Income : Sources, Magnitude and Trend in Growth

The Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) is a unique instit~~tion in the

country. I n fact, among religious institutions, it ranks first in India and second in the

world in terms of income and wealth. The special significance of the temple of Lord

Venkateswara at Tirumala lies in the fact that it is perhaps the oldest religious

institution in the world. There is some special feature associated with worship in

each temple. For instance, the special feature of Tirumala temple is the offering of

wealth which takes the forni of dropping of cash and jewels into the hundi. In the

din and noi;2 of the modern world, only temples provide an atmosphere of sanctity

and tranquility. Tirumala, otherwise known as Kaliyuga Vaikunta, is one of the

important temples of India boasting of a record revenue. The increasing income of

the temples under the management of the 7TD made it possible to utilise the funds

to provide better amenities to the visiting pilgrims. I n recent years, there has been

a steep rise in the income of the TTD. The income of the TTD is a surplus one in

spite of huge expenditure. An attempt is made in this chapter to analyse the

sources, magnitude and trends in the growth of income of the TTD during the

reference period, 1989-98. The income is studied at the aggregate level; in terms of

sources; revenue and capital; various heads; departments; religious and non-

religious sources; temples; kanukas; pilgrim and non-pilgrim sources; voluntary and

non-voluntary sources; educational and non-educational sources; nrasadams;

locations; institutions; and endowment schemes. The targets with regard to income

and the achievements in this connection are analysed. Besides, a comparison is

made with Sri Durga Malleswaraswamy Varla Devasthanam (SDMVD).

1. Aggregate level : The income of the TTD at the aggregate level during

1989-98 is presented in Table 4.1. The income of the lTD, in terms sf constant

prices, increased gradually from Rs.60.72 crores in 1989 to Rs.102.13 crores in

1998, except in 1991 when there was a decline. The yearly growth during the

Table 4.1: Consolidated f ncome of the n"D during 1989-98 (Rs crores

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mean

CV(O/o) CGR(O/o)

't' cal

:,I t;;z:;t O/O of change Current % oichange

year

14.06 -1.65 0.87 4.54 0.90 9.21 9.25 6.16

11.23

year

22.16 8.44

14.72 14.77 9,62

21.07 17.64 12.13 20.01

over previous over previous

Note : + Indicates significant at one per cent level Source : Relevant Budqet Estimates, TTD, Tirupati

prices

period was in the range of 0,87 - 14.06 per cent. The year 1991 recorded a decline

of 1.65 per cent. The compound growth rate (CGR) during 1989-98 was 5.15 per

cent, which is significant a t one per cent level. I n terms of current prices, the

income of the TTD had gone up progressively from Rs.93.94 crores in 1989 to

Rs.344.27 crores in 1998. The year to year changes are considerable. For instance,

the rate of progress was 22.16 per cent in 1989 while it was 8.44 per cent in the

following year. The CGR during the period was 15 per cent, which is significant at

one per cent level. The mean expenditure, per year, was Rs.77.07 crores and

Rs.192.38 crores in terms of constant and current prices respectively. The

co-efficient of variation (CV) was the highest in terms of current prices (42.59%) as

compared t, constant prices (16.56%). It can be inferred that there is a significant

progress in the income of the 7TD during the study period. Further, there is a

continuous growth in terms of current prices only. Furthermore, homogeneity is

more in terms of constant prices relative to current prices.

2. Disaggregation of income: The income of the TTD has been disaggregated

into several categories on different bases. These include: temples and sources other

than temples; religious and non-religious; pilgrims and sources other than pilgrims;

voluntary and non-voluntary sources; and revenue and capital. Further, the income

is evaluated in terms of various heads, departments, locations, endowments and

items. Furthermore, budgeted income is compared with actual income. These are

analysed and presented in the following pages.

2.1. Capital and revenue: The income of .the TTD can be broadly classified into

two heads viz., capital and revenue. The important sources of the former are

kanukas (offerings), jewellery and other valuables and donations for construction of

choultries and guest houses. On the other hand, the principal sources of the latter

include arjitham, prasadams, special entrance, choultry, transport, canteen,

education~~l institutions, dairy farm, forest, press, investments etc. The revenue

income has gone up from Rs.36.74 crores in 1989 to Rs.58.07 crores in 1998,

establishing a CGR of 3.40 per cent, which is significant at 5 per cent level (see

Table 4.2). However, year to year changes are considerable. The share of revenue

income in the total income of the TTD varied between 51.82 per cent and 64.44 per

cent. The capital income gradually increased from Rs.23,98 crores in 1989 to

Rs.44.06 crores in 1998 except in 1991 when there was a decline. The CGR

was 7.70 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level. The proportion

of capital income was of the order of 35.56 - 48.18 per cent during the period

referred to. I n terms of mean, revenue income has accounted for 56.71 per cent

while the remaining 43.29 per cent has been accounted for by capital income. From

the results of 't' test, it can be observed that there is a significant difference

between the means of revenue and capital incomes. This is based on the fact that

Table 4.2: Segregation of Income of the TTD into Capital and Revenue during 1989-98

(Rs crores) \ - L

Notes : "Indicates significant at one per cent level **Indicates significant at 5 per cent level

Source : As in Table 4.1

- Year

1996 1997 1998 Mean CV(O/o)

't' test (rne~ns) CGR ('lo)

't' cal 't' test (CGRs)

the corresponding 't' value was estimated to be 3.47, which is significant at one per

cent level. The difference between the CGRs of the aforesaid incomes was 3.18,

46.15 50.32 58.07 43.71 14.06

3.40** 2.86

which is significant at one per cent level. The CV was 14.06 per cent and 21.43 per

Current prices Revenue I Capital

Constant prices Revenue ) Capital

cent in revenue and capital incomes sequentially. I t can be inferred that more than

010 of coI(2) to

40.34 41.50 44.06 33.36 21,43 3.47* 7.70*

11.89 3.18*

half of the income of the l T D is revenue income while the balance consists of capital

income. The difference between the averages of revenue and capital iiicames is

53.36 54.81 56.86 56.71

136.51 157.22 195.75

119.32 129.64 148.52

significant. A similar trend can be noticed in the case of CGRs. The inconsistency is

higher in capital income than in revenue income.

2.1.1 Revenue income: The source-wise distribution of revenue income of the

n D is shown in Table 4.3. The revenue income includes income from a j i tha sevas,

prasadams and special darshan, canteen, choultry, investments, educational

institutions, human hair, toll gate, transport, press, kalyanakatta, ear boring,

miscellaneous items (firewood, wastage etc.), donations for revenue itenis like rice,

camphor, saffron, dhal, ghee etc and others. Among the sources of revenue

income, interest on investments increased from Rs.9.57 crores in 1989 to Rs.18.95

crores in 1998, establishing a CGR of 2.94 per cent, which is insignificant. However,

fluctuations in the yearly growth are considerable. Its share in the total has varied

between 23.90 per cent and 40.87 per cent during the aforesaid period. The

proportion of prasadams and special darshan declined from 24.66 per cent in 1989

to 13.64 per cent in 1998. The CGR was negative at 3.03 per cent, which is

significant at one per cent level. I n the meantime, ups and downs are noteworthy.

The percentage of arjitham receipts was in the order of 9.52 - 15.96 during the

reference period. The CGR was 9.40 per cent, which is significant at one per cent

level. The contribution of 'others' was in the range of 4.17 - 12.41 per cent. Here,

others mean income from garden, forest, dairy farm etc. The CGR was 6.60 per

cent, which is not significant. The engineering receipts constituted 5.93 pel. cent in

1989 as against 7.94 per cent in 1998, recording a CGR of 6.40 per cent, which is

significant at 5 per cent level. The income from each of education, human hair and

miscellaneous items was in the order of 3 - 4 per cent. The CGR in the income from

human hair and miscellaneous ones is only significant at one per cent level. The

percentage each of toll gate, transport, press and kalyanakatta was below 2. The

Table 4.3: Source-Wise Distribution of Revenue Income of the TT'D during 1989-98

P r a ~ d a m ~ and special

Donations for revenue

CGR in all these sources, excluding press, is significant. The share each of the

remaining sources was less than one per cent. On an average, investments

occupied first place (31.58%) followed by prasadarns and special darshan (18.51%),

arjitham (13.01°/~), others (8.87%) and engineering (6.18O/0). I n each of the five

sources such as choultry, canteen, educational institutions, miscellaneous items and

human hair, it was between 3 per cent and 5 per cent. I n the rest of the cases, it

was less than one per cent. The CV was 95.19 per cent in kalyariakatta, 63.71 per

cent in human hair, 43.98 per cent in toll gate and 40.79 per cent in miscellaneous

items. I n the remaining sources, it fluctuated between 8.45 per cent and 32.62 per

cent. These figures reveal that, of all the sources of revenue income, investments,

arjitham and prasadams and special darshan account for 63.10 per cent. Out of the

sixteen sources, growth is significantly positive in eight sources, negatively

significant in one source and insignificant in the rest of the cases. The consistency is

more in income from press relative to the remaining sources of revenue income.

A glance at the Table 4.4 reveals' that there is a significant variation among

the sources of revenue income of the TTD during 1989-98, This is due to the fact

that the F-statistic (108.81) was more than the critical value at one ger cent level.

