territory –, , , and France –, , , and Habsburg dynasty , –and Hohenstaufen and Welfs –, –,

, , , and kingship –, and Mendicant Orders , , and monasticism –, , and papacy –, , , –, , ,

–, , , –peasants , , and population Reichsgeschichte and Landesgeschichte , ,

–,

and Rus′ and serfdom and social change –and taxation and territorial princes –, and town-leagues , , –, , and towns and cities , –, , –,

, –, –, and trade , , –, ; see also Hanseatic

Leagueand vernaculars , see also Church and state; cities, imperial;

Conrad IV; Conradin; Empire, HolyRoman; Frederick II; Henry VI;Hohenstaufen dynasty; Otto IV; Prussia;Sicily

Gertrude of Hungary al-Ghazali Ghazan, Mongol Il-khan –, , –, Ghent

fortification and France and manufacturing , , –and Mendicant Orders and self-government and trade

Gherardesca familyin Pisa –, , in Sardinia , ,

Ghibellines and Guelfsand Angevins –, , , and Conradin –in Florence –, –, and kingdom of Naples and Manfred of Sicily in maritime republics –, –, , and papacy in Sardinia and Corsica , and the signori see also Hohenstaufen dynasty

Gil, Martim Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester , Gilbert de Tournai Giles of Rome , Giotto di Bondone , –, Giraldus Cambrensis Girolami, Remigio dei Gjin of Albania , glass, stained , , Gloucester, Statute , Godric of Finchale gold, and trade , , , , Golden Bulls

(of Eger) , (of Strasbourg) –

Index






Golden Bulls (cont.) of Rimini

Golden Hordeand Caucasus , and Christianity and Egypt leadership , and Lithuania and Mongols , , and Rus′ and trade , , and western Europe –see also Batu

Göllheim, battle () Gómez García of Valladolid González, J. González Jiménez, M. government

consolidation , local: in England , , –, , –;

in Norway papal –, –, , –of towns and cities , , , see also administration under individual rulers and

states; parliamentgrain

production –, , , , , , ,,

trade , , , , , , , –, grammar , Granada, Nasrid kingdom , , , –,

and Castile –, –, –, , ,–, , –

and Islam –and Jews –and trade –and Zirids , ,

Grandi non immerito (papal bull) Grandmontine Order Gratian, Decretum , , , Greece

and Byzantine identity , economy –Frankish states –, –, , , ,

Latin and Greek populations , –, –

Greek, and Orthodox Church , –, Greek philosophy , , Greenland , Gregorios Kamonas of Albania Gregorius, Master Gregory I, Pope (the Great)

and death –and Jews , , –

Gregory VII, Pope , ,

Gregory IX, Popeand Benedictines and Byzantine empire , and canon law and Castile , and College of Cardinals –, and crusades , –, , election , , and Franciscans –, –and Frederick II , –, , , , ,

, , , , , , –, , and Henry VI and Inquisition , and Jews , , and Louis IX and Mendicant Orders and Mongols and new movements and Portugal and Sardinia , , and Sicily –, and trade with Egypt –and universities ,

Gregory X, Pope , , and Alfonso X , , and Charles I of Anjou –, –, and crusade –, , , , –death , election , , , and Empire , , , and Jews –and the Mass and Mendicant Orders and Orthodox Church –, , , and Philip III and Portugal and reform –see also Lyons, Second Council; Ubi periculum

Grey, Reginald Grillo, Simone Grossa, Giovanni della Grosseteste, Robert

and Church reform , and new learning –, , ,

Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn –, –Guala (papal legate) Gualterio, Symon de –Gudiel, Gonzalo Pérez, archbishop of Toledo

Guelfs

and Angevins –, , , ‘Black’ and Charles II of Anjou and Florence , , –, –, and maritime republics –, –and papacy

Index






and Sardinia and signori , , see also Otto IV; Welfs

Guglielma of Milan Guglielmites , Guglielmo, marquis of Massa –Gui, Bernard (inquisitor) , –, Guibert de Nogent Guigues IV, Dauphin Guigues V, Dauphin Guigues VI, Dauphin Guigues VII, Dauphin , guild system –, , ,

and the Church –in Italy , , , –, –see also Hanseatic League

Guillaume de la Broche Guillaume de Nogaret –, , , Guillaume de Plaisians , , Guillaume de Saint-Amour , , Guillaume de Villehardouin, prince of Achaea

, –, , , Guillem de Montcada , Guillerma de Moncada Guillermo Pérez de la Calzada Gulam of Arbanon Gunther of Pairis Guy I de la Roche, duke of Athens , –Guy II de la Roche, duke of Athens Guy de Dampierre –, , , –, Guy of Lusignan , Guy des Vaux-de-Cernay Güyüg (Mongol leader) , , –Guzmán, Alfonso Pérez de Guzzolini, Silvestro Gwenwynwyn of Powys , Gwynedd –

and Edward I –, –and Henry III of England , , –and John of England , , –

Habsburg dynasty , see also Albrecht I of Habsburg; Rudolf I of

HabsburgHadrian V, Pope , Hafsid dynasty, in Maghrib , , , –,

, –, , , hagiography, royal –, , Hainault

and agriculture , and Flanders , –and serfdom

Håkon V of Norway Håkon Håkonsson IV of Norway

and the Church and crusades

and Hebrides , –and Iceland and justice

Hallam, H. Hama, Mamluk control , Hamburg, Danish conquest , håndfæstning (Danish statute) , Hanseatic League, and trade , , , , ,

, , Haro, Lope Díaz de , Haro, Mência Lopes de Hartmann of Habsburg Harvey, L.P. , Hattin, battle () , , –, Hausmacht kingship, Germany , Hayton of Gorighos (Armenian monk) health and safety issues, in cities –Hebrides

and Norway , –and Scotland , –

Heerschild, in Germany , Heimskringla Heinrich of Isny Heinrich of Kalden Heinrich of the Rhine –Helbling, Seifried Helena (daughter of Ivan II of Bulgaria) , Helena (wife of Manfred) , Hellenism, and Orthodoxy –, –Henry I of Castile , , Henry I of Cyprus –, , , Henry I of England Henry I of Navarre , , Henry II of Brabant Henry II of Cyprus Henry II of England , , ,

and law –, , , , and royal forest

Henry II (‘the Pious’; Pobozny) of Silesia ,,

Henry III, Emperor Henry III of England

and absolutism –and administration –, –and aristocracy –, , and Castile , and Charters –and the Church –, and court –, and crusades , , death and Eleanor of Provence –, –, and France ; and Gascony , , ,

; Louis IX , , , and Holy Roman Empire , and Ireland , ,

Index






Henry III of England (cont.)and Jews , marriage and monasticism and papacy , , , –, and parliament –, and patronage personal rule , –and public health revenues –, , , , , , revolution of , , –, –,

, and Scotland –, , and succession –and taxation , , tomb , , plate and universities and Wales , , , –, , and Westminster Abbey –, ,

Henry III of Gl-ogów Henry IV, Emperor Henry IV (‘the Just’; Probus) of Silesia –,

, , Henry VI, Emperor

and Burgundy and Byzantium and Cologne and Cyprus death , and Genoa and monasticism and papacy , and Sicily –

Henry (VII), king of the Romansand Burgundy , and Frederick II –, –ministeriales , , and papacy , , , , and regency –and Sicily –, ,

Henry of Antioch , Henry the Bearded (Brodaty) of Silesia –,

, Henry of Brunswick , Henry of Champagne , Henry of Constantinople see Henry of HainaultHenry ‘the Fisherman’, count of Malta Henry of Ghent Henry of Hainault, Latin emperor , , ,

–, Henry of Hungary see Emeric (Henry) of

HungaryHenry the Lion , Henry of Nenetyvari Henry Raspe , , Herculano, A.

heresy –‘academic’ and aristocracy , and Fourth Lateran Council , , –,

–, and Frederick II , , –, , and Henry VI of individual popes , , –and Judaism , , , and persecution –reduction in and secular powers –suppression , , , , and urban society , see also Catharism; Humiliati; Inquisition;

WaldensiansHermandad general, Castile , Hermann of Thuringia, and Philip of Swabia

hermits , , –, –, Hermits of St Augustine, Order –Hernández, F.J. Herrenstand Hethoum (Het�um) of Armenia , , ,

, , hidalgos –, hierarchy, social , , Hildegard of Bingen historiography

and central Europe –and growth of the state Marxist –and monarchy and nationhood –Reichsgeschichte and Landesgeschichte , ,

–, Scandinavian –, vernacular , –, –, ,

Hohenstaufen dynastyand Angevins –and Aragon , decline , , , , –and Jerusalem –, , and Knights Hospitaller and papacy –, , , , , ,

, and political crusades , –, power base , –, , succession issue , –, , and Welfs –, –, , , , see also Frederick II; Sicilian Vespers

Holland-Zeelandand Albrecht I of Habsburg and Flanders

Holstein, Danish conquest Holt, J.C. , , ,

Index






Holy Land see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latinkingdom

holy places, recovery , , –, –Holy Sacrament, feast Holy Spirit, and filioque clause , –, ,

, –, holy war

and Ayyubids , , , in Byzantine theology , and Mamluks and Spain , , see also crusades

Homs, Mamluk control , Homs, battle () –, , Honnecourt, Villard d’ , Honorius III, Pope

and Albigensian Crusade –, as cardinal and Castile and León –and Corsica election and Frederick II , n. , , , ,

and Jews and Latin empire and lay spirituality –and maritime republics and Mendicant Orders , and military Orders and new movements and papal primacy and Portugal , and Serbia and universities ,

Honorius IV, Popeand Aragon , as cardinal and Guelfs and Ghibellines and Naples

Honorius Augustodunensis honour, in England –, –, Hospitallers of the Holy Ghost Hospitallers of St Anthony Hospitallers of St Lazarus hospitals and hospices , , , , ,

–, Hostiensis, cardinal-bishop of Ostia

and crusading vow and Frederick II , and Jews and lay spirituality and papal elections

house of Chalon see BurgundyHouse of Commons , –house of Savoy see Savoy, county; Savoyardshousing, rural –

Hubert de Burgh see Burgh, Hubert deHuddites, defeat –, –Hugh I of Cyprus Hugh II of Cyprus , , Hugh III of Burgundy , Hugh IV of Burgundy , –, Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan, king of Jerusalem

–Hugh de Chalon Hugh of Cressingham –Hugh of St Victor Hughes of Digne Huguccio Hugues de Lusignan, count of La Marche ,

, , , , –, see also Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan

Hülegü (Mongol leader) , , –, ,, –, –

Humbert of Beaujeu Humbert of Romans , , Humbert de la Tour-du-Pin , Humiliati

evangelism , Third Order , and urban society

humility, and Mendicant Orders , ,–, ,

hundred, English , , courts ,

Hungary and Albrecht I of Habsburg and Angevins –, and aristocracy , –, , and Bohemia , as borderland castle building , and central European kingdoms –,

and the Church , –and coinage extent of territory and Fifth Crusade –, , and Fourth Crusade , and Latin Christendom and Magyars , , , , , –and Mendicant Orders –and monasticism , and Mongols –, –, , –,

and new settlement and Poland , and Rudolf of Habsburg and Rus′ , , –, –, and Serbia , and serfdom and Teutonic Knights

Index






Hungary (cont.)see also Andrew II; Andrew III; Béla IV;

Bosnia; Charles Robert (Carobert);Cumans; Jews; Laszlo IV; Stephen (Istvan)V; Vaclav III

