incad manual

MTS INCAD

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INCAD - An Integrated NC- and 2D-CAD-System

INCAD has been conceived for design and workshop drawing tasks. The system supports the crea-tion, modification and documentation of workshop drawings, being particularly convenient to makeout new designs and to customize existing drawings.

Apart from creating workshop drawings for engineering design (with dimensioning according to theGerman Standard DIN 406) the user can employ this very versatile CAD system to create symbols(macros), which is useful especially in the fields of measuring and automatic control practice, elec-tronic controls, hydraulics and pneumatics.

A further important application of INCAD is the conversion of CAD-design into NC machining cyclesfor turning and milling and for dressing of profile grinding wheels. INCAD comes with an integratedNC-program system module which makes the transfer of geometry data into NC programs a verysimple task (taking into account the tool- and technology-data). Standard cycles are supported aswell.

By combining INCAD with the MTS Simulator for Turning and Milling, a further step in integratingCAD-CAM has been realized: programs generated with INCAD‘s NC functions can be tested andoptimized.

Postprocessors are available for all current CNC control systems - program transfer to any CNCmachine tool is possible.

INCAD and the Simulator for Turning and Milling, in combination with the available postprocessorsthus make up the integrated MTS CAD-CAM system, a software package which includes all func-tions needed in practice: from design via NC program generation and the test run of programs inthe Simulator until the point of actual program execution on a CNC machine tool.

Data exchange files in the DXF or IGES format allow the link-up to other CAD systems.

INCAD is easy to learn and easy to use. The user is guided by a variety of clear and simple menus.To select a single menu function it will be sufficient to click it on (on the screen) or to >pick< it (onyour digitizer tablet). Available commands are grouped by functions within each menu.

MTS Description of the Software

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1. Description of the Software

1.1 System Structure

The levels comprising the INCAD system are:

- Management- CAD-Design and- NC-Programming.

These levels containing the relevant menus are arranged as shown in the following >tree<:


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INCAD can be started either from the DOS level (by entering the program name INCAD) or by se-lecting the appropriate menu item in the MTS start screen. After the system start-up the user entersthe management level.

Management:"Drawings file" will be the default activated file; all directories in the current drive as well as allstored designs are listed. File types are:

- Drawings file- Symbols library- DXF-file- IGES-file

Furthermore are listed (under the menu item CNC-management):

- Turning Program- Milling Program- Dressing Program

- by selecting one of these items you will be shown a listing of the respective files available.

Design:The design level is activated in the following way:

- by entering the name of a new workshop drawing via the keyboard- by entering the name of an existing workshop drawing via the keyboard- by selecting a displayed drawing with the cursor

The latter is effected by positioning the cursor in the applicable coloured field with the name of thedesign drawing you want to invoke, and then striking the <F1>-key.

When entering the name of a workshop drawing via the keyboard another path can be specified; inparticular workshop drawings stored in the directories of other drives can be activated this way.

On this level all common CAD functions are at the user‘s disposal; in addition to this an NC-program code in accordance with German Standard DIN 66025 can be generated, relating to ob-jects which are part of a drawing.

Further workshop drawings can be loaded concurrently into a current drawing; modifications may beinterim-stored as desired.

Before returning from the design level to the management level, you may either store or discard thedrawing.


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1.2. Input Devices and Graphical Interaction

1.2.1 General Advice

In INCAD the generation of workshop drawings is based on the entry of graphic entities, which canbe effected by

- localizing positioning data within universal coordinates.

To do this, a mouse, a digitizer tablet with a pen, or a digitizer tablet with a puck (mouse and cross-hairs) may be employed.

- Recognition or identification (picking) of a graphic entity

will normally be effected, with INCAD, through re-positioning of the cross-hairs or the cursor. Againvarious graphic input devices may be used for identification, such as the mouse or the tablet.

Localization and identification tasks can alternately be performed by entering coordinates on thealphanumeric keyboard.

- The input of a real parameter,

e.g. the length of a line, absolute or relative coordinates of a point, or the input of text is possible onthe alphanumeric keyboard alone.

Apart from the tasks of graphic positioning and identifying entities, a digitizer pen or mouse can beused for menu and function selection.

Depending on the number of their keys, graphic input devices can be used to perform additionalfunctions.

A standard mouse with two or more keys can be employed to control the following INCAD functions:

- positioning and localizing (left key).- cancelling of input or of a function (right key).

On the alphanumerical keyboard these functions are controlled by the function keys <F1> and<F2>.

When a puck with four keys is employed, two more functions can be activated:

- the termination of entries in the case of sequential input.- undoing the effects of the last function executed, e.g. the removal of the last entity en-

tered.

On the alphanumerical keyboard this is effected by pressing the function keys <F2> resp. <F4>.


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Diagram: Key Functions of a Two-key Mouse.

Diagram: Key Functions of a Four-key Puck.


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1.2.2 How to Use the INCAD Tablet Overlay

When you are employing a digitizing tablet you can additionally use an overlay foil by which usabilitywill be enhanced significantly, as most INCAD functions are then directly accessible without theneed of reverting to the main menu. When you are picking a field of the overlay, the applicablemenu will be immediately invoked and the chosen function activated.

To install the overlay foil you will have to

(1) edit the configuration accordingly,(2) position the foil axially parallel on the tablet(3) inform the system on the position of the foil.

(1) To make your entries concerning the tablet foil you have to invoke the configuration program(see "Instruction Manual for Configuration Program" Chapter 3.3 "Graphic Tablet") and subsequently:

- select the menu item "Tablet Selection" and enter a valid combination of parametersapplying to the tablet employed

- select the menu item "Driver File" and enter any data (no data is not permitted).

All entries in the menu field "Driver File" will be interpreted simultaneously by the Simulator and byINCAD. While the Simulator reads the file entered, the INCAD program always reads the".\TABLETT.DAT" file, as long as there is any entry (any string of characters) in the input field"Driver File".

The "INCAD Tablet Foil" is different from the overlay used with the Simulator. The option of ma-nipulating the positioning marks in the configuration program is therefore not valid with INCAD.

(2) Please make sure that the overlay is positioned axially parallel on the tablet and that its inputfields are completely within the digitizable area of the tablet.

(3) If a tablet has been connected and input via overlay has been configurated, INCAD will give youwith each program initialization the following prompt:

(Input only via PC-keyboard)

<F1> permanent; <F2> local; <RETURN> unchanged; <F3>Not to be operated !;

This message will be displayed for about 10 seconds in the two dialogue lines. During this lapse oftime you can interrupt the standard delay by making entries on the PC-keyboard. If no key is acti-vated the program assumes that the <RETURN> key has been pressed, and the initialization of theprogram will be continued.

Keys <F1>, <F2>: To re-position the tablet overlay you must operate <F1> or <F2> within the ten-second span mentioned above. Re-positioning is then effected by touching two marked points onthe foil - the so-called "positioning marks" (which are called "register marks" in the description of theSimulator software).

The user will be prompted by the system request

1st Positioning mark !

to select the lower left positioning mark on the foil; the subsequent prompt

2nd Positioning mark !

is a request to click-on the upper right corner.

By pressing the <F1>-key the new position of the overlay can be acknowledged to be a permanentsetting; pressing <F2> means that this foil position will only be set for the current program run.

Key <F3>: Pressing <F3> impedes the initializing of the tablet overlay - to the effect that the storagecapacity for INCAD is enhanced. Your entries in the configuration program are not affected by this.But the graphic tablet will then only be employable to position the cursor - the way you would usethe mouse.

Key <RETURN>: By pressing the <RETURN> key you can shorten the preset delay time.

With the overlay regularly initialized, the tablet will be subdivided in the following way:


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The menu bar 1 on the overlay foil is relevant for all entries, except the operation mode "Input Sys-tem". In this mode the menu bar 2 is operative; the graphic input field will be located as is describedon page 38.

Menu bar 2 will be also operative in the case that you do not employ or could not initialize the foil.The graphic input field is then located to the left of this menu bar.


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Note:

- On the overlay foil only those functions are available which can be directly executed (i.e. withoutpreconditions). E.g. the functions of the menu "Manipulate Dimensioning" are not available becausetheir execution is dependent on the previous selection of a type of dimensioning.

- With certain program parts the use of the foil is inhibited. Such program parts are:

- File Management- Dressing program- Turning and Milling programs and- the operation mode "Input System"

Possible errors:

Problem: Entries via the foil are not computed correctly:

Possible causes:

1. The positioning marks have not been properly touched2. The foil has slid.3. The "TABLETT.DAT" file loaded is not compatible with the INCAD-version employed.

Remedy:1., 2. Re-initialize INCAD and enter the positioning marks correctly.3. Use the MS-DOS-functions to load the actual version of the "TABLETT.DAT" file (or

reinstall the software).

Problem: the positioning marks cannot be read.

Possible causes:1. The foil is too large for the tablet employed.2. The positioning marks are not located within the digitized area.

Remedy:1.,2. Shift the foil or reduce the foil size.

Problem: Error message while initializing:

File could not be opened !

Possible cause:The file "TABLETT.DAT" is not available.

Problem: Error message while initializing:

Reading error !

Possible cause: Invalid entries in the "TABLETT.DAT" file.

Remedy:Copy a valid version of this file (from your installation diskettes).


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1.3 Graphic Display Screen

1.3.1 Screen Layout

The graphic display screen is subdivided into four parts, namely:

- the menu field (right margin),- the switch line (upper margin),- two text lines for the alphanumeric dialogue, as well as a status line (bottom margin)

and the so-called- operational area.

As an active window the operational area on the screen will serve two different purposes, depend-ing on whether the management or the design level is the operative sytem status. When on themanagement level, a list of existing files of the current file type contained within the specified pathwill be displayed in this screen window, together with a list of further sub-directories, whereas on thedesign level the operational area serves as the drawing field.


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1.3.2 Output of the Graphic Display Screen (Hardcopy)

The entire contents of the graphic display screen is able to be outputted on a line printer. This func-tion is performed with the <PRINT>- key on the PC keyboard, provided that the so-called "printerdriver" is already installed in the main storage of your PC. For the installation of the driver softwareand the setting up of printers, see the instruction of the manufacturer. All drivers not currentlyneeded should be removed from the working storage of the computer, as they take up memoryspace and limit the working storage capacity of the program to be run.

1.4 Menu Field, Selection of Functions

The menu field shown at the right margin of the screen will contain up to a maximum of 21 lines ofcommands. The selection of a function is carried out by positioning the cursor in the menu field onthe desired function and then pressing the <F1>-key.

When selected this way a function is activated; the respective line will be highlighted in colour. Eachfunction remains operative until another is selected to which then the "active" status is assigned.

With some menus, after their invocation, some lines in the applicable menu bar will appear alreadyhighlighted in colour, although the respective function(s) have not been selected by the user. Inthese cases preset functions ("default options") have been activated by the INCAD system; thesecan, however, be edited at any time by selecting another function from the menu bar.

The applicable single steps in the interactive operation of INCAD will be further explained in thefollowing paragraphs, which give detailed descriptions of the various functions.

1.5 Additional Menu Functions (Switches)

In addition to the menu functions for program execution, there are a number of special functions -hereafter referred to as switches - which serve to pre-define one of two or more operational states,and which thus pre-determine the performance of the actual menu functions.

Switches applying to general program functions are shown in a so-called >Switch Line< (cf. below,Paragraph 1.6 Switch Line) at the upper margin of the screen. Switches for special menu functionsare shown in the upper part of the applicable menu.

There are two categories of switches (also called "classes"):

1. The first class contains switches for pre—settings with a global effect on a menu function(e.g.: the "radius" switch in the circle menu). These switches must be set prior to the invoca-tion of a menu.

2. The second class contains switches only to be operated during the input of points, while afunction is active (e.g. trapping criteria, in the switch line). These switches can be reset foreach new entry of a point, the switch position can also be altered while the function remainsactive.


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After the start-up of INCAD all switches are set to their respective "standard" state. To set a switchto a different position it must be activated which is done in the following way:

a) Switches in the switch line are shown with all their possible positions, the current setting ishighlighted in colour. Switching over is effected by selecting a different position.

b) In the menu bar switches with two possible positions are shown with both positions in thesame line, each occupying one half of the line. The current state of the switch is indicated bythe highlighting in colour of one half, to switch over the respective other half must be se-lected.

c) When switches in the menu bar occupy more than two positions, the switch itself must beselected to shift to the next option. A text message will appear, indicating the now currentswitch position.

Switch positions are self-retaining, i.e. each setting remains active until a new position is activated.


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1.6 Switch Line

The text line above the drawing area (called switch line in the following) contains mainly thoseswitches which apply to the input of points and which can be reset prior to each point input.

Switch Absolute RelativeThis switch applies to the input of geometric parameters via the keyboard (cf. the de-scription of input possibilities in this chapter).

Switch Prec (Precision)This switch serves to define discrete steps for the movement of the graphic cursor inthe drawing field. It follows that the values of coordinate points to be graphically de-fined will not be optional but have to conform to an invisible grid.After the switch has been activated, a mask will appear in the first dialogue line inwhich then the precision of input in x and y can be set.

Switch Pts (Points)Activating this switch effects the display (as small crosses) of contour points and mid-dle points on all active layers. These marked points can be dimensioned, the colour ofthe small crosses can be configurated.

Switch - Con Grd Mid Prj Int Cen End Spc (trapping parameters)This switch serves to localize points in existing entities and to make them referencepoints for further input ; (cf. the description of input modes in this chapter).

Switch Con AuxThis switch serves to determine whether subsequently generated entities shall becontours or auxiliary contours.

Switch L1 L2 L3This switch applies to the first three layers in the layers menu (listed here symbolicallyas L1, L2, L3).Selecting one of the three switch positions will make the corresponding layer the activelayer for contour generation. To make a layer other than these three the active layer forcontour generation, the function "contour generation layer" must be invoked from thelayers menu.Alternately the function "edit sequence of layers" can be used to place a layer to be ac-tivated for contour generation on top of the list so it can be selected by resetting theswitch.


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1.7 Status Line

Below the two text lines, reserved for the alphanumerical dialogue, there is a so-called status line inwhich the following parameters will be displayed:

- X-, Y- coordinates,- trapping mode for a point,- the name of the active file and- the product name (INCAD) with the version number

1.8 Text Lines

Below the drawing and menu fields are two text lines - hereafter referred to as dialogue lines - inwhich the alphanumeric dialogue with INCAD is transacted.

If you are in the input mode of an active function, coordinates, angles, lengths and radii can be en-tered, as well as text. Up to a maximum of 60 characters are permitted with the entry of text.

With each input request a help message will be displayed in the two text lines. In the case of op-erator’s mistakes an error message will indicate the cause of the problem. Before further proceed-ing with INCAD, you must acknowledge this message by pressing the <F1>-key.

1.9 Operational Area (Graphic Input Window)

Graphics and text can be positioned within this screen area. Its size is dependent on the displayscreen.

MTS Selection of Entities

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1.10 Selection of Entities

1.10.1 Identification of a Single Entity

There are different ways of localizing graphic entities within the drawing field. The actual identifica-tion task will depend on the number of entities to be selected.

To identify a single entity within the drawing field you simply have to position the cursor on this entityand then press the <F1> key.

Whether the identification task has been successfully completed will be indicated to the user by therecognized entity being displayed

- dotted (on a monochromatic graphic screen)- or marked in grey (on a colour screen)

If there are several entities located at the chosen position, the selection of entities will be transactedin the following dialogue:

Adopt with <F2>, Continue with <F1> !

When the <F2>-key is operated the dotted entity will be identified and will be subject to further edit-ing.

Pressing <F1> only serves to have the different options displayed, one after the other, so that youcan finally adopt the entity of your choice with the <F2>-key.

MTS Menu Windows

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1.10.2 Identification Within a Window

To serve a number of special applications, entities may be grouped in a window and then edited likea single entity. You may thus apply a further mode of identification, recognizing various entities atthe same time. To activate this identification mode you have to select the function " Def. Win." fromthe Windows Menu (which is available in the menu bar with certain menus only):

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

All Switch to identify all existing entities simulta-nously

Frame Cut. Switch for identification of entities within awindow as well as entities cut by the windowframe

Frame Cont. Switch for identification of only those entitiescontained in a window frame.

Entity Switch for identification of a single entity

Remove Function to remove entities from a window

Insert Function to insert entities into a window

Edit Menu Activates the Edit Menu

MTS Menu Windows

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When the Windows Menu is activated, the default active functions are:

Frame Cont. and

Insert

The respective menu fields are highlighted in colour.

The window is defined by entering two diagonally opposed points, it will be displayed, in the graphicinput area of the screen, as an axially parallel rectangle. The user is requested to enter the firstcorner point of the window by the following input request which appears in the upper dialogue line:

Enter the first point of the rectangle !

After you have specified the position of this starting point for the window another input prompt willappear:

Enter the end point of the rectangle !

requesting the user to enter a second point, by whose position relative to the first point the heightand width of the window is determined. While you move the cursor in the graphic input area of thedisplay screen, the position of the rectangle end point (i.e. the size of the window to be defined) iscontinuously shifted accordingly. By pressing the <F1> key you can finally determine the size andlocation of this graphics window. All entities located entirely within the window frame will be se-lected, the simultaneous identification of various entities is thereby completed for the time being.

If you wish to identify all entities, those situated within the window as well as those intersected bythe window frame, please select on the menu bar the function

Frame Cut.

You may then proceed as with the menu item "Frame Cont.".

If you wish to identify single entities, please select

Entity

on the menu bar. In the upper dialogue line the following prompt will appear:

Identify entity !

requesting you to identify a single entity or, one after the other, a number of entities. The windowframe resulting from this operation will be computed from the minimum and maximum coordinatesof the entities identified.

In the procedure previously described, single entities are always added to a group of (already iden-tified) entities.

To leave this mode you have to activate the function

Remove

on the menu bar. Selecting an entity will now effect its removal from the group. Thismay be very helpful if you wish to remove single entities from a large group of alreadyidentified entities. By selecting

MTS Menu Windows

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Insert

on the menu bar, you can revert to the default "Insert Mode".

A defined window can be modified to the effect that single entities or entities which are containedwithin another (sub-) window are inserted or removed. The frame indicating the window in the dis-play will be automatically made to to fit the maximum and minimum coordinates of the graphic enti-ties it contains. Entities which have been removed will be displayed in their original colour and linetype.

By activating the switch

Insert

and the function

All

you can group all existing entities in a window. Correspondingly, by activating the switch

Remove

and the function

All

you can completely delete a selected window. The marked frame will disappear and the graphicentities will be displayed in their respective original colours and line types.

Each selected window is retained until either <F4> ("undo") is pressed or a new window is createdby activating the windows menu.

Operating <F3> causes abortion of the procedure to the effect that none of the entities are adoptedand the user will be immediately returned to the Edit Menu.

MTS Keyboard

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1.11 Special Keys

The execution of commands is dependent on your input via the different input devices that can beemployed. The following diagram gives a survey of special keys on the standard PC-keyboard andtheir denotation with INCAD:

Where a mouse or a digitizer tablet is employed, certain functions may be activated by the mouseor puck keys. It follows that the denotations <F1>, <F2>, ..., normally referring to the function keys("softkeys") on the PC-keyboard, are, with INCAD, used for the applicable mouse and puck keys aswell.

In the following, the softkeys concerned are listed together with their corresponding mouse andpuck keys. Furthermore a number of keys on the keyboard which are used with INCAD, will be in-troduced and explained.

MTS Keyboard

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1. <F1>-key:- Keyboard : function key <F1>- Puck : key 1- Mouse : left key- Pen : single touch

This key serves to select menus and functions and to identify objects.

2. <F2>-key:- Keyboard : function key <F2>- Puck : key 2 (single click-on)- Puck : key 1 (double click-on)- Mouse : left key (double click-on)- Pen : double touch

With certain functions this key serves to quit. It can also be used to move the cursor (within an InputMask) to the next input field where an entry is requested. You can thus adopt default values byskipping an input field or (if there are default values to all fields) terminate the input procedure.

3. <F3>-key:- Keyboard : Function Key <F3>- Keyboard : Esc- Puck : 3rd Key- Mouse : Right Key (Single Click)

Normally this key will cancel the active function resp. deactivate the input field. The key is also ofimportance with the "Screen Functions" as described in section 6:

By pressing <F3> the process of reinstating a screen display can be halted.When a design reinstated has an auxiliary grid you can, by pressing the <F3> key, in-hibit the redrawing of the grid points, while the geometric entities are still being re-drawn. Operating <F3> once again will also halt the reinstatement of the entities on thescreen.

4. <F4>-key:- Keyboard : function key <F4>- Puck : key 4

This key will effect the revocation of your last input ("undo").

5. <F5>-key: (= function key <F5>)Operating this key will automatically effect a reinstatement of the screen.

6. <F6>: (= function key F6)This key serves to define a new drawing area ("Zoom Window")

7. <F7>-Key: (= function key F7)Operating this key will return you to the previously defined window ("Previous Window").

8. <F8>-key: (= Function Key F8)This key serves to display entities at a size to fill the screen ("Fit").

9. <F9>-Key: (= Function Key F9)This key serves to invocate explanations and operating instructions concerning the activated func-tions ("Help").

10. <F10>-Key:(= Function Key <F10>)Operating this key will completely delete the input field.

MTS Keyboard

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11. <RETURN>-Key:By pressing this key you terminate your input to the two dialogue lines. The cursor will be moved tothe next entry field.

12. <SHIFT>-<TAB>:Entries into the dialogue lines can be made in the highlighted fields. By pressing <SHIFT> and<TAB> simultaneously the cursor will be shifted back to the previous field.

13. <POS 1>:Pressing this key shifts the cursor back to the beginning of an entry field.

14. <END>:Operating this key shifts the cursor to the end of an entry field.

15. <DEL>:Pressing this key deletes a character in the entry field.

16. <BACK>:Pressing this key will delete the character on which the cursor is currently positioned and will movethe cursor one step to the left within the entry field.

17. <INS>:This key can be employed as a toggle switch between the "Insert" mode and the "Overwrite" modein the entry field.

18. <Scroll up>, <Scroll down>:These keys can be employed to

- scroll the selection lists (on the management level) or- as a toggle switch between the input modes of relative and absolute coordinates (on

the design level)

19. <Arrow-Keys>:The cursor keys serve to move the cursor or the cross-hairs to the left and to the right and up ordown:

<ARROW left>,<ARROW right>,<ARROW up>,<ARROW down>.

Whith alphanumerical input via the keyboard, the arrow-keys serve to shift the cursor between dif-ferent input masks.

<ARROW right>:to move the cursor within an entry field

<ARROW down>:to switch between entry fields within a mask. When this key is pressed while the cursoris in the last entry field, the input to this mask will be terminated.

MTS Keyboard

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20. <SHIFT>-Arrow-keys:By simultaneously operating the <SHIFT> key and one of the cursor keys you can effect a morerapid movement of the graphic cursor (or cross-hairs). This is especially important when you are inthe mask input mode and neither a graphic tablet nor a mouse have been configurated.

MTS File Management

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2. File Management

The file management level is the paramount level in the system, it will be invocated first, each timeyou start up the system. On this level all the standard options of file management are at your dis-posal: Copying, Deleting, Moving and Renaming.

Keyboard operations for managing different types of files are made out to function in like manner.

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Termin. Progr. Quit INCAD

IGES-File Display IGES-files

DXF-File Display DXF-files

Symbols Libr. Display symbols libraries

Def. Sym. Libr. Create and display symbols libraries for DXF-and IGES-files (accessible only when"Symbols Libr." has been selected)

System Param. Activate the formatting of input/output de-vices and other system-specific parameters

Del. Dir. Delete directories on the disk / diskette

Create Dir. Create directories on the disk / diskette

Draw. File Display workshop drawings files (default set-ting at program start)

Config. Drawg. Define a basic (configuration) drawing orlayer

Convert File Convert drawings from one format into an-tother

Delete Delete a file

Shift Rename a file

Copy Copy a file

Edit Edit a file (default setting at program start)

CNC-Managm. Activate menu for the management of CNCprograms and applicable technology

MTS File Management

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2.1 File Types

The following types of files can be handled in the file management:

- Drawings Files:These files contain the actual CAD designs (Standard Extension: ".edu").

- Symbols Files:A symbol is the grouping of one or several CAD entities which constitutes a new entity.Symbols may only occur as entities in a symbols library.(Standard Extension: ".sym").

- Symbols Library:A symbols library contains one or several symbols; it appears as a DOS subdirectory.(Standard Extension: ".sym").

- DXF files:Each DXF file contains a drawing in the DXF format which, when loaded, will be auto-matically converted to the INCAD format and displayed as an INCAD drawing. Con-versely, INCAD drawings can be converted to be stored as DXF drawings (StandardExtension: ".dxf").

- IGES files:Procedures as with the DXF files. IGES drawings are stored in the IGES-ASCII format(standard extension: ".igs").

- CNC files:The following CNC files are accessible under the menu item "CNC Management":

- Technology Libraries(Standard Extension: ".tch")- Tools Libraries (Standard Extension: ".wzd")- Tools Magazines (Standard Extension: ".mag")- Turning Programs (Standard Extension: ".dnc")- Milling Programs (Standard Extension: ".fnc")- Dressing Programs (Standard Extension: ".snc")

MTS File Management

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2.2 Selection of a File

A file is selected by entering the file name in the mask displayed in the status line and subsequentlystriking <RETURN>- or <F2>.

A file can also be graphically selected by positioning the cursor on the applicable field highlighted incolour in the graphic input area of the screen and then pressing either <F1> or <F2>.

2.3 Terminate INCAD

Terminate Program Menu Function

Activating this function will terminate the INCAD program and invocate the program selection menu.

2.4 Switching Between File Types

IGES-ile Menu FunctionDXF-ile Menu FunctionSymbols Libr Menu FunctionDraw. File Menu Function

You can switch between the managed file types (with the exception of certain symbols and NC pro-grams) by selecting a file type on the menu bar. The currently active file type, and to which all op-erations refer, will be highlighted in colour.