Table 4-4: Analysis of Variance betvveen Revenue Incomes of the 'ITD, Source-Wise during 1989-98

Source of variation ------.---- Between sources of revenue income of the

Note : "Indicates significant at one per cent level Source: Table 4.3

Error

Total

Degrees of - freedom -

15

144

159

Sum of squares 2045.0

Mean sum squares

136.33

180.42

2225,4

1.253

2.1.2 Capital income: The source-wise classification of capital income of the TTD

is shown in Table 4.5. The capital income is derived from kanukas, gold and silver,

soiled notes and uncurrent coins, donations and engineering transactions. Of all the

capital receipts, kanukas have gradually increased from Rs.15.22 crores in 1989 to

Rs.33.52 crores i11 1998, recording a CGR of 9.35 per cent, which is significant at

one per cent level. The share of kanukas in the total income was in the range of

61.77 - 76.08 per cent. The engineering receipts constituted 21.27 per cent in 1989

as compared to 13.12 per cent in 1998. The CGR was 4.70 per cent, which is not

significant. The proportion of receipts from gold and silver was in the order of 6.33

- 10.46 per cent. The CGR was 8.07 per cent, which is significant at five per cent

level. Fluctuations during this period are noteworthy. The percentage of soiled

notes and uncurrent coins was in the range of 2.09 - 11.95, However, to and fro

changes are considerable. The CGR was negative and insignificant during the

period. The proportion of donations fluctuated between 2.33 per cent and 3.70 per

cent. The CGR was 7.10 per cent, which is significant a t 5 per cent level, On an

average basis, kanukas ranked first (68.71%) followed by engineering activities

(15.01°/~), soiled notes and uncurrent coins (5.96%) and donations (2.67%). The CV

was the highest in soiled notes and uncurrent coins (31.88%) while it was the

lowest in dcnations (23.86%). It can be concluded that, of all the sources of capital

receipts of the TTD, kanukas occupy the first place constituting 70 per cent of the

capital income of the TTD. Further, all the sources of income, except soiled notes

and uncurrent coins and engineering transactions, register a significant growth.

Besides, among all the sources of capital income, consistency is comparatively more

in donations.

Table 4.5: Source-Wise Segregation of Capital Income of the TTD for the period 1989-98

Notes : Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage to total * Indicztes significant at one per cent level ** Indicates significarrt at 5 per cent level NS: Not significant

Source : As in Table 4.1

A look at the Table 4.6 shows that there is a significant variation among

the sources sf capital income of the TTD during 1989-98. This is so because the

F-statistic (97.54) was niore than the critical value at one per cent level.

Gable 4.6: Analysis of Variance b e m e e n Capital Incomes af the TTB, Source-Wise during 1989-98

Source sf variation -- -

incomes of the TTD, source-wise

Source : Table 4.5

2.2 Temples and sources other than temples: The income from temples has

gradually increased from Rs.29,25 crores in 1989 to Rs.54.46 crores in 1998,

establishing a CGR of 7.06 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level (see

Table 4.7). I n the total income of the l T D , the share of temples has PI-ogressively

increased from 48,17 per cent in 1989 to 53.32 per cent in 1998, excluding 1990,

1995 and 1998 when there was a decline. The income from sources other than

temples increased from Rs.31.47 crores in 1989 to Rs.47.67 crores in 1998,

registering a CGR of 3.24 per cent, which is significant at 5 per cent level. The

proportion cf income from sources other-than temples was in the range of 44.40 -

54.25 per cent. On an average, income per year was Rs.39.93 crores and Rs.37.14

crores for temples and sources other than temples respectively. I n the mean

income, temples formed 51.51 per cent and the rest, sources other than temples.

The difference between the CGRs of incomes of temples and soljrces other than

temples is insignificant. A similar trend exists in the difference between the means

of incomes of temples and other than temples, The CV indicates that the

homogeneity is more in the income from sources other than temples than that of

Error Tota I

Nate : "Indicates significant at one per cent level

45 49

391.58 3786.8

8.702 -

temples. This is based on the fact that the CV was 13.48 per cent in the former

whereas it was 20.91 per cent in the latter. From the foregoing analysis, it can be

concluded that the temples account for more than half of the income of the TTD.

Table 4.7: Distribution of Income of the nTD into Temples and Sources Other than Temples during 1989-98

The income from both temples and sources other than temples grew significantly.

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mean

CV(% ) 't' test(means)

CGR (O/O)

It' cal 't' test(CGRs)

However, the difference between the means of incomes as well as CGRs of temples

and sources other than temples is not significant. There is consistency in the

Notes : "Indicates significant at one per cent level **Indicates significant at 5 per cent level NS: Not significant

Source : As in Table 4.1

37.35 40.30 42.50 46.52 49.71 54.46 39.93 20.91

7.06" 19.07

income from sources other than temples relative to temples.

2.2.1. Temple-wise: There are eleven temples under the control of the lTD.

34.48 32.18 36.66 39.97 42.11 47.67 37,14 13.48 0.75~' 3.24"" 3.20 0.09~'

Among the temples, the Srivari temple attracts a large multitude of pilgrims and gets

a huge income when compared to the remaining temples. The income of Srivari

52.00 55.60 53.69 53.79 54.14 53.32 51.81

temple continuously shot up from Rs.28.73 crores in 1989 to Rs.53.25 crores in

1998, recording a CGR of 7.04 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level

85.20 99.86

116.74 137.61 155.30 183.59

(see Table 4.8). Its share in the total income of all the temples was in the range of

78.65 79.75

100.72 118.22 131.56 160.68

Table 4.8: Temple-Wise Segregation of Income of t h e TTD for the period 1389-98

Notes : Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage to total * Indicates significant a t one per cent level *" Indicates significant at 5 per csnt level NS: Not significant

Source : A s in Tabfe 4.1

97.78 - 98.53 per cent. The income of Sri Padrnavathi temple was Rs.0.27 crores in

1989 as compared to Rs.0.82 crores in 1998. Its proportion was in the order of 0.79

- 1.51 per cent. The CGR was 13.41 per cent, which is significant at one per cent

level. The income of Sri Govindarajaswarny temple was below one per cent during

the 10 year period. The CGR was 2.41 per cent, which is significant at 5 per cent

level. The share of others in the total was less than 0.50 per cent. Here 'others'

include Sri Kodandararnaswamy, Sri Kapileswaraswarny, Sri Venkateswaraswamy, Sri

Vedanarayanaswamy, Sri Venugopalaswamy, Sri Pr-asanna Ver>kateswaraswamy,

Andhra aslirarn and Sri Kalyana Venkateswaraswamy. The CGR was 0.38 per cent,

which is not significant. In terms of mean income, Srivari temple occupied first

place (98.10%) followed by Sri Padmavathi(1. l'LO/O), Sri Govindarajaswamy (0.48%)

and others (0.3O0/0). The CV was the highest in Sri Padmavathi (48.73%) followed

by others (25.3g0/0), Srivari (20.80%) and Sri Govindarajaswarny (10.84%) temples.

It can be summed up that of all the temples of the TTD, on an average, Srivari

temple ranks first followed by Sri Padmavathi, Sri Govindarajaswamy and other

temples. The inconsistency in the income of Sri Padmavathi temple is nore relative

to the rest of the temples. Further, it is evident that Srivari, Sri Padmavathi and Sri

Govindarajaswamy temples registered a significant growth.

There is a significant variation between the incomes of temples of the

TTD during 1989-98 (see Table 4.9). This is based on the fact that the F-statistic is

Table 4.9: Analysis of Variance between Incomes of the TTD, Temple-Wise during 1989-98

m e of variation I Degrees of I Sum of I Mean sum of 1 6-1 freedom squares

Between incomes of the 3 1141 3803.3333 TTD, temple-wise

Error 36 600 Total h 39 1741

Note : "Indicates significant at one per cent level Source : Table 4.8

more than the corresponding table value. The F-statistic was found to be 228.20,

which is significant at one per cent level.

2.2.2 Temple-wise kanukas: The kanukas of Srivari temple are divided into two

categories viz., (i) kanukas received at the temple; and (ii) kanukas directly sent to

huzur office. The TTD has established a number of information centres at different

places in the country to provide details of activities of the TTD. It had also installed

Sri Venkateswaraswamy idols, photos and hundies in these centres, The devotees

who could not visit the Tirumala\Tirupati, drop their offerings in the hundi placed at

the information centres. The kanuka income of Srivari temple had progressively

increased from Rs.15.01 crores in 1989 to Rs.32.74 crores in 1998, recording a CGR

of 9.20 per cent, which is significant at one per- cent level (see Table 4,lO). Its

share in the ltanuka income of tlie TTD varied between 97.70 per cent and 99.03

per cent. The I<anukas of Sri Padmavathi temple constituted 00.3 per cent in 1989 as

against 1.01 per cent in 1998, establishing a CGR of 18.65 per cent, which is

significant at 5 per cent level. The kanukas of Sri Govindarajaswamy temple

constituted between 0.24 per cent and 0.41 per cent of the total kanuka income.

The CGR was 3.59 per cent, which is significant at 5 per cent level. During this

period, ups and downs can be noticed in the kanuka income. The percentage each

of Sri Venkateswaraswamy and Sri Kapileswaraswamy temples was below one. The

proportion of 'others' was 0.59 per cent in 1989 as compared to 0.87 per cent in

1998. Here 'others' include kanukas of Sri Kodandaramaswamy, Sri Kalayana

Venkateswaraswamy, Sri Vedanarayanaswamy, Sri Prasanna Venkateswaraswamy,

Sri Venugopalaswamy, information centre and Andhra Ashram. The CGR was 12.60

per cent, which is not significant. On an average, Srivari ternple ranked first

(98.51%) followed by ott~ers (0.55%), Sri Padmavathi (0.5l0/0), Sri

Govindarajas~varny (0.31%), Sri Venkateswaraswarny (0.08%) and Sri

Kapileswaraswan~y (0.04%) temples. The CV was the highest: in Sri Padmavathi

temple (86.9S0/0) while ~t was the lowest in Sri Venkateswaraswamy temple

(2.67O/0). I t can be concluded that the Icanukas of Srivari temple account for nearly

99 per cent of the total income from kanukas. All the temples, except Sri

Venkateswaraswamy and others, registered a significant growth. The consistency is

more in Sri Venkateswaraswamy temple than in the remaining temples.

There is a significant variation between the kanukas of temples of the TTD

during 1989-98 (see Table 4.11). This is so because the F-statistic was 132.32,

Table 4.11: Analysis of' Variance betvveen Ten~~pOe-Wise Kanukas of the TTD during 1989-98

ource of variation

nukas of the TTD

Note : "Indicates significant a t one per cent level Source : Table 4.10

1 Error 1 z: 1 345.22 Total 4574.7

which is significant at one per cent level. The F-statistic is more than the

corresponding critical value.