Iakov, archbishop of Bulgaria Iaroslav Iur′evich , Iaroslav of Tver Iaroslav Vsevolodovich of Suzdal Ibn al-Ahmar (Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Nasr)

–, , –, Ibn al-�Arabi Ibn Hud al-Yadami , , –Ibn Khaldun

and defeat of al-Andalus and history of Granada , and history of the Maghrib –, –,

–Ibn Mahfud , Ibn Muhammad, Ishaq Ibn Sab�in Ibn Salu�s Ibn Tumart (Mahdi) –, , , Ibn Yahya, Aaron Ibn Yasin (Almoravid prophet) Ibn Zakariya� Iceland

and aristocracy , and Greenland internal struggles , and military system –and Norway , , , –and population and sagas and society , see also justice

Icelandic language icons, in Orthodox Christendom –identity

Byzantine , –, Christian and language –and urban growth

Ifriqiya (eastern Maghrib) –, , and Arabs , , and Tlemcen –

Ignatius (Jacobite patriarch) Il-khanate

in Iran , , , and Mamluks –, –, , , and trade , and western Europe –, –

Ile-de-France , , images

religious –, royal –, –

importsrestriction , see also exports; trade

India, trade with , , indulgence

and crusades , , , and heresy and image-relics and Mendicant Orders , and Orthodox Church and Reconquista

industry see cloth industry; manufacturing‘infangthief ’, right of infanzones , inflation ,

in England , –, in France ,

Ingeborg of Denmark , inheritance

partible –, , , , primogeniture , , , , and signori of trades

Innocent II, Pope Innocent III, Pope

and Albigensian Crusade , , –, ,

and Aragon , and the arts and Benedictines –and canon law –and Castile and León and Catharism –, and College of Cardinals –and Constantinople , and crusades –, , , , , –election , and Fifth Crusade and Fourth Crusade –and Fourth Lateran Council , –, ,

, , , and Frederick II , –, , , –,

, , , –and Humiliati and image-relics and Jews –, –and John of England , , and lay spirituality and Mendicant Orders , , and military Orders and new movements On the four kinds of marriage On the sacred mystery of the altar and Orthodox Church –and Otto IV –and papal primacy –and Poland

Index






and preaching , –and Raymond of Toulouse and reform , , –, and Sancho I , and Sardinia and Sicily –, –and Teutonic Knights and trade with Egypt –and universalism and universities , and Waldensians

Innocent IV, Popeand Alfonso X and aristocracy and Bosnia and College of Cardinals , and Conrad IV –and crusades –, , and First Council of Lyons –, ,

–, , flight from Rome , and Franciscans and Frederick II , –, , , ,

–, , and house of Savoy and Hungary and Inquisition and Jews , , –, , –, and Louis IX –, , and Mendicant Orders , , and monasticism and Mongols , , –and Orthodox Church –and papal primacy , , and Portugal –and Rus′ and Teobaldo I of Navarre and universalism

Innocent V, Pope , , Innocent VI, Pope Inquisition ,

and Cathars –, , in central Europe expenses in Germany and Guglielmites and Jews , , –, –, and mass executions and Mendicant Orders , , , and the signori and torture

insurance, and trade intellectual, emergence interregnum, in Holy Roman Empire –, interest, and usury –Investiture Dispute , investment, in trade –,

Ioakim, patriarch of Bulgaria Ioannitsa of Bulgaria see Kalojan, tsar of BulgariaIran

and Greater Seljuqs and Khwarizmians –, and maritime republics see also Il-khanate

IraqAyyubid control –and Khwarizmians , Mongol control , , , , , ,

Ireland , –

and administration –and aristocracy , –and Celtic Church English , –, , and Henry III of England , Irish , –, –, and John of England , , , –and trade see also Connacht; Munster; Ulster

Isaac II, Emperor –, n. Isabel of Hainault Isabel de Villehardouin –Isabella of Aragon –Isabella of England (second wife of Frederick II)

, –Isabella of Jerusalem –Isabella-Yolande of Brienne (first wife of

Frederick II) –, , , , Isabelle of Angoulême , –, , , Isabelle de Courtenay Ishaq (Almohad prince) Isidore of Seville , Islam

in the Maghrib –, , –and Mediterranean art and Mendicant Orders , and Mongols , , –, , , and rural communities in Spain , , , –, , and Sufism –Sunni and Shi�a see also Muslims

Italian, as literary language –, , Italy

and agriculture and architecture –, , aristocracy: as barons ; and the Church

–; and commerce –, –; andconsorterie , ; and popolo –, ,; rise of the signori –; rural –, ,

and art , , , , –and Catharism –, , and the Church, and signori –

Index






Italy (cont.)and communications –and Empire –, , , , , ,

, , and Frederick II –, , , , ,

–, , , –and lay spirituality –maritime republics –, –, ; see also

Genoa; Pisa; Veniceand Mendicant Orders –, , –, ,

, –and monasticism , , , –and Otto IV and the papacy –, –, , –,

, –and serfdom –and taxation and trade universities , , and urban society and vernaculars , –, and woollen industry , –see also Bologna University; Corsica; feudalism;

Florence; Genoa; Jews; Lombardy; PapalState; Piacenza; Pisa; Sardinia; Sicily;Tuscany; Venice; Vicenza

Iur′evichi clan –Iurii Vsevolodovich of Vladimir , –, ius teutonicum Ivan II Asen of Bulgaria

and Epiros , , –, and Latin empire , –and Nicaea , –, , , –and Serbia , ,

Ivo of Chartres , Iziaslavichi clan, and factional conflicts –,

, Izz ad-Din, sultan of Rum

Jacek of Poland, St , Jacobite Christianity Jacobus de Voragine, Golden Legend Jacques de Vitry

and lay spirituality , , and religious Orders , –

Jadwiga, St Jaén

and Alfonso de la Cerda Castilian conquest , ,

Jaffa, Treaty () –Jagiel-l-o dynasty see Jogaila (Jagiel-l-o) dynastyJala ad-Din Mingburnu, Sultan James I of Aragon –

and Alfonso X –and Almohads , conquests and consulates

and corts and crusades , –, and Empire , excommunication , and Jews , , –and Louis IX , , –and Majorca , –, and Murcia –, , and Navarre , , and Provence , , , , and records revenues , –, and Spanish Muslims , and trade , , –and Valencia –, –,

James II of Aragonand Castile –and Jerusalem as king of Aragon , –as king of Sardinia and Corsica , , ,

as king of Sicily , , , , , ,

and the Maghrib ,

James II of Majorca , , –, James III of Majorca Jean de Braine of Mâcon Jean of Brittany Jean de Joinville , , –Jean Tristan (son of Louis IX) , , Jeanne of Hainault , Jeanne I of Navarre see Juana (Jeanne) I of

NavarreJeanne of Navarre (wife of Jean of Brittany) Jeanne of Poitiers (daughter of Raymond VII)

, , , , –Jerusalem, and pilgrimage Jerusalem, Latin kingdom

and aristocracy –, and Ayyubids and Charles I of Anjou and Charles II of Anjou –and crusades , , –, , and Cyprus , , –, –defeat () , , defences , , , , –, and Frederick II –, , , , and Gregory X –, and Innocent IV and James II of Aragon and Khwarizmians , , , and Louis IX , , , –, and Mongol–Mamluk conflict , –,

–, , –, –, , –and ruling dynasty –, –, –and War of St Sabas –, –see also Acre; crusader states; feudalism

Index






Jewsbadge –, , in canon law –, –, , –and child murder accusations , , , and the Church –in England , –; expulsion , , –;

as king’s property ; taxation , ,, ,

exclusion from office , , and forced baptism , and forced conversion , , , , and forced preaching –, , and Fourth Lateran Council , –in France –, –, , –, ;

expulsion , ; taxation , , ,, ,

and Host desecration , in Hungary , inferior status –in Italy , –, , as lacking in reason –, in the Maghrib , Mendicant mission to , and papacy , –, –, and Perpetual Servitude –, , in Poland and ritual murder accusations , , and secular authorities in Sicily in Spain , ; in Aragon-Catalonia , ,

, , –, , ; in Castile , ,, ; in Granada , –; in Majorca, , , ; in Valencia

in urban society , , –, and usury , , , , , –, see also blood libel; Inquisition; taxation

Joachim of Fiore , , , , , Joan (daughter of John of England) Joan of Constantinople –, , Joanna (daughter of Edward I of England) Jofré de Loaisa Jogaila (Jagiel-l-o) dynasty , , Johannes Teutonicus John XXI, Pope , , John XXII, Pope , John I, Dauphin , John I of Ibelin, lord of Beirut –, John II Asen of Vlacho-Bulgaria see Ivan II AsenJohn II of Ibelin, lord of Beirut , , John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea ,

and Albania and Anatolia and Bulgaria , –, , , –and Epiros , , and Frederick II , , , and Genoa and imperial administration –

and Latin empire –, –, , –,, –

and Mongols and Orthodox Church , –and papacy –, , and Thessalonika –, , and Venice

John X Kamateros, patriarch of Constantinople,

John of Abbeville John of Arsuf –, John Bekkos, Patriarch John of Brienne

as king of Jerusalem , –, –, as Latin emperor , ,

John de Chalon-Arlay , –John de Chalon-Rochefort John Chrysostom John of England

and administration and barons , –, –, –and Canterbury election , character civil war - , –, , , ,

excommunication , and Fourth Lateran Council and France: and Anjou , , ; and

Aquitaine –, –; French territories, ; and Normandy –, ;Philip II , –,

household , and Ireland , , , –and justice –, –and law –, and Normandy and papacy , , and patronage , and revenues –, , –, , ,

, , and Scotland and taxation and Wales , , –see also Magna Carta

John fitzGeoffrey John of Hainault John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa –, , John of Ibelin, lord of Beirut see John I of Ibelin;

John II of IbelinJohn of Jerusalem see John of BrienneJohn Laskaris of Nicaea , John of Lugio John of Luxemburg John of Nesle, viscount of Bruges John Palaiologos of Nicaea John of Parma –John of Procida

Index






John of Salisbury , John of Thessaly , John Vatatzes see John III Doukas Vatatzes of

NicaeaJohn of Vicenza John the Wise (l’Antique) of Chalon , –Joseph I, Patriarch , journeymen Juan, Infante (brother of Sancho IV) , Juan of Osma (chronicler) , –Juana (Jeanne) I of Navarre , , –Judah ha-Cohen Judaism

and heresy , , and Mendicant Orders , see also Jews

Julius III, Pope jury trials, England justice

and aristocracy , –, –Denmark –, England –, –, –, –, –,

, Flanders –Holy Roman Empire in Iceland , –and Jews Norway –, , royal –, –Scandinavia –, , and signori , , –Sweden –

justicesof the bench , , , of the eyre , , , , , –, –of the peace of trailbaston

justiciarEngland , , , , –, Germany Ireland , Scotland ,

Kadl-ubek, Wincenty (chronicler) , , ,, ,

Kaikhaws (Kaikhaus) of Anatolia , Kaikhawsrau (Khaikusraw) Kalka river, battle () –Kalojan, tsar of Bulgaria , –, , al-Kamil, Sultan

and Fifth Crusade , , , , –and Frederick II , , , and al-Mu�azzam , –, ,

Kay Qubad, Seljuq sultan Ked-buqa (Kitbugha; Mongol general) ,

–, , , Kennedy, H.