The management of the single symbols contained in a symbols library can be activated by selectingthe menu item "Edit" with each symbols library. Pressing <RETURN> will return you to the man-agement of whole symbols libraries.

By selecting the menu item "Edit" under "Prog. Turn" resp. "Prog. Mill" resp. "Prog. Dress" in theCNC management you can switch to the management of NC programs. As before, pressing<RETURN> will return you to the topmost management level.

2.5 Management of Symbols in DXF und IGES Files

When

Symbols Libr.is activated, the function

Def.Sym.Libr.will be displayed.

This function serves to create and manage directories containing symbols of converted DXF undIGES files.

MTS File Management

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2.6 Functions "Delete Dir.", "Create Dir."

Delete Dir Menu FunctionCreate Dir Menu Function

This function serves to delete existing directories or to create new directories. To delete an existingdirectory you will have to select it, as is explained below in section 3.2 of this manual. To create anew directory you must, of course, enter the new directory name on the keyboard.

2.7 Configuration Drawing

Config. Draw. Menu Function

This function serves to attach to any new drawing a socalled configuration drawing, being a normaldrawing which, once defined as a configuration drawing, will be automatically added to any newdrawing, prior to the actual design activities.

A configuration drawing may contain any kind of INCAD objects, it may as well contain none andonly consist of a number of layers meant to be available with a new drawing from the beginning ofthe design process. Any existing drawing can be selected to be defined as a configuration drawing.The configurative function is retained until another drawing is made a configuration drawing.

When this function is activated the following prompt appears in the first dialogue line:

Select new configuration drawing <F1> ordelete configuration drawing <F2> !

<F1> lists all existing configuration drawings, one of which must be selected as the current configu-ration drawing; typing <F2> deactivates the function and new drawings will be ready for further ed-iting without a configuration.

When a configuration drawing is selected, this file will be attached to each new drawing as a con-figuration drawing until another selection is made.

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2.8 File Conversion

Convert File Menu Function

This function serves to convert drawings of different data formats. Drawings in the

- INCAD,- DXF and- IGES

formats can be mutually converted.

After the function has been activated, the following input request appears in the first dialogue line:

Convert from :

the drawing to be converted must now be identified; the respective file name including the path willbe displayed in the first dialogue line. In the second dialogue line the user will then be prompted to

Specify new file type !

The file type into which the selected drawing is to be converted must now be specified.

After a file type (e.g. IGES) has been selected, the system effects a change of directory: now allfiles in the directory configurated for IGES are displayed. In the second dialogue line an input maskappears into which the name of the object (converted) file must be entered. Alternately an existingfile from this directory can be specified as the object file, which means it will be overwritten.

When files are converted from INCAD into DXF (and conversely), all layers of the drawing in thesource format are retained, i.e. newly created in the object format, if necessary. As the maximumlength of layer names in INCAD is twelve characters, longer layer names of DXF drawings will betruncated. In cases where this leads to different layers having identical names, these layers will bejoined.

When drawings are converted from the IGES into the INCAD format, only the contour layer is used.

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2.9 Functions "Delete", "Shift", "Copy"

Delete Menu FunctionShift Menu FunctionCopy Menu Function

These functions are self-explaining to a large extent. You may use the function "Shift" also to re-name files, even to move files from one drive to another.

In the management of single symbols only the restricted function "Rename" is available instead ofthe function "Move".

2.10 Edit

Edit Menu Function

This function serves to edit a selected file. Depending on the file type the editing will concern:

1. Drawings:Applying the the CAD-functions to edit a drawing.

2. Symbols Libraries:File management of single symbols.

3. Symbols:Apply the CAD functions to edit a symbol .

4. DXF file:Apply the CAD functions to edit a drawing stored in the DXF format and displayed inthe INCAD format.

5. IGES file:As above, with an IGES file.

6. CNC Management:Invoke the management of CNC files as listed below in section 2.11. The default activefunction will be "Edit" in the submenu "Progr. Mill.".

Graphic selection of ".." will lead to the next higher level in the current path. On the topmostlevel selecting ".." effects a switch to a different drive.

To change the actual drive you can also type on the keyboard the name of the desired drive(including diskette drives A or B) followed by a colon.

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2.11 CNC-Management

CNC-Managm. Menu Function

Activating the function

CNC-Managm.

effects a change-over to a menu serving the management of CNC programs and tools.

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Return Invoke the file management

Technologies Display technology libraries

Tools Display tool libraries

Magazines Display tool magazines

Turn. Progr. Display NC- programs for turning

Mill. Progr. Display NC-programs for milling

Dress Progr. Display NC-programs for dressing

Del. Dir. Delete directories on the disk/ diskette

Gen. Dir. Generate directories on the disk / diskette

Delete Delete a file

Shift Rename a file

Copy Copy a file

Edit Edit a file (default setting at menu invocation)

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3. Input of Points

In INCAD the input of points, to identify an entity or to adopt values, can be made either graphicallyor as alphanumerical entries via the keyboard. The graphic input mode is the default setting for theinput of values. The alphanumerical mode is automatically activated as soon as the correspondingvalues are entered via the keyboard: an input mask appears in the dialogue lines at the bottom ofthe screen. After each alphanumerical entry of a point or a length, the system will automaticallyswitch back to the graphic mode.

The same input mode must be used for both coordinates of a point.

The following two paragraphs give a more detailed description of the input modes and of the vari-ous trapping parameters for localization of points.

3.1 Input Modes

3.1.1 Graphic Input

In this input mode the coordinates of points will be adopted from within an axially parallel rectangu-lar capture area ("trap box") determined by the cursor position at the moment the <F1> key is oper-ated. Capture parameters, as described in section 4.2 defining the selected point within the "trap"area, are only valid while this input mode is active.

3.1.2 Input of Absolute Coordinates

With this input mode an input mask will be displayed in the two dialogue lines on the screen: the Xand Y coordinates of a point can now be entered, as well as length and angle data. The applicablevalues, relating to the coordinate system displayed on the screen, are to be entered via the key-board to the input fields of the mask.

3.1.3 Input of Relative Coordinates

This mode of input is similar to the above described, with the difference being that all entered val-ues now relate to the coordinates of the last entered point instead of relating to the basic coordinatesystem. The point of reference is marked on the screen by a red cross. Coordinates of the first pointentered refer to the zero point.

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3.2 Localization of Points

The localization possibilities mentioned below are only operative in the graphic input mode.

3.2.1 General Trapping Parameters

General trapping parameters apply to marked points on existing entities or to points on an auxiliarygrid.

With each of the following input modes, except the first, it is assumed that an applicable CAD entityand/or an applicable point be contained within the square capture area ("trap box") around the cur-rent cursor position, when the <F1> key is operated. If this is not the case, no point will be trappedand which will be indicated to the user by an audible signal. The trapping procedure can then berepeated, after modification of the capture criterion, if necessary.

- = no result:Pressing the <F1> key adopts the actual cursor position.

Con = Contour Point:When the cursor is situated close to a contour point, by pressing the <F1> key thispoint will be adopted instead of the current cursor position, i.e. the cursor will be"attracted" to the applicable contour point.The following are contour points:- Start and end points of entities- Start and end points of part entities of a contour string or of a free form contour.- Centre Points

Where there are several contour points within the trap box these will be highlightedone after the other, initiating a selection dialogue on the screen.

Grd = Grid Point:When a grid is defined the next corresponding point of this point grid will be adoptedinstead of the point entered.

Mid = Middle Point:When identifying a line or a circular arc, a point is localized on the contour which hasthe same distance from both ends of the entity (entity centroid).

Prj = Projection Point:If the cursor is located near to a CAD entity when the <F1> key is pressed, instead ofthe current cursor position its vertical projection onto the CAD entity will be adopted.

Int = Intersection Point:The common point of intersecting entities will be indicated. If there is only one inter-section point within the trap this point will be taken over as a localizing position. Whereseveral intersection points are contained within the trap those which are situated clos-est to the centre of the box will be adopted.The localizing position entered will be corrected to agree with the intersection point ofthe selected entities.

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Cen = Centre:When identifying a- circle or a- circular arc or a- rectanglethe circle centre, resp. the crest point, resp. the intersection point of the medians willbe localized as a point.

End = End Point:Entities whose end points do not coincide such as:- lines,- circular arcs with an opening angle of less than 360 degrees and- open contour stringswill be identified with reference to their edge. That end point which is situated closest tothe identification position will be localized as a point.

3.2.2 Special Trapping Parameters

Unlike the general trapping parameters, the special trapping parameters listed below apply tomathematical points which, as a rule, have not been drawn (e.g. the intersection point of the projec-tions of two straight lines.

While selecting a point with the help of a special trapping parameter, the general trapping parame-ters can be activated concurrently.

Example: Betw.2Pts., Con

Depending on the defined division ratio a point is trapped on the imaginary line be-tween two points, which in turn have been captured with the help of the trapping pa-rameter "contour point".

Tang.Point = circle point as end point of a tangent

To define as the localization point the nearest end point of a tangent on a circle or cir-cular arc, two entries must be made:

1. Input of a beginning point on an imaginary tangent outside a circle or circular arc.2. Identification of a circle or circular arc.

Quadr.Point = quadrant end point of a circle

The specified localizing position for identification of a circle or circular arc is rectified tocorrespond with the nearest quadrant point. Only points at 0ø, 90ø, 180ø and 270ødegrees can be displayed. Please note, that these points relate to the stationary uni-versal coordinate system.

IntermPtLin = intermediate point on a line with adjustable division ratio

A localizing position is defined on a line, depending on the setting of a division ratiobetween the beginning and end point. The division ratio relates to the nearest identifi-cation point (beginning or end point of the line); its default setting is 1:2, which can beoverwritten by alphanumerical entries.

Betw.2Pts = point between two points with adjustable division ratio

A localizing position is defined between two points to be entered, depending on thesetting of a division ratio between these points. The division ratio relates to the pointentered first; its default setting is 1:2, which can be overwritten by alphanumerical en-tries.

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Mid 2Pts = point between two points with a fixed division ratio of 1:2

Int 2Ent = Intersection point of two identified entities

Two entities must be identified; in case there is no intersection point, it will be estab-lished from the projections of the entities. Where there are several intersection points,that one will be adopted, which is situated closest to the identification points of the en-tities.

3.2.3 Automatisches Fangen

Mit dem Fangmodus „automatisches Fangen“ wird automatisch das Fangkriterium gewech-selt, um einen Punkt im Fangbereich des Cursors zu fangen:

Anwahl: Zuest muß ein eventuell gewählters Fangkriterium abgewählt werden. Durcherneutes Anklicken des Schalters „-“ wird das automatische Fangen angewählt.Der Schalter „-“ wird dabei ausgeschaltet.

Funktion: Je nach Cursorposition wird ein Fangkriterium angewählt und in der Statuszeileangezeigt. Es wird geprüft, ob im Fangbereich des Cursors ein Konturpunkt, einSchnittpunkt oder ein Projektionspunkt liegt (in dieser Reihenfolge) und danndas Fangkriterium entsprechend gesetzt.

Hinweis: Bei großen Zeichnungen sollte das automatische Fangen nicht angewählt wer-den, da sonst die Cursorbewegungen ruckartig werden können.

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4. Main Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Turn. Progr. Menu NC-Programming Turning

Mill. Progr. Menu NC-Programming Milling

Dress. Prog. Menu NC-Programming Dressing

Cancel Return to the management level withoutstoring input and modifications

End + Store Terminate the input to a drawing and store inthe applicable medium

Sys. Colours Configurate the set of colours available

Input Sys. Setting the digitizing area of an object(with tablet only)

Plot Screen Output of the complete drawing field on aplotter or to a file (for use in foreign systems)

Plot Scale Output of the complete drawing field on aplotter or to a file (for use in foreign systems)with scaling data.

Load Draw. Load a (additional) workshop drawing

Store Draw. Store a workshop drawing (assign a filename)

Ref. Point Set coordinate system for symbols

Layers Menu Activate the Layers Menu

Dimensioning Activate the Main Menu for Dimensioning

Screen Menu Activate the Screen Menu

Design Menu Activate the Design Menu

Edit Menu Activate the Edit Menu

Ent. Menu Activate the Entities Menu

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4.1 Menu Selection

The principal use of the specific menus is

- to supply online drawing help in the creation of a workshop drawing (Screen Menu),- to supply additional layers for management and drawing help with the generation of a

drawing (Layers Menu)- to create base entities (Entities Menu),- to manipulate entities and symbols by geometric transformations (Edit Menu),- to design new entities from base entities.(Design Menu)- to dimension workshop drawings in accordance with German Standard DIN 406 Part 1

and Part 2 (Dimensioning Menu) and- to generate turning and milling programs in accordance with German Standard DIN

66025 (Turning and Milling).- to generate dressing programs (Dressing).

Sub-menus can be activated from some of the menus, explanations of these sub-menus are pro-vided in the respective activating menu.

4.2 Generate NC-Programs

Turn. Progr. Menu FunctionMill. Progr. Menu FunctionDress. Prog. Menu Function

For a detailed description see sections 11 - 13 (page Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert.).

4.3 Return to the Management Level

Cancel Menu FunctionEnd + Store Menu Function

To quit the CAD design level and return to the management level you can select either of the twoMenu functions

- Cancel- End + Store

Only the latter function will effect storage of the workshop drawing (under the path and file nameactive when the CAD level was entered.)

When a drawing has been newly created or an existing drawing has been edited, the function"cancel" must be acknowledged with the <F1> key.

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4.4 System Colours

Sys. Colours Menu Function

This function serves to configurate the colours which are assigned to each graphic component pro-vided in the INCAD system. Furthermore the shades of colours available in the system can bemodified.

After activation of this menu function fifteen coloured rectangles and a graphic representation of thefirst eight function keys are displayed in the lower part of the screen. Operating the function key<F1> serves to edit the set of colours, <F2> serves to edit the assignment of colours to graphiccomponents.

4.4.1 Edit Colour Set (Function Key <F1>)

This function serves to redefine the set of colours to be used in the system. The number of colours,from which to choose, will depend on the graphic mode employed. In the VGA modes there is atheoretical choice of more than 100.000 colours; the actual number of configurable colours avail-able to make up a colour set is sixteen in the VGA as well as in the EGA mode.

Each of these sixteen colours is composed of shares of colours from the so-called RGB scale (RGB= Red/Green/Blue), displayed in the lower part of the screen. Its colour values range from 0 to 100,the numerical steps in selecting a value will depend on the graphic mode employed.

By means of the horizontal cursor keys a colour can be selected from the given set to modify itsRGB values. The displayed function keys can then be used, according to their labels, to increase ordecrease the shares of red green and blue in the selected colour; by pressing <F1>, for instance,the share of red is increased.

By striking <F8> the actual values of the colour set are acknowldged and the user is returned to theselection level of the function "System Colours"; <F7> in turn serves to undo the editing and re-establish the previous configuration.

4.4.2 Edit Colours (Function Key <F2>)

This function serves to edit the assignation of colours to the various graphic components as listedon the screen. The vertical cursor keys are operated to select a component, then the colour to beattached to it can be selected with the horizontal cursor keys.

<F1> acknowledges the selection. Pressing <F7> or <F8> will return the user to the selection levelof the function "System Colours"; <F7> in doing so discards the editing and re-establishes the pre-vious configuration.

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The components of which the colours can be configurated are the following:

Pens:The first fifteen colour fields represent the colours being used in drawing geometricentities. They are also referred to as (drawing-) "pens".

Background:Colour of the background of the INCAD working area

Frames:Colour of frames to the menu field and the working area

Aux. Grid:Colour of the auxiliary grid

Axes Scale:Colour of scales on the axes

Graphic Cursor:Colour of the graphic cursor

Text Colour:Colour of text in the menu bar, the dialogue lines and the status line

Aux. Contour:Drawing colour for auxiliary contours

Sel. Function:Colour to mark the selected (active) function

Menu Headl.:Colour to mark the headlines of menus

Switch I :Switch II:

Colours to mark the switches in the switch line

Act. Switch :Colour to highlight the active position of a switch

Contour Pts.:Centres:

Colour to mark the contour and centre points of geometric entities after the function"Pt." from the switch line has been activated

Gener. LayerActive LayerVisible LayerInvisible Layer:

Colours to denote the status of different layers

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Axes Col.Mill. Cont. Col.Drill Hole Col.Pockets Col.Islands Col.Pins Col.Retract. Col.Clear. Col.Infeed Col.Total Dpth. Col.

Colours to mark geometric entities after a program run in the NC programming systemfor milling.

4.4.3 Quitting the Function

To quit the function "System Colours" one of the following keys can be operated

- <F6> Store Config.,- <F7> Abort,- <F8> Return

<F7> will undo the editing and revert to the previous state. <F8> serves to adopt the current (edited)set of system colours and colour assignations; when the function is quitted by operating <F6> thesesettings will additionally be stored in a configuration file, to be available for future work sessions.

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4.5 Digitizing of Drawings

Input Sys. Menu Function

This function serves to digitize a drawing on the digitizer tablet. After the drawing has been fixed onthe tablet, the function "Input Sys" can be activated.

Now the coordinates of a defined point in the drawing must be entered (e.g.: coordinates origin x =0, y = 0). While this point is touched with the tablet pen, <F1> is to be operated.

The system will thereupon request the user to proceed analogically with the input of coordinatesand the digitizing of a further defined point in the drawing. This second point can be chosen at will,although it is recommended to choose a point in as great a distance from the first point as is possi-ble. With the second point digitized the system can compensate any contortion which may haveoccurred in fixing the drawing to the tablet.

From the two digitized points also the scale of representation will be computed.

Example: Application of the drawing to be digitized

Activating the function "Input Sys" once again will restore the original input mode. After each fol-lowing invocation of "Input Sys" you can revert to the original input system by operating <F2>.

If a tablet foil has been installed, it will be non-operative in the operation mode "Input System".

When you are in the operation mode "Input System" the menu fields will be located at the rightmargin of the tablet. Depending on the scale of representation you may find that while digitizingthere is an area on the tablet where your input is not represented by a cursor position on the screenand that correspondingly there are positions on the screen to which there is "no access" via thetablet.

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Please note that the input system will remain active even after you have cancelled and re-activateda drawing via the file management level. You can therefore invocate other drawings "to take a look"without cancelling the digitizing input system.

4.6 Plotter Output

Both the functions "Plot Screen" and "Plot Scal" serve to output a drawing in the "HPGL" format("HPGL" = "Hewlett-Packard Graphic Language"). This format is compatible with all types of HP-plotters. Up to eight colours will be supported.

Output may either be sent directly to the connected plotter or be stored in a file for further use.

There is a variety of programs in the market which will convert a HPGL file for output on differentdot printers.

With both the above mentioned functions the connected plotter will recognize the applicable outputformat. When the plotter output is stored in a file, DIN A 4 will be the assumed page format.

4.6.1 Plot im Ausschnitt

Plot Ausschn Menu Function

Mit Hilfe dieser Funktion lassen sich die in einem Ausschnitt zusammengefaßten Elemente in ei-nem vom Benutzer festzulegenden Maßstab plotten bzw. in eine Datei schreiben (see Plot to sca-le).

4.6.2 Plot Screen

Plot Screen Menu Function

If a plotter has been configurated, there are the following two options:

you may

- output the contents of a drawing field on a plotter (<F1> key) or you may- store the contents of the drawing field in HPGL-format in an file (<F2> key).

When you decide on the first option, you must configurate the plotter according to the configurationdescribed in Appendix B of this manual; in this case the full format will be used for the hardcopy.When choosing the second option you must specify a HPGL file name.

If no plotter has been configurated, your only option is to store the drawing in a HPGL file. In anycase, whether the drawing is written to a plotter or to a file, each entity being plotted will be concur-rently displayed on the screen.

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4.6.3 Plot to Scale

Plot Scale Menu Function

This function serves to define the scale of the drawings plotted or written to a file.

The first steps in the dialogue are similar to the procedure described above in the section "PlotScreen".

Then a system prompt will appear:

Sheet lengthwise ? Y/N

The default options are Y (Yes) or N (No). "Y" is for plotting on a sheet in upright format., "N" forplotting on a sheet in oblong format.

That format, which makes better use of the sheet space will be marked as the default input, irre-spective of the sheet size.

As a next step it must be defined, on which scale the drawing shall be plotted on a sheet or to a file.This scale refers to the real size of the single plotted objects, regardless of their size in the currentscreen representation.

In the first dialogue line the following input request appears

Scale 1 : 2.00 (maximum scale 1 : 1.53)

As an input aid the highest possible scalescale; iss indicated in brackets (e.g. 1:1.53); the standardinput will be the next greater whole number (e.g. 1:2.00).

After a valid scale has been entered or the default scale has been acknowledged, a graphic inpuitaid for positioning of the plotted drawing on the sheet will appear:

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Example: Positioning of a drawing on a sheet in upright format

The frame displayed on the screen indicates the maximum space on the sheet to be plotted on,while the movable (rubber banded) rectangle represents the size of the drawing, depending on thescale.

The input request

Enter lower left corner of the plot!

prompts the user to position the movable rectangle within the displayed frame. The system will ac-cept only those entries (effected by pressing <F1>) which have the movable rectangle completelywithin the frame.

After the movable rectangle has been successively positioned within the displayed frame (whichamounts to having the plot dimensions successfully positioned within the sheet size), the completedrawing (including those parts not visible in the drawing field) will be plotted on the specified scale.Concurrently the plotting of each entity is displayed true to scale on the screen.

4.6.4 Cancel Plotting

The plotting can be cancelled at any time by operating the <F3> key (on the PC keyboard !).

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4.7 Load Drawing

Load Drawing Menu Function

Into a drawing currently worked on, other drawings can be copied. After the prompt

File :

an existing file must be specified. The following prompt:

Delete existing drawing <F1>, Load concurrently <F2>,Cancel <F3> !

offers the options of either loading the specified file concurrently (<F2>), loading after deleting theexisting drawing <F1> or cancelling the procedure <F3>. The following local parameters will beoverwritten by the additional file

- Grid Definition- Detail Window- Dimensioning Parameter

It follows that, when consecutive insertions of drawings are carried out, the result will depend on thesequential order.

A new drawing can be added to the existing drawing on a scale of 1:1, and its positioning can beeffected in the interactive mode. As a first step an insertion point must be defined. To facilitate thistask, two graphic aids are displayed: a rectangle representing the size of the drawing to be insertedand a flexible line (rubber band) joining the lower left corner of the new drawing and the cursor(cross-hairs) position. A reference point must be defined:

Enter reference point for the relocation of the drawingto be loaded !

then the overlaid rectangle can be moved graphic-dynamically. Subsequently a point must be en-tered to position the new drawing:

Enter relocation point !

Now the new drawing will be inserted, while the overlaid rectangle disappears from the screen andall entities will be redrawn.

In this process the information on layers of the drawing may be revised, especially when new layersare added: layers will be joined if their names are identical. It follows, that in the list of layers therecan be no different layers of the same name.

Operating the <F4> key will completely delete the inserted drawing from the screen.

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4.8 Store Drawing

Store Draw. Menu Function

The current drawing is stored after a file name has been assigned to it. In the case when a file ofthis name already exists the following message will appear:

File already exists ! <F1> to overwrite, <F3> to cancel !

Operate the <F1> key to overwrite the file.

You may use this function to store intermediate results in the design process.

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4.9 Reference Point

Ref. point Menu Function

To facilitate the design of symbols within the given universal coordinate system, an individual coor-dinate system can be allocated to each symbol. After invocation of the function a point must beentered which will be the origin of a local axially parallel coordinate system. All entities of the symbolwill then relate to this coordinate system.

4.10 Layers Menu

Layers Menu Menu Function

For a detailed description please see section 6 in this manual (page 52).

4.11 Dimensioning

Dimensioning Menu FunctionFor a detailed description please see section 10 in this manual (page 184).

4.12 Screen Menu

Screen Menu Menu Function

For a detailed description please see section 5 in this manual (next page).

4.13 Design Menus

Design Menu Menu Function


4.14 Edit Menu

Edit Menu Menu Function


4.15 Entities Menu

Ent. Menu Menu Function


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5. Screen Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

AuxOn AuxOff Toggle switch for the display of auxiliary lines

Ha On Ha Off Toggle switch for the display of hatches

Grid Def. Menu Function for generating a point grid

Gr. On Gr. Off Toggle switch for the display of a point grid

Extend AuxLi. Switch for extending the auxiliary lines to themargin of the drawing field

Abs. Zero Set the absolute zero point

Rel. Zero Set the relative zero point

Axes Grad. Toggle switch for the display of axes gradua-tion

Edit Seq. Edit the output sequence of entities on thesame layer

Zoom Window Modify the detail window

Zoom Factor Modify the detail window with a zoom factor

Fit Display all entities to fit the screen

Pan Scroll the drawing area

Prev. Window Display contents of the last defined window

Next Window Display contents of the next window

Screen Rein. Reinstate the screen

Main Menu Activate the main menu

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The screen menu contains a variety of functions which provide useful assistance in the creation of adrawing. These functions serve, firstly, to define the desired detail window of a drawing and, sec-ondly, to position a coordinates system within the current operational area. Moreover the drawingarea on the graphics screen can be backgrounded with a point grid.

Zoom functions are available to define and edit the format of a drawing. Rulers located at the topand left margin can be activated to dimension the coordinates axes and the selected drawing for-mat. By backgrounding the screen with a user-defined raster the cursor movement can be restrictedto a grid of points whose coordinates are the multiple of predefined key values.

5.1 Display or Hide Auxiliary Lines

AuxOn AuxOff Switch

This toggle switch serves to blend in (resp. to hide) the auxiliary lines of a drawing. Each time theswitch is operated, the screen will be reinstated.

New auxiliary lines can be created and displayed, no matter which position the switch is set to.

5.2 Display or Hide Hatches

Ha On Ha Off Switch

This toggle switch serves to blend in (resp. to hide) the hatches of entities in a drawing. When theswitch is set to the OFF position, it is not possible to hatch entities or to remove existing (invisible)hatches. Any attempt to do so will lead to an error message from the system.