6.393

2.2.3 Srivari temple: The 7TD earns a huge amount of income from Srivari

.-

temple. Further, among all the temples, Srivari temple is the biggest earner of

income to the TTD. Hence, an attempt is made to study the income of Srivari

temple in detail in the following pages. The revenue income is obtained from a j i tha

seva, prasadams, special darshan, donations for revenue items etc. The capital

income consists of kanukas, gold and silver, donations and soiled notes and

uncurrent coins. The revenue income has gone up from Rs.13.32 crores in 1989 to

Rs.18.57 cr-ores in 1998, recording a CGR of 3.15 per cent, which is significant a t

one per cent level (see Table 4.12). During this period, relative fluctuations are

observed. The share of revenue ir~corne in the total was in the order of 32.24

- 46.36 per cent. The capital income had progressively gone up from Rs.15.41

crores in 1989 to Rs.34.38 crores in 1998, recording a CGR of 9.59 per cent, which

Fable 4.62: Segregation of Income of Srivari Temple inla Capital and Revenue during 1989-98

Notes : *Indicates significant at one per cent level NS: Not significant

Source : As in Table 4.1

is significant at one per cent level. I n the total income of Srivari temple, it fluctuated

between 53.64 per cent and 67.76 per cent. I n the mean income of Srivari temple,

revenue income formed 37.10 per cent and the rest, capital income. The difference

between the means of revenue and capital incomes is 5.01, which is significant at

one per cent level. However, the difference between the CGRs of revenue and

capital incomes is insignificant. The CV was the highest in capital irlcorne at 27.06

per cent while it was the lowest at 11.94 per cent in revenue income. It can be

concluded that nearly 63 per cent of the income of the Srivar-i temple is capital in

nature. Both the incomes register a significant growth. But the difference between

the two CGKs is not significant. A converse situation prevails in the difference

betwee,? their niean values. There is consistency in revenue receipts relative to

capital ones.

The main sources of mconie of Srivari temple are kanukas, gold and silver,

soiled notes and uncurrent coins, arjitharn, prasadams and special darshan,

donations, investments etc. Of the various sources of income of Srivari temple,

kanukas progressively increased from Rs.14.89 crores in 1989 t.o Rs.30.77 crores in

1998, establishing a CGR of 9.21 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level

(scc -1 able ff. 13). rile st iare of karlukas was 49.04 per cent in 1989 as compared to

57.78 per cent in 1998. The proportion of arjitham was in the range of 11.14 -

16.08 per cent between 1989 and 1998. The CGR was 10.30 per cent, which is

significant at orie per cent level, The income from prasadarns and special darshan

constituted between 14.00 per cent and 30.12 per cent of the total. The CGR was

negative and insignificant. The share of gold and silver fluctuated between 4.59 per

cent and 6.28 per cent. The CGR was 9.34 per cent, which is significant at one per

cent level. The share of others declined from 7.03 per cent in 1989 to 4.09 per cent

in 1998. Here 'others' niean income of Varahaswamy temple, miscellaneous items

etc. The LGR was insignificant. The income from soiled notes and uncurrent coins

varied between 1.58 per cent and 5.86 per cent during 1991-98. The CGR was 4.27

per cent, which is negatively insignificant. The donations constituted less than 0.50

per cent throughout the period. The CGR was 25.75 per cent, which is significant at

one per cent level. I n terms of average, kanukas ranked first (53.04%) followed by

prasadams and special darshan (20.07%), arjitham (13.08%), gold and silver

(5.50?/0), soiled notes and uncurrent coins (4.67%), others (3.33%), donations

I I-'

(0.28%) and investments (0.03%). The CV was the highest in donations (59.53%)

while it was the lowest in prasadams and special darshan (10.46%). From the

aforesaid analysis, ~t can be summed up that kanukas rank first whilst investments

last. The gt-owth is s~gnificant In the case of kanukas, arjitham, gold and silver and

donations only. The variation is negligible in investments. There is homogeneity in

the income of prasadams and special darshan relative to the rest of the sources.

A look at the Table 4.14 shows that there is a significant difference among

the sources of income of Srivari temple during 1989-98. This is so because the

Table 4.14: Analysis of Variance bemeen Incomes of Srivari Temple, Source-Wise during 1989-98

- . .- - ." -. .. "

Soulre of variation Degrees of Sum of Mean freedom

Between incomes of

Note : "Indicates significant at one per cent level Source : Table 4.13

Srivari temple, source- wise

Error

Total

F-statistic was estimated to be 104. 05, which is significant at one per cent level. In

other words, calculated value is greater than the critical value at one per cent level.

The income from arjitha sevas of Srivari temple is presented in Table 4.15. The

income from kalyanotsavam was Rs.223.14 lakhs in 1989 as against Rs.310.39 lakhs

in 1998. Meanwhile, ups and downs are noteworthy. The share of kalyanotsavam

fluctuated between 36.27 per cent and 62.70 per cent during 1989-98. The CGR was

7

7 2

79

4.42 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level. The proportion of

udayasthamana sarva seva varied between 1.59 per cent and 10.99 per cent. The

CGR was 36.50 pet- cent, which is significant at one per cent level. The percentage

3485.00

344.50

3829.50

497.8571

4.7847

104.05*

1 Current prices i

Udayastamana saws

Archam

m h

Suplabha&ham

Thomala and arcbanaz

Abhhhekam

1 Sahastra &palanbra

ThlNppaVad.31

Unpla

Bmhmostavarn

N~japda darshanam

Ekantha

V z a n h t a v a m

Pavlthrostmam

Pushpa 'fagam

Others

Motes : @ Thomala and archana are performed individually and also together. Figures in parenthases indicate the percentage to total *Indicates significant at one per cent level **Indicates significant a t one 5 per cent level NS: Not significant

Source : As in Table 4.1

of others was is1 the order of 0.08 - 27.17 during the aforesaid period. Here 'others'

include padnaavathi parinayarn, vishesha puja, koil-alwar-thirumanjanam,

theppotsavarn, pushpa pallaki, dolotsavarn etc. The CGR was 36.28 per cent, ~ h i c h

is significant at 5 per cent level. During the last three years, there was a spectacular

increase in the Income from other sevas. The reason:; 31-c: inf:roduction of new

sevas like laddu padi seva, worth Rs,2,5OO; Rs.750; and Rs.250; archanananthara

darshanam; Veda asheervachanam etc; increase in seva rate; I-ise in the number

of devotees who perforn? sevas. On an average basis, the share each of

supr-abhathani, thomala, archana, thomala and archana, sahasra deepalankara,

abhishekam and sahasra kalasabhishekam sevas fluctuated hetwzen 2 per cent and

4 per- cent. The proportion each of unjala, astadala pada padrnarathanamu,

arnantronotsavam and thiruppavadai was in the range of 1 -2 pel- cent. The share

each of the remaining sevas was less than one per cent. The CGR in the receipts of

suprabhatharn, ekantha and thiruppavadai sevas was insignificant. The same was

negatively insignificant in the case of sahasra kalasabhishekam, amantronotsavam,

pushpa yagam and pavithrotsavam sevas. The CV was 177.85 per cent in others,

108.13 per cent in nijapada darshanam, 79.27 per cent in thomala and archana,

78.17 per cent in udayasthamana sarva seva, 73.70 per cent in pushpa yagam,

71.58 per cent in vasanthotsavam, 69.28 per cent in pavithrotsavain and 64.75 per

cent in sahasra deepalankara seva. I n the remaining sevas, it varied between 14.22

per cent and 42.63 per cent. I t can be inferred that kalyanotsavan~ accounts for

more than 50 per cent of the income of arjitha sevas. Of the twenty sevas, growth

is significant in 13 sevas, insignificant in 3 sevas and negatively irisignificant in the

rest of the sevas. There is consistency in the income from sahasra

kalasabhishekam when compared to the remaining sevas.

tf glance at the Table 4.16 reveals that there is a significant variation among

the various a jitha seva receipts of Srivari temple during 1989.438. This is due

Table 4.16: Analysis of Variance bemeen Arjitha Sewa-Wise Incomes sf Srivari Temple during 1989-98

Between aq~tha seva-wise incomes of Srivari temple

Note : "Indicates sign~ficant at one per cent level Source : Table 4.15

Error .----.-_-T~ta!

to the fact that the F-statistic was 4.71, which is more than the corresponding

critical value. This is significant at one per cent level.

180 199

The devotees consider Srivari prasadams as sacred. They treat them as

blessings of the God. Sale of prasadams is one of the main sources of income of

Srivari temple. The Srivari temple is very famous for its laddu prasadam. The

devotee; who visit the temple wish to have at least one laddu. Cjifferent types of

144-0 2156700

prasadams such as laddu, vada, appam, thentola, jilebi, poli, dosa, sugarcandy,

pongal, chakkara pongal, payasam, kesara bath etc. are prepared in the Srivari

temple. The demand for prasadams far exceeds supply throughout the year without

any exception. The details of prasadams for 1989 and 1990 could not be presented

due to non-availability. Hence, prasadams-wise income of Srivari temple for the

period 1991-98 is furnished in the Table 4.17. The aggregate income from

prasadams of Srivari temple has gradually decreased from Rs.556.84 lakhs in 1991

to Rs.242.52 lakhs in 1996 and, subsequently, increased to reach Rs.370.66 lakhs at

the end of 1998. The CGR was negative at 9.87 per cent, which is significant at 5

per cent level. Of the prasadams, receipts of small laddu declined from Rs.468.48

lakhs in 1991 to Rs.337.55 lakhs in 1998. During this period, fluctuations are

8005.56

no&worthy. The CGR was negative at 8.47 per cent, which is significant a t 5 per

cent level. In the receipts, small laddu accounted for 79.75 - 97.23 per cent. The

big laddu and vada constituted 8.92 per cent in 1991 as against 6.90 per cent in

1998. During this period too, significant fluctuations took place. For example, 1995

registered the highest per cent at 18.39 while the following year reported , ., the least

at 0.44 per cent. The CGR was negative and insignificant. Other prasadams include

apparri, sugarcandy, jilebi, thentola, poli, dosa etc. The share of 'others' declined

from 6.95 per- cent in 1991 to 2.03 per cent in 1998 with relative fluctuations. The

CGR was negative at 25.16 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level. On

an average, small laddu ranked first (88.88%) followed by big laddu and vada

(7.44%) and 'others' (3.6Sa/o). The income froni prasadams, per year, was Rs.399

lakhs. The CV was the highest in 'others' (91.57O/0) whilst the lowest in small laddu

(27.88%). It can be concluded that, among the prasadams, small laddu ranks first.