Kézai, Simon (chronicler) , –Khitan nomads, and Mongols –Khwarizm

and kingdom of Jerusalem , , and Mongols , , –, , ,

–and al-Mu�azzam

Kietlicz, Henryk, of Gniezno Kiev

decline and Mongols , , , , and Orthodox Church –and Riurikid dynasty –, and trade –, , see also Rus′

Kipchak (Qipchaq) Turks , , , , ,

Kirill II, metropolitan of Kiev , –Kitbugha (Mongol general) see Ked-buqaKitbugha al-Mansuri (al-Adil) Klokotnitsa, battle () , , –knighthood

Castile –Catalonia –chivalric –, , , England: county , –, , –; and

Edward I , –, –; and Henry III–; and John , ; royal household, ; shire –, –, –; andtaxation , –

Flanders France –Frankish , –Germany –; see also ministeriales

Italy , –, –, and local administration , , , –and military orders , and nobility –, , , –, Poland and townsmen see also aristocracy; barons

Knights Hospitaller , and charity and crusader states –, , , , ,

, –in eastern Europe –and Mamluks , membership and Mongols in Portugal , and property –and vernaculars

Knights Templar , , and Antioch in Aragon , , and eastern Europe and kingdom of Jerusalem –, –

Index






in Majorca and Mamluks and Mongols in Portugal , property –suppression , , , , ,

Knud VI of Denmark Knud of Denmark, St Kolkwin, Master Kolmer, L. Koloman of Rus′ Komnena, daughter of Nemanja of Serbia Konrad von Thüringen Konya

see also SeljuqsKöse Dag, battle () , , Kressenbrun, battle () Kristina of Norway Kruschwitz, Treaty () Küchlüg (Qara Khitan ruler) , , Kurds

and Ayyubids –and Mongols , –in Syria

La Forbie (Harbiyya), battle () , , ,

La Rochelle, Jean de La Rochelle, siege , , Ladero Quesada, M.A. Ladislas (Lazlo) III of Hungary Ladislas the Cuman of Hungary see Laszlo IV

(‘the Cuman’)laity –

and the arts and clergy –and crusade spirituality –and cult of the dead –and Fourth Lateran Council –, –,

–and Henry III of England and Jews –and literacy and Mendicant Orders –, , –,

–and monasticism –, –and papal elections –, and parish councils and pastoral offensive –and preaching –and royal service and rural religion and the sacraments –, –and superficial conversion –and suppression of heresy –and the vernacular , , see also fraternities; taxation

Lajin al-Mansuri Lambert, M. Lamberti family , land

alienation , , , and aristocracy –, –, , –clearance , –, common ownership –, –, , , –reclamation , shortage , ,

Landesherren

in Austria , in Germany

Landfrieden, Germany , , , , , ,,

Landi, Ubertino , , , –Landulf, Bishop Landvogten, in Germany , Lanfranc of Milan Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury

, , , Languedoc

and Aragon –, , and Blanche of Castile , and Catharism –, –, , , ,

–, –and cloth industry , and Jews and maritime republics , –and Mendicant Orders and rebellions and urban society

Laon cathedral Lapps, and Norwegian wars Lara, Alvaro Nuñez de Lara, Fernando Nuño González de , ,

–Lara, Juan Núñez de Largs, battle () Las Navas de Tolosa, battle () , , –,

and Alfonso VIII of Castile –, and Peter II of Aragon , and Sancho VIII of Navarre

Laszlo IV (‘the Cuman’) of Hungary , –,

Lateran Council, Fourth () , , , and Albigensian Crusade , , , –,

and canon law –and clergy –, , and crusades , –, , , and doctrine , , , and ecclesiastical liberty –and heresy , , –, –, and Holy Roman Empire , ,

Index






Lateran Council, Fourth (cont.)and Innocent III , –, , , , and Jews , –, and Marian devotion and Mendicant Orders and monastic reforms , –and papal elections and Polish Church and politics –, and religious duties , and Roman Church

Lateran Council, Second (), and urbansociety

Lateran Council, Third ()and doctrine and Fourth Lateran Council and Jews and papal elections and urban society

Latin and Arabic –and the Church , , , –, and historiography and the law ‘medieval’ , and translations , , and universities and vernaculars –, , widespread usage –,

Latin Chronicle Latin empire of Constantinople –, –

and Angevins , –, , , , ,

and Bulgaria –, , , –, –Byzantine reconquest () , , ,

, , , , –, , , economy –and Epiros , , fragmentation –and Frederick II and Genoa , , , Greek population –, –, , ,

lack of resources Latin population –, –, and manufacturing and Mendicant Orders , –and Nicaea –, , , , –, ,

, , and Orthodox Church –, , –,

–and papacy , , , , –and peasants –and Pisa , , society –structure and development –and trade , , , , –

and Venice –, , , , –, ;and Charles I of Anjou , , ; andGreek population ; and patriarchate ,; and podestâ –; and trade , ,, , –; see also Negroponte

see also Baldwin I of Constantinople; BaldwinII of Constantinople; Constantinople;Constantinople, patriarchate; Morea,principality; podestà; Thessalonika

Latini, Brunetto, Trésor , Latino, Cardinal Latvia see Livonialaw

Byzantine , –Catalan civil , –, , commercial English German , –, imperial Islamic –maritime in maritime republics of marque , Portuguese Roman , , , , , , , ,

Scandinavian –schools , , , sumptuary , , and the vernacular , –, , , –Welsh , , and written records see also canon law; justice

‘The Laws of Edward the Confessor’ Lazlo (Ladislas) III of Hungary Le Goff, Jacques Le Goulet Treaty () leagues (-), and nobility leather industry , Leff, Gordon Legnica (Liegnitz), battle () , Leo Gabalas of Rhodes , Leon of Armenia , León, kingdom, and Castile , –, , ,

–, Léonard, Emile Leopold VI of Austria , Lessines, Gilles de Leszek the Black of Cracow , Leszek of L- eczyca Leszek the White of Cracow , –Levant see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latin

kingdom; orders, militaryLevant trade –, , –,

with Catalonia , and Cyprus

Index






with Genoa , , , , , , ,

with Maghrib with Pisa , , –, with Venice , , , , , –see also Acre; Antioch; Beirut; Egypt; Tripoli

Lewes, battle () Libellus iudicum turritanorum Liber sancti Jacobi Liber Sextus (Boniface VIII) , , , Licet de vitanda , Lincoln, battle () Lincoln cathedral , plate Lisbon

capture and trade , university

literacyin Latin rural and trade , urban , in vernaculars , –

literature‘mirror’ , , , vernacular , , , –, , ,

Lithuaniaevangelisation and military Orders , –, , , and Mongols , and papacy and Poland , –, and Rus′ –, see also Jogaila (Jagiel-l-o) dynasty; Mindaugas;

Poland; Traidenisliturgy

and Latin , and Marian devotion ‘Mozarabic’ and preaching and uniformity

Livoniaand Brethren of the Sword , –and Lithuania and Teutonic Knights , –, –and trade

Lleidà (Lérida) , Llull, Ramon , , , Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , , –, ,

–, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (‘the Great’) of North

Wales and Edward I of England , –, –,

and Henry III of England , , –,

and John of England ,

and Scotland locatores , –Lombard League, and Frederick II –, ,

, , , –Lombardy

and agriculture and Catharism and Charles I of Anjou –and exaction of revenues , –and Frederick II , , , –and Inquisition and Manfred and Otto IV , and trade , , and Venice

Londongrowth , and massacre of Jews privileges and revolution of as royal capital and trade , , ,

Longespee, William , Longjumeau, André de Lopez, Robert , Louis IV of Thuringia Louis VIII of France –

and Albigensian Crusade , –, ,–

and Frederick II and Henry III and heretics and Jews –and John of England and papacy –and Thibaut IV of Champagne –

Louis IX of Franceand administration , –, –, , and Alfonso X of Castile canonisation , , , and Cathars and charity and church building , and Crown of Thorns , and Dauphiné and Eighth Crusade , , , , –,

–, , , and Flanders foreign policy –and Franche-Comté and Frederick II –and French towns and hagiography –and Henry III , , –, , and James I of Aragon , , –and Jews , , , –Life

Index






Louis IX of France (cont.)and maritime republics , and Mendicant Orders , , and Mongols –, , , , , –and papacy –, –, , –, ,

and peasantry personal rule –, and Provence and public service and regency , –and revenues , –and Seventh Crusade , , , ,

–, , –, , –, , ,

and usury , , and the vernacular wife , ,

Louis, son of Louis IX , Louis of Anjou Louis of Bavaria Louis of Blois Louis of Nevers –Low Countries

and Hanseatic League and monasticism –and trade , urban society , and woollen industry , , , see also Bruges; Flanders; Ghent

LübeckDanish conquest , as imperial city and military Orders –and trade , , , , ,

Lucalongo, Pietro di , Lucas of Tuy , , Lucca

and banking and education and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , and record keeping and trade ,

Luceraas administrative centre , and Muslims , , , , , ,

Luciferian Order Ludwig I of Bavaria, and Henry VII –Ludwig II of Bavaria , –, Lupichimi, Gerard Lusignans

and Henry III of England , , , ,

and John of England and kingdom of Jerusalem –

Luxemburg dynasty ,

Lyonsand Philip III , –and Philip IV –and serfdom

Lyons, First Council () –and Frederick II , –, –, , ,

and Portugal –and Seventh Crusade and Teobaldo I of Navarre

Lyons, Second Council () , –, and Church reform , and crusade –, , , and Greek Church , –, –, ,

–, , and Mendicant Orders , and Mongols , and papal elections –

Lyons, Treaty () –

Macbeth of Scotland MacCarthy dynasty of Desmond , Macedonia

and Albania and Bulgaria , and Epiros , –and Nicaea –and Serbia , , , ,

McFarlane, K.B. McKitterick, Rosamond n. Mâcon , , Maddicott, J.R. Maghrib –

administration , –, , and agriculture and Almohads , , , , –, and al-Andalus and aristocracy –, army , –, and Castile –, –and crusades , and Hafsids , , –, , –, ,

, and Ifriqiya –, –, –and Islam –, , –and Marinids , , , –, , ,

and maritime republics –, , ,

–, and trade , ; with Catalonia , –;

with Italy –, , –, , ,–; with Majorca , ; with Sicily

and tribal groups –, , , , –see also Arabs; Berbers; Jews; Morocco;

Tlemcen; Ziyanid dynasty

Index






magicand Jews and religion ,

Magna Cartaand barons , –, and Edward I of England , and Henry III of England –, and John of England , , , –, ,

, , , , and papacy and trial by peers , ,

Magnus Eriksson of Sweden , Magnus of Norway –, Magnus of Sweden Magyars , , , , , –Mahaut of Hainault –Mahdi see Ibn TumartMaimonides Mainz, and imperial electors Mainzer Reichslandfrieden Mairano, Romano Majorca

and Aragon , ; and James I , , ,, –; and Peter II ; and Peter III,

and consulates , and knighthood and Mendicant Orders and Muslims –and Pisa and Genoa , , , –and record keeping and Roussillon , and Sicily and trade , , , , , , , ,

–see also Jews, in Spain

Maksim, metropolitan of Kiev Malatesta, Paolo Mâle, Emile Malikites

in Granada in Maghrib , , , –,

Malta , , maltote (customs duty on wool) , Mamluks –

and administration , , and armies , , and Ayyubids , , , –Bahri Salihi –, , , and Byzantine empire and crusader states , , , –, ,

, –, , –, and Egypt , –, , , , –and factionalism and Levant trade , , , , and Louis IX –