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5.3 Point Grid

5.3.1 Define Point Grid

Grid Def. Menu FunctionIt may prove necessary to define coordinates in a step-by-step procedure - the free definition of apoint grid on the graphics screen will be helpful in this. Once defined a grid will remain active untilthe "Grid Definition" function is activated once again.

5.3.2 Display or Hide Point Grid

Gr. On Gr. Off Switch

By operating this toggle switch the point grid can be displayed or removed from the screen. Irre-spective of the screen display, each defined grid will remain active until a new grid is defined.

5.4 Extend Auxiliary Lines

Extend AuxLi. Switch

This switch serves to extend the existing auxiliary lines of a drawing up to the margins of the draw-ing field. The screen display will automatically be redrawn accordingly. When this switch is active,any auxiliary lines newly created will be extended up to the drawing field margin.

Please note, that extended auxiliary lines cannot be reduced to their original length!

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5.5 Origin of the Coordinates System

Each entry of a point refers to an axially parallel coordinates system; the user can set a new originof coordinates, in relative or absolute relation to the given coordinates system.

5.5.1 Defining the Absolute Zero Point

Abs. Zero Menu Function

The default position of the absolute zero point is the lower left corner of the drawing area.

The Abs. Zero command will set the origin of the coordinates system to that point which has beendefined as the zero point when the drawing was generated.

Example: Absolute Zero of the Drawing Area

When activating the function Rel. Zero the user will be requested to define a new origin of the coor-dinates system in the drawing area.

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5.5.2 Defining the Relative Zero Point

Rel. Zero Menu Function

Example: Setting the Relative Zero PointEntries of further entities will now relate to thenew origin - which is, in the above example, the point P.

The function "Absolute Zero Point

Abs. Zero

serves to shift the zero point of the defined reference system to the origin of the INCAD coordinatessystem.

5.6 Axes Graduation

Axes Grad. Menu Function

You can use this function as a toggle switch to have the axes graduation (in INCAD units, i.e.inch/mm) displayed or inhibited in the screen display. The graduation of the y-axis will appear on theleft margin of the drawing field, the graduation of the x-axis will appear on the upper margin.

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5.7 Edit Output Sequence

Edit Seq. Menu Function

This function serves to alter the sequence of plotting or drawing entities in the same layer.

When the function is activated, the following prompt appears:

Identify entity ! .

The selected entity will be made the last of its kind on the respective layer to be outputted. By iden-tifying all entities, one after another, an output sequence for screen display and plotting can be de-fined.

5.8 Zoom./.Modify the Detail Window

Zoom Window Menu Function

This window operation serves to scale up or down in the display a defined section of the drawingfield.

An axially parallel area must be defined by entering a

- starting point of the rectangle and anend point of the rectangle.

Example: Zooming-up of a detail

5.9 Zoom / Factor for Modification of the Detail Window

Zoom Factor Menu Function

The zoom window relates to the centre of the drawing area; the default zooming factor is 0.5.

MTS Screen Menu

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5.10 Adapt the Size of the Drawing Field to the Entities Dimensions (Fit)

Fit Menu Function

Selecting this window will effect the "automatic" generation of a zoom window. According to theirmaximum coordinates all entities will be displayed to fit the window in the drawing area.

The switches

- Dimensioning Text <ON|OFF>- Dimensioning <ON|OFF>

can be used to modify the effects of this function (see the Main Menu Dimensioning on page 204ff)of this manual. If the switch "dimensioning" is set to the "OFF" position, the dimensioning will bedisregarded.

If the switch "Dimensioning Text" is set to the "OFF" position and at the same time the switch"Dimensioning" is set to the "ON" position, only the dimensioning framework (without the dimen-sioning text) will be accounted for. If both switches are set to the "ON" position the dimensioning willbe completely accounted for in the zoom window.

Especially where drawings are edited which include extensive dimensioning, it may be recommend-able to remove the dimensioning from the screen display for the time being.

5.11 Define a Drawing Field to be Scrolled (Panorama)

Pan Menu FunctionThe special feature with this ("panoramic") function is the generation of a new drawing field centreby entry of a point while the size of the active drawing area remains the same. This way the panfunction can be used to scroll an active drawing window over the drawing.

5.12 Show Previous/Next Window

Next Window Menu FunctionPrevious Window Menu Function

By selecting "Next Window" or "Prev. Window" the next or the previous screen window will be dis-played.

5.13 Reinstate Screen

Reinstate Menu FunctionWith each reinstation of the screen the contents of the drawing field will be deleted and all contourssubsequently redrawn.

5.14 Quit the Screen Menu

Main Menu Menu FunctionThis function will activate the main menu.

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6. Layers Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Prev. Page Scrolling the list of layers

Next Page Scrolling the list of layers

Active Edit the state of a layer

Visible Edit the state of a layer

Invisible Edit the state of a layer

Cont. Layer Top layer

Gener. Layer Edit the contour generation layer

Main Menu Invoke the Main Menu

LayEd. Menu Invoke the layer edit menu

MTS Layers-Menu

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Layers serve to structure a design drawing. With INCAD an optional number of layers is at the dis-posal of the user, while, as a default option, each drawing has a so-called contour layer.

The currently available layers of each design drawing are indicated in the menu bar of the layersmenu. When more than eleven layers have been defined, the menu functions "Next Page / Previ-ous Page" can be used to scroll up or down to the previous or next group of eleven layers.

6.1 Defining the State of a Layer

There are three possible states of a layer, namely:

- active,- visible,- invisible.

The state of a layer applies to all entities in it. The effects of activating a state are as follows:

- active : Entities on this layer are displayed on the screen and can be identified;- visible: Entities on this layer are displayed on the screen but cannot be identified;- invisible: Entities are not displayed on the screen.

To alter the state of a layer, the Layers Menu must be invoked, which may be done any number oftimes during the design process. In some cases reinstating the screen will become necessary, e.g.to hide an active or visible layer, or to display the entities of a different, hitherto invisible layer.

6.2 Generation Layers

Newly generated entities are situated in generation layers. With INCAD five layers can be em-ployed to generate the following:

- Contours,- Auxiliary contours,- Dimensionings,- Hatchings,- Text.

By default setting all five generation layers are integrated into the "Contour layer" which is providedby INCAD for each new drawing . Once a new layer has been established, it can be used as a gen-eration layer for one or several of the five types of objects listed above. All henceforth generatedobjects of the respective type will then be situated on this new generation layer.

A generation layer is always in the "active" state.

MTS Layers-Menu

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6.3 Attributes of a Layer

For each layer the drawing attributes

- colour,- line type,- line thickness

are provided.

Default attribute values assigned to each newly established layer are those defined in the menufunction "attributes" of the Entities Menu. Conversely, with each shift to another contour generationlayer the current attribute values for colour, line type and line thickness follow that shift, i.e. they willbe those that have been assigned to the respective chosen layer.

This means that, as a rule, the values of drawing attributes in the current contour generation layerare identical with those local attribute values which are indicated in the menu function "attributes" ofthe entities menu.

The current local attribute values are assigned to each entity when it is generated. These attributescan be edited by activating the "attributes" function in the Entities Menu; such editing will, however,have no effect on the drawing attributes of the current contour generation layer.

Local attribute values will remain valid until the next editing or, when another contour generationlayer is activated, their being overwritten by the values defined for that layer.

6.4 Output Sequence of Layers

If a drawing consists of entities on several layers, the output sequence of entities (when the screenis redrawn or the drawing is plotted) depends on the sequence of layers as listed in the layersmenu. Entities of the layer on top of the list will be drawn or plotted first, entities of the followinglayers consecutively.

The sequence of layers in the list can be changed at any time while working on a design drawing.

6.5 Prev. Page / Next Page

Prev. Page Menu FunctionNext Page Menu Function

When a drawing has more than eleven layers (the maximum of layer names the menu field canshow), this function can be used to scroll to a different page of the layers list to be displayed in themenu bar.

MTS Layers-Menu

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6.6 Contour Generation Layer

Gener. Layer Menu Function

This function serves to select a layer as the contour generation layer. The current contour genera-tion layer is marked in the same colour as the menu function.

After activating the function, the name of that layer in the menu bar must be selected, which shallbe the contour generation layer in the further procedure. The selected name will appear highlightedin the colour which, up to then, has marked the previous contour generation layer (which layer re-mains in the "active" state).

6.7 State of a Layer

active Menu Functioninactive Menu Functioninvisible Menu Function

These functions serve to alter the state of a single or of several layers. To inhibit e.g. the display ofseveral layers, proceed as follows:

Select the function "invisible", then select in the menu field, in any order, the names of the layers tobe hidden from the screen. All selected names will appear marked in the same colour as the func-tion "invisible".

After the ensuing automatic screen reinstatement all entities situated on the selected layers will nolonger be visible in the drawing display - which also means that they cannot be trapped.

For contour generation layers, "active" is the mandatory state.

6.8 Main Menu

Main Menu Menu Function

Activating this function invokes the Main Menu.

MTS Layers-Menu

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6.9 Layer Edit Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Layers Info Information on current layers

Edit Gen.Lay Change the generation layer for- Auxiliary contours- Dimensionings- Hatches- Text

Delete Delete a layer

Rename Rename a layer

Define Define a new layer

Sequence Change the sequence of layers in the list

Edit Attrib. Edit the drawing attributes of a layer

Layers Menu Invoke the layers menu


This menu contains various functions for manipulating existing layers and creating new layers.

MTS Layers-Menu

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6.9.1 Information on Layers

Layers Info Menu Function

This function serves to obtain information on the parameters of all layers. When the function is acti-vated all relevant data will be listed in the "working area" on the screen.

The following information is provided, concerning the respective layer:

- state (visible/invisible),- generation layer? For which type of objects?- colour of layer,- line type,- line thickness,- number of entities on the layer- number of dimensionings on the layer.

6.9.2 Edit the Generation Layer

Edit Gen.Lay Menu Function

This function serves to define new generation layers for

- Auxiliary Contours,- Dimensionings,- Hatches and- Text

To select a new contour generation layer, the function

Gener. Layer

must be invoked from the Layers Menu.

When the function

Edit Gen.Lay

is activated, a new menu bar will be displayed, listing the four types of generation layers which canbe edited. The name of the current generation layer is indicated below each type label. To define anew generation layer e.g. for dimensionings, the menu function

Dimensioning

must be selected. The list of layers defined for the the current drawing will be shown in the menufield and a (new) layer must be defined, on which all subsequently created dimensionings will besituated.

After each identification of layer in the layers selection menu, the user is returned to the layersgeneration menu. Alternately the activation of the function

MTS Layers-Menu

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LayGen Menu

(or striking the <F3>-key) serves to return to the layers generation menu. This means aborting theoriginal function; no change of generation layer is effected.

6.9.3 Delete a Layer

Delete Menu Function

This function serves to delete a layer from the layers list.

When the function is activated, the layers selection menu will be displayed. The layer to be deetedmust be selected in the menu field.:

Select layer !

After a layer has been selected, the user will be returned to the Edit Layers Menu. In the first dia-logue line the name of the selected layer is indicated; pressing <F1> acknowledges the deletion.

A layer which contains entities, or is a generation layer, cannot be deleted !

6.9.4 Rename a Layer

Rename Menu Function

When the function is activated, the layers selection menu will be displayed. The layer to be re-named must be selected in the menu field.:

Rename layer !

After a layer has been selected, the user will be returned to the Edit Layers Menu. In the first dia-logue line the name of the selected layer is indicated, in the second line an input mask is displayed.

The new layer name to be entered must not exceed twelve characters. By pressing <F1> or <F2>the entry is acknowledged and the function terminated. The new name will be assigned to the se-lected layer.

MTS Layers-Menu

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6.9.5 Define a New Layer

Define Menu Function

This function serves to define a new layer.

When the function is activated, a sequence number is displayed, indicating the position of the newlayer in the list of layers. The default option is to place the new layer at the end of the list. By typingthe respective number, the new layer can be inserted at a position further up in the list.

After this number has been entered (or the default position has been acknowledged) the cursor isshifted to the next input mask, where the new layer name must be entered. After completion of thisentry the new layer will be inserted at its respective position in the layers list.

Drawing attributes ("colour", "line type" and "line thickness") of the new layer will be as currentlydefined in the "Attributes" function of the Entities Menu.

6.9.6 Edit the Sequence of Layers

Sequence Menu Function

This function serves to edit the sequence of layers in the layers list, which sequence determines theorder of the output of entities when plotting or redrawing.

When the function is activated the layers selection menu is displayed. In the first dialogue line ap-pears the following prompt:

Select the layer to be shifted !.

The name of the layer to be shifted to a new position in the list must now be selected. It will be high-lighted to indicate the selection.

Another prompt will appear in the dialogue line:

Select new position !.

The name of that layer must be selected, which shall be replaced by the previously selected layer.That way the shift of this layer to a new position in the list is effected.

MTS Layers-Menu

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6.9.7 Edit Drawing Attributes of a Layer

Edit Attrib. Menu Function

This menu function serves to edit the drawing attributes "colour", "line type" and "line thickness" ofa layer. (Cf. "layer attributes" in the previous chapter).

When the function is activated, the layers selection menu will be displayed. The input request

Select layer !

prompts the user to select a layer.

After a layer has been selected, the the layers attributes menu is is invoked. Its basic editing func-tions apply to the

- Colour,- Line Type, and- Line thickness

of a layer.

Concurrently the name of the selected layer and the current values of drawing attributes of this layerare indicated in the first dialogue line.

By activating one of these menu functions the applicable drawing attributes of the selected layercan be edited, as described below in the Edit Menu.

MTS Entities-Menu

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7. Entities Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Aux./Cont. Switch for defining the drawing layer

Attributes Menu Function for assigning drawingattributes

Line Type User-defined line types

Line Thickness Available number of line thicknesses

Info Geometry information on selected entities

Rel.Zero Set the relative zero point

Insrt.Arc Insert an arc

Insrt.Chamf. Insert a chamfer

Set Symbol Set a symbol

Text Generate text

Hatching Hatching of an entity

Rectangle Generate a rectangle

Point Set a point

Hatch Menu Modify hatching patterns

Line Activate the menu "Lines"

Circle Activate the menu "Circles"

Circ. Arc Activate the menu "Circular Arcs"

Cont. String Activate the menu "Contour strings"

Free Cve. Activate the menu "Free Form Curves"


MTS Entities Menu

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This menu serves to generate basic geometric entities, namely

- points- lines- circular arcs- circles- rectangles- contour strings

Text can be inserted in different sizes or fonts as desired.

INCAD provides the option to generate contour strings by entering points; this can be effected ineither of the following three ways:

- Strings of entities, made up of lines and circular arcs, can be generated with the menuitem "contour strings".

- in the sub-menu "free form curves" of the menu item "fitting" a procedure of interpolat-ing the entered points by circular arcs is provided which will result in a smoothed curve.

- Continuous cursor movements can be made to render a lines polygon ("Sketch Con-tour").

7.1 Structure of Graphic Entities

Special characteristics can be assigned to each single geometric entity. While modifying the repre-sentation of entities in the screen display or hardcopy, these so-called "attributes" are also used todiscern entities of the same form type (e.g. "circle").

In addition to its geometry data an entity, with INCAD,can have the following attributes:

- character formats (colour, line type),- hatching formats (angle and spacing of the hatch lines) and- assignation to an group of optional graphic entities which constitutes one in a structure

of so-called "layers".

Lines, circular arcs, points and text are types of entities to which no hatching format can be attrib-uted.

Default assignation of attributes:

Colour : 1 (white)Line type : 0 (solid)Line thickn. : 0 (thin line)Hatching : (angle= 45, spacing = 2.5)Layer : contour layer

During the creation of a drawing attributes can be edited by activating the "attributes" function.

To edit attributes assigned to existing entities, the function "Attribute" can be invoked from the EditMenu.

MTS Entities Menu

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7.2 Define Character Attributes

Attribute Menu Function

By activating this function new character formats and hatching data can be defined, which will laterbe applied in the generation of the graphic entities. Moreover, the shape and size of the cursor,resp. the cross-hairs can be edited.

All attributes to be defined are listed in the two dialogue lines; the current setting will be indicated,then to be edited or adopted as is desired.

The following parameters can be configurated:

- colour,- line type,- line thickness,- trap box,- cross-hairs,- hatch scaling factor,- hatch number;- and, as an additional feature, the distance and angle of hatch lines of the standard

hatching.

Colours:There is a choice of fifteen colours . When the standard configuration is operative, these will be thefollowing:

1: White, 2: Yellow, 3: Light-green, 4: Light-blue, 5: Cyan (light), 6: Brown, 7: Blue, 8: Green, 9: Cyan,10: Magenta,11: Light-red,12: Light-grey,13: Dark-grey,14: Red (for auxiliary contour layer),15: Magenta (light).

A change of colour can be effected either by selecting one of the colour fields displayed on themenu bar or by entering the applicable colour number on the keyboard. Of the fifteen colours listedabove, only twelve can be graphically selected.

MTS Entities Menu

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Line Types:There is a choice of sixteen line types, eight of which are the default system options, while the othereight can be defined by the user. The system options are the following:

1: Solid2: Small Dashes3: Dotted4: Big Dashes - Dots5: Big Dashes - Double Dots6: Big Dashes7: Big Dashes- Small Dashes8: Big Dashes- Small Double Dashes

Line Thickness:The value entered refers to the actual pen stroke of the indicated line thickness number.

Trap:The size of cursor types 1-5 can be defined. It is specified in pixels and will determine the capturearea (trap).

Cross-hairs:To define a different type of cursor or cross-hairs the applicable number must be entered on thekeyboard. In the diagram below the available cursor types are shown:

MTS Entities Menu

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Diagram: Six different cursor types

Hatch Scaling Factor:This function serves to use the same type of hatching with different entities in a drawing, by editingthe distance between the hatch lines. Instead of generating new hatches, an existing hatch pattern,consisting of basic patterns, can be scaled up or down and thus be applied to various entities.

Hatch Number:The parameter to be entered is the number of the desired hatch pattern. Two special cases have tobe observed:

0 : When the standard hatch pattern is selected

the hatching distance (= distance between hatch lines) andthe hatching angle

can be defined.

-1 : When the available hatches are displayed graphically in the working area of thescreen, the desired pattern can be selected by picking or by alphanumerical entry ofthe applicable number.

MTS Entities Menu

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7.3 Custom Line Types

Line Type Menu FunctionSixteen line types are available with INCAD, eight of which are default system features. The func-tion "Line Type" serves to let the user define the other eight line types, by entering a pattern of hischoice.

Each INCAD line pattern consists of a sequence of one to three line sections, relating to a referencepoint. Length of and distance between these elements can be defined in this function, whichamounts to six different length parameters to be entered (in addition to the reference point), namelythe following:

length of the first line section,length of the space between the first and second section,

length of the second line section,length of the space between the second and third section,

length of the third line section,length of the space between the third section and the first section of the following se-quence (repeating the pattern).

The diagram below shows a line type consisting of two line sections of different length and twospaces of equal length:

Example: Custom Line Type

When the reference point is intersected by a line, it will be positioned on the middle point of the firstline section. To define a section to be a point, enter zero as the length value.

MTS Entities Menu

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7.4 Line Thickness

Line Thickness Menu FunctionThis function serves to define the actual pen stroke (in the drawing) of each of the available sixteenline thicknesses. When the function is activated the following input requests will appear in the twodialogue lines:

Enter line thickness (1 to 16)!

and

Line thickness: Pen Stroke: .

As a first step the number of the line thickness to be edited must be entered; subsequently the penstroke (in mm) belonging to that line thickness must be specified.

The default pen strokes assigned to the available line thicknesses are the following:

Line Thickness: Pen Stroke (mm)

1 0 (thin line)2 0.183 0.254 0.35

5 0.56 0.77 1.08 2.0

9 3.010 5.011 7.012 9.0

13 10.014 11.015 12.016 13.0

7.5 Geometry Information

Info Menu Function

The "Info" function serves to obtain geometry information on selected entities. After the function asbeen activated and an entity has been identified in the drawing field, the corresponding geometrydata will be displayed in the dialogue lines. Additional data can be obtained by striking <F1>, pro-vided that the cursor is positioned in the drawing field.

MTS Entities Menu

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7.6 Define the Relative Zero Point

Rel. Zero Menu Function

Please cf. the detailed description of this function in the section 5 of this manual (page 49).

Diagram: Setting a Relative Zero Point

7.7 Chamfering and Rounding of Polygon Corners.

Insrt Arc Menu FunctionInsrt.Chamf. Menu Function

These functions serve to insert a rounding or chamfer at the corner points of polygons such asrectangles, contour strings or fitting curves.

When either of the functions "Insert Arc" or "Insert chamfer" is acticated, the prompt

Identify polygon corner point ! .

will appear in the dialogue lines.

After a polygon corner point has been succesfully identified, a further input request will appear in thedialogue lines:

Arc radius ? Chamfer length ?

The applicable data are to be entered on the keyboard. The chamfer of the specified length is al-ways symmetrical. If the specified values are to great and therefore invalid, this will be indicated,and the system will renounce this input.

MTS Entities Menu

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Diagram : Insert Arc

Diagram : Insert Chamfer

MTS Entities Menu

- 70 -

7.8 Set Symbol

Set Symbol Menu Function

Upon activating this function two input masks will appear in the dialogue lines:

Symbols Library : Symbol Name : .

Enter to the first mask the name of the symbols library containing the desired symbol; enter to thesecond mask the applicable symbol name.

The following prompt

Enter symbol position !

requests from the user the entry of a point where the symbol shall be set. This will be the pointwhere the origin of the symbol is displayed and the symbol will be inserted into the drawing in itsoriginal size.

The search for the specified symbols library will be executed in the order of directories given below:

1. in the current directory,2. in the directory from which the program has been invoked,3. in the directories specified in the configuration file,4. in the directory which contains the the default symbols directory.

Not only the function "Set Symbol" but also the input of symbols library and symbol names are self-retaining. Repeated insertion of a symbol into a drawing is therefore made an easy task.

In the case that a symbols library or a symbol is not found, or a specified symbols library does notcontain the desired symbol, a corresponding error message will be displayed.

MTS Entities Menu

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7.9 Text Input

Text Menu FunctionAux. Contour Switch

When this function is active a text of up to sixty characters can be entered and subsequently posi-tioned in the drawing field.

After activation of the function the following prompt will be displayed in the dialogue lines:

Enter text position ! .

A first point must be entered to define the position of the text. For further details concerning the finalpositioning of a text in the drawing field, please refer to the explanations given below in the para-graph "text position".

After a first point has been entered to define the text position, in the dialogue lines input masks willappear, which concern the following parameters

- text line (max. 60 characters),- character font- width of text,- height of text,- orientation of text,- slant of text,- position of text.

The parameter "text position" will define the position of the text relative to the originally defined textinsertion point in the drawing field. There is a choice of the following seven text positions:

MTS Entities Menu

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Diagram: Seven possible reference points for text insertion

After all relevant parameters have been entered the text will appear on the graphic screen in thedesired size and position, but provisionally in dashed characters. The user is then requested toeither

- adopt (<F2> key),- edit (<F1> key) ordelete (<F3> key)

the displayed text.

MTS Entities Menu

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7.10 Hatching to Fill an Entity

Hatching Menu Function

This function serves to hatch the interior of closed contours such as

- circles,- rectangles,- sketch contours,- contour strings and- fitting-curves

In the case that a contour to be hatched is not closed (e.g. an open fitting curve), the interior of thatarea will be hatched, which is defined by linking the beginning point and the end point of a contourby a straight line.

When this function is activated, the following input request will appear in the dialogue lines:

Identify entity ! .

A contour of the above mentioned kind has to be identified. When a non-valid entity is identified,this will be indicated by an error message which must be acknowledged by operating the <F1> key.

After the contour to be cross-hatched has been identified, the user will be requested to defineeventual islands which should be exempted from the hatching. The applicable command is

Identify island <F1>, quit <F2> !

Any number of islands can be identified this way, the only condition being that the island constitutesa contour of the above mentioned type. The procedure of identifying islands is terminated bypressing the <F2> key; thereupon the cross-hatching of the originally identified object will be ef-fected with all islands being exempted. The kind of hatching will be dependent of the data concern-ing "spacing" and "angle" as entered to the menu item "Attributes" .

MTS Entities Menu

- 74 -

Diagram: Hatching of a Contour with Islands

MTS Entities Menu

- 75 -

7.11 Generate a Rectangle

Rectangle Menu FunctionAux. Contour Switch

This function serves to create an axially parallel rectangle by entering two diagonally opposed pointswhich will be the corner points defining the rectangle.

7.12 Generate a Point

Point Menu FunctionAux. Cont. Switch

When this function is activated, a point can be set at the defined position, each defined will bemarked by a small axially parallel cross.

7.13 Quitting the Entities Menu

To quit the entities menu, please select "Main Menu". The main menu will be displayed on thescreen.

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7.14 Hatching Menu

After activating any of the five functions of this menu, all hatching patterns available with the currentdrawing will be displayed in the working area of the screen. A hatching pattern to be edited cannow be selected, either graphically or alphanumerically. Graphic selection is effected by positioningthe cursor in one of the square fields showing the hatching patterns and then operating <F1>. Alter-nately the respective number can be typed on the keyboard.

If the current drawing is stored, all hatchings currently generated or edited are stored as well, re-gardless whether they have been applied or not. They will therefore be available with each re-loading of the drawing.

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Displ. patterns Display available hatching patterns

Delete hatchg. Delete a hatching

Copy hatchg. Copy a hatching

Shift hatchg. Copy and rename a hatching

Edit hatchg. Edit a hatching

Create hatchg. Create a hatching

Entities menu Invoke the entities menu

Main menu Invoke the main menu

MTS Hatching Menu

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7.14.1 Basic Hatchings

In INCAD each hatching pattern consists of a hatch name and an optional number of so-called ba-sic hatchings. A basic hatching is a pattern of lines determined by the following parameters:

Space : Space between hatch linesAngle : Angle of hatch line inclinationColour : Colour of hatch linesLine type : Line typeLine thickn. : Line thicknessBase point : Pattern reference point of the selected line typeDrawn Li. : Number of lines drawn per sequence (before skipping a line)Hidden Li. : Number of hidden lines per sequence

7.14.2 Display Patterns

Displ. Patterns Menu Function

Upon activation of this function the existing hatching patterns will be graphically displayed, asshown in the following diagram:

Diagram: Screen display of existing hatching patterns

MTS Hatching Menu

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7.14.3 Delete Hatchings

Delete hatchg. Menu Function

This function is self-explaining.

