incrops enterprise hub mark coleman incrops. non-food crops (and functional foods) low-carbon...

InCrops Enterprise Hub

Mark Coleman

InCrops

• Non-food crops (and functional foods)

• Low-carbon technologies

• Sustainability

• East of England

InCrops Enterprise Hub

Partners ClientsInCrops

InCrops Client Sectors

Natural fibres in compositesNatural fibres in constructionBioplastics OleochemicalsPersonal careFunctional foodsBioenergyPharmaceuticals

Biofuels: problems and solutions

Biofuels: ancient and old

Early diesel engines ran on plant oils

Wood burning

Biofuel

- a fuel composed of or produced from biological raw materials (Merriam-Webster 3rd Unabridged Dictionary)

- fuel derived immediately from living matter (Oxford English Dictionary)

Modern biofuels

Vegetable oil(rapeseed, soybean, jatropha)

Biodiesel (ethyl esters of fatty acids) + glycerol

neutralisation esterification

Biodiesel

base + ethanol

Bioalcohols

Carbohydrate(sucrose, starch, plant cell walls, etc)

AlcoholsMono- and disaccharides

depolymerisation fermentation

Biogas

Organic matter(manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, etc)

Biogas (~60% CH4)

Fatty acids, H2 and CH3COOH

acetogenesis methanogenesis

Fuel Production 2001 (106 litres)

Production 2006 (106 litres)

Production 2009 (106 litres)

Bioethanol 19,000 38,000 74,000

Biodiesel 1000 6000

Current biofuel production

Biofuel usage 2001 vs 2006 vs 2009

Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007; F.O. Lichts, 2010

86% of biofuel is bioethanol

Biofuels represent 0.9% of liquid fuel (by volume, 0.6% by distance travelled)

Current ethanol production – by country

Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007

Country/region Ethanol Production (106 litres)

Percentage

United States 18,300 47.9

Brazil 15,700 41.1

European Union 1550 4.1

China 1300 3.4

Canada 550 1.4

Colombia 250 0.7

India 200 0.5

Thailand 150 0.4

Australia 100 0.3

Central America 100 0.3

World Total 38,200 100.0

Current ethanol production – by country

Ethanol production 2006


Country/region Main feedstocks

United States Maize

Brazil Sugar cane

European Union Cereals, sugar beet

China Maize, wheat, sugar beet

India Sugar cane, cassava

Currently feedstocks are either starch-rich (maize, wheat, cassava) or sugar-rich (sugar cane, sugar beet)

Current biodiesel production – by country


Country/region Production (106 L) Percentage

Germany 2499 40.6

United States 852 13.8

France 652 10.2

Italy 568 9.2

Czech Republic 153 2.5

Spain 142 2.3

Malaysia 136 2.2

UK 114 1.9

Others 1064 17.4

Europe Total 4504 73.2

Americas Total 1113 18.1

World Total 6153 100.0


•European Biodiesel production accounts for 73% of the world total

•Biodiesel makes up >70% of Europe’s total biofuel

•Main European crops are rapeseed and sunflower

•Main US crop is soybean

Current biodiesel production

Problems with “first generation” biofuels

• Food vs fuel: insufficient arable land to sustain both

• ‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: CO2 emissions are still high

Energy Policy for Europe

EU Energy Policy for Europe targets for 2020:

20% (by energy) of all energy will be from renewable sources10% (by energy) of all transport will be biofuel

How much land is required ?

Crop UK arable land (ha) UK arable land (%)

Wheat 1,868,000 32

Sugar beet 148,000 3

Rape seed 519,000 9

Total 2,535,000 44

Total UK arable land 5,777,000 100

UK arable land use 2005

Set-aside capacity = 559,000 ha in 2005


Crop Harvestable crop (t/ha)

Typical fuel production (l/ha)

Wheat grain 8-12 (grain) (67-75% starch)

2500-4500

Sugar beet 45-65 (fresh roots)(15-20% sugar)

4500-6000

Rape seed 3-5 (seed)(40-45% oil)