Further, there is a significant decline in the income from prasadams at aggregate

level and item-wise in 1998 over 1991. Besides, there is heterogeneity in the , +

receipts of 'others' as compared to the rest.

2.3 Religious and non-religious sources: Besides religious sources, the TTD

gets income from non-religious sources. The l T D had initiated several steps to

propagate Hindu Dharma, Vedas, agamas, powrohityam etc. As a result of these, a

number of projects such as annamacharya, dasasahitya, alwar, srimad bhagavatham

etc. have come up in the course of time. The TTD also publishes a monthly

magazine, called Sapthagiri, in five languages to enlighten the public about the

Hindu Dharma, customs, practices etc. and to improve their spiritual life. To impart

Vedic and Sanskrit knowledge, it runs many educational institutions. The income

from temples, religious projects, educational institutions imparting Vedas etc.;? is 4 7 . . ;

treated as income from religious sources and the remaining non-religious sources.

The inconie of the TTD from religious sources has progressively increased from

Rs.29.30 crores in 1959 to Rs.54.76 crores in 1998, establishing a CGR of 7.12 per

cent, which is significant a t one per cent level (see Table 4.18). The share of

religious sources in the total income of the TTD was in the range of 44.86 - 55.78

per cent. The income from non-religious sources was Rs.31.4;' crores in 1989 as

compared to Rs.47.37 crores in 1998. The CGR was 3.16 per cent, which is

Table 4.18: Classifimtion of Income of the lFTD into Religious and Nsn- Religious Sources during 1989-138

(Rs crores) % of 1 Current arices tcol(2) 1 Religious I Non-

Notes : "Indicates significant at one per cent level ;**Indicates significant at 5 per cent level iLS: Not significant

Source : As in Table 4.1

significant at 5 per cent level. During this period, there were v~lat i le changes in

the yearly growth. The proportion of these sources in the total fluctuated

between 44.22 per cent and 55.14 per cent. On an average, income from religious

sources accounted for 51.98 per cent and the remaining, non-religious. The CV was

21.09 per cent and 13.28 per cent ir, the income from religious and non-religious

sources respectively. There is a significant difference between the means of

religious and non-religious incomes. This is so because the corresponding 't' value

was estimated to be 5.65, which is significant at one per cent level. However, the

difference between the CGRs of the aforesaid sources of income is not significant. It

can be inferred that the income from religious sources forms more than half of the

income of the TTD. The progress in both the incomes is significant. The growth in

religious income is faster than that of non-religious income, But the difference

between the two CGRs is insignificant. A converse situation prevails in the

difference between the means of both the categories of receipts. Finally, there is

consistency 117 the non-religious Income as compared to religious one.

2.4 Pilgrims and sources other than pilgrims: The TTD earns income not

only from pilgrims but also from sources other than pilgrims. Kanukas is one of the

vital sources of income from pilgrims. There are cl-~oultries to provide

accommodation to the visiting pilgrims. The TTD maintains a number of canteens to

cater to the needs of pilgrims. It has initiated all the possible steps to protect the

belongings of pilgrims while climbing up and down the hills (Tirumala) on foot. Like

this, The -TTD is striving its best to provide the maximum facilities and amenities to

pilgrims. Here income from pilgrims includes receipts from temples, canteens,

choultries and toll gate and the remaining, income from non-pilgrim sources. The

receipts from pilgrims progressively went up from Rs.33.39 crores in 1989 to

Rs.58.40 cores in 1998, recording a CGR of 6.25 per cent, which is significant at one

per cent level (see Table 4.19). The share of pilgrims in the total receipts of the

TTD was 54.99 per cent in 1989 vis-a-vis 57.18 per cent in 1998. The year 1994

reported the highest share at 62.43 per cent while 1990 recorded the lowest at

51.41 per cent. The income from sources other than pilgrims gradually increased

froni Rs.27.33 crores in 1989 to Rs.43.73 crores in 1998 excluding 1991, 1992

and 1994 when there was a decline. The CGR was 3.76 per cent, which is

significant at 5 per cent level. I ts proportion was in the order of 37.57 - 48.59 per

cent. Ora an average, income from pilgrims formed 57.47 per cent and the

remaining was from sources other than pilgrims. The heterogeneity is more in the

Table 4.19: Gategorisation of Income of the TTD into Pilgrims and Sources Other tlhar~ Pilgrims for the period 1989-98

- (Rs crores)

Year

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mean

CV(O/o)

't' test (means) CGR (%)

't' cal 'tr test (CGRs) ---

Con -- Pilgrims

% of col(2) to total

Notes : *Indicates significant at one per cent level **Indicates significant at 5 per cent level NS: Not significant

Source : As in Table 4.1

income of pilgrims relative to the income from non-pilgrim sources since the CV was

18.57 per cent and 15.82 per cent in the former and the latter respectively. There is

a significant difference in the mean incomes between pilgrims and sources other

than pilgrims. The corresponding t-value was 4.26, which is significant at one per

cent level. However, the difference between the CGRs of the aforesaid categories of

income was 0.07, which is not significant. I t can be summed up that the income

from pilgrims forms a lion's share in the inconie of the TTD. growth in the

receipts of pilgrirns as well as sources other than pilgrims is significant, The income

from pilgrims grows faster than income fro01 sources other than pilgrims. The

difference between the means of incsnies of pilgrims and sources other than

pilgrirns is significant, However, the difference between the CGRs of the same

sources is Insignificant. Lastly, there is homogeneity in the receipts of non- pilgrim

sources relative to pilgrims.

2.5 Voluntary and ncon-aroluntav sources: The 7TD earns income from both

the voluntary ancf non-volurltat-y sources, The voluntary sources are ltanukas and

donations. The non-voluntary sources include arjitham, prasadams and special

darshan, gold and silver, canteen, choultry, toll gate, educational institutions,

transport, press etc. The volu~itary income has gradually increased from Rs.15.97

crores in 1989 to Rs.34.77 crores in 1998 except in 1991 when there was a decrease

(see Table 420). The CGR was 9.30 per cent, which is significant at one per cent

level. The share of voluntary receipts in the total income of the TTD varied between

25,70 per cent and 35.07 per cent. The non-voluntary incorrle was Rs.44.75 cores

in 1989 as against Rs.67.36 crores in 1998, It reported a CGR of 3.43 per cent,

which is significant at one per cent level. However, fluctuations are noteworthy.

The proportion of non-voluntary income was in the order of 64.93 - 74.30 per cent.

On an average, voluntary income constituted 31.10 per cent and the rest, non-

voluntary. The difference between the means of voluntary and non-voluntary

sources was 8.34, which is significant at one per cent level. The CV in the voluntary

and non-voluntary receipts was 27.45 per cent and 12.36 per cent sequentially.

The differ.er\cc betwfeil the CGRs of voluntary and non-voluntary receipts is

not sigraificant-. I t can be concluded that the non-voluntary income accounts for

neal-ly 69 per cent of the lncorne cjf the T D . The progress in both the categories of

Table 4.28: Segregation of Income of the m8 into Voluntary Of-Serings and Non-Voluntary Sources during 1989-98

(Rs crores) % of Current: prices coi(2) V O ! W M ~ ~ ~ [ Mon-

1990 I991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mean

CV(% ) 't' test (means)

CGR ;@/o)

't' cal 't' test(CGRs)

voiuntary j to total 1 -- ( voluntary I

Notes : *Indicates s~gnificant at one per cent level NS: Not signrficant

Source : As In Table 4.1

income is significant. However, the difference between the two CGRs is

insignificant. The difference between the means of voluntary and non-voluntary

categories of income is s~gnificant. The consistency in non-voluntary receipts is

more as compared to voluntary receipts.

2.6 Location-wise: On the basis of location, income of the TTD can be classified

into Tirumala-based, Tirupati-based and others-based. The Tirumala-based income

includes receipts of Srivari temple, canteens, choultries, kalyanakatta, panchayat,

revenue, forest, garden, vigilance, health and educational institut;ions situated at

Tirumala. Tlie Tirirpatl-li;ised income consists of receipts of huzur office, transport,

press, canteens, choultries, editorial, engineering, garden, dairy, temples and

educational lrastitutions located at Tirupati. The others-based incotne comprises

income sf engirieering divisior~s in Hyderabad and Vijayawada, information centres,

kalyanarnandapams, ternples and educational ir~stitutions situated outside Tirupati

and Tirr~rnala. The lnconie from Tirumala-based activities has gradually gone up

from Rs.35.26 crores In 1989 to Rs.63.53 crores in 1998, establishing a CGR of 6.91

per cent, which is significant at: one per cent level (see Table 4.21). The share of

Tirumala- based receipts varied between 52.27 per cent and 65.35 per cent. The

Tabile 4.21: Location-Wise GPassification of Inconle of the TTD during 1989-98

- -" ." -----. (Rs crores) Constant s s s s s 1 - ~~~~ I -. . - -- Current prices

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Mean

CV(%) CGR(%) 't' cal

1989

Notes : Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage to total "Indicates significant at one per- cent level NS: Not s~gnificant

Source : As in Table 4 , l

TIrumala 35.26

Tirupati 24.14

Others 1 Tirumala 1.32 1 54.54

Tirupati 37.36

Others 2.04

Tirupa' i-l';tx:d lricoli le \:/as Rs.24.14 crores in 1989 as against Rs.35.62 crores in

1998, During thc 10 year period, Fiuctuatiions are noticeable. The CGR was 2.17 per

cent, which 15 it~slgn~ficant. The proportion of Tirupati-based activities was between

31.37 per cent and 45.57 per cent. The income of places other than Tirumala and

Tirupati was below Rs.3 crores tlirocaghout the period. The share of other places-

based recelpts was in the carder of 1.98 - 3.57 per cent. The CGR was 15.54 per

cent, which is significatlt at one per cent level. I n terms of average receipts per

year, Tirurnala-based sources ranked first (60.84%) followed by Tirupati-based

activities (36.55O/0) and other than Tirupati and Tirumala-based transactions

(2.6IcY~). The CV in the locations referred to was 20.55 per cent, 1.4.03 per cent

and 40.71 per cent respectively, It can be inferred that, of the three locations,

income of Tirumala-based sources ranks first with a share of around 61 per cent.