7.14.4 Copy / Shift Hatchings

Copy hatchg. Menu FunctionShift hatchg. Menu Function

This function serves to move a hatching to a new position in the displayed sequential list of pat-terns, by either

- copying the pattern (retaining the original position) or- shifting the pattern (deleting the name of the original position).

Upon activating the function the applicable hatching patterns are displayed. In the first dialogue linethe following input request will appear:

Enter No. of hatching :

The hatching pattern to be edited must now be identified by either selecting the respective field withthe cursor or by entering the applicable number on the keyboard.

The selected pattern will be marked by a frame and a new system request appears:

Strike <F1> to define the new position,Strike <F2> to shift to the end of the list!

Use the graphic cursor to identify that pattern on the list, whose position shall be taken by the previ-ously selected hatching. By operating the <F2> key, the selected pattern can be moved to the endof the list.

MTS Hatching Menu

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7.14.5 Editing a Hatching

Edit hatchg. Menu Function

This function serves to edit the name and the parameters of existing hatchings.

Upon activating the function, the following prompt appears:

Enter hatching number !

Use the cursor to pick the hatching you want to edit, or enter the applicable number on the key-board. The selected hatching will be highlighted and its name will be indicated in the first dialogueline it can be renamed by overwriting.

After the original name has been acknowledged or overwritten, an input mask is displayed in thedialogue lines, showing the parameters of the original basic hatching. You can either overwrite oradopt these values (by operating the <F2> key). Other existing basic hatchings will be subsequentlydisplayed, their parameters can be edited accordingly.

After the last basic hatching has been edited the actualized list of hatching patterns is automaticallydisplayed (on condition that any of the original values have been edited).

7.14.6 Create a Hatching

Create hatchg. Menu Function

This function serves to generate a new hatching pattern, made up of a single or several basichatchings, which have to be defined first.

When the function is activated, an input mask appears in the first dialogue line, into which the num-ber of basic hatchings and the name of the hatching are to be entered. Next the input mask for thefirst basic hatching is displayed. The desired parameters can now be entered.

Depending on the number of basic hatchings to be defined, their respective values must subse-quently be entered into the same input mask.

MTS Hatching Menu

- 80 -

7.14.6.1 Example

The following example illustrates the step-by-step procedure of generating a hatching pattern madeup of star shapes.

Example: Hatching pattern

In the above shown hatching a user-defined line type is employed, which consists of uniform sec-tions of the length a, and whose spacing has the same length a. It is assumed that this line type hasbeen previously defined.

Three basic hatchings are needed to create the star-shape pattern:

- the first hatching for the horizontal parts of the star,- the second hatching for the parts of the star having an inclination angle of 60 degrees,- the third hatching for the parts of the star having an inclination angle of 120 degrees

MTS Hatching Menu

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For the sake of distinction, in the diagram below a greater line thickness has been used to displaythe three sections of the basic hatchings to which we refer in the following:

Diagram: Model object for the generation of the hatching pattern.

A bit of calculation will be necessary to establish the base points A, B and C of three basic hatch-ings as well as the spacing of hatch lines of the same direction. Accounting for the section length aof the line type employed, the following values are established:

Ax = -a = -1,Ay = 0,5 * sqrt(3) * a = 0,5 * sqrt(3),

Bx = 1,25 * a = 1,25,By = 0,25 * sqrt(3) * a = 0,25*sqrt(3),

Cx = 1,25 * a = 1,25,Cy = -0,25 * sqrt(3) * a = -0,25 * sqrt(3),

Space = sqrt(3) * a = sqrt(3),

the last equation in each line coming about by adopting the value 1 for the length a.

MTS Hatching Menu

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Definition of the 1st Basic Hatching:

Space : 1,73205Angle : 0 degreesColour : 1Line type : 9 (number of the user-defined line type)Line thickn. : 1Base pt. x : -1.0Base pt. y : 0,86603Draw : 1Hide : 0

If only the first basic hatching were employed, the hatching pattern would look as follows:

Diagram: First basic hatching

MTS Hatching Menu

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Definition of the 2nd Basic Hatching:

Space : 1,73205Angle : 60 degreesColour : 1Line type : 9 (number of the user-defined line type)Line thickn. : 1Base pt. x : 1,25Base pt. y : 0,43301Draw : 1Hide : 0

With two basic hatchings defined the pattern would look like this:

Diagram: First and second basic hatching

MTS Hatching Menu

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Definition of the 3rd Basic Hatching:

Space : 1,73205Angle : 120 degreesColour : 1Line type : 9 (number of the user-defined line type)Line thickn. : 1Base pt. x : 1,25Base pt.y : -0,43301Draw : 1Hide : 0

With all three basic hatchings defined the pattern now looks as intended:

Diagram: Final hatching pattern

Once the complete pattern has been successfully generated and stored, it can be scaled up ordown as desired, by setting an optional hatch scaling factor (different from 1).

MTS Lines Menu

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7.15 Lines Menu

Line Menu Function

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Aux./ Cont. Toggle switch to select the drawing layer

Distance Switch for the menu function "Parallels"

2 Points Input of two points to define a line

Horizontal Input of a horizontal line

Vertical Input of a vertical line

Perpend. Input of a perpendicular on a line

Parallel Input of a parallel to a line

Tang. 2 Circ Draw a tangent to two circles

Tang. Ang. Draw a tangent to one circle (angle input)

Tang. Pt. Draw a tangent from a point to a circle

Freeform Cve Activate the menu "Free Form Curves"

Cont. String Activate the contour strings menu

Circle Activate the circles menu

Circ. Arc Activate the circular arcs menu

Ent. Menu Activate the entities menu


MTS Lines Menu

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7.15.1 Generate a Line

2 Points Menu FunctionAux./ Cont. Toggle Switch

Lines can be created in any position by entering the coordinate data of two points: the beginningand end point of the applicable line. This will be the default function when the lines menu is se-lected.

7.15.2 Generate Horizontal Lines / Vertical Lines

Horizontal Menu FunctionVertical Menu FunctionAux./ Cont. Toggle switch

Horizontal and vertical lines can be created in this menu. As a first step the system will request theinput of the beginning point of a line.

When horizontal lines are generated, only the x- coordinate of the end point will be computed; whenvertical lines are generated only the y- coordinate of the end point will be computed. If the inputmode is set to "abs", only a single value is requested.

MTS Lines Menu

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7.15.3 Generate Perpendicular

Perpend. Menu FunctionDistance SwitchAux./ Cont. Toggle Switch

A perpendicular is a line raised from or dropped onto a given line.

Upon activation of the function

Perpend.

the following prompt will appear in the upper dialogue line :

Identify line !

After a line has been identified an additional cursor, representing the perpendicular, will be dis-played, which follows the movement of the cross-hairs.

Any number of perpendiculars can be inserted into the drawing before the input is terminated byoperating the <F2> key.

Enter point (or strike <F2> to terminate the input) !

The length of the perpendicular as well as the contour layer it is assigned to, will depend on theposition of applicable switches. When "Aux" is the active switch position and the "Distance" switchis inoperative, the perpendicular lines are drawn out to the margin of the drawing field, and will bemarked (in colour) as auxiliary contours.

With the "Distance" switch operative, the sign of a perpendicular length is accounted for, accordingto the following principle:

Positive signs to a length will effect upward orientation, negative signs effect downward orientation.

To vertical lines applies the following:

Positive sign - Perpend. line to the right;Negative sign - Perpend. line to the left.

The two basic modes of defining a perpendicular to be generated are:

- a) Dropping a perpendicular from a point onto a line- b) Raising a perpendicular from a point on a line

In the following an overwiew of options according to switch positions is given:

MTS Lines Menu

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Interactive steps: Function:

Operative switch Contour :

a) Enter point ! The entered point is situated above or below theidentified line; it will be the beginning point of theperpendicular line.The perpendicular end point is situated on theidentified line

b) Enter point !Enter end point !

The first point is situated on the identified lineand will be the beginning point of the perpen-dicular line; it follows that the second point mustbe situated above or below the selected line tobe the end point of the perpendicular.

Operative switch: Auxiliary Contour :

a) and b) Enter point ! Any point can be defined to be intersected bythe perpendicular line; Beginning and end pointsare situated on the margins of the drawing area.

Operative switch: Distance :

b) Enter distance in numerical val-ues, andEnter point !

The point to be entered (the beginning point ofthe perpendicular) must be situated on the se-lected line; the distance entered defines the thelength of the perpendicular and therefore its endpoint.

MTS Lines Menu

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Diagrams: Dropping a perpendicular from a point

Example: Centring

Generating perpendicular bisectors on lines - an frequently needed feature - can be effected byusing the capture criterion "middle point" to localize a point.

Diagram: Perpendicular in the con-tour layer

Diagram: Perpendicular in the auxiliarycontour layer

MTS Lines Menu

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7.15.4 Create Parallel Lines

Parallel Menu FunctionDistance SwitchAux./ Cont. Toggle Switch

A line parallel to an existing line is generated.

Upon activating the function

Parallel

the following prompt appears in the upper dialogue line:

Identify line !

After a line has been identified (and on condition that the "distance" switch is inoperative) an addi-tional cursor, representing the parallel, will be displayed, which follows the movement of the cross-hairs.

Any number of parallels can be inserted into the drawing before the input is terminated by operatingthe applicable key. Upon the prompt, appearing in the upper dialogue line

Enter point (or strike <F2> to terminate the input) !

the creation of parallels can be terminated by striking the <F2> key.

The length of the parallels as well as the contour layer to which they are assigned to, will depend onthe position of the applicable switches. When "Aux" is the active switch position, the parallel linesare drawn out to the margin of the drawing field and will be marked (in colour) as auxiliary contours.

With the "distance" switch operative, up to ten consecutive entries of distances with optional valuesand signs can be made. After the first distance entry is confirmed by striking the <RETURN> key,the following input request will appear in the upper dialogue line:

Enter distance !<F1> for repeated entry; <F2> for further input of dis-tances !

One of these options must be selected before entries into the following input mask can be made.When <F1> is operated, the input of a factor will be requested in the upper dialogue line:

Enter number !

The value to be entered must be greater than zero; it determines the number of parallel lines withthe same spacing.

When <F2> is pressed instead the input of further distance data is requested:

Distance 1...10, <F2> to terminate !

In this input mode each operation of the <RETURN> key shifts the cursor to the next empty inputfield in the lower dialogue line. Consecutive entry of distance values is requested until the cursorarrives in the last mask of the lower dialogue line. After completing entries to this mask, ten parallellines will be generated - no further key must be operated. To create less than ten parallel lines, thedistance input can be cancelled by striking <F2>.

MTS Lines Menu

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Input of a sign with the distance will effect the following:

With a positive sign to the distance input, parallel lines above the identified line will be generated,and with a negative sign parallel lines below the identified line will be generated.

In the case of vertical lines the following applies:

Positive sign - the parallel is positioned to the right of the verti-cal;negative sign - the parallel is positioned to the left of thevertical.

All in all parallels can be generated in one of the following three ways:- a) by entering a point for localization,- b) by entering a distance,- c) by entering a distance and a multiplication factor.

In the following a detailed overwiew of options is given, accounting for the position of the ap-plicable switches.


Operative switch Contour :

a) Enter point ! Entering a point will define the projection of theidentified line according to the perpendicular;the length of the parallel lines will be identicalwith the length of the identified line.

Operative switch Aux. Contour :

a) Enter point ! The parallel will intersect the entered point; allparallels will be drawn out to the margins of thecurrent drawing window.

Operative switches Distance and Contour :

b) Enter distance !Enter further distances !

Parallels will be generated according to theperpendicular and the specified distances; thelength of the parallel lines will be identical withthe length of the identified line

Operative switches Distance and Aux. Contour :

b) Enter distance !Enter further distances !

Parallels will be generated according to theperpendicular and the specified distances; allparallels will be drawn out to the margins of thecurrent drawing window.

MTS Lines Menu

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Operative switches Distance and Contour :

c) Enter distance ! Enter number of parallel lines !

Parallels will be generated according to theperpendicular and the specified distance; thelength of the parallel lines will be identical withthe length of the identified line.

Operative switches Distance and Aux. Contour :

c) Enter distance ! Enter number of parallel lines !

Parallels will be generated according to theperpendicular and the specified distance; allparallels will be drawn out to the margins of thecurrent drawing window.

Diagram: Three parallel lines with different spacing

Diagram: Result on the Cont. layer Diagram: Result on the Aux. layer

Diagram: Parallel line through the middle point of another line

Diagram: Result on the Cont. layer Diagram: Result on the Aux. layer

MTS Lines Menu

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7.15.5 Draw a Tangent to Two Circles

Tang. 2 Circ Menu FunctionAux. Cont. Switch

Inner and outer tangents to two circles can be generated, provided that these circles do not inter-sect. In the case that the circles touch or intersect, only the outer tangents can be drawn.

The smallest distance between two identified points will be decisive for creating either one of thetangents. A tangent generated in the "Aux." contour layer will be prolonged up to the margin of thedrawing field. The display colour of a tangent depends on the activated layer.

Diagram: Inner and outer tangents onto two circles

Only if the applicable circle entities do not intersect, a so-called inner tangent can be generated.Therefore one circle has to be identified above its centre while the other is identified below the circlecentre.

For generating a tangent to two circles, the following requests will appear in the dialogue lines :

Identify first circle entity !

Identify second circle entity !

To intersecting circles a so-called outer tangent can be drawn. The two circle entities must either beidentified above or below the respective circle centre.

MTS Lines Menu

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Diagram: Inner tangent to two non-intersecting circles; in the contour layer.

Diagram: Outer tangent to two intersecting circles; in the auxiliary contour layer

MTS Lines Menu

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7.15.6 Draw a Tangent to a Circle (Angle Input)

Tang. Ang. Menu FunctionAux. Contour Toggle Switch

There are two ways of generating a tangent (with regard to the optional direction):

- Angle input (in degrees relative to the positive X- axis),- Identification of a line entitiy (thereby adopting a given direction).

When the function

Tang. Ang.

is activated in the upper dialogue line the following prompt will appear:

Identify circle entity !

On which side the tangent will be drawn is decided by setting the point for identification of the circleentity. After the identification the user must choose one of the two options which are displayed in thedialogue line:

Enter angle value <F1> or identify line <F2> !

Pressing the <F1> key will make the alphanumerical angle input operative. A message in the upperdialogue line:

Direction( -180 ... +180 degrees) !

indicates the range of permitted values for directing the tangent. The angle defining the tangentdirection is now entered to the mask next to the message. Entries refer to the positive x-axis. Anentry with a negative sign will result in a residual angle of 180 degrees minus the entered angle.

Pressing <F2> will, instead of the request for an angle input, make the following prompt appear:

Identify Line !

The given gradient of the identified line will then define the direction of the tangent .

Depending on the selected layer each entry can result in two different representations of the tan-gent on the display screen.

When the "Contour" layer is active, the beginning point of the tangent is defined by positioning thecursor on the periphery of the circle entity from where it can be moved, according to the defineddirection, to the end point which has to be defined. This cursor movement towards the end pointcan be exerted after the request :

Enter End Point !

has been answered. The tangent end point will be the vertical projection of the cursor position ontothe drawn tangent.

When "Aux." is the operative switch position, the tangent will be drawn according to the angle input,with its end points on the margins of the drawing field. The above mentioned interactive step (EnterEnd Point !) is not applicable in this case.

1. Example:Adopting a tangent direction

MTS Lines Menu

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1: Identify Circle !1: Identify Line !2: Identify Circle !3a: Switch is set to "Contour".3b: Switch is set to "Aux.".

2. Example:Angle Input.

Diagram: Input of an angle of 60 degrees. Diagram: Input of an angle of -60 degrees.

MTS Lines Menu

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7.15.7 Draw a Tangent to a Circle

Tang. Pt. Menu FunctionAux. Cont. Switch

This function serves to generate a tangent to a circular entity. Two ways of proceeding are possible:

- a) starting out from a point outside the circular entity, or- b) starting out from a point on the circle.

When the function is activated a prompt will appear in the upper dialogue line:

Identify Entity !

After identification of the entity which shall be touched by the tangent, the beginning point of thetangent (which may be situated on the periphery of or outside the circle entity) must be definedwhen the following prompt appears:

Enter beginning point of the tangent !

The the subsequent message requests the entry of the tangent end point:

Enter End Point !

Where the beginning point is not situated on the edge of the identified circle entity the applicableentry will only approximatly define the tangent end point. Of the two possible tangents to a circle,that one will be generated whose defined end point is situated closer to the touching point on thecircle.

Where the beginning point is situated on the circle, the tangent will be displayed according to thecursor movements until a definite end point is entered. The position of the localized point will beprojected vertically onto the tangent to make out the end point.

When the "Auxiliary Contour" layer is operative the beginning and end point of a tangent will besituated on the margins of the drawing field.

MTS Lines Menu

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Example: Drawing a tangent from a point to a circle

1: Identify Circle Entity !2: Enter Tangent Beginning Point ! (Localize Point)3: Enter End Point !3a: Switch is set to "Contour".3b: Switch is set to "Aux.".

MTS Lines Menu

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Example: Draw a Tangent to a Point on the Circle

1: Identify Circle Entity !2: Enter Tangent Beginning Point ! (Localize Circle Entity)3: Enter End Point !3a: Switch is set to "Contour".3b: Switch is set to "Aux.".

7.15.8 Quitting the Lines Menu

Quit the lines menu by selecting (and thereby invoking) one of the menus in the lower group of themenu bar.

MTS Circle Menu

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7.16 Circle Menu

Circle Menu Functions

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Aux./ Cont. Toggle switch to define the drawing layer

Radius Radius Switch

Tang. 1 Ent. Tangent to one entity

Tang. 2 Ent. Tangent to two entities

Tang. 3 Ent. Tangent to three entities

Centre Pnt. Circle generation by defining centre

3 Points Circle generation by defining three points

Diameter Circle generation by defining diameter

Centr.+Tang. Circle generation by defining centre andtangent

Conc. Circ. Generation of concentric circles


Cont. String Activate the contour strings menu


Line Activate the line menu

Point Set a point



MTS Circle Menu

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In addition to the already described "switches", with the circle menu a so-called "radius" switch isavailable. Its activation will effect the following:

Where the switches

Tang. 1 Ent.

Tang. 2 Ent.

resp. the menu item

Centre Pnt.

are employed in the design process, the last parameter entry requested from the user will be theradius of the circle to be created. With all other menu items of the circle menu the "radius" switch isinoperative.

7.16.1 Draw a Circle Tangentially to One, Two or Three Entities

Tang. 1 Ent. Menu FunctionTang. 2 Ent. Menu FunctionTang. 3 Ent. Menu FunctionAux./ Cont SwitchRadius Switch

This function serves to generate a circle which touches one, two or three existing entities (called"reference entities" in the following).

Valid reference entities are:

- Points- Lines- Circular Arcs- Circles- Polygon Entities (i.e. entities in contour strings, fitting curves, rectangulars).

Three entries are necessary to define a circle, namely:- one, two or three reference entities to be touched by the circle,- points situated on the circle,- the length of the circle radius (if the "radius" switch is operative).

MTS Circle Menu

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1st. Input:

In the dialogue line the following prompt is displayed:

Identify Tangential Entity ! ,

whereupon an existing refence entity must be identified, which is to be touched by the generatedcircle.

2nd. Input:

With the switch "Tang. 1 Ent." operative, the user will be requested to

Enter a Point ! ,

whereupon a point must be entered which shall be situated on the generated circle. In both othercases a further tangential reference entity is to be defined.

3rd. Input:

With the switch "Tang. 3 Ent." operative a third tangential reference entity must be identified tohave the circle computed and displayed. In both other cases the circle radius or a point on the circleperiphery must be entered, depending on whether the switch "radius" is active or not. Accordingly inthe dialogue lines the prompts

Enter radius !

or

Enter point ! .

will be alternately displayed.

Where more than one solution is possible, the respective circles can be displayed by operating thecursor. By pressing <F1> a specific solution can be adopted.

Please note that distances resp. circular arcs which have been identified as reference entities willbe computed to appear as lines resp. full circles. The user will then have the standard design op-tions available with lines and circles.

1st Example: Circle touching two entities,

"Radius" switch active.

MTS Circle Menu

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2nd Example: Circle touching three entities

7.16.2 Circle Generation by Defining Centre

Centre Pnt. Menu FunctionAux. Cont. Switch

This will be the default function when entering the circle menu.

A circle is generated by entering the centre as well as a point on the circle periphery (or, if the"radius" switch is active, by specifying the radius).

7.16.3 Circle Generation by Defining Three Points

3 Points Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

A circle is generated by entering three points situated on its periphery.

Example: Circle generation from three points.

MTS Circle Menu

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7.16.4 Circle Generation by Defining Diameter

Diameter Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

A circle is generated by entering two points situated on its periphery, and whose distance is identi-cal with the diameter.

7.16.5 Circle Generation by Defining Centre and Tangent

Centr.+Tang. Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

A circle is generated by entering the centre and selecting an existing reference entity which is to betouched by the generated circle.

After this function is activated, the following prompt will be displayed in the dialogue lines:

Enter circle centre ! ,

upon which the desired circle centre can be entered. The subsequent prompt:

Identify tangential entity ! ,

request the user to identify an existing reference entity which is meant to touch the circle.

Example: Circle tangential to a contour string

MTS Circle Menu

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7.16.6 Generation of Concentric Circles

Conc. Circ. Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

This function serves to generate a family of circles with a common centre. The centre coordinatesmust be defined only once, as long as the cursor is positioned within the drawing area circles canrepeatedly be created by pressing <F1>

When the function is selected a prompt appears in the dialogue lines

Enter circle centre ! ,

upon which the centre of the concentric circles system to be generated can be entered. That circleon which the cursor is currently positioned will be displayed and its radius can be manipulated bymoving the cursor; while this is done the request

Enter point on the circle !

will appear.

By pressing the <F1> key the currently displayed circle is adopted, it will then be displayed in thedefined drawings colour.

The input request

Enter point on the circle !

remains operative: as long as the cursor is positioned within the drawing area further circles, withthe same centre and intersecting the respective current cursor position, can be created by repeat-edly operating <F1>.

Example: A system of concentric circles

To cancel the function, press <F2> or <F3> or select a different Menu Function.

MTS Circle Menu

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7.16.7 Quitting the Circle Menu

Quit the circle menu by selecting (and thereby invoking) one of the menus in the lower group of themenu bar.

MTS Circular Arc Menu

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7.17 Circular Arc Menu

Circ. Arc Menu Function

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Radius Radius Switch

Tang. 1 Ent. Tangent to one entity

Tang. 2 Ent. Tangent to two entities

Tang. 3 Ent. Tangent to three entities

Centre Pnt. Generation of a circular arc by defining thecentre

3 Points Generation of a circular arc by defining threepoints

Diameter Generation of a circular arc by defining thediameter


Cont. String. Activate the contour strings menu

Circle Activate the circle menu

Line Activate the line menu

Point Set a point




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In addition to the already described "switches", with the circle menu a so-called "radius" switch isavailable. Its activation will effect the following:

Where the switches

Tang. 1 Ent.

Tang. 2 Ent.

are employed in the design process, the last parameter entry requested from the user will be theradius of the circular arc to be created. With all other menu items of the circular arc menu the"radius" switch is inoperative.

7.17.1 Draw a Circular Arc Touching One, Two or Three Entities

Tang. 1 Ent. Menu FunctionTang. 2 Ent. Menu FunctionTang. 3 Ent. Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. SwitchRadius Switch

This function serves to generate a circular arc which will touch one two or three existing entities(called "reference entities" in the following).


- Points- Lines- Circular Arcs- Circles- Polygon Entities (i.e. entities in contour strings, fitting curves, rectangulars).

Three entries are necessary to define a circular arc, namely:

- one, two or three reference entities to be touched by the circular arc,- points to be situated on the circular arc,- the length of the arc radius (if the "radius" switch is operative).


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1st. Input:

In the dialogue line the following prompt is displayed:

Identify Tangential Entity ! ,

whereupon an existing refence entity must be identified, which is to be touched by the generatedcircular arc.

2nd. Input:

With the switch "Tang. 1 Ent." operative, the user will be requested to

Enter a Point ! ,

whereupon a point must be entered which shall be situated on the generated circular arc. In bothother cases a further tangential reference entity is to be defined.

3rd. Input:

With the switch "Tang. 3 Ent." operative a third tangential reference entity must be identified tohave the circular arc computed and displayed. In both other cases the arc radius or its end pointmust be entered, depending on whether the switch "radius" is active or not. Accordingly in the dia-logue lines alternately the input prompts

Enter radius !

or

Enter point ! .

will be displayed.

With all three cases the beginning point of the circular arc to be generated is situated on the firstidentified reference entity. When more than one tangential reference entities are used in the designprocess, the endpoint of the arc will be situated on the last identified entity.

Where more than one solution is possible, the respective circular arcs can be displayed by movingthe cursor. By pressing <F1> the desired solution can be adopted.

Press <F3> to ignore all options and cancel the function.

Please note that distances resp. circular arcs which have been identified as reference entities willbe computed to appear as lines resp. full circles. The user will then have the standard design op-tions available with circular arcs.


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1. Example:

Circular arc tangential onto one entity; "Radius" switch is operative.

2. Example:

Circular arc tangential onto two entities; "Radius" switch is operative.


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7.17.2 Generation of a Circular Arc by Defining the Centre

Centre Pt. Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

This will be the default active function when entering the circular arc menu.

The beginning and the end point of the arc must be entered in addition to the centre point .

7.17.3 Generation of a Circular Arc by Defining Three Points

3 Points Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

The circular arc is defined by consecutive input of three points, the first being the beginning pointthe last being the end point of the arc.