Mansuri , and Mongols , , , –, –, –,

, –, , , , –and Seventh Crusade –, –

al-Ma�mun , , Man, Isle of

and Norway , and Scotland , –

Man of Sorrows imagery , Manfred of Sicily

and Albania , and Byzantine empire –, and Charles I of Anjou , , , ,

–, , , and the Church , , and Henry III and Holy Roman Empire , , , ,

–, , and Italian communes , and maritime republics , and Savoyards

Mansel, John al-Mansur see Abu-Yusuf Ya�qub (al-Mansur)

, , –, al-Mansur Muhammad , al-Mansura, battle () , –, Mantua, and signori , , –, , Manuel I Komnenos , , Manuel II, patriarch Manuel Doukas Angelos of Thessalonika ,

, –manufacturing

and urban development , , –, see also cloth industry

manuscripts, illumination , , , , plate Map, Walter , Ma�qil (Arab tribesmen) marabout, in Maghrib –, Marco I Sanudo , Margaret (‘Maid of Norway’) , Margaret of Constantinople , , Margaret of Provence , , –, Margaret of Savoy –Margaret of Scotland Marguerite of Flanders , Mari, Anselmo de’ Maria (wife of Charles II of Anjou) , Maria of Antioch , Maria Beloslava Maria of Hungary (wife of Boniface of

Montferrat) Maria of Jerusalem María de Molina (wife of Sancho IV) , Maria of Montpellier , Mariana, J. de –Marie of Brabant

Index






Marie d’Oignies , Marigny, Enguerran de , Marinids

administration –army in Maghrib , , , –, , , ,

, –in Spain ,

markets , see also fairs

marque, law of , Marra, Joscelinus de , Marrakesh

and Almohads –, , and Marinids and trade

marriagein church , and consent and exogamy and Fourth Lateran Council and lay spirituality , and ministeriales

Marseilles , –and Castile and Charles I of Anjou , and navy and trade , , –, , , , ,

Marshall earls of Pembroke , , , ,

Martell, Pere , , Martí, Ramon , –, Martin IV, Pope

and Aragon and Arles –as cardinal and Castile and Charles I of Anjou –, , , ,

, and crusade , and Guelfs and Ghibellines and Jews , and Mendicant Orders and Michael Palaiologos , and Naples

Martin V, Pope Martín of Astorga Martinho Giraldes of Braga –Martinus Polonus Marxism, and historiography –Mary see Virgin MaryMascherati family Masovia see Bolesl-aw II; Conrad of MasoviaMasqueray, E. Mass –, –, ,

and commemoration of the dead ,

and popular devotion , see also Eucharist; sacraments

Massa, Chiano di Matera, Giovanni di Matha, Jean de Matilda, Empress Matilda of Artois Mauclerc, Pierre , , Maurisio (chronicler) mausolea, royal –, plate Mazovia see Bolesl-aw II; Conrad of MasoviaMecca, control Mecklenburg, and aristocracy Medici company medicine, and universities , , , , ,

, Medina, control Mediterranean see Corsica; Cyprus; Genoa; Pisa;

Sardinia; Sicily; trade; VeniceMeinhard of Tyrol Meir ben Simeon Meißen, and aristocracy Meloria, battle () , –, , , Mendes, Gonçalo Mendicant Orders –

and aristocracy , , –, and art and asceticism –, in central Europe –, –and charity and church building –, , –and convent schools and convents , –and crusades and decline of monasticism –, diversity and unity in –and economic thought –expansion and development –and Inquisition and Islam , and Jews , , –, –, , and laity –, , –, –lay brothers limitation in number and Mongols , , and penance , , and preaching , –, , , , ,

, –and secular clergy –, –, –success and Third Orders and universities , , , –, , ,

–and urban society , –, –, and women , , ,

Mercedarian Order

Index






mercenaries , in England in France , in Nicaea in Scandinavia , and signori see also Cumans; Kurds; Turcomans

merchantsand the Church –and currency –foreign –and justice and literacy and mechanisms of commerce –and rural society –and travel , , and urban development , and urban government , , , , see also commerce; trade

Merchants, Statute Mercia, and vernacular writing –Merovingians, and fairs Mestwin of Pomerelia –Methodius, St Metochites, Theodore Michael I Doukas of Epiros , , , ,

–, Michael II Angelos Komnenos of Epiros

and Albania , and Bulgaria and Byzantine empire , , , , and Genoa and Manfred , –

Michael VIII Palaiologos and Angevins –, and excommunication –, , and Genoa government , and isolation and Mongols and Morea and Nicaea and reconquest of Constantinople () ,

, , , , , , and restoration of empire –, –and reunion of the Churches –, , ,

, –, and Venice

Michael Asen of Bulgaria Michael Autoreianos, patriarch of

Constantinople –, middle classes

and economic demand and Mendicant Orders , –

Middle English Middle High German

Mieszko III (‘the Elder’) of Poland migration, to towns , , –Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov , –Milan

and Frederick II , growth and Guelfs and popolo and signori , , , , –, , ,

–, see also Lombard League

Milan, peace () milites

and chivalry –, and factions

Militia of Jesus Christ militias

in crusader states in Florence ,

Milutin, Stefan, of Serbia , –Mindaugas of Lithuania , –, ministeriales –, , ,

and Frederick II , and Henry VI , –and interregnum and military Orders

Minorcaand Aragon –, , , –, Muslim rule –

Minorite friars see Franciscan OrderMise of Amiens () , missions

expansion and Mendicant Orders , –and military Orders , –and travel and vernacular writing

mobility, geographic , , –, mobility, social

and aristocracy –, –, , , –,–,

and military Orders and rural society –and urban society

Modon, and Venice Molendino, Bonifacio da Molesme, Robert de monarchy

and aristocracy , , and authority , , –and centralisation and chivalry and coronation elective , –, , –, , –,

, , hereditary

Index






monarchy (cont.)and justice –and military specialisation and patronage of the arts –, –and representative assemblies and revenues and royal touch and succession see also papacy; saints, royal; and under individual

monarchs

monasticism –ancient Orders –and aristocracy and art and architecture , –and asceticism , –, and cult of the dead –female –, , , and laity , –, and Latin –and lay brothers , , and Mendicant Orders , and new Orders –Orthodox and reform , –, –, , and revenues , , –and rural society and studia thirteenth-century decline –, , and travel and urban society

money supply, growth , , , moneylending see banking; usuryMonferrato, Guglielmo di , , , Möngke, Great Khan , , , –, ,

, , Mongol empire –

and armies –, , and Bulgaria , , , and Byzantine empire and census , , and central European kingdoms –, –,

, –, , , and Christianity , , –, –, dissolution , , , and expansion westwards –and Khwarizmians , , –, , ,

–and Latin Christendom , –, , , ,

–, , –, –and Louis IX –, , , , , –and Mamluks , , , –, –, –,

, –, , , –and Mendicant Orders , , and Nicaea regional khanates –, and religous beliefs rise and character –

and Rus′ , , , , , –, ,–, , –

and Seljuq states , , –, , ,

and Syria , –, , , , –,, , , –, , , –

and trade , , –, see also Golden Horde; Il-khanate; Kipchak

(Qipchaq) Turksmonopolies, and trade , , , Mons-en-Pélève, battle () Montaillou, and Cathars Montaperti, battle () , , Montcornillon, Julienne de Monteagudo, Peace of () Montecorvino, Giovanni di , –Montecroce, Ricoldo da Montefeltro, Guido da , , Montefeltro family , Montenegro, and Serbia –Montevergine Order Montfort, Amaury de –, Montfort, Philip de –, , Montfort, Simon de

and Albigensian Crusade –, , , ,

as count of Toulouse , , and crusades , and Edward I of England and Eleanor of Provence and expulsion of foreigners and Gascony and revolution of –, ,

Montfort, Simon de (son of Amaury) Montgomery, Treaty () , , Montmireil, Jean de Montpellier, Guy de Montpellier

and Aragon , , , , , , ,, ,

and Catharism –and trade –, , , , , , , University , , , ,

Montségur castle, and Catharism –moral theology, and Penance Moravia

and Bohemia , , , and the Church , and Mongols , and new settlements and trade

Morea, principality , , –and administration and Angevins , , , , , and Charles I of Anjou , and feudalism –, –and Orthodox Church

Index






MoroccoAlmohad rule , –, , Almoravid rule and Castile , , , –Hafsid rule , , Marinid rule see Marinidsand Tlemcen

Morosini, Eufrosio Morosini, Ruggiero Morosini, Tommaso , Morrone, Pietro see Celestine V, Popemortality rates , –Mortmain, Statute mosaics , Moscow , Moses ben Nahman (Nahmanides) , Movement of the Apostles (Apostolics) , ,

Moxó, Salvador de Mozarabs, in Majorca and Spain , al-Mu�azzam, Sultan , –, , mudéjares , , al-Mughith , Muhammad I of Granada see Muhammad Ibn

Yusuf Ibn NasrMuhammad I of Tunis Muhammad II of Granada –, , ,

–Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Nasr (Ibn al-Ahmar)

–, , –, , , al-Mu�izz Aybak, Sultan mules, and transport Mundy, J.H. Munster, and English Ireland Muntaner, Ramon , Murcia

and Aragon , , –, –, ,–

and Castile , , , , , –, ,

Muret, battle () , , al-Murtada (caliph) Muslims

and crusader states –, –, –in Italy , and Mendicant mission , in Portugal in Sicily , , sold as slaves , , , , –in Spain , , , , –, , –, ,

, and trade embargo , , , in urban society , , see also Ayyubids; Islam; Maghrib; Mamluks;

SeljuqsMussato, Albertino al-Mustansir, Abbasid caliph

al-Mustansir bi�llah (Abu �Abd Allah) –al-Musta�sim, Abbasid caliph

Nahmanides (Moses ben Nahman) , Namur, county, revenues Naples

and Angevins , , –, –, ,, ,

and art and Epiros , and Florence growth and monasticism and papacy , and Pisa , size and trade university , and Venice

Narbonneand Albigensian Crusade , cathedral , and trade , uprising ()

an-Nasir, Caliph , an-Nasir Daud an-Nasir, Muhammad (Morocco) –an-Nasir Muhammad (Syria/Egypt) an-Nasir Yusuf , , –Nasrids, in Granada , , , –, –,

, Natan Official, Debate of Rabbi Yehiel of Paris nationhood

Byzantine , –, development –,

‘nations’, in universities , –, , naturalism, Gothic , , Naumburg cathedral , plate Navarre , –

and Aragon –, , –, and Castile –, –, , and England and France –, , –see also Henry I; Henry II; Sancho VIII;

Teobaldo II; Thibaut IV of Champagnenavies

Almohad Byzantine , Catalan , , , Genoese –, –, , –Norwegian Pisan , Venetian , , , , –, ,

Neckham, Alexander nefs Negroponte , , , , Nemanja, Stefan, of Serbia ,

Index






Neoplatonism, and art nepotism, and papacy Nestorian Christianity , , , , Neva, battle () Neville, Ralph de (bishop of Chichester) Nevskii, Aleksandr, grand prince of Vladimir ,

, , , and Mongols , –

New Fez, and Marinids –, Nicaea, empire

administration –agriculture and Albania , and Bulgaria , –, , , , –cadastral register –economy –imperial demesne and Latin empire –, , , –, ,

, , , and maritime republics –, , and Mongols , and Orthodox Church –, and patriarchate , –and reunion of the Churches –, –and Serbia , , , and taxation –and trade –, –see also John III Doukas Vatatzes; John

Laskaris; Theodore I Laskaris; Theodore IILaskaris

Nicholas III, Popeand Burgundy –as cardinal and Castile and Charles I of Anjou and crusades and Guelfs and Ghibellines , and Jews –and Mongols and nepotism and succession