There is a s~gn~ficant progress In the income of Tirunlala and other places-based

activities only, The homogeneity IS more in the T'irupati-based receipts relative to

the rest.

2.7 Edlacatio~~al andl ncsn-educational: The receipts of the TTD are broadly

classified ir1t.o two categories, r~arnely, educational and non-educational, The

educational receipts whlch were R ~ ~ 1 . 4 8 crores in 1989 declined to Rs.1.03 crores in

1998, with fluctuat~ons (see Table 4.22). These have recorded a negative CGR of

4.75 per cent, which is significant at 5 per cent level. The income of

educational activities constituted 1.01 - 2.93 per cent. The non-educational

income has progressively increased from Rs.59.24 crores in 1989 to Rs.lOl.10

crores in 1998 except In 1991 when there was a just decline. The CGR was 5.34

per cent, which is significant at one per cent level. The non-educational income

formed 97.56 per cent in 1989 as against 98.99 per cent in 1998. On an average,

non-educational inconle accounted for 98.13 per cent and the rest, educational

inconle. Tile CV vvas iilf highest in educational income (19.43%) while it was the

lo~vest in non-educational inco~lile (17.13%). There is a significant difference

betvveeri thc rnitans of educational and non-educational sources of incomes. This is

so because tt-le corresponding t-value was 47.05, which is significant at one per cent

level. :?c;.~tlver-, the d~fference between the CGRs of the aforesaid incomes is

Table 4.22: Categorisation of Income of the m8;, into Income from Educatiorna! and Non-Educational Sources during 1989-98

(Rs crores) Current rices -1 2;: jiica'*l

1990 199 1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mean cv(O/o)

't' test (means) CGR ( O h )

't' cat 't' test (CGRsZ-

Notes : *Indicates s~gnificant at one per cent level **Indicates s~gnificant at 5 per cent level NS: Not significant

Source r As in Tablc 4.1

insignificant. It can be sumn~ed up that almost all the income of the TTD is from

non-edl;cbitonal sources. The progress in the non-educational income is positive

and significant. It is negatively significant in the receipts of ed~cational activities.

There is a sign~ficant d~fference between the means of educational and non-

educational receipts. A converse situation prevails between the CGRs. The

consistency is 111t:i-e in the non-educational income relative to educ(3tional income.

2.7.1 Revenue and capital: The income of the TTD educational institutions can

be broadly classified into revenue and capital as in the case of the TTD. The

revenue income corr~es from recurring sources such as fees from students, rent from

staff quarters, hostels and college buildings, sale proceeds of applications and

publications etc. The capital income, on the other hand, consists of grants for the

construction of buildings, purchase 3f library books, laboratory equipment, office

furniture, audio-visual aids, stones for sculpture etc. The revenue income of the

TTD cducatio~~al i~~stitutioris wl~ich was Rs.lc38.51 lakhs in 1989 has declined to

Rs.3.03.03 lakhs in 1998 (see Table 4.23). The CGR was 16.13 per cent, which is

negative and significant at 5 per cent level. Over the period, year to year

Table 4.23: Classification of Income of Educational Institutions of the TTD into &venue and Capital during 1989-98

(Rs lakhs)

1990 199 1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mean CJ(9 5)

't' test (means) CGR (%)

'tf cal 't' test (CGRs)

Year , ons st ant prices O/O of Revenue I Capital col(2)

-- - - - - to total (3) (4)

1989 148.51 0.26 99.83

Notes : *Indicates significant at one per cent level **Indicates significant at 5 per cent level NS: Not s~gnificant

Source : As in Table 4.1

Current prices Revenue 1 Capital

(5) -- 229.74

changes are noteworthy. The year 1990 recorded the highest at Rs.203.05 lakhs

while the foI!owirig year reparted Rs.161.26 lakhs. All the income was revenue

in 7 out of 10 years. In the remaining 3 years also, it was more than 99 per

cent. The capital income was Rs.Q.26 lakhs, Rs.0.70 lakhs and Rs.1.22 lakhs in 1989,

1993 and 1995 respect~vely. The CGR was 29.20 per cent, which is not significant.

On an average, rcve~-'lue Income forn~ed 99.92 per cent whereas the rest

constituted capital receipts. The CV was 37.04 per cent and 66.13 per cent in the

forn~er and the latter respectively. The difference between the means o f revenue

and capital Ii-Ici7n.ies of educational institutions was 5.15, which is significant at one

pet cotlt Icv~!l. I Io\vevt!~, t l ~ 2 dlflt-!ren~e t~etween the CGKs of the aforesaid incomes

is insignificar~t. It: can be corlcludcd that most of the income of the TTD educational

institutions is revenue in nature, During 7 years of the period under study, capital

receipts are absent and are negligible in another 3 years. Since the non-recurring

income of the educatiorial inst~tutions is meagre, the TTD should initiate steps to

increase it in the years to corne. There is a significant difference between the

means of revenue and capital receipts. But a contrary picture emerges between two

CGRs. The I~o~i~ogenei ty is higher in the revenue receipts than in capital receipts.

2.7.2 Source-wise: The sources of income of the TTD educational institutions

can be classified into five categories such as grants from the Government of AP,

assistance from the University Grants Commission (UGC), fees from students, rent

from staff quarters and others. The State Government is the most vital source of

financing of education in the TTD. The grants from the State Government have

declined from Rs.128.34 lakhs in 1989 to Rs.81.31 lakhs in 1998, recording a

negative CGii of 5.39 per cent, which is s~gnificant at 5 per cent level (see Table

4.24). However-, there are fluctuations in the yearly growth. The share of State

Table 4.24: Source-Wise Classification of Income of Educational Institutions of the 7TD during 1989-98

- - -- -- - - -- -- -. - - - - Constantprices --

i Year 1 State : Rent : Fees

1989 128. 7.43 6 21

. Others I

I - I

1 1.09 I

(0.68) i

- 1

2.25 (1.78) 0.52

(0.44)

1.29 (0.89) 68.52 -3.61NS 0.04

to total

1 (86.27) (4.99) ( 4 37) 1990 j 182.31 10.90 ' 6 04

1 (89.79) (5.37) (2 97) 1991 j 134.84 11.64 S.38

j (83.62) (7.22) 1 (5.20) 1992 I 131.30 8.83 5 60

1 (87.97) (5.91) (3.75) 1993 ; 110.89 6.10 1 4 76

(4.71) (3 67) 1994 123.31 5.81 i 5 54

"Indicates srgnrficant a t one per cent level **Indicates significant at 5 per cent level NS: Not significant

Source: As in Table 4.1

I 1 1995 I

I 1996 ! 1 1997 I 1

(86.79) i (4.09) (3 90) 139.21 i 5.86 1 5 93 (86.92) (3.66) 1 (3.70) 109.72 i 4.77 5.01

(3.77) 1 (3.96) (86'67) 98.86 1 4.63 4 84 (84.3 3) 1 (3.95) j ( 4 . 1 3 )

1 1.89 (11.54)

6.42 (4.43) 33.99 1.25~' 0.68

I 1998 1 81.31 , 4.81

~ o x s : Figures In parentheses indicate the percentage

Mean

i"' "'

(78.92) 1 (4.67) 124.01 1 7.08 (85.51) (4.88) 21.92 1 36.21 -5,39** ' -9.05* 3.11 3.70

Government in the receipts of educational institutions of the TTD was between

78.92 per cent and 89.79 per cent. On account of release of arrears due to the

impler-nentation of pay scales of 1986 in 1990, the year 1990 recorded the highest,

89.79 per cent. The declining trend is due to retirement of teachers and non-filling

up of vacant posts. Almost all the educational institutions under the management of

the TTD charge tuitiorl and other fees (admission fee, registration fee) as prescribed

by the State Government. Certa~n categories of students were granted half and full-

fee concessions in the tuition fee. As a result, fee contribution in the total

educational rece~pts go1 reduced. The fee receipts increased from Rs.G.21 lakhs in

1989 to Rs.ll.89 lakhs in 1998. The CGR was 1.25 per cent, which is insignificant.

The pr-opor-tion of fees was In the range of 2.97 - 11.54 per cent. But fluctuations

during this period are noteworthy. The year 1998 registered the highest per cent at

11.54. This was mainly on account of increase in the fee rates. The UGC has

provided financial assistance In 3 out of 10 years to three educational institutions

only. The UGC has made available funds to Sri Venkateswara Arts College in 1991,

Sri Venkateswar-a Ayutvedic College in 1996 and Sri Govindarajaswamy Arts College

in 1997. The UGC assistance formed 0.68 per cent, 1.78 per cent and 1.44 per cent

of the total income in the aforesaid years sequentially. The CGR was negative and

insignificant. The share of rental income has fluctuated between 3.66 per cent and

7.22 per cent. The CGR was negative at 9.05 per cent, which is, significant a t one

per cent level. There were fluctuations in the rental income due to hike in rental

charges; some of the staff had constructed their residential houses; the TTD had

sold the houses to its staff etc. As the staff purchased the houses from the TTD,

they have not paid the rent. Instead, every month, the TTD collects some amount

from the salary of its employees till the recovery of p~lrchase price, The income

from other sources varied between 1.87 per cent and 7.15 per cent. The CGR

during the per~od was insignificant. Here also fluctuations are considerable. For

instance, ~t was 4.57 per cent in 1989. But it declined to 1.87 per cent in the

following year. On an average basis, State Government grants ranked first

(85,5l0/0) followed by rent (4.88%), fees (4.43%), others (4.29%) and the UGC

(0.89'Y~). The CV in the aforesa~d sources was 21.92 per cent, 36.21 per cent, 33.99

per cent, 311.86 per cent and 68.52 per cent respectively. I t can be inferred that,

among the sources of income of the TTD educational institutions, State Government

plays a major role contributing four fifths of the total income. The progress in the

income from State Government and rent is only negatively significant, Finally, there

is consistency In the grants from the State Government relative to rest of the

sources of income.