7.17.4 Generation of a Semicircle by Defining the Diameter

Diameter Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

Only semicircles can be created with this function. After two points have been entered, corre-sponding cursor movement will cause two semicircles to be displayed, whose beginning and endpoints are the aforementioned points. The desired semicircle can then be adopted by pressing<F1>.

7.17.5 Quitting the Circular Arc Menu

When one of the menus from the bottom group on the menu bar is selected, the circular arc menuwill be quitted and the selected Menu Function be activated.

MTS Contour String Menu

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7.18 Contour Strings Menu

Cont String. Menu Function

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Radius Radius-Switch

Tangential Quit previous entity tangentially

End Tangent Join next entity tangentially

Line w. End Line with an end point

Centre Generation of a circular arc by defining centre

Arc Pts. Generation of a circular arc as part of athree-point contour string

Diameter Generation of a circular arc by defining thediameter

Del. Last Additional function for deleting the currentprevious entity.


Circle Activate the circles menu





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yThis menu serves to generate so-called contour strings which are chains or strings of linked-upentities, namely straight lines and circular arcs, with each end point of a link being the beginningpoint of the next.

In addition to the switches already explained, in the contour string menu the following switches areoperative:

- Radius- End Tangent and- Tangential.

The "Radius" switch can be activated when the entry of a radius is desired to generate a circular arcas an entity forming a part of a contour string; cf. above: Circular Arc Menu.

When the "Tangential" switch is operative the contour string will quit the last created entity tangen-tial, i.e. without "corners"; when the " End Tangent" switch is operative the contour string will join thenext identified reference entity tangentially.


- Points- Lines- Circular arcs- Circles- Polygon entities (i.e. entities forming part of contour strings, fitting curves, rectangulars).

Generating a contour string will be started by entering a beginning point. Further points must beentered to subsequently create

- straight lines and/orcircular arcs.

The input of contour string data is carried out in three consecutive steps:

1st step: (Input of the starting point)

The first point entered will be the starting point of the contour string to be created. At this stage theswitches "Radius", "Tangential" and "End Tangent" are not yet operative.

2nd step: (Input of the first entity)

The menu item "Line with an end point" (Lin. w. End.) will be the standard default active function.When, in this mode, a second point is entered the two defined points will be linked by a a straightline, which forms the first contour string entity to be adopted.

When a circular arc is desired as the first entity in the contour string, one of the menu func-tions "Centre", "Arc Points" or "Diameter" must be selected prior to the input of thesecond point. Point input options in creating a circular arc as the first entity in the con-tour string are the following:


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- "Centre":centre and end point of the circular arc ;

- "Arc Points":two points; the first point is situated on the arc, the second is the end point of the arc;

- "Diameter":the end point of the semicircle.

3rd step: (Input of further entities)

The input of each following entity is carried out as described above under "2nd step: Input of thefirst entity".

Switches will support the input of contour string data. These switches, however, can only be acti-vated after the starting point has been defined (i.e. not earlier than in the second step of the proce-dure); switches must always be set before the applicable menu function is activated. There is anoption of the following switches:

- Radius:This switch can only be activated when the menu function "Arc. Pts." is employed togenerate a circular arc as a contour string entity; otherwise the switch will be inopera-tive.

- Tangential:This switch can only be activated after the first entity has been entered. When theswitch is operative the last entered contour string entity will be joined to the previousentity tangentially, i.e. without "corners".Most likely it will only make sense to set this switch when the previous or the currententity are circular arcs and a smooth transition is desired. Where two straight lines areconcerned the switch may only serve to insert an intermediate point.

- End Tangent:Although this switch can also be activated with the generation of a straight line it willonly make sense to employ it with the generation of circular arcs. As with the "radius"switch the "end tangent" function will only be operative when the menu function "Arc.Pts." is employed to generate a circular arc as a contour string entity. If activated theswitch will effect a tangential transition from the current entity to the next identified ref-erence entity.The system expects the reference entity to be identified first. Subsequently the radiusof the circular arc or a point situated on the arc must be entered - depending onwhether the "radius" switch has been activated or not.

In the case that no contour string entity can be generated from the entered data, a cor-responding error message will appear in the dialogue lines. Only after this prompt hasbeen acknowledged by pressing the <F1> key can the input procedure be repeated.


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Diagram: Open contour string

When the <F3> key is operated during the generation of a circular arc as part of a contour string, allapplicable data entered so far will be canceled. The input procedure can then be resumed.

To remove a completely generated contour string entity the function Del. Last (described in thefollowing) must be activated.

7.18.1 Function "Delete Last Entity"

Del. Last Menu Function

Provided that the current contour string has at least one entity to it, the adoption of the applicablelast entity can be cancelled by activating the menu function Del. Last. The movable line followingthe cursor will then revert to the end point of the last entered entity, and the input of the next entitycan be repeated.


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7.18.2 Cancel the Generation of a Contour String

Cancel Menu FunctionQuit Menu Function

When the menu function "Cancel" is activated during the generation of a contour string, the partlygenerated string, as displayed on the screen, will be deleted without being stored.

Selecting the menu function "Quit" will effect the normal procedure of terminating the input of con-tour string data. There are the following options:

Closing the contour string: Operate <F2>Adopting the contour string: Operate <F1>Deleting the contour string: Operate <F3>

Closing a contour string means connecting the beginning and the end point by a straight line. Toquit and terminate the contour string input you can also operate the <F2> key. The dialogue will bethe same as when the menu function "Quit" is activated

7.18.3 Quitting the Contour Strings Menu

To quit the contour strings menu, select one of the menus in the lower group on the menu bar. Theselected menu will be invoked.

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7.19 Free Curves

This sub-menu can be invoked from the menu item "Free Cve." of the Entities Menu. It contains the fol-lowing two functions

- Fitting Curve and- Sketch Contour,

the first of which is the default active function when the menu is invoked.

7.19.1 The Fitting Procedure

Fitting Menu FunctionFit. / Corn. SwitchAux. / Cont. Switch

The fitting procedure can be employed to generate free curves as well as to scan the contours of an objectwith the help of a puck, a pen or a mouse. Resulting curves will a priori be smooth, but "corners" can alsobe inserted, if desired.

When applying this interpolation function, the user will be requested only to enter the points to be inter-sected by the the curve. The applicable curve will then be generated from pairs of circular arcs (resp. arcsand straight lines, or pairs of straight lines) connecting one point with the next entered point.

Once generated a fitting curve can be manipulated in many ways, so as to effect a local change of course.For a detailed survey of the editing functions see below, Section "Edit Fitting Curve".

Generate a Fitting Curve

To generate a fitting curve the menu item "Fitting" is selected in the Free Form Menu (which in turn can beinvoked from the Entities Menu. "Fitting" ) "Fitting" will be the standard default operative function when theFree Form Menu is activated.

After invocation of the menu therefore the following request will appear immediately:

Enter Point, Terminate with <F2> !

Points can now be localized by positioning the cursor within the drawing field and adopting the position with<F1>. Input of points is also possible via the keyboard.

At least three points must be entered to generate a fitting curve.

During the input procedure the generated curve is graphically displayed on the screen accounting for thepoint entered next to last. The entered points are marked on the curve.

After two points have been entered, a corner can be generated at each last entered point, provided that theswitch "Fitting Corner" is activated before input of the next point. This switch will remain active (and there-fore highlighted in colour) during further input; it can be de-activated by selecting it once again.

When a currently genereated curve is made up of more than three points, the last point in question can becancelled by selecting the menu function "Del. Last" ; the "elastic line" on the graphic screen will jump backto the point entered before last, whereupon the entry of the deleted point can be repeated.

By operating the <F3> key or selecting the menu function "Cancel" the procedure can be quitted at anytime, any part curve generated will then be ignored and deleted from the screen..

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Operating <F2> or selecting "Terminate" on the menu bar terminates the input procedure; The followingprompt will appear in the upper dialogue line

Close <F2>, Do not close <F1> !

When <F2> is operated, the created fitting curve will be closed, in such a way that a curve element con-taining no corners, will be inserted between the beginning and the end point.

When <F1> is pressed, the curvature, as generated and displayed so far, will be adopted.

Diagram: Closed Fitting Curve

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7.19.2 Sketch Contour

Aux./ Cont. Switch

This function serves to create a polyline by moving the cursor across the drawing area.

When the function is activated, the user will first be requested to define the length of the straightlines from which the polygon is to be made up. After an applicable figure has been entered, thecoordinates of the beginning point must be entered (graphically or via the keyboard). Now a polygoncan be created by interpolation, according to the movements of the cursor in the drawing field; it willbe made up of straight lines of the specified length.

Operating <F1> will terminate the polyline generation.

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8. Design Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Del. Aux. Delete all entities generated with the "Aux"switch position operative

Def. Window Group entities in a window

Win. / Ent. Switch for editing either a group of entities ora single entity (applies to each of the threeMult. + functions)

Mult. + Move Multiple moving and copying of an entityaccording to a matrix

Mult. + Mirror Copy an entity relative to an axis

Mult.+ Rot. Rotational multiple copying of an entityrelative to a polar centre

Trace Cont. Generate a contour string from optional enti-ties, with automatic establishment of inter-section points.

Del. Last Additional function to the "Trace Contour "function: Deleting the currently last entity

Detail Copy Generate detail to scale

Offset Cve. Generate parallel curve equidistant toexisting curve

Trim One Lengthening or shortening an entity up to an-other entity

Trim Two Lengthening or shortening two entities up totheir intersection point.

Divide Once Divide an open entity in two

Divide Twice Divide a closed entity in two, or delete asection from an open entity.

Main Menu Quit the design menu and invoke the MainMenu

Design 2 Invoke the Design Menu 2

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8.1 Delete Auxiliary Contours

Del. Aux. Menu Function

To obtain a better overview or to create a new auxiliary geometry, all existing auxiliary lines can bedeleted.

Accidential deletion of the auxiliary layer can be undone by pressing <F4>.

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8.2 Multiplication of an Entity

8.2.1 Mirror an Entity Relative to a Line and Copy.

Mult. + Mir. Menu FunctionWin. / Ent. Switch

This function can be used to copy graphic entities which are mirrored relative to an axis - providedthat this axis is itself a graphic entity which can be identified. Permissible entities are lines, circles,arcs and contour strings, as well as symbols. In the case that an entity and its mirror image can bejoined at either one of the end points, a single symmetrical form will be created.

After selecting the function

Mult. + Mir.

a request to identify an entity to be mirrored will appear in the upper dialogue line.:

Identify entity !

After this identification has been acknowledged by operating <F1>, the next prompt will request theidentification of a mirror axis:

Identify mirror axis !

An existing line entity must be identified as the mirror axis; pressing <F1> will copy the mirror imageof the previously identified entity to the other side of the axis.

Copying dimensions is dependent on the state of the "Dim. Copy" switch.

When the "Win" position of the Win. / Ent. switch is operative, all of the grouped entities will bemirrored.

The discrimination between open and closed entities is retained in the copying, as well as colourand line attributes.

Example : Mirroring of a complex contour

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8.2.2 Moving and Multiplication of an Entity

The function

Mult. + Move Menu FunctionWin. / Ent. Switch

serves to arrange entities in rows and columns, which relate to the axes of a local coordinates sys-tem. This coordinates system, whose axes may be related non-orthogonal, is to be defined withinthe universal coordinates system of the current drawing layer; the local system does not affect theuniversal system. Rows correspond to the local x-axis while columns correspond to the y-axis.

To execute this function, the following operational sequence must be observed:

- 1. Select an entity- 2. Define a reference system for rows and columns- 3. Define the position of the first entity relative to the origin of the reference system- 4. Specify the desired number of rows and columns- 5. Specify the desired spacing between rows and columns

How to proceed:

As a first step, an entity must be identified:

Identify entity !

(Alternately a group of entities in a window may be identified, which renders the first input promptinsignificant)

As a next step, a reference point must be defined to specify the translocation relative to the localorigin subsequently to be defined:

Enter reference point !

After this a point must be defined to establish the origin of a local reference system within the uni-versal coordinates system. In the upper dialogue line the following input request appears:

Enter local origin !

After having defined this point, input of the inclination angle (to the positive x-axis of the universalcoordinates system) of the reference system is requested:

Enter angle to the positive X-axis (0 ... +360) !

After having been entered alphanumerically into the input mask next to the prompt, this angle de-termines the axis along which the copies of the identified entity will be arranged in rows. The sec-ond axis is then established with the input of the reference systems opening angle. The followingprompt appears in the lower dialogue line:

Enter opening angle of reference system (< 180) !

When the opening angle has been specified, the axes of the reference system will be displayed .

The copies of the identified entity will be moved according to the distance between the referencepoint and the local origin.

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With all entities defined and their grouping in relation to the local coordinates system established,now the number of rows and columns must be specified::

Enter the number of columns (X-direction) !

Enter the number of rows (Y-direction) !

The final input requests refer to the distances between copied entities within each row or column:

Enter spacing between columns !

Enter spacing between rows !

Where the number of rows or columns equals zero, the applicable request will not appear.After the arrangement of entity copies in rows and columns has been completed, the indicated polarcentre as well as the axes of the reference system are deleted from the graphic screen.

If a group has been selected, all of its entities will be multiplied.

The copying of dimensions is dependent on the status of the "DimCopy" switch (Cf. Windows Menu,page 156).

To cancel the redrawing of entities on the screen, press the <F3> key !

Diagram: Multiple copies of an object according to matrix

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8.2.3 Rotational Multiplication of an Entity

Mult. + Rot. Menu FunctionWin. / Ent. Switch

This function serves to arrange copied entities around a polar centre. By specifying radii, multipleconcentric rows of entities can be established.

Several steps are necessary to implement this function:

1. Selection of an entity2. Definition of the polar centre3. Input of the begining angle relative to the polar centre4. Positioning of the first entity relative to the polar centre5. Specification of radial distance from the polar centre and between rows.

How to proceed:

As a first step an entity must be identified:

Identify entity !

(A group of entities in a window can, as a first step, be identified instead, in which case the aboveprompt will not appear)

After a single entity or a group of entities have been identified, a reference point must be entered,which serves to determine the translocation distance to the polar centre to be defined in the stepafter next:


Now a point must be entered to define the origin of a local polar centre within the universal coordi-nate system. In the upper dialogue line the following prompt appears:

Enter origin of polar centre !

The entered point establishes a polar centre, i.e. the centre of a rotation axis, around which thecopies of the identified entity will be arranged. The axis of rotation may be positioned at an angletowards the positive X-axis of the universal coordinates system. Upon the request:

Enter angle to the positive X-axis (0 ... +360) !

the starting angle must be entered alphanumerically to the mask next to the prompt. Starting fromthe centre, the angle will be displayed in the colour of the auxiliary layer.

With the entity and its position relative to the local reference system defined, the number of con-centric rows must then be specified:

Enter the number of concentric rows !

As a rule the number will be One, this specification can be acknowledged with the <F1> key. Nextthe number of entities per circle must be entered:

Enter number of angle increments !

Further input data are: the distance between copied entities within a row, as well as the angle in-crement on the circle. The appropriate prompt will appear in the upper dialogue line:

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Enter radial distance !

and, in the case that the number of concentrical rows is greater than One, a further request for par-tition on the circle will appear in the lower dialogue line.:

Enter angle increment !

The function will be cancelled when the number of concentrical rows or the angle increment equalzero.

With all entries valid, the copies of the original entity will be displayed, arranged in rows around thepolar centre. The polar centre as well as the first axis of the local reference system are deleted fromthe screen. The original entity is displayed in the applicable colour of the layer.

If a window has been selected, all entities grouped will be multiplied.

The copying of dimensionings is dependent on the state of the "DimCopy" switch (Cf. WindowsMenu, page 156).

Diagram: Rotational multiple copies of a contour

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8.3 Generation of Contours by Selecting Entities (Contour Tracing)

Trace Cont. Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. SwitchDel. Last. Additional Function

With the help of these functions a contour string can be generated simply by identifying certain sin-gle entities (so-called base entities). Valid base entities are:

- straight lines,- circular arcs,- circles,- and polygons

Intersection points will be computed automatically; the already generated part of the contour stringremains highlighted in colour until the input procedure is terminated.

As a first step after invocation of this function the beginning point of the contour string to be gener-ated must be defined. The user will be prompted:

Enter contour beginning point !

The beginning point must be situated on a base entity, it will be represented on the screen by anaxially parallel square. Depending on whether it is situated on an open or closed base entity, thefollowing two cases must be observed:

1st Case:The beginning point is situated on an open base entity:

In this case the first entity of the contour has been already identified by entering the beginning point.The entity will be highlighted, the user may proceed to identify further entities.

2nd Case:The beginning point is situated on a closed base entity:

In this case it remains indetermined to which side of the beginning point the countour string shall bedirected. The user will be prompted:

Enter starting direction !

The first (closed) entity must then be identified to the "appropriate" side of the beginning point, be-fore identifying further entities.

8.3.1 Elementanwahl ohne Trimmen

After the first contour entity has been succesfully identified, further input will be requested:

Identify entity, acknowledge with <F2> !

Subsequently the contour string can be generated by identifying the applicable base entities oneafter the other.

Each time a new base entity is identified its point of intersection with the last selected base entity iscalculated; the section between the last end point of the string and the newly established intersec-tion point will be adjoined as a new entity to the existing contour string and be highlighted in thesame colour.

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There are the following three possible cases in the determination of intersection points:

1st case:There is no intersection:

This will be indicated by an error message, the last identified entity will be ignored.

2nd. case:There is a single intersection point:

In this case the new entity can be identified at any of its points.

3rd. case:There are several intersection points:

In this case the second entity should be selected at a point near to the desired intersection point.When furthermore the second entity is closed, i.e a full circle or a closed polygon, it must also beidentified on the "appropiate" side of the desired intersection point.

Operating the <F2> key terminates the contour string generation. An input prompt will appear:

Enter contour end point ! ,

requesting the entry of a point which is to be the end point of the generated contour. This end point,of course, must be situated on the last identified entity. Just as the beginning point, it will be markedon the screen by an axially parallel square.

Should the last selected entity be identical with the first, the user may alternately generate a closedcontour string; in this case no contour end point is entered, but the beginning point is determined tobe the end point. The following input request will appear:

Close contour : <F1>, Enter end point : <F2> !

When <F1> is operated the beginning point will be made the end point; When <F2> is operated, anend point must be entered.

At any point in the process of tracing a contour the last selection of an entity may be undone, and adifferent entity be identified. This is possible only after activating the menu function

Del. Last

Whether the selection of an entity has been correct, is, in most cases, to be judged by the colouredhighlighting, i.e. after the selection of the next entity. It will therefore often be necessary to activatethe function "Del. Last" two times consecutively, in order to re-determine a "faulty" object, i.e. tochoose the correct identification point.

A contour string completely generated and highlighted in colour can then be either

- adopted by pressing <F1>.or

- cancelled by pressing <F3>.

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The diagrams below serve to demonstrate the way in which the generation of a contour is depend-ent on the points of identification on the base entities. In both examples a closed contour is gener-ated:

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When two consecutively identified entities have more than one common intersection point, theidentification point of the first entity will only be considered in the further calculation, if this is aclosed entity (i.e. a full circle or a closed polygon).

The diagrams below serve to demonstrate this case:

As the circle is a closed entity, the position of its identification point (Point 2) will determine whetherthe circle is traced clockwise or counterclockwise from A to C.

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When in the given example, the circle is replaced by an open entity, such as an arc, the position ofits identification point will be of no importance. In this case the direction of the contour tracing isdetermined by the identification point of the following entity (Point 3), depending on whether its posi-tion is closer to B or to C.:

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8.4 Copy Detail to Scale

Detail Copy Menu Function

This function serves to copy and scale up details of a drawing on the screen. Zooming-up of detailsis especially convenient in dimensioning small objects.

To distinguish the zoomed-up parts of a drawing from the other entities, they are marked in thedisplay by an enclosing circle, which is referred to as "circular object window" in the following. Theentities to be copied are also marked in the drawing by an enclosing circle, to indicate the objects towhich the editing in the zoomed window refers. This circle is referred to in the following as the"circular entity window".

The copying sequence and the definition of the scale can be determined according to the followingoptions:

a) The radius of the zoomed detail is relative to the entity window radius, i.e. the radius ofthe object window can be modified.

b) The radius of the "circular entity window" is relative to the radius of the "circular objectwindow", i.e. the object window cannot be modified.

c) The scale factor for copying the selected entities in the entity window is entered nu-merically.

With a) and b) the zoom factor can be edited later, e.g. to obtain a scaling-up according to a stan-dard.

The circular entity window as well as the circular object window can be defined as desired; alter-nately the user may decide to make circles already defined in the drawing into circular windows,which is also a way of fixing an enlargement scale.

Furthermore it should be noted that the enlargement scale enters into the dimension figure whenentities in the zoomed detail are dimensioned. A common dimensioning of objects of different en-largement scales is not possible. The design of objects to be scaled-up in the window shouldtherefore be completed prior to selecting the "Copy Detail" function. Additional designs in the detailcopy cannot be dimensioned (or the dimensioning is apt to be faulty). Dimensionings of the originalobject will not be copied.

A sequence of interactive steps is required to create a detail copy. The different options, as listedabove, can be chosen by selecting different branches in the dialogue, which is controlled by the<F1> and <F2> keys. If a step in the dialogue is cancelled, the function will be aborted.

Circular windows newly created are drawn in dashes and dots.

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In the following an overview of interactive steps and functions is given.


Branching decision: option (a) or (b).

Copying sequence: Select entity <F1> or select circularobject window <F2> !

Selected branch (a) : Select entity <F1>.

When this option is selected, subsequently the circle enclosing the selected entities must be de-fined:

Enter <F1> or identify <F2> circular entity window !

Selected branch: Enter circular entity window <F1>.

Enter the centre of the circular window ! The centre point of the circular entity windowmust be situated in such a manner that the cir-cle to be drawn will contain all desired entities.

Enter a point on the circle ! By entering this point on the periphery, the ra-dius of the circular window is defined.

Selected branch: Identify circular entity window <F2>.

Identify a circle ! The identified circle is made into a circular entitywindow; it must contain or intersect entities.

Branching decision

Enter <F1> or identify circular object window <F2> !

Selected branch: Enter circular object window <F1>.

When this option is selected, subsequently the new location of the circle containing the selectedentities must be defined, which at the same time means defining a zoom factor for the detail copy :

Enter the centre of the circular window ! The point to be entered will be the centre of thecircular object window.

Enter a point on the circle ! By entering this point on the periphery the ra-dius of the circular object window is defined,which at the same time defines the enlargementscale.

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Selected branch: Identify circular object window <F2>.

Identify a circle! The identified circle is made into a circular ob-ject window, which at the same time defines theenlargement scale.

After this interactive definition, the zoom factor will be displayed in the upper dialogue line. It can beoverwritten in the output mask. Please note, that any correction will also modify the circular objectwindow.

Established zoom factor: <value>

Branching decision: option (b).

(b): Select circular object window <F2> !

Copying sequence: Select entity <F1> or select circularobject window <F2> !

The subsequent interactive steps are identical with the dialogue as described above, for option (a)in the definition of a circular entity window. If option (b) is selected, the sequence of steps will bereversed.

Example of a zoomed detail copy:

Selected branch: option (c): Enter zoom factor <F2> !

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When this option is selected, subsequently the circle enclosing the selected entities must be de-fined:

Enter <F1> or identify <F2> circular entity window !

Selected branch: Enter circular entity window <F1>.

Enter the centre of the circular window! The centre point of the circular entity windowmust be situated in such a manner that the cir-cle to be drawn will contain all desired entities.

Enter a point on the circle ! By entering this point on the periphery, the ra-dius of the circular window is defined.

Selected branch: Identify circular entity window <F2>.

Identify a circle! The identified circle is made into a circular entitywindow; it must contain or intersect entities.

Enter zoom factor ! The value entered defines the scaling-up of thecircular entity window. The zoomed-up detail willbe displayed as a cursor; its final location isdetermined by the subsequent dialogue.

Enter the centre of the circular window! Setting the cursor at the desired point in thedrawing will determine the location of the cir-cular object window. The interactive procedureof copying the entities in the circular entity win-dow to the object windows is thereby termi-nated.

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8.5 Generate Offset Curve

Offset Cve. Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

Offset CurveOffset curves are parallel curves, equidistant to the existing contours from which theyare generated. Two parameters must be specified:

- distance from the original contour- filleting of corners (Yes/No).

When the filleting function is active contours will be created in a manner as with the "cutter radiuscompensation". Corners without definite tangential transition will be "slurred". As a result of thisoperation appropriate rounding arcs will be inserted at the corners.

Diagram: Offset curve without filleting / with filleting of corners

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8.6 Trim Entity

Trim Menu Function

Trimming entities means lengthening or shortening of contours (trim entity) up to an end point onanother contour (target entity). Two entities must be identified, both of which can be modified so asto have their end point on the respective other, depending on whether the "Trim one" or the "TrimTwo" function is operative. In the latter case both entities will be shortended resp. lengthended up totheir common intersection point. Only the following are valid trim entities:

- line,- circle,- arc and- open contour string.

Only the first or last entities in open contour strings may be trimmed. Closed contour strings canonly be selected as target entities.

If an open or closed contour string is identified as a target entity, that single entity in the string whichis intersecting the identification point will be considered as the actual target entity in the trimmingprocedure.

When trimming an entity, that part of the entity will be retained, which intersects the identificationpoint. The new end point of the trimmed entity results from the distance between the identificationpoint and the possible common intersection points of both entities. That intersection point which issituated closer to the second identification point will be established as the new end point of bothentities.

8.6.1 Trimming of an Entity

Trim One Menu Function

As a first step the identification of an entity to be lengthened or shortened (the "trim entity") is re-quested:

Identify trim entity !

Subsequently the second entity (the "target entity") must be identified, on which the end point of thetrimmed entity shall be situated:

Identify target entity !

After successful identification of the target entity, the trim entity will be modified(lengthened/shortened) so as to meet the common intersection point. That part of the trimmed en-tity is retained in the drawing, which has been selected; while the target entity remains unmodified.With open contour strings only the first and the last entities of the string can be modified, providedthat they have been selected. Closed contour strings may not be modified, they can only be se-lected as target entities.