Nicholas IV, Popeand the arts and Jews and Mongols , and Naples and succession

Nicholas of France Nicholas of Verdun Nicolas de Lisieux Niebla, Muslim enclave –Nikephoros of Epiros , Niketas Choniates Nimis iniqua (papal bull) –nobility see aristocracynoblesse, and chivalry , , Noghai (Mongol ruler) ,

Nolasc, Pere Norbertine nuns –Norman Conquest, and vernaculars , Normandy

and Capetian monarchy , , , –and cloth industry English loss , , , and Henry III of England , and John of England –, and Louis IX and parishes revenues

Normansin Maghrib in Sicily , , , , , –

North Africa see Maghrib; Morocco; TunisNorth Sea, trade , , , Norway

and agriculture and aristocracy , , , and castle building , and the Church , , and court and Denmark , and education expansion , , and Greenland and Iceland , , , –internal factions , , , and kinship and local administration and military specialisation –, and monarchy , navy and peasants –, , population , revenues and Scotland and society , and state development and Sweden and taxation , war against Lapps see also Håkon V; Håkon Håkonsson IV;

justice; Magnus of Norway; ScandinaviaNorwich Notre-Dame de Paris , , , Novello, Guido , , Novgorod

and Aleksandr Nevskii , and Lithuania and Mongols , , and Riurikid dynasty –, , , and Swedish wars and trade –, , ,

Nur ad-Din �Ali Nymphaion, Council ()

Index






Nymphaion, Treaty () ,

O’Brien dynasty of Thomand O’Connor dynasty of Connacht –, Odo III of Burgundy , Odo of Châteauroux Odrowaz, Iwo, bishop of Cracow Ögödei (Mongol ruler) , , , –,

, Olav of Norway, St Old Church Slavonic Old French Old High German Old Irish Old Saxon Olgovichi clan

and factional conflict –, , and Mongols –

oligarchypapal urban , , , –

Oliver of Paderborn , , , Olivi, Peter (Pierre de Jean Olieu) –Öljeitü (Mongol Il-khan) –, –O’Neill dynasty of Tyrone , , ordeal, trial by , Order of Calatrava , , Order of Dobrzyn (Dobrin) , Order of Fiore Order of St John see Knights HospitallerOrder of Santiago , , , , Order of the Temple see Knights TemplarOrders, military ,

in Baltic –and crusader states , , , , –,

, –, and crusades decline membership , –officers in Palestine –, in Portugal , , power and property , , and Reconquista , see also Knights Hospitaller; Knights Templar;

Order of Santiago; Teutonic KnightsOrders, religious –

ancient see Benedictine Order; CistercianOrder

Mendicant see Dominican Order; FranciscanOrder; Mendicant Orders

see also monasticismOrdo de poenitentia –Orkney Islands, and Norway , –Orleans, law school , Orleans, Treaty () Ormrod, W.M.

Orsini family and papacy ,

orthodoxyand folk culture , and Fourth Lateran Council , and the universities ,

Osmanli (Ottoman) beylicate , Ostsiedlung Othon de La Roche, duke of Athens , Otto I of Burgundy (son of Frederick I) –Otto II of Bavaria , , Otto II of Burgundy Otto II of Meran , Otto III of Burgundy Otto IV, Emperor , ,

and John of England –and papacy , –, , –, , and Philip of Swabia –and Sicily ,

Otto IV of Burgundy –Otto of Bavaria Otto of Brunswick see Otto IV, EmperorOtto of Friesing , Otto of Lüneberg , Otto the Pious of Brandenburg , Otto of Wittelsbach Ottokar I of Bohemia

and the Church and Henry III and Henry VII as imperial elector –and Moravia , and Philip of Swabia and Poland and Teutonic Knights

Ottokar II of Bohemiaand Austria and Styria , , and the Church , and crusades and culture and Prussia and Rudolf of Habsburg , territories , , and Teutonic Knights and William of Holland

Ottokar, N. Ottokar of Moravia Ottoman (Osmanli) beylicate , Owain ap Gruffudd , Oxford University

and clergy and colleges and Mendicant Orders , and monarchy , and ‘nations’ , and political theory and Regents ,

Index






Oxford University (cont.)and scholasticism and science and students

Pachymeres, George , , , Padua

and rise of the signori , University

paintingfresco late antique –wall and panel , , , , ,

Pais, Julião , Palermo , , ,

and Venice see also Sicilian Vespers

Palestine see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latinkingdom

Pallavicino, Uberto da , , –, , ,

Pandulf (papal legate) , Panofsky, E. Panormitanus Pantaleone, Giacomo see Urban IV, Popepapacy –

and Aragon , , , , , , and the arts , and Avignon , , , , and Bulgaria , and Castile –, , –, , ,

–and Corsica , , and councils , –, –, –,

–, and crusader states and crusades –, , , , , ,

, –, , , and curia –decline and deposition of popes , , –and dynastic feuds , –and election –, , , , –and England see England; Henry III; John of

Englandand France see Franceand Frederick II see Frederick II and under

individual popes

and Henry VI , , , , and Holy Roman Empire see Empire, Holy

Romanand Hungary , and Inquisition , –, and Latin empire of Constantinople , ,

, , –and Mendicant Orders –, –, –,

–,

and military Orders –, –, –monarchical , , –, , , –and monasticism , –, –, –and Naples and Orthodox Church , , –, ,

–, –, –, –and Poland and Portugal –, –and primacy: Boniface VIII –; and

Clement IV –; Gregory X –, ;Innocent III –; Innocent IV –,–; and Mongols –; andOrthodox Church –, –, –,

and Sardinia , –, , and secular rulers , –, , –, –,

–, , –and secular wars –and Serbia and Sicily see Sicilyand the signori , , and universities , –, –, –,

–, and vicars of Christ , –, , , see also authority, papal; canon law; College of

Cardinals; Jews; and under individual popes

Papal State –, and Charles I of Anjou –and College of Cardinals –, and Frederick II , , –, , , ,

and Henry VI –and Otto IV –

Paphlagonia, Byzantine state , Parens scientarum (papal bull) Parenti, Patrizia Paris

and administration and architecture –and the arts growth –, and guilds and illuminated manuscripts as royal capital , , , and scholasticism –and self-government and serfdom

Paris, MatthewChronica Majora and First Council of Lyons and monasticism and Roman cultural heritage

Paris, synod () –Paris, Treaty () , , , , Paris University

and Aragon and Cathars

Index






and colleges , early history , –, –, and foreign students , , , growth and consolidation –and heresy and illuminated manuscripts and Jews , –and Mendicant Orders –, , –and monarchy and papacy , , and scholasticism Sorbonne ,

Paris–Meaux, Treaty () , –, , parish

councils –in France in Poland and role of Mendicant friars , –, and role of priests , , –

Parisio, St parlements, French

and Edward I and Louis IX and nobility and Philip III and Philip IV ,

parliament, Irish parliament, English , ,

and burgesses –and justice and king’s council and knights , , , and revolution of –, –, and taxation , , , , –, –see also House of Commons

Parmasiege (-) and signori , ,

paroikoi, in Latin empire –partnerships, commercial , , , , Passagians –pastoralism, and agriculture Pastoureaux , , , Pater noster, lay knowledge of , , , Patrimony of St Peter see Papal Statepatronage, artistic

and the Church –, civic –lay royal , –, –, , ,

patronage, ecclesiastical , patronage, royal, and Edward I , Paul the Christian (Pau Crestià) , , Paulinian Order , Paulus Hungarus paupers, rural Peace and Truce of God

peasantsand aristocracy –, income and rural economy and seigneuries –and serfdom –and subsistence see also aristocracy; barons; burghers;

knighthood; and under individual states and

regions

Pecham, John Pedro of Portugal, and Balearics Pedro Ximénez de Gazólaz, bishop of Pamplona

–Pegolotti, Francesco Balduccio di , Peipus, battle () Pelagius of Albano, Cardinal (papal legate) ,

, , Pelagonia, battle () , , , Peloponnese

Byzantine reconquest Frankish conquest , –, , , ,

Pembroke earldom, and Marshall family , ,

, , Penance , , , –, ,

and Inquisition –, penitence see Penancepenitents –, Pennington, K. n. Penyafort, Ramon de

and decretals , and mission to Jews , and new learning and usury , ,

perfecti, Cathar , , –, , –, ,,

Perfeddwlad –, , Perpetual Servitude –, , Perpignan

and Aragon and trade ,

Persia see Il-khanate; Iran; KhwarizmPerth, Treaty () Peruzzi company , , , Pervaneh (Seljuq chief minister) –Pescatore, Enrico, count of Malta Peter II of Aragon

and Albigensian Crusade –, and heretics and papacy revenues –,

Peter II of Savoy, earl of Richmond , ,, –,

Peter III of Aragon –and Castile , and Empire , , ,

Index






Peter III of Aragon (cont.)excommunication and France , , , –and Jews and the Maghrib and Majorca , and Muslims and Sicilian Vespers –, –, and Sicily –, –, , , and Valencia

Peter, St, and papal primacy –, –, ,,

Peter of Benevento –Peter of Brittany Peter of Castelnau , Peter the Chanter , Peter de Courtenay, Latin emperor , ,

–Peter Damian Peter von Duisburg (chronicler) Peter Martyr, St Peter des Roches see Roches, Peter desPeter the Venerable , Peter of Zytama, Chronica aulae regiae , Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) Philip II of France (Philip Augustus)

and Flanders , –and Frederick II –and John of England , –, and Louis VIII , and Normandy –, and Scotland and Third Crusade

Philip III of France –acquisition of territory –and administration and Aragon –, and Burgundy and Castile and Charles I of Anjou –and commerce , and court and crusade , –, , and Dauphiné –and economy and Empire , and Jews , and Navarre –, and papacy –and Provence and revenues and Sicily , , and taxation and usury

Philip IV (‘the Fair’) of France –and administration –and Aquitaine war –,

and Aragon , –and the arts , and Bernard Saissons , –and Burgundy –, and Castile and Catharism –and the Church and commerce death , and Edward I , –, , , and Empire , and expansionism –and Flanders –, , –, , ,

foreign policy –, , –and Inquisition and Jews , , , –and Knights Templar , , , , and Mongols , –and Navarre –, and nobility and the papacy , , , –, , –,

, and revenues , –, –, and University of Paris

Philip VI of Valois, and commerce Philip of Alsace , , –Philip of Anjou , , Philip of Courtenay , , , Philip of Germany see Philip of SwabiaPhilip of Ibelin –Philip of Namur , Philip of Sardinia (son of Charles I of Anjou)

, , Philip of Savoy (), and Franche-Comté ,

–, Philip of Savoy (), count of Piedmont –Philip of Swabia

and Castile and Fourth Crusade , as king of Germany , and Otto IV –and papacy

Philip of Taranto , –philosophy

Greek , , and theology –

Piacenzaand banking and popolo and signori –, , and trade

Piast dynasty –, , , , –, ,

Piazzalunga, Federico di Picardy

and architecture and aristocracy –

Index






population and serfdom

Pied Friars Piedmont

and Angevins , , –, –, and house of Savoy –and Manfred of Sicily

Pierre de la Broche –, piety, Eucharistic , , pilgrimage , , , ,

and mobility and monasticism –as penance –and pilgrimage churches and royal touch

Pious Friars , piracy , , , , ,

see also corsair warsPisa

and Alfonso X –and Aragon , , and Barcelona –building and public works and Corsica , , , , , , –and Empire , –, , , –and Florence –, , , , –, and Frederick II and Genoa –, , , , –, –,