1200-1800

Biodiesel in the UK

• UK diesel market currently 17 million t/year• 10% (Energy Policy for Europe): 1.7 million t of biodiesel• 3 t seed required/t oil • Require at least 1.2 million ha. >20% of total UK arable land



Country/region % of total crop land needed for 10% biofuel share in transport

fuel

US 30%

Canada 36%

Brazil 3%

EU 72%

World 9%

Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007; OECD, 2006

‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: net CO2 emissions of different biofuels

COCO22COCO22

FuelFuelFuelFuel

COCO22COCO22

Fuel Net CO2 (g/km)

Petrol ~180

Diesel ~150

Biodiesel ~90

Bioethanol (wheat, sugar beet) 60-110


Biogas - gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.

Composition:

Possible solutions: anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas

Gas %

Methane, CH4 55-75

Carbon dioxide, CO2 25-45

Nitrogen, N2 1-5

Carbon monoxide, CO 0-0.3

Hydrogen, H2 0-3

Hydrogen sulfide, H2 S 0.1-0.5

Oxygen, O2 Trace

Biogas - gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.

Overview of production process:

Simplified chemical equation: C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4

Acidogenic bacteria carry out the initial stage: production of organic acids and CO2 and H2. Methanogenic bacteria convert the acids or CO2 and H2 to methane.


Almost any organic material can be broken down. Both single-stage and two-stage processes are used.


InputInput

WastewatWastewaterer

OutputOutputBiodiesel Biodiesel from oilfrom oil

COCO22InputInput

Algal Algal biomassbiomass

OutputOutputBioalcohol Bioalcohol from cell from cell

wallswalls

InputInputSunlightSunlight

Possible solution: biofuel from aquatic crops

InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre

ADAD OutputOutputBiodiesel Biodiesel from oilfrom oil

Algal Algal biomassbiomass


wallswalls


InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre

Digestate & Digestate & COCO22

CHCH44

InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre feasibility study

Work Package 1: Revision tasksAssess stakeholders, potential sites for an Algal Innovation Centre in the region, review of literature of algal growth on diluted liquid digestate from AD, review of funding opportunities for establishing an innovation centre, review of case studies of other algal growth facilities and innovation centers

Work Package 2: Preliminary algal growth trials at two sitesDetermination of growth of naturally occurring species vs fast-growing culture collection speciesAssessment of species suitability, summarized in a report

Work Package 3: Building the case for funding an Algal Innovation Centre Determine benefits an Algal Innovation Centre would bring to the region, relationship with other algal projects in the UK and Europe, locations, initial steps need to be taken to establish a basic centre, required resources and financing

Work Package 4: Integration of findings from WP 1, 2 and 3 in final reportThe report will close with clear recommendations as to site, scale and funding sources for the Centre. The report will provide a roadmap for implementation and future development

EEDA funded Final reports: June 2010

InCrops client support: duckweed and AD trials

ADAD

BiomassBiomass


walls, walls, starchstarch


DigestateDigestate

CHCH44

InCrops partner interactions: British Bioalcohols GroupBritish Bioalcohols Group

Cereal Residues

Bioalcohols

Cerealgermplasm

Fermentable sugars

Solubilised Polymers Structural

disassembly

Fermentation

Structural

disassembly

HOOCH Project: Production of Bioalcohols From Lignocellulosic Waste Materials Produced in the Agri-Food Chain

Project Sponsors: Defra Renewable Materials LINK programme & HGCA

Partners: IFR, UEA, JIC, Brunel, ThermoFisher, Adnams, Achor, HGCA, Vireol, GR Wright & Sons, Biocatalysts, Lotus, Renewables East

InCrops partner interactions: British Bioalcohols GroupBritish Bioalcohols Group

Cereal Residues

Bioalcohols

Cerealgermplasm

Fermentable sugars

Solubilised Polymers Structural

disassembly

Fermentation

Structural

disassembly

Structural disassembly

InCrops

www.incropsproject.co.uk/

http://www.incropsproject.co.uk/

incrops enterprise hub mark coleman incrops. non-food crops (and functional foods) low-carbon...

Documents