The following diagrams serve to exemplify which part of an identified entity is retained in the draw-ing, depending on the given case.

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Diagram 1: Line as the trim entity, arc as the target entity

Diagram 2: Arc as the trim entity, contour string as the target entity

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8.6.2 Trimming of Two Entities

Trim Two Menu Function

This function can be employed to prolong, resp. shorten two lines concurrently up to a commonpoint. Whether an entity will be shortened or prolonged is dependent on where the cursor has beensituated when selecting the entity.

The following two input prompts

Identify first trim entity !

and

Identify second trim entity !

request the identification of both entities to be trimmed. Subsequently the trimming function is car-ried out, as shown in the diagrams below:

Diagram 1: Trim Two Lines

Diagram 2: Trim Two Arcs

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Diagrams 3 - 6: Trim line and arc

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Diagrams 7 - 10: Trim Line and Circle

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Diagrams 11 - 12: Trim line and circle

Diagrams 13 - 14: Trim Two Circles

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8.7 Divide Entity

Divide Once Menu Function

This function serves to divide open entities (such as lines, arcs, open contour strings or fittingcurves) into two parts.

Divide Twice Menu Function

This function can be employed to split closed as well as open entities at two points. Closed entitieswill be divided into two parts, whereas dividing open entities at two points will effect the deletion ofthe section between the two points.

A closed entity cannot be divided at its beginning or end point; at any attempt to do so will trigger anaccoustic alarm.

Except for the case of deleting a section from an open contour (by the "Divide Twice" function) di-viding operations have no immediate visible effect on the displayed entity. They will become appar-ent only later, e.g. when a split entity is to be moved.

8.7.1 Dividing an Entity at One Point

Divide Once Menu Function

When the function "Divide Once" has been activated the user will be prompted to select an entity:

Identify entity !

After the following prompt:

Enter dividing point !

the point must be determined, at which the entity shall be divided.

Example: Dividing an arc at the vertex.

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8.7.2 Dividing an Entity at Two Points

Divide Twice Menu Function

When the function "Divide Twice" has been activated, the user will be prompted to select an entity:

Identify entity !

After identification, the input of both division points is required. The first subsequent prompt:

Enter first dividing point !

requires the input of the first point on the entity. The entered point will be marked in the display as asmall axially parallel square. The next prompt:

Enter second dividing point !

requires the input of a second point (different from the first) on the identified entity.

The system will now establish the division of the identified entity at both points. If the double splittingapplies to an open entity, the section between the division points is deleted from the entity.

Example 1: Dividing an open entity at two points

2nd Example: Dividing a closed contour at two points

Two entities are created, no part of the contour is deleted.

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8.8 Quitting the Design Menu

Main Menu Menu Function

By activating this function the main menu is invoked.

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8.9 Invoking Design Menu 2

Selecting the function

Design 2

will make the functions of a further design menu available.

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Aux. / Cont. Layer switch

Ref. Pt. Switch for the function "Stretch"

Direction Switch for the function "Stretch"

Y-Axis Switch for the function "Stretch"

X-Axis Switch for the function "Stretch"

Stretch Lengthening or shortening of single entities orgroups of entities

Link Ent. Linking single entities to create a contourstring

Insert Point Inserting an intermediate point into an entity

Mark Points Marking beginning and end points of entitiesin a contour string

Area Calculating the area enclosed by a contour

Design Invoking the Design Menu 1

Main Menu Invoking the Main Menu

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8.10 Stretching Entities

Stretch Menu FunctionRef. Pt. SwitchDirection SwitchY-Axis SwitchX-Axis Switch

Stretching means moving a part of an entity; a part being defined here as a geometric object whichdoes not contain all points of an entity.

When an entity (or, in fact, its edges) is stretched, its original form will be extended, resp. com-pressed. This may have different effects on the graphic entities displayed: either a part is stretchedor the entire entity is relocated. The following survey shows the effects of stretching with differenttypes of entities:

Line stretching or relocationArc stretching or relocationCircle moving onlyContour string stretching or relocation

Previous to applying the stretching function, data input is necessary to select entities contained in adefined window on the graphic screen. In conjunction with this, the entities to be stretched must beidentified:

Identification of stretch entities:

Entities are identified within the defined window. Those entities which are confined by the window intheir entirety may only be relocated; entities intersected by the window frame will be stretched, ifthese are lines, arcs or contour strings. Circles entered, whose centres must be situated within thewindow, are treated in a special way: they will not be stretched, but only relocated .

When stretching lines, circular arcs and contour strings, it should be noted which of the coordinates,resp. geometry data are subject to modification, namely:

When a line is stretched, that corner point which is situated within the window will be re-positioned.

When a circular arc is stretched, all points (beginning- end- and middle point), all angles (beginningangle and end angle) as well as the radius of the arc may be subject to modification. Only the heightof the secant is retained, which is measured at the perpendicular bisector. This bisector is raised onthe straight line joining the end points of the arc, it equates the distance between the intersectionpoints of the bisector with both the joining line and the arc.

The stretching of a contour string may include the stretching of lines as well as of arcs. As long asthere is only one corner point of a contour string situated within the window, the modified data willbe according to these entities. Where two adjacent points, joined by an arc, are situated within thewindow, a re-location will be effected, with the arc radius and the opening angle retained.

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How to proceed:

When the function

Stretch

has been activated, a message concerning the mode of entity identification is displayed in the upperdialogue line::

Selection of points in the window !

Concurrently in the lower dialogue line the user is requested to enter the first corner point of thewindow:

Enter first corner point !

After definition of the first point, a further prompt will appear in the same dialogue line, requestingthe input of the second corner point of the selection window:

Enter second corner point !

This point must be diagonally opposed to the first, thus defining the height and width of the window.While the cursor is moved to determine the second corner point of the window, an axially parallelrectangular is displayed on the screen. This window will change in height and width according to thecursor movement, the actual cursor position indicating the current window corner point. By press-ing <F2> the end point can be localized, thus defining the window in the drawing. Entities containedin the window can now be stretched; depending on their position they will be highlighted entirely orpartially.

When the selection of entities is completed, a prompt will appear in the upper dialogue line:

Enter dislocation !

The move can be established in different ways, depending on which of the additional functions:

Reference pointDirectionX-axisY-axis

has been previously activated.

The different options in defining a relocation are listed below, including the applicable active func-tion (switch position). Additionally the messages appearing in the dialogue lines are specified, aswell as the required <user input>:

1. Enter reference point of relocation !Enter end point of relocation !

2. Enter relocation in the X-direction !3. Enter relocation in the Y-direction !4. Identify orientation line !

Enter relocation !5. Identify direction line !

Enter reference point of relocation !Enter end point of relocation !

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During the interactive input the relocation vector will be displayed as a straight line. When, to definethe direction, such a straight line is identified, its length will be indicated in the input field. Now theuser has a choice of either acknowledging this length (by pressing <F1>) or entering a different re-location vector length. This may be helpful, e.g. when the double length is desired.

When the re-location has been successfully defined, the entities will be stretched, marked entitieswill be displayed at their new positions and in the applicable contour colour.

Some examples of stretching are shown in the following diagrams.

Example: Stretching with the switch "Y -axis" operative

Example: Stretching with the switches "reference pt." and "direction" operative".

Example: Stretching with the switch "X -axis" operative

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Example: Stretching of a circular arc

Example: Stretching a line <L> by 12 units along the X-axis

Example: Stretching a shaft with a slot

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8.11 Link Single Entities to Create a Contour String

Link Ent. Menu FunctionAux. / Cont. Switch

Single entities or existing contours can be linked to form a contour string. This is effected by se-lecting and identifying entities which have a common end point and adjoin them to the contour stringgenerated so far. Only the following entities/contours may be linked:

- line,- circle,- circular arc and- open contour string.

The procedure is terminated by pressing the <F2> key.

If two selected contour entities do not touch or intersect, the function will be aborted. The contourstring, as generated so far, will be retained. This function does not apply to closed contours.

8.12 Insert an Intermediate Point Into an Entity

Insert Point Menu Function

This function serves to insert additional points into a contour entity. A point to be inserted must bepositioned on the applicable entity, any position is permissive except those already occupied by acontour point. In this case a corresponding error message will appear during the input procedure.

Contour entities which have two end points, such as lines and arcs, will be transformed into a con-tour string; a full circle will be transformed into a circular arc of 360 degrees.

Interactive steps:

Identify entity !Enter point !

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8.13 Mark Entity Points in the Display

Mark Points Menu Function

When this function is active, the beginning- and end points of entities will be marked in the displayby small squares.

The centres of circular contours will be marked by a small axially parallel cross. When the screen isreinstated, these indication marks will be deleted.

Example: Marked entities.

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8.14 Calculating an Area

Area Menu Function

This function serves to work out and indicate the area of a closed entity. Calculation of an area isrecommended only when its edge contours are closed and do not intersect internally. The functionapplies only to the following graphic entities:

- circle and- contour string.

The established area will be indicated in the units, which have been preset, i.e. when one INCAD-unit equals one millimetre the area will be indicated in square millimetres.

After selection of this function a request for entry of a closed entity will appear in the upper dialogueline:

Identify closed entity !

The selected entity must be identified, upon which its area will be indicated in the lower dialogueline, where also the next step is specified, by which the area indication mode can be quitted:

Area: 1234.567 Press <F1> to continue !

This message will disappear after the <F1> key has been operated.

Example: Area calculation of a complex object

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8.15 Quitting the Design Menu 2

Design Menu FunctionMain Menu Menu Function

By activating the function:

Design

the original Design Menu is invoked. Selecting the menu item:

Main Menu

serves to quit the design menus.

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9. Edit Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Cop. / Move Switch for generating a copy or moving anentity

Win. / Ent. Switch for manipulation of a window or asingle entity

Def. Win. Define Window

Copy Dim. Switch for copying the dimensioning

Switch Layer Move an entity to a different layer

Ungr.Sym. Ungroup a symbol

Ungr.Text Ungroup text

Delete Delete entity

Mirror Mirror entity relative to the reference axis

Ref. Sys. Define reference system for rotating andscaling

Rotate Rotate entity relative to the reference system

Scale Scale entity relative to the reference system

Move Move entity

IsoTrans Isometric transformation

SimTrans Similarity transformation

Redraw Reinstate screen

Edit Fit.Cve. Invoke the menu for manipulation of FittingCurves

Attrib.Menu Invoke the attributes menu

Main Menu Invoke the main menu

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This menu contains a variety of functions which serve to

- edit attributes of entities- re-locate entities by geometric manipulation, while retaining their shape.- delete single entities or a group of entities in a window- manipulate fitting curves.

9.1 Copy Entities

Cop. / Move Switch

Copies of entities or windows can be created while the switch position "Cop." is operative. Only onecopy at a time will be created. When the switch position "Move." is operative the entity will bemoved (rotated, shifted) but no copies can be made.

9.2 Define the Mode of Copying Dimensionings

Copy Dim.: < OFF| INT| EXT > Switch

The setting of the switch "Copy Dim" determines the effect of the operations:

- transformations including copying- undoing of modifications (<F4>-key)

on the dimensioning frameworks attached to INCAD-objects (see page 185).

Each selection of the menu item "Dim. Copy" switches to the following mode, as displayed next tothe menu field:

< OFF| INT| EXT |OFF >.

"Internal" and "external" dimensioning can be explained as follows :

If all points of a dimensioning framework are part of the objects to be copied, this will be consideredas internal dimensioning.

If a dimensioning framework has at least one point situated on an object to be copied, as well as atleast one point not to be copied, this will be considered as external dimensioning.

When, in the "Point Dimensioning" menu, "BasLi = EXT" (Base Line) is the operative switch posi-tion, all points on the base line are part of the dimensioning framework. It follows that these pointshave to be accounted for with the "internal" or "external" dimensioning.

The "Copy Dim." switch is interactive with the "Copy / Move" switch.

When "Cop." is the active switch state, undoing an operation by pressing <F4> will have no effecton the dimensioning:

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Copy Dim.: OFFWhen the switch is set to this position, the following message appears in the dialogue line:

Dimensionings will not be copied !

Switch Position Copy (Copy) Switch Position Move.(Move)With operations which include copying, thedimensions are not attributed to copy of theobject, but will remain with the original object.

The dimensioning is attributed to the re-locatedobject. When operations are undone (<F4>-key),the dimensioning will be lost.

Copy Dim.: INT

When the switch is set to this position, the following message appears in the dialogue line:

Only internal dimensionings will be copied !

Switch Position Cop (Copy) Switch Position Move (Move)Only those dimensionings will be retained in thecopying, which relate to points included in thetotal of objects to be copied.

The dimensioning will be copied with the objectto which it is atttached. When the <F4>-key isoperated to undo the editing, only the internaldimensionings can be regenerated.

Copy Dim : EXT

When the switch is set to this position, the following message appearsin the dialogue line:

External dimensionings will be copied !

Switch Position Cop (Copy) Switch Position MoveAll dimensionings will be copied, including thosewhich relate to points outside the group of copiedobjects.

Dimensionings attached to a re-located objectwill be retained. By operating <F4> the originaldimensioning can be completely regenerated.

Please note

- that storage requirement as well as execution time will be increasing according to thesequence of activating

Copy Dim OFF -> Copy Dim INT -> Copy Dim EXT

and further

- that the display of dimensioning frameworks will only be updated after a reinstation ofthe screen.

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Example 1: Switch position "Move" (Move)

The example shown below consists of three diagrams in each of which two straight lines and onerectangular are displayed.

Objects have been dimensioned in the "point di-mensioning" mode with the base line switch set tothe "BasLi = Vert" position, to the effect that onlypoints P1, P2 and P3 must be considered for inter-nal and external dimensioning.

The function "Def. Win." (marked as a dotted square in the diagrams below) from the edit menu hasbeen employed to move both straight lines at the same time. Subsequent to this operation thescreen has been reinstated to display the actual dimensioning. The dimensioning "20", resultingfrom points P1 and P2, is an internal dimensioning; the dimensioning "40" is an external dimen-sioning, because P 3 is not situated within the window.

The operation in this diagram can be effected withthe "Dim. Copy" switch set to either "OFF","INT" or"EXT".

Diagrams with example No.1: Moving with the switch set to "Move".

The result of the movings will be identical, no matter which of the three switch positions has beenoperative; the setting of the switch will, however, determine the performance of the system whenthe <F4> key is pressed to undo an operation:

When the switch is set to "OFF" the dimensioning will be completely removed. When the switch isset to "INT" only the internal dimensioning "20" will be regenerated. With the switch set to "EXT" thedimensioning will be completely regenerated.

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Example 2: Switch position "Copy" (Copying)

The basic constellation is as in example No.1. All three partial drawings will be moved when theswitch is set to "Copy"

Result of a copying operation with the "DimCopy"switch set to "OFF"

"DimCopy:INT"

"DimCopy:EXT"

Diagrams with example No.2: Moving with the switch set to "Copy".

When the switch is set to "OFF", the dimensioning will not be copied. The dimensionings "20" and"40" remain attributed to the original object.

When the switch is set to "INT" the dimensioning "20" is copied to the new object, because bothpoints dimensioned are located on objects to be copied. The dimensioning "40" is not copied, be-cause one of the applicable points is not situated on an object to be copied.

With the switch set to "EXT" the dimensioning "40" is copied as well.

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9.3 Switch Layer

Switch Layer Menu Function

This function serves to allocate single entities or entities grouped in a window to a different layer.

When this function is activated, the following prompt appears:

Identify entity !

After identification of the entity to be allocated to a different layer, the layer selection menu is dis-played. The layer, to which the entity shall be allocated, must be selected on the menu bar:

Select layer !

After a layer has been selected, the system will return to the edit menu. Redrawing the screen maybecome necessary, e.g. when entities have been shifted to invisible layers.

When entities of an active layer, which have been grouped in a window, are shifted to an invisiblelayer, they will at the same time be removed from the window. Please note, that re-activating theapplicable layer will not put the entities back into the window !

9.5 Ungroup Symbol

Ungr. Sym. Menu Function

To edit single entities which have been made part of a geometric macro, this symbol can be un-grouped.


Identify entity ! ,

The symbol to be ungrouped must be identified; it will be highlighted on the screen, and (after aninterval of approx. one second) it will be re-drawn with all the entities ungrouped, from which it wasmade up.

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9.5 Ungroup Text

Ungr. Text Menu Function

To edit parts of of text, the text macro can be ungrouped.


Identify entity ! ,

The text macro to be ungrouped must be identified; it will be highlighted on the screen, and (after aninterval of approx. one second) it will be re-drawn with all its constituents ungrouped

Please note that the menu function "Text Attr." (Text Attributes) cannot be applied to ungrouped textmacros.

9.6 Deleting an Entity


The function "Delete" equally applies to symbols, single entities or a number of entities grouped in awindow. A selected entity can either be deleted by operating the <F1> key or retained by operatingthe <F3> key. As to deleting entities in a window, there is the option of either deleting all entitiescontained therein (by operating the <F2> key) or deleting single entities (by selecting an entity andthen operating the <F1> key).

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9.7 Geometric Manipulation

Move Menu FunctionScale Menu FunctionRotate Menu FunctionMirror Menu FunctionRef. Sys. Menu FunctionCop. Move SwitchWin. Ent. SwitchDef. Win. Menu Function

The INCAD system features drawing aids which will facilitate the design process, in particular

- Scaling,- Moving,- Rotating,- Mirroring and- Copying

of an entity, a symbol or a window previously defined. Single objects as well as a number of objects,which have been grouped in a window, can be subject to these geometric manipulations. Whetherthe original object is deleted or retained will be dependent on the setting of the switch

Copy / Move.

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9.7.1 Moving an Entity

Move Menu functionCopy/Move SwitchWin./Ent. Switch

An entity is moved (re-located) relative to an optional point.

Moving means re-locating, not copying. After an entity to be moved has been selected, a re-locationvector is established from the reference point and the target point of the re-location. The referencepoint must not necessarily be situated on the the selected entity.

The moving of entities grouped in a window is effected in the same manner.

Diagram: Moving an entity without copying

9.7.2 Defining a Reference System

Ref. Sys. Menu Function

An optional axially parallel reference system can be defined to which the scaling, rotating and mir-roring will relate.

When the system is activated the origin of the reference system is set to x = 0 , y = 0.

By entering a point (absolute or relative) with the help of the cursor, a new reference point is de-fined. An "elastic line" will extend to this point from the previous origin of the reference system.

The new reference point is marked on the screen by a small cross; this marking will be retainedwhile screen functions are activated.

The reference system serves only as a local coordinates system for geometric manipulation andhas no effect on other functions.

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9.7.3 Scaling of an Entity

Scale Menu FunctionRef. Sys. Menu FunctionCop. Move. SwitchWin. Ent. Switch

Entities can be scaled up or down, according to the scaling factor specified.

Scaling of the selected entity will be relative to the defined reference system.

1st Example: Input: Scaling factor = 1.5

The origin of the reference system is on the circle centre.

2nd Example: Input: Scaling factor = 1.5

The origin of the reference system is below left of the circle.

As becomes clear from the last example, when the scaling factor is increased, the object will bemoved away from the reference origin. Conversely the object will be moved closer to the referenceorigin when the scaling factor is decreased.

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9.7.4 Rotating an Entity

Rotate Menu FunctionRef. Sys. Menu FunctionCop. Move. SwitchWin. Ent. Switch

To rotate an entity, an angle must be determined, which is effected by either

- positioning the cursor orinput of a value

1st Example:

Angle input by cursor position; the rotation angle is relative to the positive x-axis.

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2nd Example:

The entity will be rotated counter-clockwise.

3rd Example:

The entity will be rotated clockwise (with an angle w) which is equivalent to a counter-clockwiserotation of 360 degrees - minus the entered angle.

Entering numerical angle values:.

In most cases the rotation angle is entered in numerical values. Relative values as well as absolutevalues can be entered.

The entity to be rotated must be identified first; upon identification an elastic line will be displayedwhich connects the reference point with the current cursor position, and which serves to check onthe defined rotation angle as well as to specify the sense of rotation (positive / negative).

4th Example:

Input of an angle of 30° by entering absolute coordinates; rotation by the entered angle.

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9.7.5 Mirroring an Entity

Mirror Menu FunctionRef. Sys. Menu FunctionCop. Move. SwitchWin. Ent. Switch

To mirror an entity, a so-called "mirror axis", intersecting the origin of the reference system, must bedefined. This mirror axis will be represented on the display screen as an >elastic line< ("rubberband") connecting the reference point and the current cursor position.

Analogous to the rotation function the mirror axis can be determined by either setting a point or byentering the direction.

1st Example:

Mirroring an entity relative to a mirror axis entered by cursor position

Defining the mirror axis by numerical value entry:

The axis position can be defined either absolute (relating to the the positive x-axis of the referencesystem) or relative to the identified entity.

2nd Example:

Mirroring an entity relative to a mirror axis defined by input of absolute angle values

ang = 75°; "ang" denoting the angle relative to the positive x-axis.

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9.8 Isometric Transformation

IsoTrans Menu Function

This function combines the functions "Rotate" and "Move": it serves to concurrently move and rotatesingle entities or groups of entities in a window.

As a first step in effecting this transformation, two straight lines must be defined, which will be inter-preted as the horizontal axes of two reference systems. The system will compute a transformationof the first line into the second line.

This transformation is then applied to the entity to be modified, in such a manner that the position ofthe original entity relative to the first reference system is the same as the position of the trans-formed entity relative to the second reference system.

After the function has been activated, the following input request will appear in the first dialogue line:

Identify entity !

The entity must be identified which shall be subject to isometrical transformation.

Upon the following two prompts

Enter beginning point of the reference line !

and

Enter end point of the reference line !

The input of two points to define the first reference line is requested. The input of points subse-quently requested, by the two prompts

Enter beginning point of the target line !

and

Enter end point of the target line !

serves to define the second reference line.

Example: Isometric Transformation; the dimensions of the screw remain unchanged.

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9.9 Similarity Transformation

SimTrans Menu Function

As the above described function "IsoTrans", this function combines available INCAD functions,namely the following three:

- Rotating,- Moving and- Scaling.

The function "IsoTrans" effects a transfomation of entities with respect to their position (in the x,yplane), while their dimensions remain unchanged. The "SimTrans" function offers the additionalfeature of adapting an entity to a desired size. E.g. this may serve to move a screw into a through-hole while adjusting the screw diameter to the hole diameter. To effect this, the screw, in its entirety,is scaled accordingly.

Example: Similarity transformation; the size of the screw is transformed accordingly.

The interactive dialogue must be transacted as described above with the "Iso Trans" function. Afteridentifying the entity to be transformed, two straight lines must be defined by entering the applicablepoints: a reference line and a target line. The scaling factor will then be established by the systemfrom the ratio of the lengths of the two lines.

9.10 Reinstate Screen

Redraw Menu Function

This function only affects the screen display.

In the case that geometric manipulation and design operations have rendered the screen display ofentities unclear, the screen may be reinstated by selecting the "Redraw" function.

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9.11 Editing a Fitting Curve

Edit Fit. Menu Function

To edit a Fitting Curve the menu item "Edit Fitting Curve" in the Edit Menu must be activated. Asubmenu will be displayed, containing the following functions:

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Select Fit. Selecting a fitting curve

Move Point Moving a point

Insert Point Inserting a Point

Delete Point Deleting a Point

Edit Tangent Editing a Tangent

Gen. Corner Generating a Corner

Close Fit. Closing a fitting curve

Edit Menu Invoking the Edit Menu

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The menu item "Fit. Sel." is the default activated function of this menu. Accordingly the prompt

Identify entity !

will appear. A fitting-curve must then be identified which shall be subject to the subsequent editing.

The points defining the identified fitting-curve will be highlighted in the screen representation; sub-sequently one of the editing functions described in the following can be invoked.

9.11.1 Selecting a Fitting-curve

Fit. Sel. Menu Function

This menu item serves to select a new (fitting) curve, thereby cancelling the current editing of a(fitting) curve. When the selection of a curve has been successfully completed, the points definingthis curve will be indicated in the screen display.

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9.11.2 Moving a Point of a Fitting-curve

Move Pt. Menu Function

This menu function serves to move (re-locate) a curve point.

Upon selection of this menu item the following input prompt will appear:

Identify the point to be edited ! .

To identify the point to be moved the curve must be identified once again - close to the position ofthe applicable point. Sections before and behind the point will then be highlighted in colour.

After this a prompt will appear:

Enter new point, acknowledge with <F2> !.

Via the tablet or the keyboard a correction point can now be entered, which will replace the previ-ously identified point and determine the new course of the curve. The newly generated curve sec-tion will be highlighted in colour to set it off against the remaining curve.

This procedure of entering a correction point can be repeated over and again, until the resultingcourse of the curve meets the user’s requirements, upon which the procedure of moving a point isterminated by pressing the <F2> key. The last point entered will be adopted to replace the originalpoint.

Example: Move Point

Please note:The editing procedure can be cancelled at any time by operating the <F3> key or selecting one ofthe items on the menu bar. This might especially be useful when there has been an error in identi-fying a point.

If the editing procedure is cancelled during the input of a correction point, the editing, as alreadydisplayed in the coloured highlighting, will not be adopted; the system will revert to the original state.

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9.11.3 Inserting a Point into a Fitting-curve

Ins. Pt. Menu Function

This menu function serves to insert a new point between two existing points of a curve.

Upon selection of this menu item the following input prompt will appear:

Identify the desired section !

This identification is effected by re-identifying the section of the curve between the applicable twopoints, which section will then be highlighted in colour.

After this an input request will appear:

Enter new point, acknowledge with <F2> !.

upon which a new point can be entered.

As with the function described in the previous paragraph, this input procedure can be repeated overand again and finally be terminated by either pressing the <F2> key (to adopt the current result) orby pressing the <F3> (to ignore the result).

Example: Inserting a Point

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9.11.4 Deleting a Point From a Fitting-curve

Del. Pt. Menu Function

This menu function serves to delete a point on a curve.