There is a significant variation among the sources of income of the TTD

educational institutions during 1989-98 (see Table 4.25). The F-statistic was

TaPie 4.25: Analysis of Variance bebeen Sources of Xncame of the TTB Educational Institutions during 1989-98

- - -- - - - - . - - - -- -. --- ------ -- I Source of variation -1 Degrees of / Sum of 1 Mean sum 1 F-statistic -- freedom squares of squares

income of educational 4 106800 26700.00 149.40* institutions of the TTD

I I I

Total --- - 42 -- 1 113591 1 Note : *Indicates significant at one per cent level Source : Table 4.24

found to be 149.40, which is significant at one per cent level. This is so because the

calculated value of F-statistic is more than its corresponding critical v a l ~ e .

2.7.3 Public and private: In the days gone by, when Government support to

education was almost non-existent, private sources were practically the sole means

for promotion of education. The sources of receipts of the TTD educational

institutions can conveniently be regrouped into two broad categories viz., private

and public. The latter includes contributions from the State Government and the

UGC. The former comprises fees, rent from staff quarters, proceeds on sale of

applications etc. The income from public sources which was Rs.128.34 lakhs in

1989 has declined to Rs.81.31 lakhs in 1998 with fluctuations (see Table 4.26).

Table 4.26: Public and Private Sources of Income of the TCD Educational f nstitutians for the period 1989-98

- _____*'akhsl Constant prices O/O of --_- Current prices --

col(2) Public Private to total

( 5 ) (6 ) 86.27 198.54 31.60

1990 199 1 1992 1993 19911 1995 1996 1997 1996 Mean

CV(OJ0 )

't' test (means) CGR (96)

't' cat 't' test (CGRs)

Notes : "Ind~cates significant a t one per cent level **Indicates sign~ficant at 5 per cent levcl kS: Not sigriificant

Source : As In Table 4.1

For example, the year 1990 registered the highest at Rs.182.3: lakhs whereas in

the following year it stood a t Rs.135.94 lakhs. The sudden increase in 1990 over

1989 was due to the release of arrears on account of implemenkatilm of revised pay

scales of 1986. It reported a negative CGR of 5.32 per cent, which is significant at 5

per cent level. The share of public sources in the educational receipts of the TTD

varied between 78.92 per cent and 89.79 per cent. The income from private

sources was Rs.20.43 lakhs In 1989 as compared to Rs.21.72 lakhs in 1998. In the

meantime, to and fro changes are noticeabfe. The private sources constituted 10.21

- 21.08 per cent during 1939-98. The CGR was negative at 1.68 per cent but

insignificant. On an aver-age, public sources formed 86.33 per cent 'whereas the rest,

private sources. The heterogeneity is more in the former (21.73°/~) than the latter

(14.46%). The difference between the means of public and private sources of

income was 21,06, which is significant at one per cent level. However, the

difference between the CGKls of public and private sources of receipts is zero. I n the

TTD, educattor-r is financed by both the private and public sources. Although the

resources ra~sed from pr~vate sources are not large, provision of administrative

arrangements under which such initiative can exist and is even encouraged, appears

to be of immense significance for the financing of education. Such arrangements

and devices should be evolved to stimulate parental and local interest in education.

It may be sunirned up that the public sources have a lion's share in the educational

receipts of the TTD throughout the period. Though the public and private sources

register a ~egat ive growth, it is significant in the former. There is a significant

difference between the means only. The difference between the CGRs is nil. The

homogeneity is more in the private sources than the public ones.

2.7.4 Educational Institution-wise: The educational institutions of the TTD are

classified into five groups and receipts are segregated accordingly. The income of

coi~eges went down from Rs.97.99 lakhs in 1989 to Rs.48.58 lakhs in 1998,

recording a negative CGR of 7.69 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level

(see Table 4.27). The yearly lluct~lations are notable. The share of colleges

r-l -. -- --I--- -..-- ---

fluctuated between 47.15 per cent and 68.63 per cent. The proportion of schools

was in the range of 22.72 - 42.88 per cent during 1989-98. The CGR was positive

but insignificarit, iileaiiivhilr, fluctuations are noteworthy. The percentage of

income of technical ~nstitertions was in the range of 4.12 - 8.41 3crring the study

period. The CGR was negative and insignificant. The share of receipts o f charitable

institutions was between 0.55 per cent and 2.86 per cent. The CGR was negatively

insignificant. The proportion of income of cultural institutions was below 0.5 per

cent. The CGR was positive but not significant. On an average, it was the highest in

colleges (60.57%) followed by schools (31.59%), technical (6.2Z0/0), charitable

(1.5l0i~) and cultural (0.12%) institutions. The 0/ was the maximum in charitable

institutions (41.04°/~) followed by cultural institutions (34.53%), colleges (29.7l0/0),

technical institutions (23.89%) and schools (14.69%). It can be concluded that,

among the categories of educational institutions managed by the TTD, in terms of

incon~e, colleges rank first and cultural institutions last. The progress in the receipts

of colleges is only negative and significant. In the rest of the categories, it is

positive\negative but insignificant. There is consistency in the income of schools

when compared to the remaining categories of educational institutions.

The variation between the incomes of various categories of educational

institutions of the TTD was 97.23, which is significant at one per cent level (see

Table 4.28: Anaiysis of Variance between Encomes of Varied Ca,tegories of Edi~cational Institutions of the TTD during 1989-98

j a a o f v a r i a t i o n I z e s of / Sum of / Mean sum of-\ F-statistic I -.---

Between incomes of educational institutions of the 'ITD, category-wise

1 :i 1 6507 Total -- 62747

yc-F-l~:-.- 144.6

97.23*

- Note : *indicates signif~cant at one per cent level Source : Table 4.27

Table 4-28}. This js so because the calculated ~a !ue is greater than the

corresponding critical value.

2.8 Head-wise: AII the institutions of the TTD, with nearly 150 sections, were

divided into 72 independent accounting units and these have been mainly grouped

under seven heads for accour~t~ng purposes. The income of general administration,

which was Rs.15.95 crores in 1989, has increased to Rs.23.63 crores in 1998,

establishing a CGR of 1.42 per cent, which is insignificant (see Table 4.29). During

the period under study, fluctuations in income are noteworthy. Its share in the total

income of the TTD was 26.27 per cent in 1989 as against 23.14 per cent in 1998.

Thc? r;t-:rvicc C~~~)JI.~IIICII~ i-01- pilg~"ims ir~cluclcs cl~oultrics, panct~ayat, information

centre, canteens, press, health, vigilance/security, editorial office, museum and

kalyanakatta. The service department for pilgrims constituted 9.98 per cent in the

total income of the T D in 1989 as compared to 11.62 per cent in 1998, recording a

CGR of 7.55 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level. The fluctuations in

the yeai-ly changes are noticeable. The proportion of engineering division was in the

range of 6.91 - 13.39 per cent during the reference period. The CGR was 5.31 per

cent, which is significant a t 5 per cent level. Garden, forest 2nd dairy are placed

under service department for temples. The share of service department for temples

in total income was less than one per cent throughout the period. All the hospitals

and dispensaries of the TTD are taken into the fold of service department for

hospitals and dispensaries. The proportion of service department for hospitals and

dispensaries was below 0.5 per cent. The CGR in the income of service department

for temples, as well as service department for hospitals and dispensaries, was not

significant. On an average, temples' income occupied the first place (51.81°/0)

followed by general adrninistrat~on (24.52%), service department for pilgrims

Table 4.29: Head-Wise Distribution of Income of the for the period 1989-98 (Rs ~ro_r?*J- -,

Constant prices Current prices - --- . Service Educa- Service Service Service Educa- Service Setvice '

General : depart- Enginee- tional depart- department General depart- Enpinee- ' fional depart- j deplNncnf Year Temples admini- 1 ment for ring institu- ment for for hospitals Temples adrnini- mentfor ring institu- ment for 1 for horpitab

stration i pilgrims division tions temples and dispen- sbation pilgrims division tions temples and diswn- ' I saries

(0.40) (44.76) (32.41) (9.70) 0.26 60.53 39.11 12.21

O.C?