–, –, , , , and Guelfs and Ghibellines –, –industries and law codes and papacy podestà , , , and politics , –, –, and Sardinia , , , –, , , ,

–, –, –and shipbuilding and Sicily , , and trade , , , –; with Armenia ,

, ; with Balearics ; with Byzantineempire ; cloth trade ; with Corsicaand Sardinia , , , , ; withCyprus , ; with Egypt –, ,; with Europe , ; with Far East, ; with France , –; with Latinempire , , , ; with Levant ,, –; with Maghrib –, ,–, , , –; with Nicaea –;with Sicily ; with Spain

and Venice , , , , Pisano, Niccolo Pistoia, and Florence , , , , Plantagenet dynasty –

and aristocracy , –, –and Europe –and government

and household increase in territory , –and justice –and law , –and loss of French territories –and papacy , , and patronage –, , , and revenues –rights and power –see also Edward I; Henry II; Henry III; John of

England; Richard IPlanudes plenitudo potestatis –, , Plesner, J. podestà

in Constantinople –, in Florence –, , , , , in maritime republics –, , , ,

–and signori , , , , , , ,

, , Poema de mio Cid , , poetry

troubadour , vernacular religious ,

Poimanenon, battle () Poitou

and Blanche of Castile , , –and Charles I of Anjou and Henry III , , –and John of England , and Louis VIII –, ,

Poland and Bohemia , , –, –, and central European kingdoms –, ,

and the Church –and coinage duchies –, and economy –and Germany –and heraldry –and Hungary , and Jews and knights and Lithuania , , and Mendicant Orders , –and monasticism and Mongols , , , –, , and new settlements , –and Prussia , –, , reunification –and Rus′ , , –, and serfdom territories and Teutonic Knights –, , , ,

Index






Poland (cont.)and trade see also Bolesl-aw III Wrymouth; Przemysl- II;

Silesia; Vaclav III; Wl-adisl-aw II; Wl-adisl-awLaskonogi (Spindleshanks)

Polish-Silesian chronicle politics

and First Council of Lyons –and Fourth Lateran Council , –, ,

and Mendicant Orders and the papacy –, –, –and University of Oxford in urban society –, , –, –and the vernacular

Pollanh, Pere, bishop of Carcassonne Polo, Marco , , , –, –, –,

–Polo, Niccolò & Matteo , Polovtsians

and Mongols –and Roman Mstislavich see also Cumans; Qipchaq

Pomerelia, and Teutonic Knights , –Poor Catholics , , , Poor Clares , , , , –Poor Hermits of Pope Celestine –Poor Lombards Poore, Richard, bishop of Salisbury popolo

in Florence –, , –and signori , –, ,

populationdecrease , , increase , , , –, , –, , rural , urban –, –, , –, , , ,

see also under individual states

Portella, Muça de ports, development –, Portugal , –

and aristocracy –, and Castile –, and the Church , –, –and population and Reconquista –, see also Afonso II; Afonso III; Dinis; Sancho I;

Sancho IIpoverty, evangelical , , –, , –,

–, –, , , and Spiritual Franciscans ,

powerand Mendicant Orders , papal , –; and Greek Church ,

; and the universities restructuring

of the signori , –in urban society –, , , ,

Powys , , –Prague , , , Prandota, Jan, of Cracow , prayer, for the dead –preaching

of crusade , , , , and education , , , , to Jews –, , by Mendicant Orders , –, , ,

–, , , , –revival –, , vernacular , , ,

Premonstratensians , , Premyslid dynasty of Bohemia , –, ,

Prester John legend , priest

as minister of the Word –and parish , , –and penance –and wills ,

Prim, Bernard primogeniture , , , Procida, Giovanni da Progon of Albania , propaganda

papal –, , secular , , ,

property, alienation prostitutes , , , protectionism Provençal, as literary language , , Provence, county , , ,

administration –and Albigensian Crusade , , –,

and Alfonso II of Aragon and Angevins –, , , and fraternities and James I of Aragon , , , –,

, –and maritime republics , –, and Mendicant Orders and Philip III territories –

Provisions of Oxford –, , –Provisions of Westminster , –Prussia

and Bohemia –and crusades evangelisation , and Poland , , , , and society –and Teutonic Knights , , –, and towns

Index






Pryor, John Przemysl- II of Poland –, , Pulsano congregation Purgatory , , , , ,

Qadi al-Nu�man Qaidu (Mongol leader) , Qalaman tribesmen Qalawun, Sultan (al-Mansur) of Egypt , ,

–Qara Khitan empire –, , –Qaraqush (Mamluk leader) Qasim Ibn Mara (Muslim revolutionary) Qipchaq see Kipchak (Qipchaq) TurksQuatrevoux, Franco-German pact () Qubilai (Mongol ruler) , , , , ,

queens, role and status , –Quia Emptores statute Quia maior (papal bull) –, –, Quirini, Matteo Quo elongati (papal bull) Qutuz, Mamluk sultan , , , –,

,

Raimundo, archbishop Rainer of Pomposa n. Rainier, St Ralegh, William Ralph of Coggeshall , , Ramon-Berenguer V of Provence , ,

–Rampini family al-Rashid , Raymond VI of Toulouse

and Catharism , –, , and Dauphiné

Raymond VII of Toulouse and Blanche of Castile –, and Catharism and Comtat-Venaissin –and Fourth Lateran Council and Louis VIII –, and Louis IX –, and Marseilles and Peter II of Aragon

Raymond of Perelha Raymond Roupen Raymond of Taranto reason

and Jews –, and philosophy and revelation ,

rebaptisers Reconquista

and al-Andalus –and aristocracy –

and Castile –, , –, –, ,–

costs –militar/lenta , and military Orders and monarchy and Church and papacy and peasantry and Portugal , –, and repopulation , –see also Las Navas de Tolosa, battle; Murcia;

Sevillerecord keeping

and commerce –, and government , and vernacular scripts

rector Regno see SicilyReichsfurstenstand , Relatio (Brevis nota) of Lyon I –relics, cult of –, , , religion, voluntary –Renaissance, twelfth-century , –Renaud III of Burgundy Renaud of Montbéliard –Renouard, Yves rentier class repartiamentos, Castile –Repgow, Eike von, Sachsenspiegel representation

in England in Germany in Italian communes , , , –in Portugal

revelation, and reason , revenge see feudsRévigny, Jacques de Rex pacificus Reynolds, Rob Rheims cathedral , –, , –, plate rhetoric , Rhine-Palatinate

and aristocracy and imperial electors , –as power centre town-league –, , and trade

Rhodesand Byzantine empire and trade ,

Ricciardi (bankers) , , Riccobaldo (chronicler) , Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’)

and crusade , , , and Cyprus , and Empire , and Normandy , ,

Index






Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’) (cont.)and Provence and revenues and succession

Richard of Cornwall , and crusade –, , and Empire –, –, , , , as king of Germany , n. marriage

Richard de Clare, earl of Gloucester Richard of St Victor Richard of San Germano ricos hombres , Rigaud, Eudes, archbishop of Rouen –risk-taking, in trade , Ritterstand Riurik Rostislavich of Smolensk Riurikid dynasty

- –- –and Mongols –, , –

Rivalto, Giordano da river transport –, –roads

and commerce –, –, maintenance pilgrimage roads Roman –, and tolls ,

Robert II of Artois Robert II of Burgundy , Robert of Alençon Robert of Anjou Robert of Artois –, , , , Robert de Béthune –Robert de Courçon Robert de Courtenay Robert of Esztergom Robert ‘le bougre’ Rocca, Sinucello della Roccavione, battle () Roches, Peter des (bishop of Winchester) ,

, , Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada , Rodrigo of Toledo , Roger I of Sicily Roger II of Sicily , , , Roger of Howden Roger of Leybourne Roger de Loria , Roger of Mirepoix Roger of Sanseverino Rolandino (chronicler) –, –, Roman de Fauvel Roman Empire, cultural heritage Roman Mstislavich of Vladimir –

and Kiev

Romance languages , –, , Romania see Latin empire of ConstantinopleRomano, Ezzelino II da Romano, Ezzelino III da

and the Church –and Frederick II , and Manfred of Sicily as tyrant –, , , , , and Venice

Romano, Marco Romanus, Cardinal Rome

and the arts , , –cultural heritage growth and Manfred and pilgrimage , and trade University

Roquebert, M. Rostislavichi clan

and factional conflict –, , and Mongols –

Rouen, French capture () Roussillon ,

and James I of Aragon , and James of Majorca , , , –,

and Peter III of Aragon ,

routiers, in France , Rubinstein, N. Rubruck, Guillaume de , –, –, Rudolf I of Habsburg, king of the Romans

and Bohemia , , and Burgundy , , –, and Charles I of Anjou –and crown lands –and Dauphiné , election and house of Savoy and papacy , , –and towns ,

Rudolf of the Rhine Rule of St Augustine , , , , ,

Rule of St Benedict , , Rule of St Francis , Rum see Anatolia; SeljuqsRunciman, S. n. Rupert of Deutz Rus′ –

and administration and central European kingdoms and economy and Hungary , , –, –, and Lithuania –, and Mazovia

Index






and Mongols , , , , , ,–, , –, , , –;effects –

and Orthodox Church , , , –and papacy and Poland , , –, population and Riurikid factions –, –and Swedish wars , , , , and trade , , , , , see also Daniil Romanovich; Iaroslav of Tver;

Nevskii, Aleksandr; Vasilii of KostromaRustichello of Pisa –, Rutebeuf (poet)

Sa�ada (Muslim revolutionary) , Sacconi, Rainier Sachets –, , , Sachsenspiegel law book , sacraments

and Cathars and Fourth Lateran Council , , , increasing importance –, –, –and role of parish priest –, and Waldensians see also Eucharist; Mass; Penance

Sacred College see College of CardinalsSahyun, principality , –as-Sa�id , as-Sa�id Berke Khan St Louis see Louis IX of FranceSt Sabas, War of , , , –, –Sainte-Chapelle, Paris , , plate Saintonge, English possession , saints

canonisation , communion of saints cults , , , relics –, , , royal , –, ,

Saisset, Bernard (bishop of Pamiers) ,–

Saladinand crusader states , , , , ,

, , death ,

Salamanca, University Salar (Mamluk emir) sales tax as-Salih Ayyub , , , , , , as-Salih Ismail , , Salimbene de Adam , ,

and Ezzelino III da Romano and Giberto da Gente , , and the signori –, , , , , and Uberto da Pallavicino ,

Salomea of Hungary, Blessed ,

salt trade , –, –, , , , , ,,

Salvemini, G. Salza, Hermann von , , Salzburg, and aristocracy , Sambonifacio, Lodovico da , , Sambor of Dirschau Samogitians of Livonia , Samson, abbot of St Edmund’s San Germano, Treaty () , , –, ,

Sanç, Fernan Sanç, Nunyo, count of Roussillon , , Sanç, of Provence, Sancho I of Portugal

and bequests and the Church , and papacy –revenues –

Sancho II of Portugaland the Church , , and Reconquista , –

Sancho IV (de la Cerda) of Castileand court intrigue –and Granada –intellectual interests and Murcia and revenues and Sicily and succession to Alfonso X –

Sancho VIII of Navarre (el Fuerte) –, Sancho of Majorca , Sancho of Toledo Sancia of Provence (wife of Richard of

Cornwall) , Sandwich, naval battle () Sanhaja Berbers , Sanjar, Seljuq sultan Sanjar al-Halabi Sanjek, F. Santarem, battle () Santiago de Compostela, and pilgrimage , ,