Identification of the point to be deleted is analogous to the procedure described above in 9.7.2; afterthis the deletion must be acknowledged by pressing <F1>

Example: Deleting a Point

If a curve consists of only three points, no point may be deleted.

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9.11.5 Editing a Tangent

Edit Tang. Menu Function

This menu function serves to edit the curve gradient or to delete a corner at the identified curvepoint.

Identification of the point to be deleted is analogous to the procedure described above in 9.7.2. Onthe screen the cursor is connected with the identified point on the curve by an "elastic line" (rubberband); the following prompt will appear:

Enter new gradient, acknowledge by <F2> ! .

If now the actual cursor position is adopted as a point entry by operating the <F1> key, the straightline extending from the actual point on the curve to the cursor position (as represented by the"elastic line") will determine the direction of the newly generated tangent, its orientation dependingon the sense of travelling of the curve.

As mentioned above, this input procedure can be repeated over and again and finally be terminatedby either pressing the <F2> key (to adopt the current result) or by pressing the <F3> (to cancel theprocedure).

After the adoption of a new tangent an eventual corner, having been part of the curve at the appli-cable curve point prior to the editing of the tangent direction, will be removed. This is a convenientway to remove corners no longer desired.

Example: Edit tangent

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9.11.6 Generating a Corner

Gen. Corn. Menu Function

This menu function serves to generate a corner at any point on the curve, as well as to edit an ex-isting corner.

As a first step the point must be identified at which a corner shall be generated or edited. Upon theinput prompt:

Identify the applicable point !

a section of the curve before or behind this point must be identified, which will then be highlighted incolour. A further input prompt will appear:

Enter the new gradient, terminate with <F2> !

and in the screen display an "elastic line" will appear, connecting the actual curve point with thecurrent cursor position. This serves to represent the rise of the new "corner tangent" generated atthis point on the curve; its orientation again being determined by the sense of travelling of the curve.

As mentioned above this editing procedure can be repeated over and again until it is finally termi-nated by either pressing the <F2> key (to adopt the current result) or by pressing the <F3> key (tocancel the procedure).

Example: Generate a Corner

To generate at a point on the curve, or a corner with a predefined opening angle, the input proce-dure, as described with this menu item, must be executed twice:

- once, concerning the curve section before the applicable point- and once again, concerning the curve section behind the applicable point.

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9.11.7 Closing a Fitting-curve

Close Fit. Menu Function

When this menu item is selected the following input request will appear:

Close <F2> Do not close <F1> ! .

Striking the <F2> key will effect the closing of an open fitting-contour string in a way that a curvesection (not including corners) will be inserted between the first and the last point of the curve.

This function does not apply to closed contours.

Example: Closing a Fitting-curve

9.11.8 Quitting the Menu "Edit Fitting-curve"


When this menu item is selected the Edit Menu will be invoked.

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9.12 Attributes Menu

The functions of this menu may be applied either to single entities or to entities grouped in a win-dow.

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Win. Ent. Switching between manipulation of a windowor a single entity

Def. Win. Define a new windows

Line Type Edit the line type of an entity

Line thickness Edit the line thickness of an entity

Colour Edit the screen colour of an entity

Font Attr. Edit the font attributes of a text

Hatch Scale Scaling the hatch pattern of an entity

Hatch Patt. Editing the hatch pattern of an entity

Hatch Param. Editing the hatching parameters of an entity

Hatch Layer Assign a hatching to a different layer

Cont. Type Edit the contour type of an entity

Redraw Reinstate the screen

Edit Menu Quit the attributes menu

Main Menu Quit the Edit Menu

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9.12.0 Zusätze erzeugen, anzeigen und löschen

Zusatzerzeug Menu FunctionZusatzAnzeig Menu Function

Mit Hilfe dieser Funktion läßt sich ein Textzusatz zu einem Element erzeugen, anzeigen oder lö-schen.

Nach dem Identifizieren eines Elements erscheint wird beim Erzeugen - abhängig vom ausgewähl-ten Elemente - ob der Zusatz zur Kontur <F1> oder zum Polygon <F2> zugewiesen sein soll. An-schließend erfolgt die Eingabeaufforderung zur Texteingabe (Erzeugen):

Text: ________________

Bei der Anzeige eines Textzusatzes wird hingegen der Text ausgegeben mit der weiteren Angabe:

Kontur/Polygon Zusatz Text, Loeschen mit <F2>

Mit der Funktionstaste <F2> können Sie daraufhin den Zusatz wieder löschen.

9.12.1 Edit Line Type

Line Type Menu Function

A line type is assigned to each type of contour, by activating the function "Line Type" these assigna-tions can be edited.

There is a choice of eight line types:

1: solid2: small dashes3: dotted4: big dashes - dots5: big dashes - double dots6: big dashes7: big dashes- small dashes8: big dashes- small double dashes

The selection is effected with the cursor keys "Arrow Left" or "Arrow Right".

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9.12.2 Edit Line thickness

Line thickness Menu Function

This function serves to assign a different line thickness to an entity.

Upon identification of an entity the following prompts will appear in the dialogue lines:

Operate left and right arrow key to select a line thick-ness !

The current line thickness of the selected entity is indicated:

Line thickness : 2 1.000 .

According to the movements of the mouse (resp. the puck) or the operation of the cursor keys(Left/Right), optional new line widths will be displayed alphanumerically in the second dialogue line.First the selected line thickness number is indicated, the second value indicates the actual penstroke (in mm) of that line thickness. By operating the <F1> key the selected line thickness is ac-knowledged.

To assign a different pen stroke to any of the available sixteen line widths, the menu item "Linethickness" of the Entity Menu must be invoked.

9.12.3 Edit Colour

Colour Menu Function

Each contour has a colour assigned to it. In the editing there is a choice of fifteen colours; when thestandard configuration is operative, these will be the following:

1: white, 2: yellow, 3: light-green, 4: light-blue, 5: cyan (light), 6: brown, 7: blue, 8: green, 9: cyan,10: magenta,11: light-red,12: light-grey,13: dark-grey,14: red (for auxiliary contour layer),15: Magenta (light).

After identification of an entity a change of colour can be effected either by selecting one of thecolour fields displayed on the upper margin of the menu bar or by entering the applicable colournumber on the keyboard. Of the fifteen colours listed above, only twelve can be graphically se-lected.

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9.12.4 Edit Font Type

Font Attr. Menu FunctionThis function serves to edit the character font attributes of text. All attributes, such as height of text,width of text, inclination of text (angle), font type and the alphanumerical text itself are subject toediting.

For display, as well as editing of entered text, the following six character fonts are available:

1: European2: Simplex3: Triplex4: Script5: Special characters font6: Gothic.

Example: Available fonts

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9.12.5 Scaling the Hatching Pattern

Hatch Scale Menu Function

This function can be employed to scale the hatch pattern of an entity up or down, while retaining itsinherent structure.

After identifying a hatched entity, the applicable value must be entered on the alphanumerical key-board, to determine the scaling factor.

9.12.6 Edit Hatching Pattern

Hatch Patt. Menu Function

This function serves to edit the hatching pattern assigned to an entity. Available patterns are thestandard hatching (Hatch No. = 0) as well as all other patterns previously defined ( Hatch Nos. > 0)

After identifying a hatched entity, a new pattern is selected by entering the applicable value on thekeyboard.

9.12.7 Edit Hatching Parameters

Hatch Param. Menu Function

Each hatching pattern assigned to an INCAD contour (circle, rectangular or contour string) consistsof the hatching name and an optional number of so-called basic hatchings. A basic hatching is apattern of lines determined by the following parameters:

Space : Space between hatch linesAngle : Angle of hatch lines inclinationColour : Colour of hatch linesLine type : Line typeLine thickness : Line thicknessBase point : Pattern reference point of the selected line typeDrawn Li. : Number of lines drawn per sequence (before skipping a line)Hidden Li. : Number of hidden lines per sequence

The current attributes of each basic hatching of the actual pattern will be listed one after the other inthe dialogue lines. They may then be either edited or acknowledged.

Editing the hatching parameters of an entity has only a temporary effect, inasmuch as the editedhatching pattern will be removed from the list of available patterns if that pattern is cancelled or theentity itself is deleted. To adopt (i.e. create) a hatching pattern to be permanently available with adrawing, the functions of the "Hatching Menu" must be invoked.

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9.12.8 Edit Hatching Layer

Hatch Layer Menu Function

This function can be employed to assign the hatching of an entity (or of entities grouped in an win-dow) to a different layer.

After activating the function, the following input request will appear:

Identify entity ! ,

The entity must be identified, whose hatching shall be assigned to a different contour layer. The"Layer Selection Menu" will be displayed, and the desired layer can be selected on the menu bar:

Select layer !

After a layer has been selected the system will return to the "Attributes Menu". It may be recom-mendable to effect a screen reinstatement, e.g. if hatchings have been shifted to an "invisible" layer.

9.12.9 Edit the Type of Contour

Cont. Type Menu Function

This menu function serves to alternately define a contour to be an auxiliary contour or define anauxiliary contour to be a contour. After the menu function "Cont. Type" has been activated, an entityis to be selected. By operating the <F1> key, the editing is acknowledged.

Auxiliary contours will be displayed in the configurated colour.

9.12.10 Quitting the Attributes Menu


When this menu item is selected, the Edit Menu will be invoked.

9.13 Quitting the Edit Menu

Main Menu Menu FunctionWhen this menu item is selected the Main Menu will be invoked.

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10. Dimensioning

10.1 Preliminary Remarks

The INCAD system permits a dimensioning which satisfies all relevant requirements specified inParts 1 and 2 of German Standard DIN 406.

Dimensioning is object oriented, i.e. with each transformation of an object its dimensioning will beappropiately edited (associative dimensioning).

INCAD allows the dimensioning of stored points, line corner points, circular arcs, contour stringsand circle centres as well as centres of circular arcs.

The dimensioning consists of straight lines, circular arcs, and text. Manipulation or deletion of di-mensioning elements can not be effected by the functions on the edit menu; it therefore requiresseparate menu items.

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10.1.1 Definition of Terms

For better comprehension a number of terms are defined in the following:

Dimensioning FrameworkAn entirety of dimension lines, projection lines, demarcation signs and dimensioning text, relating toa common object, is called a dimensioning framework. An individual framework allows the dimen-sioning of up to four contour points, its actual shape will be dependent on the applicable point coor-dinates.

Diagram: Dimensioning frameworks of a point dimensioning and an angle dimensioning.

Dimension LinesStraight lines or arcs, equidistant (i.e. parallel or concentric) to the dimensioned object, which arepart of the dimensioning framework, are called dimension lines.

The projection (point) of dimension lines is either defined automatically or must be entered by theuser ("QPoint").

Projection LinesThe straight lines drawn out from the dimensioned object to the dimension lines are called projec-tion lines.

According to German Standard DIN 406 these lines should have their starting point on the object.With INCAD different projections are also permissive.

Demarcation of Dimension LinesThe beginning- and end point of a dimension line are indicated by demarcation signs.

The demarcation of a dimension line is the intersection point of the dimension line with the auxiliaryline. As a rule the demarcation is indicated by oriented arrows. The diagram below gives a survey ofthe different types of demarcation signs available.

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Diagram: Each demarcation sign ends (or is centred) on the intersection of auxiliary imensionline and dimenisioning line. The diagram shows all ten available emarcation signs.

According to German Standard DIN 406 only one type of demarcation sign should be employedwith each drawing.

There are three different ways to define the orientation of the demarcation signs

("Automatic Arrowhead Orientation"):

- The orientation is made dependent on the length of the dimension line.

If the length of the dimension line falls short of a defined parameter (namely the global variable"Critical Distance"), the arrowheads will be orientated inwards, otherwise they will be orientatedoutwards.

- mandatory inwards orientation- mandatory outwards orientation

Orientation of demarcation signs is independent of the lengths dimensioned.

Text FormatA statement defining the dimensioning text is called a text format. When the dimensioning is ex-erted the dimensioning text will appear appropiately formatted.

Dimensioning TextThe legend applying to dimension lines is called a dimensioning text. It will be inserted as definedby geometry and global parameters as well as by the text format.

Dimensioning ClassA number of parameters relevant to the dimensioning framework (such as colour and type of auxil-iary lines, character font etc...) can be defined to form a so-called dimensioning class.

By editing the parameters of a class, all dimensioning frameworks which have been assigned to thisclass, can be edited simultaneously. This may serve to e.g. to edit the character font of all dimen-sionings of the same class.

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10.1.2 Types of Dimensioning

Point DimensioningA dimension line between two points is called a point dimensioning.

Diagram: Point dimensioning

A concept of major importance in this context is the so-called "base line", which is a straight line,onto which the distance between the points to be dimensioned is projected. The projected distancewill be the applicable dimension.

Choosing the right type of base line is of importance with moving operations. There are the follow-ing four types of base lines:

- external base line, defined by two optional points in the INCAD system.- base line parallel to the dimensioned distance- horizontal base line- vertical base line

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Diagram: Upper left : "BasLi extern" - The two points which have no visible connection with thedimensioning framework make out the base line;Upper right: "BasLi parallel" - the base line is identical with the distance between thetwo dimensioned points;Lower left: "BasLi horizontal",Lower right : "BasLi vertical" (see page 211 for further examples).

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Radius Dimensioning

Radius dimensioning connects the centre of a circle orcircular arc with its periphery. It has only one demarca-tion arrowhead (at the periphery).

Diameter Dimensioning

Diameter dimensioning connects two diametrically op-posed points on a circle or arc. Both demarcation ar-rowheads point to the periphery.

Angle Dimensioning

Dimensioning of an angle between its two sides, definedby points, is called angle dimensioning.

Arc Dimensioning

Arc dimensioning will establish the arc length of a cir-cular arc. Full circles cannot be dimensioned.

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10.1.3 Classes of Dimensionings

Dimensionings (frameworks) can be linked by common parameters, thus forming so-called dimen-sioning classes. Applicable parameters are:

- colour and type of the dimension line.- colour and type of the auxiliary dimension line- text parameters:

character fontheight, width and slant of textpen sizedefault text parameters when creating a dimensioning framework.

Diagram: Different dimensioning classes in a point dimensioning.

All dimensionings displayed in the following diagram are of the "point dimensioning" type (as de-fined in INCAD). Because of the rotational symmetry, all vertical dimensionings are diameter di-mensionings.

Although we have a typical case of point-to-point dimensioning, it is recommendable to allocate thedisplayed dimensioning framework to a diameter-class (here: ’D0’), which will link this dimensioningto subsequently added arc dimensions (INCAD diameter dimensioning) of the ’D0’ class.

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In the diagram below two dimensionings are shown, both of which are testing dimensions.

As the text format of the testing dimensions is rather complex, ("^p_$>#2410.1>_|_100%_^p") itseems convenient to assign both frameworks to the same class, although the dimensionings are ofdifferent types (point-dimensioning and radius-dimensioning).

Denotation of Dimensioning ClassesEach dimensioning class is denotated by three ASCII-characters, in the following manner:

XYY

X = capital characterY = alphanumerical character or special character (capitals only)

Example:P0P%3WNK

Allocation of a framework to a classEach dimensioning framework generated or manipulated will be allocated to a class.

If the applicable class is not yet or no longer available, a mandatory allocation to a basic class iseffected, which class is dependent on the applicable dimensioning types. Basic categories are per-manently available; they can be manipulated, but not deleted.

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Table of Basic Classes

Point -Dim P0Radius -Dim B0Diam -Dim D0Angle -Dim W0Arc -Dim B0Manip. -Class MM

The manipulation class ’MM’ is employed exclusively to select dimensioning frameworks (for dele-tion and manipulation).

10.1.4 Dimensioning Parameters

The actual shape of the dimensioning framework will depend on the geometry of the dimensionedobject as well as on various parameters of different levels. When a framework is generated, certainparameters are applied as defined by the user, others will be according to the default values.

10.1.5 Global Parameters

Global Parameters apply to every dimensioning framework. They can be edited after invoking theparameters menu.

Editing of one of the parameters listed below will have an immediate effect on all of the dimension-ing parameters.

- GlobalFactor Scaling factor affecting all lengths dimensionings.- TextSize Factor affecting all dimensioning texts.- TextFlag Suppression of dimensioning text display- DimFlag Suppression of dimensioning display- Critic.Dist. Inverse orientation of arrowheads

Diagram: Global parameters take effect on all dimensionings.Upper row : Initial situation; subsequently ’TextFlag’ has been switched to ’OFF’; the fi-nal drawing in the upper row is displayed with ’DimFlag’ set to the ’OFF’ position - no

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dimensions are displayed.Lower row: GlobalFactor=2,TextSize=2,Critical Distance=200. From left to right: Dou-ble size of he dimensioning text. 2nd. frame TextFlag=OFF, 3rd. frame DimFlag=OFF.

Global Parameters (Default Settings)The presetting of the parameters listed below will determine the respective parameters in eachnewly generated dimensioning. Editing global parameters therefore has no effect on already exist-ing dimensionings.

- TextPos Position of the dimensioning text- Arrow Type Type of demarcation sign- Arrow Orient Orientation of demarcation sign- ProLiStart Distance between the beginning of the projection line and

the point to be dimensioned.- ProLiEnd Distance between the intersection of dimension line and

projection line and the end point of the projection line.

Diagram: "TextPos", "Arrowhead" und "ProLiStart" have been altered, to the effect that a differ-ent framework resulted from the generation of the point dimensioning.

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Dimensioning ClassesEditable parameters of a dimensioning class are listed above (see page240:

Editing of these variables will affect all dimensionings which have been assigned to the respectiveclass; the editing will take effect instantly.

Dimensioning text formatText formats are default parameters; editing will only take effect with subsequently generated di-mensionings.

Diagram: Effect of dimensioning class parameters on the character font (font type 5), on fontparameters (inclination:15 degrees), type and colour of auxiliary lines and dimension lines.

Individual Parameters of a Dimensioning FrameworkListed below are parameters which can be determined individually for a single dimensioning frame-work. Different parameter values can be assigned to different frameworks (see page 226 below formanipulation of frameworks). Applicable parameters are the following:

- Layer- Dimensioning class- Scaling factor- Demarcation arrowheads, left/right- Geometry of dimensioning- and auxiliary lines- Arrowhead orientation- Format of dimensioning text

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Diagram: Dimensioning parameters I: Dimensioning text, demarcation signs, the projection pointof dimension lines as well as the deleted space in a dimension line can be defined asdesired with each single dimensioning.

Diagram: Dimensioning parameters II: Further individual parameters are: text position, end of thedimension line, end of the projection line, angle of the projection line.

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10.1.6 Format of Dimensioning Text

With each dimensioning framework the dimensioning text is established from the text format andthe actual object geometry.

A text format can be defined either when generating or when subsequently manipulating a frame-work .

The text format takes effect on the following parameters

- nuber of decimal positions- tolerance parameters according to German Standard DIN 406 16- dimension according to German Standard DIN 406 4.5- individual variation of the dimensioning text (e.g. such amendments as "cm")- subscribed and superscribed text

Decimal fractions are represented in the format bbbdaaa . b numbers before the decimal, d decimalpoint (. ), a numbers after the decimal. Redundant terminating zeroes (as well as the decimal point,if applicable) will be suppressed. To edit the representation of a decimal number, the"EDUBEM.KNFEDUBEM.KNF;" file can be invoked.

10.1.6.1 Structure of a Text Format

The text format consists of a string of characters, of which some or some combinations will be in-terpreted in a special way. All characters not having any special signification will appear unaltered inthe actual dimensioning text.

Control SequencesControl sequences consist of the ASCII-character ’^’ (CARET) and a further character.

^r Rectangular box (for theoretical dimensions) ^a Arc line ^t Test dimension ^u Underline (for drawings not to scale)

When a control sequence first appears in the text the applicable desired mode is activated, when itappears again the mode is deactivated. It follows that such sequences must either appear twice ornot at all. Sequences of different type may be nested at will.

Superscript and Subscript Control Characters

> Superscript ON/OFF< Subscript ON/OFF

These control characters must appear either twice or not at all.

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Example:Text format : cm>2> Text format : 8<h9<Output : cm2 Output : 8h9

Prefix "#" to Control CharactersThe prefix is applied to effect the output of ASCII-characters which are not allocated to any of thekeys on the PC keyboard.

The prefix can be applied in a number of ways:

"#nnn" serves to have the ASCII-Code of a character displayed.

The expression "nnn" is meant to represent precisely three digits; there will be no syntax check.

Example:#094 = "^"

Instead of entering "#nnn", a sequence of key operations can be exerted, as follows:

Hold the <ALT> key down while the three digits ’nnn’ are entered, then release the<ALT> key.

The INCAD character set features a number of special characters, as listed in the table below. De-pending on the PC employed, the ASCII denotation of the respective alphanumerical character setmay differ from the graphic display in the INCAD program.

Diagram: Special characters for the dimensioning

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Blank character " "Any blank characters within the text format will be ignored.

Display of blank characters "_"To insert mandatory blank characters in the dimensioning text, the character "_" is entered.

Format Characters "$" and Decimal Point"."In the display the format characters will be transformed to the appropriate dimensioning parameters(distance, angle etc.). A sequence of format characters can be entered as follows:

$ or $.$ or $.$$ etc.

"$" before the decimal point is optional. The number of "$" characters after the decimal point de-notes the number of positions after the decimal in the actual dimensioning.

Terminal zeroes as well as a terminal decimal point will be suppressed. Each format sequence willbe interpreted but once in the text.

Examples:Exact Value Format Result

1. 1.234501 $.$$$ 1,2352. " $.$$$$$ 1,23453. " $._$ 1 $4. 1.0003 $.$$$ 15. " $.$$$ . 1.

Explanation:

1. The last number in this dimensioning text is "5" (4/5 rounding).2. Only 4 numbers of the fractional part are displayed, the terminal zero in the fifth place

is suppressed.3. The terminal decimal point is suppressed; "_" is transformed into a blank . Because it

stands apart from the first sequence of "$$" , the last "$" has not been transformed intodigits.

4. Terminal zeroes and terminal decimal point have been suppressed.5. As in 4. " " in the format is suppressed. Therefore the decimal "." appears immediately

after "1"

10.1.6.2 Establishing of the Dimensioning Text

The dimension figure in the dimensioning text is established as follows:

Point Dimensioning:Global factor * Scaling factor * Distance *Detail Scaling Factor

Radius Dimensioning:Global factor * Scaling factor * Radius *Detail Scaling Factor

Diameter Dimensioning:Global factor * Scaling factor * Radius 2 *Detail Scaling Factor

Angle Dimensioning:Graduated angle between the sides

Arc Dimensioning:Global factor * Scaling factor * Radius * Angle * PI/180. *Detail Scaling Factor

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The detail scale will be the factor defined when the detail is generated, with all other drawing it is1:1.

Example:

Diagram: Text formats of dimensioning texts.

The width of the dimensioned rectancular is 115.6800. (1) two terminating zeroes have been sup-pressed.(2) specific scaling factor 0.1, (3) dimensioning text independent of the actual dimensions

10.1.6.3 Positioning the Dimensioning Text

When a dimensioning is created the applicable text can be positioned "manually" or in the auto-matic mode (see the submenu "Dim.Text Def." page 237 for further details). With manual position-ing there are the following three options:

Moving the text in both dimensions ("NORM")The text will be represented by a "box" which can be moved with the cursor (cf. diagram).

Move parallel to the base line ("PARA")In this case the "box" containing the text can only be moved parallel to the base line which will eitherbe a straight line (with point- radius- and diameter dimensioning), or an arc (with angle or arc di-mensioning). (cf. diagram).

Moving the text orthogonal to the base line ("ORTHO")In this case the text box is moved at a right angle (orthogonally) to the base line, which will be astraight line with point- radius- and diameter dimensioning. In all other cases the text box will bemoved radially (relative to the centre with angle dimensioning, relative to the vertex with angle di-mensioning ). (cf. diagram).

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Diagram: Positioning of the dimensioning text.(1) Cursor movement (2) ’orthogonal’- mode (3) ’normal’ - mode(4) ’parallel’ - mode.

MISTIG!

Diagram: The height of the text box is one and a half times the height TH, as specified in theapplicable dimensioning class. TL is the actual text length, depending on the text en-tered. The cursor position is represented by the solid circle.

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10.1.6.4 Automatic Orientation of Text

The dimensioning text will be automatically oriented according to German Standard DIN 406 Part 2Ch.4.2.

10.1.7 Effects of INCAD-Operations on the Dimensioning

A dimensioning may link points on different INCAD Objects, it will therefore be affected by any ma-nipulation of these objects, such as:

- Copying- Transformations (Moving, Scaling etc.)- Deletion- Editing of Attributes

The screen representation of dimensionings is not automatically updated.

10.1.7.1 Updating of Dimensioning Frameworks

While with each modification of an object its entire dimensioning is modified accordingly, this inter-nal computing will take effect as an update of the drawing in the screen representation only after thenext reinstation of the screen. For the sake of clarity it is therefore recommended to suppress thescreen display of dimensionings during the design process, which can be effected by operating theapplicable switches (Dimensioning Text ON/OFF, Dimensioning ON/OFF) in the Dimensioning MainMenu.

10.1.7.2 Copying and Transforming of Objects

When at least one point of the dimensioning framework is situated on an object to be copied thedimensioning may be retained in the copying - in fact this will depend on the setting of the switch"DimCopy" in the Edit Menu. For further details see the Edit Menu (Page156).

A dimensioning framework resulting from a transformation may not always satisfy the user’s re-quirements. It can subsequently be edited by applying the functions in the Dimensioning Manipula-tion Menu.

10.1.7.3 Dimensionings and Layers

Each dimensioning framework is allocated to a specific layer, which, as a rule, is not the layer of thedimensioned object. This allows to suppress the display of certain dimensionings, resp. to displaydimensionings and suppress the related objects.

10.1.8 Permanent and Temporary Dimensioning

Dimensionings which have been generated with the switch position "Dim.Stat = temp" operative, aretemporarily displayed on the screen but will not become part of the stored list of dimensionings.

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They will disappear after each redrawing of the screen. Such temporary dimensionings can there-fore neither be manipulated, plotted or stored; they will not use up storage capacity.