(53.79) (22.29) (11.60) (9.89) (1.46) (0.61) (0.37) (53.79) (22.29) (11.60) (9.89) (1.46) (0.61) (0.37) 1997 49.71 21.67 10.95 7.57 1.17 0.47 0.28 155.30 67.68 34.23 23.65 3.66 1.46 0.83

(54.14) (23.60) (11.93) (8.24) (1.27) (0.51) (0.30) (54.14) (23.60) (11.93) (8.24) (1.27) (0.511 (0.30) 1998 54.46 23.63

! 11.87 10.40 1.03 0.45 0.29 183.59 79.64 40.00 35.06 3.47 1.53 0.98 (53.32) (23.14) (11.62) (10.18) (1.01) (0.44) (0.28) (53.32) (23.14) (11.62) (10.18) (1.01) (0.44) (0.28)

Mean 39.93 18.90 8.41 7.70 1.44 0.42 0.27 (51.81) (24.52) (10.92) (9.99) (1.87) (0.54) (0.35)

CV(O/o) 20.91 18.03 23.13 22.99 19.43 21.02 35.57 CGR(%) 7.06* 1.42~' 7.55* 5.31** -4.75** 4.10N5 7.37t35

't'cal 19.07 0.72 10.95 2.46 3.1? 2.00 0.72

Notes : Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage to totai *Indicates signif~cant at one per cent level **Indicates significant at 5 per cent level NS: Not significant

Source: As in Table 4.1

(10.92°/~), engineering division (9.99%), educational institutions (1.87%), service

department for temples (0.54%) and service department for hospitals and

dispensarizs (0.35%). The CV was 35.57 per cent in the service department for

hospitals and dispensaries, 23.13 per cent in the service department for pilgrims,

22.99 per cent in the engrneertng division, 21.02 per cent in the service department

for temples, 20.91 per cent in temples, 19.43 per cent in educational institutions and

18.03 per cent in tlie general administration. It may be concluded that, among the

sources of income of the TTD, head-wise, temples rank first while service

department for hospitals and dispensaries last. Of all the heads of income, temples,

~~i~gir~e!c&riivj t l i v i ~ i i o ~ ~ 1 7 1 ~ 1 SCI.VICC clcpartment Tot- pilgrirns rc:yister a positively

significant progress. Educational institutions only record a negatively significant

growth. There is consistency In the income under the head, general administration

relative to the remaining heads of income.

A glance at tile Table 4.30 reveals that there is a significant variation between

the incomes of various heads of the 77-D. This is based on the fact that the

Table 4.30: Analysis of Variance between Incomes of Various Heads of the ?TD during 1989-98

1- 1 Source of variation m e e s of esof Sum of 1 Mean sum I F-statistic 1 --- Between incomes of the various heads of the TTD

Error 55.8889 - --

Total ,---- 15851

Mote : "Indicates s~gnif~cant at one per cent level Source : Table 4.29

calculated F-statistic was more than its corresponding critical value. The F-statistic

was 36.77, which is significant at one per cent level.

2.9 Department-wise: As the flow of pilgrims to Tirumala and Tiru~at i

gradually ~ncieased, the TTD felt the need to raise the number of departments so as

to provide better amenities to pilgrims and facilities to its employees. I f we look at

the past, we can find that there were hardly 3 departments in 1933. These went up

to 18 in 1976 and, further-, to 35 in 1985. A t present, there are nearly 60

departments. It will not be an exaggeration if we say that the TTD is a 'mini-

Government' because of its umpteen number of departments and workforce, Out of

the departn~ents of the TTD, the share of huzur office in the total income was in the

range of 17.33 - 31.76 per cent during 1989-98 (see Tabfe 4.31). The CGR was

l.03 per cctil, which is riot significant, However, year to year changes are

noteworthy. The proportion each of choultry, canteen, health and others

fluctuated between one per cent and 5 per cent. The CGR was significant in the

case of health and others only, The percentage each of transport,

vigIlance\security, dairy, garden, forest, panchayat, information centre, press,

editorial office, museum and medical was below one. The CGR is positively

significant with regard to vigilance\security, dairy, forest, information centre and

editorial office. In the case of garden department, it is negatively significant. In the

rest of tCle departments such as panchayat, press and medical, it is insignificant.

On an average, per year, temples accounted for 51.81 per cent, huzur office 23.55

per cent and engineering department 9.99 per cent. The proportion each of

education, choultry, canteen, health and others was in the order of 1 - 3 per cent.

The share each of the remaining departments was below one per cent. The CV was

100.86 per cent in others, 60.96 per cent in medical, 51.97 per cent in garden,

49.22 Per cf nt in forest, 42.60 per cent in information centre, 32.62 per cent in

I l i

- 9 77 2 $ -w - C u al c : 8 Q) L Pa) n 2 wi 0 u .lJ rn fu

4 4 u c = 3 $ 5 2 .- c 3 &.go 2 .- : rn 5 2 s u m a

13- * .8s8: u c .. .- $ ' ' g z

!2 0 V)

transport, 32.29 per cent in health, 25.31 per cent in canteen and between 8 per

cent and 23 per cent in the rest of the departments. It can be inferred that, of all

the departments of the TTD, temples rank first while museum last. Three

departments, naniely, temples, huzur office and engineering, account for 85.35 per

cent of incoine of the TTD. The progress is positively significant in 10 departments,

negatively significant in 2 departments and insignificant in the rest of the

departments. The consistency is higher in press when compared to the rest of the

departments.

A glance at the Table 4.32 shows that the variation between the incomes of

dcpartmciits of tfic 1-1.D was 200.55, which is significant a t one per cent level.

This is due to the fact that the F-statistic is greater than the table value.

Table 4.32: Analysis of Variance between Incomes of the TTD, Depa&ment-Wise

/ TTD, department-wise 936.1111 1 200.55* 1 during 1989-98

Error -

Total - -- -- -- -- --

Note : "Ind~cates signif~cant a t one per cent level Source : Table 4.31

Sourcc of variation

Between inconles of the FA---

2.10 Source-wise: The most vital source of income of the TTD is kanukas. The

Sum of squares

Degrees of freedom

kanukas have gradually increased from Rs.15.22 cores in 1989 to Rs.33.52 crores in

1998, establishing a CGR of 9.35 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level

Mean sum of squares

(see Table 4.33). In the total income of the TTD, the share of kanukas varied

F-statistic

between 21.43 per cent and 33.76 per cent. The proportion of interest on

investments was in the range of 12.40 - 26.34 per cent during the study period.

The CGR was 2.94 per cent, which is insignificant. The year to year fluctuations are

noticeable. The percentage of prasadams and c;npri=I rl---l--

Table 4.33: Source-Wise Distribution of Xncone of the TTD for the period f 989-98

(1) Kanukas

/ Interest on investments

Prasadams and special darshan Engineering

1 Gold and sliver

Soiled notes and uncurrent coins Choultry

Canteen

Educational

Human hair

Donations

Transport

Press

Toll gate

Others

Rs cro:%-- Mean I CV I CGh 1 'L' I

Interest on investments

Prasadams and special darshan Engineering

Arjitharn

Gold and silver

Canteen

, Educat~onal

Human halr

Donations

Transport

Press

Toll gate

Others

Notes : Figures in parentheses indicate the percentage to total *Indicates significant at one per cent level. **Indicates significant at 5 per cent level. NS: Not significant

Source: As in Table 4.1

from 3.4.92 in 2959 to 7.75 in 1998. There are mainly two reasons for this

downward trend. Dur~ng 1989-94, there was a decline in the income from special

darshan. Secondly, during 1994-97, income from prasadams gradually declined.

The CGR was negative at 3.03 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level.

The engineering receipts fluctuated between 6.90 per cent ancl 13.39 per cent,

recording a CGR of 5.31 per cent, which is significant at 5 per cent level. Here,

'others' include receipts from garden, forests, dairy etc. The proportion each of

arjitham and others fluctuated between 6.14 per cent and 9.08 per cent and

between 4.53 per cent and 8.88 per cent respectively. The CGR was 9.40 per cent

in the former while it was 8.81 per cent in the latter. These are significant at one

per cent level. The share each of gold and silver, soiled notes and uncurrent coins,

canteen, education and choultry was in the range of I - 5 per cent. The CGR in the

income of gold and silver and education was only significant. It was positive in the

former whereas negative in the latter. The income from each of human hair and

donations ranged between 1 per cent and 2 per cent. The CGR was 6.08 per cent

and 19.10 per cent in the latter and the former respectively, which are significant at

one per cent level. The percentage each of transport, toll gate and press was below

one. The CGR was insignificant in the case of press only. I n terms of average

income, kanukas have accounted for 29.75 per cent, interest on investments 17.92

per cent, prasadams and special darshan 10.50 per cent, engineering 9.99 per cent,

arjitham 7.38 per cent and others 7.21 per cent. The share each of toll gate,

transport and press was less than one per cent. The proportion of the remaining

sources was between 2 per cent and 4 per cent. The CV was 63.71 per cent in

human hair, 43.98 per cent in toll gate, 32.62 per cent in transport, 31.88 per cent

in soiled notes and uncurrent coins, 30.80 per cent in a jitham and 30.72 per cent in

others. In the case of press, education, choultry and prasadams and special

darshan, it was between 10 per cent and 20 per cent and in the rest of the sources,

it was in the range of 20 - 30 per cent. It can be summed up that, of all the sources

of income of the TTD, kanukas occupy the First place with a share of nearly 30 per

cent. Further, out of the sources, kanukas, gold and silver, arjitham, engineering,

donations, human hair, toll gate, transport and others recorded a significant growth.

It is negatively significant in the case of income from prasadarns and special darshan

and educational institutions. Furthermore, there is consistency in the income from

press as compared to the remaining sources.

A look at tl ie Table 4.31 reveals that the variation among the different sources

of income of the TTD was 91.46, which is significant at one per cent level. This is

because the calculated value is higher than the critical value.

Table 4.34: Analysis of Variance bemeen Incomes of the mD, Source-Wise during 1989-98

Note : *Indicates significant at one per cent level Source : Table 4.33

2.11 Endowment scheme-wise: The TTD has introduced different kinds of

Source sf variation

Between incomes of the TTD, source-wise

Error

Total

endowment schemes to help the pilgrims perform sevas and to fulfil their vows.

Mean sum of squares

370.6667

4.0528

Under Sri Venkateswara Nitya Prasadadana endowment scheme, an endowment of

Degrees of freedom

15

144

159

F-statistic

91.46"

Rs.500 and multiples thereof are accepted, The amount is invested in fixed

Sum of squares

5560.00

583.6

6143.6 a -

deposits and the interest realised thereon is utilised for the Nitya Prasadadana. The

Balaji Archana scheme was introduced during 1982. An amount of Rs.6,000 is to be

invested for a period of 10 years. At the end of the period, it yields Rs.15,000.

Under Sri Venkateswara Nitya Laddudana endowment scheme, an endowment of

rupees one lakh is accepted. Small size laddus are distributed to pilgrims after the

darshan of the Lord till the annaprasadams are again made available for distribution.