Sanudo, Marco , Saracens, and Frederick II Sardinia –, –

and Aragonese invasion Arborea judgeship –, , –Cagliari judgeship –, , , , –and Charles I of Anjou , and continental dynasties –economy –, –and Eighth Crusade and Frederick II –, Gallura judgeship , , , –and Genoa and Pisa , , , –, ,

, , , –, –, –

Index






Sardinia (cont.)internal strife –, –and James II of Aragon , , , and papacy , –, –population , , –and serfdom and silver mines , , society , –Torres/Logudoro judgeship , –, ,

–, –towns and cities –and Visconti and Gherardesco

Sartaq (Mongol leader) –, Sarum Rite Savoy, county

and administration –and Dauphiné , , territories –,

Savoyardsand Burgundy –, , –and Frederick II –and Henry III of England –, ,

Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum Saxony, and imperial electors , , Sayf ad-Din Qipchak (Mamluk emir) Sayf ad-Din Qutuz Scala, Alberto della , , , , Scala, Mastino della , , , , Scala, della, family , , , , , , Scandinavia –,

administration and the Church –and culture and ideology –and economy and society –external conflict –internal conflict –, , , , –,

–and justice and legislation –, and military system , –, , peasants –, –, , , population –, –and state development –and towns and cities see also Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway;

SwedenScania, and trade , Schiavo, Domenico Schiller, Friedrich n. scholasticism –schools

cathedral , convent grammar rural ,

Schwabenspiegel science, and universities –, , Scot, Michael

Scotland , –and administration –, and aristocracy , , –and England , , , –; Edward I ,

, , , –, , , –, –;Henry III –; John

and France , , and Hebrides , , –and Man , , –and monarchy –, –and Norway , –Wars of Independence see also Alexander II; Alexander III; Balliol,

John; GallowayScotti, Alberto , , , , scribes, and vernaculars , sculpture

and classicism , plate Gothic , plate see also statuary

scutage sea loans , , , sea transport

and trade , –, , , , , see also shipbuilding

secularism, secularisation , , Sedlmayr, Hans Segalari, Ranieri Manente di Segarelli, Gerardo seigneuries

and parishes and patronage rights rural , –and serfdom –

Seljuqsand Abbasids and Ayyubids , and Byzantine empire , , , ,

and Fifth Crusade and Khwarizmians and Mamluks –and Mongols , , –, , , and trade , , and Turcomans

Sempad sénéchaussées , , –, , , , ,

–Senlis, Nicolas de n. Sennett, Richard Serbia

and Albania , , and Bulgaria –, , –and Byzantine empire , –and Epiros –, , and Greek culture

Index






and Hungary , and Latin Church , , , and Macedonia , , , , and Montenegro –and Nicaea , –, and Orthodox Church , , territories –, and Venice see also Stefan Uros II

serfdom, decline , –sermons

and revival of preaching –, vernacular , , ,

Servites of St Mary Settepozzi, naval battle () Seville

reconquest () , , , , –and trade ,

Shajar ad-Durr –share-cropping –Shepherds’ Crusade , , , sheriffs

England: and Edward I –, –; andHenry III , ; and John , –,

Ireland Scotland

Shetland, and Norway , –Shi�a Assassins

and Ayyubids , , , and Mongols ,

shipbuilding, in maritime republics –shrines , , , Sicilian Vespers –, , , ,

and Angevin defeat , , , and Byzantine empire and Genoese fleet and papacy , and Peter III of Aragon –, –,

Sicily –, and administration and agriculture , and Angevins , –, –, , ,

–, –, –, –and Arabic and Aragon , , , , , , ,

, ; and Alfonso III , , , ,; and Frederick III , , , ;and James I –, ; and James II ,, , , , ; and Peter III –,–, , , –, , ,

and aristocracy , , , , Berber invasion , and Catalonia , and economy , , and Edmund of England , , , ,

, , ,

and Empire –, , –, , ,–, , –

and feudalism and Florence and Genoa , , , , and Inquisition and Jews and literature and the Maghrib , , , and maritime republics , and monasticism and Muslims , , and Normans , , , , , ,

–and Otto IV , , and papacy –, , , –, –;

Alexander IV ; Boniface VIII , ,; Celestine III ; Gregory IX –,, , , ; Honorius III , ;Honorius IV , ; Innocent III –,–, ; Innocent IV –, –;Martin IV ; Urban II

population and religious toleration and society –and taxation , and trade , –, , , –, and Venice , see also Charles I of Anjou; Church and state;

Conrad IV; Frederick II; Henry VI; Henry(VII); Manfred

Sicut iudaeis non (papal bull) , , , –Siegfried III of Eppenstein Siegfried von Feuchtwangen Siegfried of Westerburg, archbishop of Cologne

Siena

and art and banking and Florence , , , , , and trade

Siger of Brabant , signori

as barons –and the Church –, and courts –and Empire , and factions , –, and fear and feudalism –in Italian communes , –and justice , , –and love –and popolo –, , and taxation as tyrants –, , and vendetta ,

Index






Silesiaand Bohemia , and the Church –and new settlement and Poland , , –, , and serfdom and trade see also Bolesl-aw (‘the Tall’); Henry II (‘the

Pious’); Henry IV (‘the Just’); Henry theBearded

silk trade , , , , , , silver

Bohemian , , –, Sardinian , , and trade , , , , , , ,

simony, ban on Simson, O. von sin

and penitence , –and urban society , –

Sinucello, Sisman of Bulgaria Sit′ river, battle () , Sivéry, Gérard slave trade , , , , , , slavery

decline and Muslims , , , , –and sack of Constantinople

Slavic languages, and writing Slavs

and Germans , , –, and unity see also Bulgaria; Macedonia; Poland; Rus′; Serbia

Slovakia, and Hungary Smbat Smolensk

and Mongols , and Rostislavichi clan –,

Snorri Sturluson Sobeslav of Moravia societas contracts , society

commercialisation , –rural , –, –, , , , tribal –urban –, –, , , , –, ,

Society of the Faith Soeiro, bishop of Lisbon Soeiro, Pedro, bishop of Coimbra Soldau, Treaty () Solomon ben Ammar Somme le roi , plate Soranzo, Giovanni Sorbon, Robert de , Soria, Treaty ()

sovereignty, apostolic , Spain

Almohads in , , , , –, ,,

and Arabic –and architecture –, , and art and crusades , , , , Marinids in and Mendicant Orders and military Orders and monasticism and Muslims , , , , –, , –,

, –and serfdom and trade and universities –and use of Latin and vernaculars , , , –and woollen industry see also Andalusia; Aragon-Catalonia; Balearics;

Castile; Catalonia; Granada; Jews, in Spain;Majorca; Navarre; Portugal; Reconquista;Valencia

specialisation, military –, , –Sperandeo, Abbot Speronists spice trade , , , , , , , , –,

Spini family , , Spinola, Nicolozzo Spinola family, Genoa , –, , , ,

spirituality

Franciscan Latin lay –, –, –

Spoleto, duchy, and Frederick II , squires, and nobility , , , Stanisl-aw of Hungary, St , , , , states

and crusades –growth , –, –

statuaryportal , , plates and tomb , see also sculpture

Statutes, Edwardian Statutes of Pamiers n. Statutes of Pera Statutum in favorem principum Stefan II the ‘First-crowned’ of Serbia , ,

–Stefan Dusan see Dusan, Stefan, of SerbiaStefan Nemanja see Nemanja, StefanStefan Prvovecani see Stefan II the ‘First-

crowned’

Index






Stefan Radoslav of Serbia , Stefan Uros II of Serbia , Stephen II of Auxonne and Chalon Stephen VI Uros Stephen (Istvan) V of Hungary –, , Stephen of England Stephen of Hungary, St , Stephen of Lexington, Abbot Stephen of Muret, St Stilbes, Constantine, bishop of Cyzicus –Stirling Bridge, battle () Straits of Gibraltar, and trade , , , ,

studia, monastic , studium generale , –Styria

and aristocracy and Bohemia , , , , and Frederick II –and silver

Sübödei (Mongol khan) Suessa, Taddeo da , , Sufism, in Maghrib –sugar trade Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis , , Sully, Maurice de, bishop of Paris Sunqur al-Ashqar (Mamluk emir) –Super speculam (papal bull) superstition, and Christian faith , surnames, increasing use , Suzdal

and Aleksandr Nevskii and Iur′evichi clan , –and Mongols , , and trade

Svantopolk of Pomerelia Swabia, and Hohenstaufen dynasty –, ,

Sweden

and administration and agriculture , and aristocracy , , , and castle building and Denmark –, –and education expansion –, and Finland , –internal struggles –, , –and kinship and military specialisation , , , and monarchy –and Norway and peasants and population revenues and Rus′ , , , , and serfdom

and taxation see also Birger Magnusson; justice; Magnus

Eriksson; Magnus of Sweden; Scandinavia;Valdemar of Sweden

Swinka, Jakub, archbishop of Gniezno , Switzerland

and aristocracy and house of Savoy –

Symonds, J.A. –Synodikon of Tsar Boril Syria

and Ayyubid control , , , –,–, , ,

Latin see crusader statesand Mamluk control , , , –, ,

–, and Mongols , –, , –, ,

, , –, , , –Seljuq attack and trade , see also Aleppo; Damascus

Tagliacozzo, battle () , taifa (party) kingdoms , , , ,

see also Arjona; Crevillente; Granada; Minorca;Niebla; Valencia

Talmud , , –, , –, , Tancred of Sicily –, Tarragona, and trade Tatars see Mongol empiretaxation

of the clergy –, , , , –,, , , , ,

and crusades , , , , , –,–

imperial of Jews: in England , , , , ; in

France , , , , , lay –, –, and nobility –, , –, papal and parliament , , , , –,

–and representation on sales and signori

technologyaccess to , and agricultural productivity ,

Templars see Knights TemplarTemüjin see Chinggis KhanTemur (Mongol leader) , , tenure

à part de fruits in England , , , –in France –and serfdom

Index






tenure (cont.)and tenant farmers –, –

Teobaldo I of Navarre see Thibaut IV ofChampagne

Teobaldo II of Navarre , Teutonic Knights , ,

and Bohemia , and crusader states , , , and Frederick II , , and Hungary and Lithuania –, , and Livonia , –, –officers organisation –and Poland –, , , , and Prussia , –, –, , –and Rus′ , and trade

Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea –and John Vatatzes , and Latin empire , and Orthodox Church –and Venice ,

Theodore II Laskaris of Nicaea , –, ,, , ,

Theodore Doukas of Epiros , , ,–, –

Theodore Branas , , , Theodosian code, and Jews , theology

Byzantine –Mendicant monastic moral pastoral and philosophy –scholastic and the universities –, , , –,

–, Thessalonika, kingdom

and Bulgaria , –, and Epiros and Latin empire , , , , and Nicaean empire –, , , ,

and Serbia

Thessalyand Albania and Bulgaria and Byzantine empire , –and Epiros , ,

Thibaut III of Champagne Thibaut IV of Champagne

and Blanche of Castile –and crusades –, , , and Languedoc

and Louis VIII –, as Teobaldo I of Navarre , –

Thomas de Clare Thomas of Savoy

as count of Flanders , , , as lord of Piedmont , , –

Thraceand Epiros and Latin empire , and Nicaean empire , , and trade and Venice

Thuringiaand Adolf of Nassau and Albrecht I of Habsburg and Knights Hospitaller

Tiepolo, Giacomo (doge of Venice) , , Tiepolo, Lorenzo –at-Tijani , , tithes

crusade , , , , payment by Jews ,

Tlemcenand Marinids , –and trade and Ziyanids –, ,

Toledo, Fourth Council () Toledo, Rodrigo Jiménez de, De rebus Hispaniae

toleration, religious , , , tolls –Tolomei company , , tombs

effigial , royal –, , plate

Torelli, Salinguerra , , Torelli family of Ferrara Torre, Martino della , , , , , ,