For Sri Venkateswara Udayasthamana Sawa Seva endowment scheme, rupees

one lakh has to be made available for all the week days, excluding Friday. For

Friday, Rs.3 lakhs has to be provided, All the primary rituals will be performed in

the name of the donor on any chosen day of the week. The Sri Venkateswara Nitya

Annadana endowment scheme was inaugurated on 6.4.1985. Firstly, i t was started

with a view to feed 2000 devotees free of cost daily. Presently, more than 10,000

devotees are daily fed. This scheme is financed through donations from

philanthropists. From April, 1988, minimum donation has been fixed at Rs.1,000.

Prior to this, it was Rs.10 lakhs. For this, the TTD contributes an equal amount as

matching grant. During festivals and ceremonial occasions, 15 - 20 thousand

pilgrims are fed per day. Under Sri Balaji Arogyavaraprasadini scheme, a donor can

donate a sun1 of Rs.l,000 or multiples thereof. The TTD, inturn, contributes

matching grant. The entire amount will be kept in a fixed deposit in a nationalised

bank and the interest accrued thereon will be utilised for providing free medical

sewices to the poor and the needy.

Tke sacred forests of Tirumala are the precious gift of the Lord Venkateswara

to the mankind. With a view to safeguard its uniqueness and maintain delicate

ecological balance, the TTD has introduced a series of exciting schemes. Sri

Venkateswara Vanabhivriddhi scheme is one such scheme. Under this scheme, a

donor may donate an amount of Rs.250; Rs.500; Rs.1,000; Rs.2,000; Rs.10,000;

and Rs.15,000 as the case may be.

m e receipts under the aforesaid schemes other than the last two are furnished

in Table 4.35. The data for these two schemes could not be presented due to non-

availability. The amount made available for Sri Venkateswara Nitya Annadana

scheme was Rs.69.45 lakhs in 1989 as against Rs.45.64 lakhs in 1998. However,

considerablc fluctuations are noticeable. The CGR was negative at 1.30 per cent,

which is insignificant. In the aggregate of all schemes, it formed between 35.10 per

cent and 87.65 per cent. The income from Udayasthamana Sarva Seva scheme

progressively increased from Rs.5.82 iakhs in 1989 to Rs.67.94 lakhs in 1998 except

in 1991 and 1998 when there was a decline. The CGR was 36.50 per cent, which is

significant at one per cent level. Its percentage was in the range of 7.15 - 52.25.

The Sri Balaji Archana scheme constituted 3.59 per cent in 1989 as compared to

6.64 per cent in 1998. The year 1996 recorded the highest at 10.11 per cent. The

CGR was 25.30 per cent, which is significant at one per cent level. Sri Venkateswara

Nitya Prasadadana scheme formed 2.42 per cent in 1989 as against 5.33 per cent in

1998. Meanwhile, ups and downs are noteworthy. The CGR was negative at 0.20

per cent, which is insignificant. The proportion of Sri Venkateswara Laddudana

scheme was in the range of 0.59 - 2.65 per cent. The CGR was negative at 4.10

per cent, which is not significant. On an average, Sri Venkateswara Nitya Annadana

scheme ranked first (68.40%) followed by Udayasthamana Sarva Seva (23.02%), Sri

Balaji Archana (G.l2%), Sri Venkateswara Nitya Prasadadana (1.24%) and Sri

Venkateswara Laddudana (1.22O/0) schemes, The CV was the highest in Sri

Venkateswara Nitya Prasadadana (97.72%) scheme whilst lowest in Sri

Venkateswara Nitya Annadana (31.14%) scheme. It can be inferred that, of all the

schemes, Sri Venkateswara Nitya Annadana ranks first. Further, Udayasthamana

Sarva Seva and Sri Balaji Archana schemes only register a significant growth. The

heterogeneiiy is more in Sri Venkateswara Nitya Prasadadana scheme as compared

to the remaining schemes.

3, ~ u d g e t estimates and actual income: The estimates and actual incomes

of the TTD for the period 1989-98 are shown in Table 4.36. The targets

were exceeded in 8 out of 10 years. The degree of accomplishment was 94.24

per cent and 96.36 per cent in 1989 and 1991 respectively. The targets could not

be achieved in these two years due to decline in ajitham receipts, sale of

prasadams, special darshan, donations etc. Among the years, when targets were

realised, achievement was the highest at 112.38 per cent in 1998 while it was the

Table 4.36: Targets and Achievements with regard to the TTD Income during 1989-98

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mean

Source : As in Table 4.1

least at 100.52 per cent in 1990. I n other words, income was under estimated while

preparing budget. I n the rest of the period, it ranged between 101.07 per cent and

110.90 per cent. On an average, the share of actual to budget estimate was 104.71

per cent. It can be concluded that the TTD achieved its targets with regard to

budgetary income during most of the period. The variation between estimates and

accomplishment is not wide. The budgeting department impressively forecasts the

income of the TTD. Hence, it should be appreciated for efficiency, vision and

imagination.

4. comparative analysis: There are about 75 temples in AP which come under

the Jurisdiction of the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments A d . Among

them, the TTD is the biggest religious institution. The SDMVD, situated at

Vijayawada, occupies the second place in terms of income, expenditure, work-force

etc. The Sri Durga Malleswaraswamy temple is located at Indrakila parvatha at

Vijayawada. The principal deity of this kshetra is goddess kanakadurga. According

to a legend, She has been abiding here since the death of Mahishasura and is also

worshipped as Mal~ishasura Mardhini. Mother Kanakadurga is rno1.a popular and

widely known than her spouse, Malleswara. Though Lord Malleswara is worshipped

in many more shrines atop the hill, He is next in importance to Mother Kanakadurga.

According to Skanda Purana, Indrakila, a humanist sage once supplicated the

mother Parvathi to be born to him as daughter to protect the world. Mother

Parvathi was said to have granted this boon on the condition that the sage turns into

a hill. Indrakila accepted. After the death of Mahishasura, for which Mother Pawathi

descended to Bhuloka, She was said to have resided on Indrakila.

The holy kshetra was one of the 108 sacred sakthipithas. It is here that the

pavana krishna has been flowing beside the Indrakila since the primeval times,

blessing the region with bumper crops besides offering Jalabhishek to the

Malleswaraswamy and Mother Kanakadurga. Mother Kanakadurga is 'swayambhoo'

or self-manifest. She is placed on a high pedestal. She reveals Herself in standing

posture with eight hands adorned with eight potent weapons like ari, sankha, ketv,

sula, pasa, ankusa, mouwi and salaka. The image of the goddess depicts Her as

standing over the demon, Mahisha, and piercing him with Her powerful sula.

several kinds of festivals are celebrated here periodically. Of them, Sarannavaratri

festival lasting for 10 days, Kalyanotsavam of Bhrarnaramba with Malleswaraswamy

etc deserve attention, During , Sarannavaratri festival, each day, Mother

Kanakadurga is attractively draped and gorgeously decorated in enchanting forms

such as Bala Tripura Sundari, Gayathri, Annapoorna, Mahalakshmi, Saraswathi,

Lalitha Tripura Sundari, Durga Devi, Mahishasura Mardhini and Raja Rajeswari Devi.

Each day the goddess is worshipped in a different form. The mother's shrine and its

environs reverberate with resonant sounds of suprabhatham at 4:30 a.m. and from

then on, till 10.30 p.m., several activities take place. They are conducted strictly

according to a fixed schedule. Against this background, an attempt is made to make

a comparative analysis of the income of the TTD and SDMVD.

The sources of income of the SDMVD are kanukas; arjitha seva; prasadams;

special darshan; canteen; land revenue; rent from guest rooms, staff quarters and

shops; interest on endowment schemes such as Saswatha Annadana Pathakam etc.

The income of the SDMVD, which was Rs,0,45 crores in 1989, increased to Rs.4.18

crores in 1998, recording a CGR of 17.67 per cent, which is significant at one per

cent level (see Table 4.37). During this period, fluctuations are noteworthy. There is

a significant increase in the incomes of both the temples. However, CGR in the

income of the SDMVD was 17.67 per cent while in the case of the TTD, it was 5.15

per cent. I n other words, the former is 3.43 times that of the latter. The share of

SDMVD in the aggregate income of both the temples was 0.74 per cent in

1989 2s against 3.93 per cent in 1998. The percentage of the TTD was 99.26

per cent and 96.07 per cent in the former and latter years respectively. On an

average, the TTD formed 96.87 per cent and the rest, SDMVD. The CV was the

highest at 42.05 per cent in the SDMVD while, it was the lowest at 16.56 per cent in

the TTD. The co- efficient of correlation ('1-3 between the incomes of the TTD and

the SDMVD was 0.90, which is significant at one per cent level, This is due to the

fact that the calculated value of 'r' is more than that of the corresponding critical

Tab!@ 4.37: Comparative Anallysis of Incomes of the TTD and the SDNVD during 1989-98

Note : "Indicates significant at one per cent level Source : As in Table 4.1 and Relevant Budset Estimates, o f SDMVD, Vijayawada.

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mean

CV(O/o) CGR (O/O) 't' cal ' r'

' t' cal

value. I t can be inferred that, in the total income, the TTD accounts for nearly 97

per cent. Further, though the increase in the incomes of the 1TD and the SDMVD is

68.71 71.83 72.48 79.16 86.49 91.82

102.13 77.07 16.56 5.15* 7.87

significant, it is faster in the latter as compared to the former. Furthermore,

homogeneity is more in the income of the TTD relative to the SDMVD. Finally, there

2.76 1.83 2.25 3.08 2.90 3,54 4.18 2.49

42.05 17.67* 5.69 0.90*

I 8.04

is a direct relationship between the incomes of the TTD and the SDMVD.

96.14 97.52 96.99 96.25 96.76 96,29 96.07 96.87

142.77 163.85 179.61 217.46 255.83 286,86 344.27

5.73 4.17 5.57 8.45 8.58

l1,06 14.10