, –, Torre, Napo della , Torre, della, family , , , , –, –torture, and Inquisition Toulon, and trade , Toulouse

and Albigensian Crusade , , , ,–, –, –

and Inquisition –and Philip III –population and trade University , ,

Tours, Council () town-leagues, Germany , –, , towns

and administration , and aristocracy , –, –

Index






and communications –definition growth , –, , , , , , ,

–and manufacturing , , , , and Mendicant Orders , –new settlements –self-government –, –and social exclusion and trade –, –and urban society –,

trade –and aristocracy –, –, Balkan , , Baltic see Baltic tradeBlack Sea see Black Sea tradeand caravans , , –, , , and crusades , –financing –, –, and Italian maritime republics –, –,

Levant see Levant tradeluxury goods , , , , , , Mediterranean –, , –, , , , ,

, , and Mongol empire , –, and monopolies North Sea , , , Red Sea rural transalpine , , , , , , , and urban development –, –, –see also commerce; communications; fairs; fish

trade; merchants; protectionism; salt trade;silk trade; spice trade; wine trade; and under

individual states

trades, inheritance Traidenis of Lithuania Translation of Empire theory , , transport

costs methods –by river –, –by road –, , by sea , –, , , ,

Transubstantiation , , Trapani, naval battle () travel –

infrastructure –Trebizond, Byzantine state , –,

and trade Trencavel, Raymond , Trencavel, Raymond-Roger Trencavel viscounties , –tribalism, and Islam –Trier, and imperial electors

Trinitarian Order Tripoli, county

defences fall () , , , and Mamluks , , , and trade ,

Trit, Renier de , troubadours Troyes, Chrétien de, Ars amatoria Tunis

and Almohads , , , and crusades , and Hafsids , , , , , and Sicily , , and trade with Italy , –,

Tunis Crusade ()and Catalan fleet , and Charles of Anjou , , failure , and Genoa and Louis IX , , , , , ,

Turanshah, Sultan –, Turbato corde (papal bull) –, Turca, Rosso della Turcomans

in Iraq and Mamluks , , and Mongol invasions –

Turksand Ayyubids –and Mongols see also Kipchak (Qipchaq) Turks; Mamluks;

SeljuqsTuscany

and Albrecht I of Habsburg and cloth industry and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , ,

, –, , , and Manfred and Mendicant Orders and Otto IV , and trade see also Florence; Pisa

tyranny, and Italian signori –, , Tyre

defences and Hohenstaufen rule –and Mamluks , , , and trade , , and Venice ,

Uberti family –, , Ubi periculum , , –Ugolino, Cardinal see Gregory IX, PopeUgolino, count of Sardinia , , Uighurs, and Mongols –

Index






Ukraine, and trade –Ulfilas, and Germanic alphabet Ulfjótr, law code Ulrich von Eschenbach Ulster

and English Ireland , ruling families ,

Umbria, and urban society Umiltà of Faenza, St Unam sanctam , –, –Uniate Church universalism

and art , , and papacy and universities –

universities –autonomy , , and the Church –, –, , and colleges , –as communities –, , consolidation –context –emergence , , –and foreign students , , , and masters , –, –, –, ,

and Mendicant Orders , , , –,

, , –and monasticism organisation –, , –, –, and oriental languages and preaching , and rector , and scholasticism –and science scolares , , –, –, , teaching methods –and vernaculars see also Bologna; Cambridge; Montpellier;

Oxford University; Paris UniversityUrban II, Pope , , Urban IV, Pope

and Castile and Charles I of Anjou , and College of Cardinals –and Empire and Holy Sacrament and Mongols , , and Portugal and Silesia

urbanisationand aristocracy , –, –, , central Europe as communities –and dissent England

Flanders , –Germany –increase , Maghrib –, and manufacturing , and Mendicant Orders –, and patronage of the arts Sardinia –Scandinavia , and trade –, and universities

Urgell, and Aragon , , , , usury ,

condemnation –, , , , , and Jews , , , , legitimacy –toleration see also banking

Usus Venetorum

Vaclav I of Bohemia , , , , Vaclav II of Bohemia , , , –, ,

as king of Poland , , , –, and Silesia

Vaclav III of Bohemia , as king of Hungary , as king of Poland ,

Valdemar I of Denmark Valdemar II ‘Sejr’ of Denmark , , , ,

Valdemar of Sweden –, Valencia ,

and Aragon , , , , , , –,–, ,

and Muslims , , , –siege () ,

Vallombrosan Order Vasilii of Kostroma vassalage , , –Veglione, Piero (Pietro Viglione) vendetta , , , , , Venerabilem (papal bull) Venice –

and Adrianople , , and Albania , , , , building and public works –and Byzantine empire , , –and Charles I of Anjou , and citizenship and coinage and Crete , , , , , , , and Cyprus and Dalmatia , , and doge and patriciate , and Epiros , ,

Index






and Fourth Crusade –, , , –and Frankish states , and Genoa , , , , –, –, growth –and industries , and Inquisition and Latin empire –, , –, ; and

Charles I of Anjou , , ; and Greekpopulation ; and patriarchate , ;and podestà –; and trade , , ,, –; see also Adrianople; Negroponte

law code and Morea , and Nicaea , , and Pisa , , , and politics and self-government , and Serbia and shipbuilding and Sicily , , and trade –, , , , , , ; with

Anatolia ; with Armenia , ; withByzantine empire , , , , ;with Cyprus ; with Egypt –, ,–, , –; with Epiros ; withEurope , , –; and fairs andmarkets ; with Far East ; with Il-khanate ; with Latin empire , ,; with Levant , , , ; withMaghrib ,

Vercelli, Giovanni di Vercelli, Guglielmo di Verdun, Treaty () vernacular –, ,

and the Bible , , and dialects , –and historiography –, –, and Latin and Latinisms –, , and the law , –, , –literary –literature , , , –, , and poetry , secular use , in sermons , , , spoken written –, ,

Veronaand Catharism , and popolo and signori , , , , , –,

Veronica, the , plate Vicente, Master (Vicentius Hispanus; dean of

Lisbon) , , Vicenza, and rise of the signori Vienne, Council () , Viglione, Pietro (Piero Veglione)

Vigna, Piero della , , villages , , –Villani, Giovanni Villano, archbishop of Pisa villeins , –villikatio Vincennes, Treaty () Vincent of Beauvais Vineam Domini , , Vineam sorec –Violante (wife of Alfonso X of Castile) , Virgin Mary

Assumption devotion to –, , , –, , ,

Visconti, Federico , Visconti, Lamberto –Visconti, Matteo , , , , , , Visconti, Ottone , , Visconti, Sigiero Visconti, Tedaldo see Gregory X, PopeVisconti, Ubaldo , Visconti, Ubaldo II , Visconti family

in Milan , , , , –in Pisa –in Sardinia –, –

Viterbo, Treaty () , , , Vivaldi brothers Vivent, Cathar bishop of Toulouse Vlacho-Bulgarian kingdom see BulgariaVladimir

and Aleksandr Nevskii –and Iur′evichi clan –and Mongols , , , , and Orthodox Church and papacy

Vladimir Vsevolodovich Volyn see Galicia and VolynVsevolod Chermnyi of Chernigov –Vsevolod Iur′evich (‘Big Nest’) –Vyve-Saint-Bavon truce ()

Wadi al-Khazindar, battle () wage labour

rural , urban ,

Waiblingen see GhibellinesWaldemar of Brandenburg Waldensians

evangelism , , and Mendicant Orders , , opposition to , –, , ,

Waldo (Vaudès), Peter Wales –,

and administration –aristocracy , –, ,

Index






Wales (cont.)colonisation and Deheubarth , –and England , ; Edward I , , ,

, –, –, –; Henry III ,, , , –, , ; John ,, –

and Gwynedd , , –, , –Marcher lords , , , –and Perfeddwlad –, , and Powys , –Principality –, –see also Dafydd ap Gruffudd; Dafydd ap

Llywelyn; Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn;Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; Llywelyn apIorwerth

Waley, Daniel Wallace, William Walpolt, Arnold Walter, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury ,

Walter of Tournai Wansbrough, J.E. War of Chioggia (-) wardrobe

English , , –Nicaean

Wassenburg, battle () al-Wathiq, Abu Dabbus, caliph al-Wathiq, ruler of Murcia wealth

and aristocracy , , , –and crusader states –and maritime republics –, and merchants , , in rural society

Welfsand Flanders and Hohenstaufen , –, –, ,

, see also Ghibellines; Guelfs; Otto IV

West Saxon language Westminster, Statute (II) Westminster Abbey , , , , –, , ,

plate and Edward the Confessor ,

Westphaliaand Frederick II , , and trade and Welfs and Hohenstaufen ,

Wettiner dynasty Willebriefe , William II of Morea see William II of

VillehardouinWilliam II the Norman of Sicily , William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea

, –, , ,

William III of Sicily William IV of Forcalquier William VIII of Montferrat William of Auvergne William de Braose , , William des Baux, prince of Orange , William of Champlitte William of Dampierre William of Holland, as king of the Romans ,

–, , William des Roches William of Rubruck , –, –, William of St Amour William of Savoy William of Scotland, and John of England William of Tudela William de Valence wills

and bequests to Mendicants and parish priest , religious significance

Wincenty of Kielce Winchelsea, Archbishop Winchester, Statutes wine trade , ,

and Bordeaux , , and Cyprus and Gascony

Wit of Poland, St , , Witelo (scientist) –Wittelsbach dynasty , –Wittenberg dynasty Wl-adisl-aw II of Poland Wl-adisl-aw Laskonogi (Spindleshanks) of Poland

, –Wl-adisl-aw L- okietek of Poland , , Wl-adysl-aw Odonic of Greater Poland women

and Mendicant Orders , , , and monasticism –, , and preaching , as recluses in urban society –, –see also beguines

Woodstock, Treaty () wool trade , , , , –, , , ,

and royal revenues –,

woollen industry see cloth industryWorcester, Treaty () , Worringen, battle () Wright, Roger , n. , Württemburg dynasty Wykes, Thomas n. ,

Yaghmurasan Ibn Ziyan , , Yahya, qa�id of Xàtiva

Index






Yahya al-Mu�tasim Yahya Ibn Ghaniya –Yehuda Ha-Hassid of Regensburg Yemen, Ayyubid control , York, Treaty () Ypres

and fairs fortification and manufacturing , , and Mendicant Orders and self-government

Yspanus, Nicholas (papal nuncio) al-Yununi, Qutb al-Din Musa Yusuf II al-Mustansir , Yves of Narbonne –

Zaccaria, Benedetto , , , , Zadar see Zara

az-Zahir Ghazi Zanata Berbers , , Zara (Zadar)

and Fourth Crusade , , , , and Venice ,

Zayyan (Muslim rebel) , Zeeland, and Flanders , Zelus fidei Zengid dynasty , –Zeno, Ranieri (doge of Venice) Ziani, Pietro (doge of Venice) , , Zierikzee, battle () Zips, Treaty () Zirids

in Granada , , in Maghrib

Ziyanid dynasty , , Zorzi, Marsiglio

Index






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