10.1.9 Limitations and Special Cases in Dimensioning INCAD-Objects

The dimensioning menus cannot be activated during the editing of symbols.

When IGES- or DXF- files are being generated, the dimensioning is ignored; accordingly, whenIGES- or DXF- files are being read, the dimensionings defined in the source files are ignored. Di-mensionings which have been defined as a "BLOCK" will be translated into symbols. They will notbe available as associative dimensionings in INCAD.

The following objects cannot be dimensioned:

- Symbols (as long as ungrouped)- Intersection points, Projected points- Objects belonging to different detail drawings

To dimension these objects, they must be ungrouped, resp. auxiliary points (circles, arcs) must becreated.

Symbols and intersection points can be dimensioned by activating the trap criteria "Contour Point",resp. "Intersection Point" in the entities menu and creating a point at the desired location. This pointcan be dimensioned (associative dimensioning will not be possible). Subsequently this point may beshifted to an invisible layer.

It is not possible to create dimensionings relating to detail drawings of different scales or joiningdetails and standard objects. Please note, that it is not recommendable to create new designs orinsert further entities into a detail window, because these will be of a different scale (with the excep-tion of hatchings and line attributes). Dimensionings joining detail drawings of the same scale canbe effected, but will, in most cases, not lead to a valid result.

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10.2 Dimensioning Main Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Redraw Reinstate Screen

Dim. Stat Switch: Status of Dimensioning

Dim. Class Change of Menu

Dim. Param. Change of Menu

Dim. Text Switch: Suppression of Dimensioning Text

Dimens. Switch: Suppression of Dimensioning

Del.Dim.Li Delete Dimensioning

Manip.Dim.Li Change of Menu

Point Dim. Change of Menu

Radius Dim. Change of Menu

Diam.Dim. Change of Menu

Angle Dim. Change of Menu

Arc Dim. Change of Menu

Main Menu Change of Menu


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10.2.0 Reinstate Screen

Redraw Menu FunctionDim. Text SwitchDim. Display Switch

Different from the standard screen reinstatement, in the "dimensioning mode" all dimensionablepoints will be marked (in red) by an axially parallel cross.

To cancel the procedure, press <F3> on the keyboard. WAS IST DAS???

10.2.1 Edit Dimensioning State

Dim.Stat: <temp|perm> Switch

When this switch is set to "temp" the generated dimensioning frameworks will be temporary, i.e.they are not stored and will disappear after each screen reinstatement.

When the switch is set to "perm" the frameworks will be retained even after reinstatement and willbe stored.

10.2.2 Suppression of Dimensioning Text

Dim.Text <ON|OFF> Switch

Each time this menu field is selected, the toggle switch "Dim. Text" will be set to the alternate posi-tion:

ON -> OFF -> ...

Position: "Dim. Text ON"If the online reinstatement of a drawing includes dimensioning frameworks, the dimensioning textwill be displayed as well.

Position: "Dim. Text OFF"With the switch set to this position the frameworks displayed on the screen will not include the di-mensioning text. This may prove a convenience when complex character fonts are being used orwhen the type of font is frequently changed.

Further screen editing possibilities:

- Plot Screen/ To Scale- Fit

With the switch set to the "OFF" position the drawing will be displayed to fit the screen. Di-mensioning text is suppressed.

10.2.3 Suppression of Dimensionings

Dimensioning <ON|OFF> Switch

Position: "Dimensioning ON"Dimensioning frameworks are re-displayed after each screen reinstatement.


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Position: "Dimensioning OFF"Dimensioning frameworks are suppressed, which speeds up the redrawing.

Further screen editing possibilities:

- Plot Screen/ To Scale- Fit

With the switch set to the "OFF" position the drawing will be displayed to fit the screen while dimen-sionings are suppressed.

By appropriate allocation to different layers, specific dimensionings can be inhibited in the display.

10.2.4 Delete Dimension lines

Del.Dim.Li Menu Function

After selecting a dimension line the corresponding framework can be deleted.

Upon the prompt

Identify dimension line !

a dimension line (a straight line or an arc between projection lines) must be identified. The frame-work will then be marked according to the selected class ("MM").

A further prompt will appear:

Press <F1> to delete !

requiring from the user to acknowledge the deletion of the framework by operating the <F1> key.Any other entry will cancel the procedure.

Note:Where a good number of dimension lines is concerned, it may be more convenient to effect themanipulation and deletion successively.

Note:<F4> has no effect on dimensionings already deleted !

10.2.5 Manipulation of Dimensioning Frameworks

Manip.Dim.Li Change of Menu

The submenu "Manipulation of Dimensioning Framework" is activated.

Where a good number of dimension lines is concerned it may be more convenient to effect themanipulation and deletion successively.

Note:<F4> has no effect on the manipulation of dimensionings !

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10.3 Point Dimensioning Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Redraw Reinstatement of screen display

Dim. Stat Switch: Temporary or permanent dimension-ing

DimLi. Class Switch: Edit the current dimensioning class

ProLi. Ang. Switch: Definition of Projection Lines Angles

DimLi Proj. Switch: Projection Point of the DimensioningLine

Base Line Switch: Definition of the Base Line

Dim.Text Def Change of Menu: Switches for Text Definition

Delete DimLi Delete the Dimensioning Framework

Dim. Type Switch: Type of Dimensioning

Manip. Dim.Li Change of Menu

Diam.Dim Change of Menu

Point Dim. Dimensioning of points



Arc Dim Change of Menu

Dim. Menu Change of Menu



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Each time the menu "Point Dimensioning" is invocated, the default active menu function will be"Generate Point Dimensioning".

A number of point dimensioning operations consecutively exerted (with the menu function unin-teruptedly operative) constitute a so-called cycle. When a cycle is exerted the base line as well asthe projection of the dimension line need only once be defined (the applicable setting of switchesprovided). With switches set to "incremental dimensioning" or "absolute dimensioning" two pointsmust be defined for the first framework created in the course of a cycle, definition of one point willbe sufficient for all further frameworks.

Selecting a menu function will interrupt the cycle.

10.3.1 Edit Dimensioning Class

DimLi Cl.<ppp> Menu Function

Point Dim Menu Function

After selecting this menu item the current dimensioning class can be edited. When the prompt:

Dimensioning Class ?

appears in the alphanumerical input line, an existing dimensioning class must be entered. It will bevalid for the type of dimensioning of the applicable menu only.

All dimensionings subsequently created will be allocated to this class.

10.3.2 Angle of Projection Line

ProLi Ang.<FIX|QPt> SwitchPoint Dim. Menu Function

Two-position toggle switch :

FIX (Angle Input) -> QPoint -> ...

The angle between the standard base line and the projection line is called the projection line angle(cf. diagram).


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State: "ProLi Ang. FIX"When "FIX" is the operative state, input of an angle in the alphanumerical input field is expected. Asa rule this angle should be of zero degrees, which will effect the projection line to be perpendicularto the base line - as is the standard case suggested in German Standard DIN 406. Input of anglesof more than 80 degrees will be rejected by the system.

State: "ProLi Ang."The projection angle will be computed to the effect of the dimension line beginning at the projectionpoint ("QPoint"). With DIN 406 this is considered a special case !

10.3.3 Projection of Dimension line

DimLi Proj. < ALW| ONCE| FIX| INCR > SwitchPoint Dim. Menu Function

When this menu item is selected, there will be a choice of the following switch positions to be acti-vated:

ALWAYS-> ONCE-> FIX-> INCREMENTAL

The setting of this switch determines the kind of input requested with the projection of the dimen-sion line. The projection point (QPoint) is defined as follows (cf. diagram):


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Diagram: Generating a point dimensioning:1. Identification of the first point,2. accordingly,3. Determine Projection (QPoint).

The dimensioning framework in the above diagram has been generated with the operative switchstates being "Base Line = PARA" and "DimLi Proj.= ONCE (or) ALW". Numerals "1" and "2" denotethe dimensioned points. Numeral "3" denotes the location where the cursor has been positionedafter the prompt:

Enter projection !

The extension of the dimension line intersects the "QPoint"

State: "DimLi Proj. ALWAYS"Each time a dimensioning framework is generated, the height of the projection point must be de-termined by positioning the cursor.

State: "DimLi Proj. ONCE"The height of the projection point must be determined only once per cycle. This status is recom-mended especially with incremental dimensioning.

Status: "DimLi Proj. FIX"With this status operative the entry of a value "w" to the input field is requested. With each newdefinition of a dimensioning framework the dimension line will now be situated "w" INCAD-unitsabove the topmost point to be dimensioned.

Status : "DimLi Proj. INCR "With this status operative the entry of a value "w" to the input field is requested. When a point di-mensioning cycle is invoked, the projection of the dimension line is requested to be once defined bypositioning the cursor. Each ensuing dimension line will be situated "w" units above the precedingone.


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Example:

Diagram: Dimension line projection and positions of the switch "DimLiProj"

Switch positions for the generation of the dimensionings shown in the four diagrams above are thefollowing:

Type of Dimensioning IncrementalBase Line Horizontal

In the following P1, Q1 etc .denotes the identification of the applicable point "DimLi Proj.:xxx"indicates the selection of the menu field "DimLi Proj." (eventually to be repeated, until the switchposition "xxx" is obtained. Tilted crosses represent contour points, upright crosses represent op-tional points.

Upper Left Diagram:DimLi Proj.: ALW (always), P1, P2, Q1, P3, Q2, P3, Q3

Upper Right Diagram:DimLi Proj.:INC (incremental) 10, P1, P2, Q1, P3, P4

After the first dimension line has been positioned by defining Q1, each ensuing dimension line willautomatically be positioned 10 INCAD units higher than the preceding one.

Lower Left Diagram:DimLi Proj.:1 X (once), P1, P2, Q1, P3, P4

All dimension lines will be positioned at the height of the first dimension line.


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Lower Right Diagram:DimLi Proj.: fix, 50, P1, P2, P3, P4

The projection of the dimension lines will be 50 INCAD units above the topmost of the two pointsdimensioned in the applicable framework.

10.3.4 Edit Type of Base Line

Base Li < EXTERN | PARA | VERT | HORI > SwitchPoint Dim. Menu Function

The "Base Line Definition" switch can be set to the following positions:

external -> parallel ->vertical -> horizontal ->

The effects of transformations - esp. rotations, mirroring and translatory operations (moving)- onpoint dimensioning are dependent on the respective definition of the base line:

The dimension line is always parallel to the base line. A vertical or horizontal base line will alwaysbe retained in subsequent transformations (e.g. rotations) of the applicable object. If the transfor-mation shall include the dimension line, the "parallel" or "external" base line mode must be acti-vated. It is therefore recommended to decide on a suitable type of base line when the dimensioningframework is first generated.

Note:Deleting one point the least from the dimensioning framework will effect automatic deletion of alldimensionings linked to this framework.

Diagram: Even after rotation of the four points, the dimension line is still parallel to the base line.

Status: "BaseLi external"The base line must be defined at the beginning of a point dimensioning cycle.

Both points of the base line must be identified.This base line will be relevant to all dimensioningframeworks subsequently generated.

Status: "BaseLi parallel"The base line will invariably be as defined by the two points dimensioned.

Status: "BaseLi horizontal / vertical"Even after geometric transformations have been exerted the base line will be horizontal / vertical.


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Examples:

Basic task in this example: The distance P3, P4 of thetrapezoid P1, P2, P3, P4 is to be dimensioned.

Different modes of the base line switch are employed: BaseLi=’extern’ (P1, P2 for the base line)BaseLi=’parallel’, BaseLi=’horizontal’ und BaseLi=’vertical’.

Transformation:

Subsequently each trapezoid is rotated by 45 degrees (left diagram). Only the frameworks in theupper row are included in the rotation, because they have their base line on the transformed object.

10.3.5 Switching the Type of Dimensioning

DimType < INC | ABS | NOR > SchalterPoint Dim Menu Function

The "DimType" switch can occupy three positions:

Incremental (relative) dimensioning -> Absolute dimensioning -> Normal ->

Switch State: "DimType Incremental"During a cycle, each point will be dimensioned relative to the previous point.

Diagram: Incremental Dimensioning Diagram: Absolute Dimensioning

Switch State: "DimType Absolute"Each point will be dimensioned relative to the first point, (the point identified at the beginning of thecycle).


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Switch State: "DimType Normal":Two points must be identified for each dimensioning framework.

Example:The dimensioning frameworks shown in the diagram below can be generated in in different ways:

Common switch positions for all variants are:

BaseLi = vertDimLi = 1 X

In the following PointDim stands for selection of the menu function "Point Dim.", P1, P2. etc..stands for identification of the applicable points.

Vers. 1 : Switch : DimType = NORMPointDim, P1, P2, P2, P3, P3, P4

Vers 2 : Switch : DimType = INCPointDim, P1, P2, P3, P4

Vers 3 : Switch : DimType = ABSPointDim, P1, P2,PointDim, P2, P3,PointDim, P3, P4

Diagram: See TextAll three variants lead to equivalent results.

10.3.6 Delete Dimension lines

Del.Dim.Li Menu Function

By identifying the dimension line, the corresponding framework can be deleted.

Upon the prompt


a dimension line (a straight line or an arc between projection lines) must be identified. Subese-quently the framework is highlighted in colour, according to the selected class ("MM").

A further prompt will appear:

<F1> to delete !

requiring the user to acknowledge the deletion of the framework by operating the <F1> key. Anyother entry will cancel the procedure.

Note:Where a greater number of dimension lines is concerned it may be more convenient to effect themanipulation and deletion successively. Please note also, that <F4> has no effect on dimensioningsalready deleted !

MTS Radius-/Diameter Dimensioning

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10.3.7 Point Dimensioning Cycle

Point Dim. Menu FunctionBaseLi SwitchProLi Ang SwitchDimLi Proj. SwitchDimText Def SwitchDim Type SwitchDim.Stat Switch

How to proceed:After the menu function "Point Dim." has been activated, and if

- switch state "BaseLi= external",

the following prompt will appear:

Identify P1 of the base line !

After the first point of the base line has been identfied, the next input prompt:

Identify P2 of the base line !

will require the user to enter the second point.

- With switch state "Dim.Type = Norm" entry of the first point to be dimensioned will berequested:

(1)Identify P1 !

and then the next point :(2)

Identify P2 !

If the selected type of dimensioning is "absolute", the distance between point P1 and P2 will now bedimensioned. If the selected type of dimensioning is "incremental" the distance between the pointentered upon prompt (2) and the preceding point will now be dimensioned (at the beginning this willbe the point entered upon prompt (1); with the next dimensioning operation point 2 in turn precedesa following point and so forth).

Subsequent entries concern the shape of the dimensioning framework as well as the positioningand the format of the dimensioning text.

With the switch positions- "DimLi Proj. = always"- "ProLi Ang. = QPt."- and the first framework of a cycle with switches set to

"DimLi Proj. = incr" or"DimLi Proj. = once"

the promptEnter Dimension line projection (QPoint) !

requires the user to identify the projection point of the dimension line, which point need not be situ-ated on the contour. It is recommended to make use of a grid for exact positioning of the dimen-sioning frameworks. With the switch position "ProLi Ang.= QPt" the angle between base line and


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projection line is established to the effect that "P1" and "QPoint" are located on the same projectionline

If, in the submenu "Dim. Text Def", "Dimensioning Text = Input" is the operative switch position ,upon the prompt:

Enter dimensioning text !

the text format must be specified. The default format will be that which has been stored with theapplicable active dimensioning class.

If, in the submenu "DimText Def", one of switch positions

"TextPos = norm""TextPos = para""TextPos = ortho"

has been made operative, the prompt:

Enter text position !

will require the input of the desired text position. In addition to the usual cursor symbol the text posi-tion is indicated in the screen display by an rectangular frame.

Subsequent extension of the generated dimensioning framework will depend on the selected typeof dimensioning:

if "Dim Type = NORM"further proceeding starts from (1)

if "Dim Type = INC" or"Dim Type = ABS"

further proceeding starts from (2)Hier muß noch ein Bild übersetzt werden!!!


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10.4 Menu: Radius Dimensioning

There is no difference in the user guidance with the radius - and diameter dimensioning. See dia-meter dimensioning below.

10.5 Menu: Diameter Dimensioning

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Dim. Stat Switch: Dimensioning temporary or perma-nent

DimLi Class Switch: Edit Dimensioning Class

DimText Def. Change of Submenu: Switches for Dimen-sioning Text

Del.Dim.Li Delete Dimensioning

Manip. Dim.Li Change of Menu: Manipulate Dimensioning


Radius Dim. Radius Dimensioning

Diam. Dim. Diameter Dimensioning



Dim.Menu Change of Menu



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Hier muß noch ein Bild übersetzt werden!!!

10.5.1 Generate Radius/Diameter Dimensioning

Radius Dim. Menu FunctionDiam.Dim. Menu FunctionDimTextDef SwitchDim.Stat Switch

Upon the input request

Identify circle or circular arc !

a dimensioning framework is attached to the identified circle or arc. The dimension line ends at theidentification point. Should the inclination of the dimension line be considered insatisfactory, it canbe edited by invoking the function "rda angle" from the manipulation menu.


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Diagram: Die Maßlinie der Durchmesserbemaßung (Radius-Bemaßung analog) wird bei einerDrehung des Objektes nicht transformiert.

MTS Angle Dimensioning

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10.6 Menu: Angle Dimensioning

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Dim.Stat Switch: Dimensioning temporary or perma-nent

DimLi Class Switch: Change of Dimensioning Class

DimText Def Change of Menu. Submenu: Switch Dim.Text Def.

Mode W3/W4 Switch: 3 points/ 4 points mode

DimLi Proj. Switch: Default projection or input

Del Dim. Li Delete Dimensionings




Diam. Dim. Change of Menu

Angle Dim. Angle Dimensioning


Dim.Menu Change of Menu


MTS Angle Dimensioning

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Hier muß noch ein Bild übersetzt werden!!!

An angle is defined by identifying its sides.

There is an option of the three-point mode and the four-point mode with angle dimensioning; se-lecting the menu item "Mode W3/W4" serves to switch between options.

In the three-point mode the vertex as well as one different point on each side of the angle must beidentified. In the four-point mode the sides of the angle are defined by identifying their beginning-and end points.

Identifying the sides of an angle does not unequivocally determine the angle to be dimensioned.INCAD offers all (up to eigh)t different dimensioning possibilities.

Note:- A dimensioned angle will be transformed with each mirroring operation into its complement on the360° scale.

To switch between an angle and its complement, the menu item "rad: Angle" in the manipulationmenu (see page 229) can be activated.

With the present INCAD version only decimal units can be used in the angle dimensioning.

MTS Arc Dimensioning

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10.6.1 Switch Between Angle Dimensioning Modes

Mode <W3/W4> SwitchAngle Dim. Menu Function

Each activation of this menu item flips the switch to either one of the two modes:

3-Point mode -> 4 Point mode -> ... .

Switch position: "W3 Mode" (Three-point mode)The angle is defined by

- a point on the vertex- a point on side 1- a point on side 2

Switch position: "W4 Mode" (Four-point mode)The angle is defined by identifying the end points of the sides enclosing the angle to be dimen-sioned.

10.6.2 Dimension Line Projection

DimLi Proj. <Fix,QPt> SwitchAngle Dim. Menu Function

The states of this switch are:

FIX -> QPt -> ...

Switch position: "DimLi Proj. FIX"The default dimension line projection will be displayed.

Switch position: "DimLi Proj. QPt"The dimension line projection is determined by positioning the cursor (QPoint), after both sides ofthe angle have been identified.

10.6.3 Angle Dimensioning

Angle Dim. Menu FunctionDim.Text Def. SwitchDimLi Proj. SwitchDim.Stat. SwitchMode W3/W4 Switch

This Menu Function serves to dimension an angle:

If the three-point-mode ("Mode W3") is the operative state, upon the input request

Identify vertex !


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the vertex of the angle, i.e the intersection point of the two straight lines enclosing the angle to bedimensioned, must be identified. Upon the next prompt:

Identify point on the first side !

the end point of the first straight line must be identified, and upon the following prompt:

Identify point on the second side !

the end point of the second straight line must be identified. It is a precondition with the three-point-mode that the angle vertex be already stored as an INCAD point. Where this is not the case (whichmay frequently occur, e.g. with rounded corners) the four-point-mode should be applied.

When the "W4 Mode" is the active switch position, four points will be necessary for the dimension-ing of an angle. Two straight lines (each defined by two points) must be defined - the enclosed an-gle will then be dimensioned.

Upon the input request:

Identify point 1 on side 1 !

the first point of the first straight line must be identified, upon the next prompt:


the second point of the first straight line must be identified.

The second straight line is defined accordingly, the respective prompts being:



After this a provisional dimensioning framework will be displayed, which can be modified during thesubsequent procedure.

When the switch "Dimension Line Projection" has been set to the position "DimLi Proj. = QPt", uponthe prompt:

Identify dimension line projection !

the cursor must be positioned on the desired projection point. If applicable, the input of a dimen-sioning text format (Submenu Dim.Text Def.:"DT Input") will subsequently be requested:

Enter dimensioning text format !

The straight lines, as defined above,will allow the establishment of at least two different angles.Upon the following prompt:

x Degrees <F2> adopt <F1> different option

the desired version must be opted for. x denotes the degree of the displayed angle. If a differentoption has been selected with <F1> and if the text position is not desired to be according to thedefault parameters (Submenu Dim.Text Def. : "DT Pos. norm/orth/para"), then, after the input re-quest:

Enter Text Position !


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the text position must be specified. After this, the final version of the dimensioning framework will beestablished. Examples:

In the diagrams below the dimensioning of angles in the three-point-mode and in the four-point-mode is shown. P1, P2, P3 and P4 are contour points, which have been identified successivelyupon request.

Example: Three-point-mode

Example: Four-point-mode

The two versions of the angle are displayed which are possible with the given constellation.


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10.7 Menu: Arc Dimensioning

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Dim.Stat Switch: Dimensioning temporary orpermanent

DimLi Class Switch: Change of Dimensioning Class

Dim.Text Def. Change of Menu. Submenu: Switch Dim.Text

DimLi Proj. Switch: Default projection of dimensioning orinput

Del Dim. Li Delete Dimensionings




Diam. Dim. Change of Menu

Angle Dim. Angle Dimensioning

Arc Dim. Arc Dimensioning

Dim.Menu. Change of Menu



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Hier muß wohl noch ein Bild übersetzt werden!

10.7.1 Arc Dimensioning

Arc Dim. Menu FunctionDimLi Proj. SwitchDim. Stat SwitchDim.Text Def. Switch


Identify Circular Arc !

a circular arc must be identified. Identification of circles or other objects will be ignored. If the switch"DimLi Proj." has been set to the "QPt" position, upon the prompt:

Identify Dimension line Projection !

the height of the the projection must be determined. If applicable, the dimensioning text and its po-sition are to be entered.

MTS Manipulation of Dimensionings

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10.8 Menu: Manipulation of Dimensioning Frameworks

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Next DimLi Edit next dimension line

Class&Layer Change of dimensioning class or layer

Dim. Text Def Submenu: Switch for dimension text

ProLi Angle Edit Angle of Dimension line

ProLi Start Edit Beginning Point of Projection line

ProLi End Edit end point of projection line

ProLi Point Edit projection point

DimLi Mid. Interrupt dimension line

DimLi End Prolong/Shorten dimension line

rda: Angle Edit angle

Arrow Orient. Edit orientation of demarcation signs

Arrowheads Edit demarcation signs

Text Edit dimensioning text format

Text Pos. Re-locate text

Scal.Factor Edit the Local Scaling factor

Abort Editing of the Selected Dimensioning will beignored




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The functions in this menu serve to manipulate existing dimensioning frameworks.

A dimension line must be identified prior to the activation of one of the functions specified in thefollowing. The corresponding framework will be marked according to the Basic Class "MM".

When quitting the menu all amendments to the currently manipulated framework will be adopted.

With the invocation of menus ’Edit Dimensioning’ and ’Delete Dimensioning’ the system requiresinternal computation, which, especially where extensive dimensioning is concerned, may result innoticeable delays in the program. It is therefore recommended to carry out ’Manipulation’ and ’De-leting’ separately, one after the other.

10.8.1 Next Dimension Line

Next DimLi Menu Function

This menu function serves to select a new dimension line for further manipulation. If currently thereis a dimension line under manipulation, all amendments to this line will be adopted.



a diemensioning line (a straight line or arc within the range of projection lines) must be identified.The corresponding framework will be marked according to the Basic Class "MM". Subsequently theother menu items may be selected.

10.8.2 Change of Dimensioning Class or Layer

Class&Layer Menu Function


Specify dimensioning class !

the allocation of an individual dimension line to a class can be edited by entering an existing dimen-sioning class to the input mask.

Accordingly the identified dimensioning can be allocated to a different layer by activating "EditLayer" from the Layer Edit Menu and selecting the desired layer


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10.8.3 Edit Angle of Projection Line

ProLi Ang. Menu Function

(Only valid with the point- radius- and diameter dimensionings)

Upon the prompt

Enter angle of projection line !

this angle (as defined in the "Point Dimensioning" menu) can be edited by entering a different pa-rameter into the input mask.

This submenu constitutes the only possibility to define an projection line angle other than zero for aradius- or diameter dimensioning.

10.8.4 Edit Beginning Point of a Projection Line

ProLi Start Menu Function

Upon the prompt:

Identify beginning of projection line ! <F2> to delete !

the positioning of the cursor will define the point to whose height the adjacent projection line will beextended or reduced.

Operating the <F2> key will delete the projection line.

10.8.5 Edit End of a Dimension Line

DimLi End Menu Function

Upon the prompt:

Identify end of dimension line ! <F2> to delete !

a new end point of the dimension line must be entered by positioning the cursor. This entry takeseffect on both projection lines.

Operating <F2> will make the projection line end on the dimension line.


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10.8.6 Edit Projection of the Dimension Line

DimLi Proj. Menu Function

Upon the prompt:

Identify projection of dimension line !

a new projection point of the dimension line can be defined by positioning the cursor.

10.8.7 Define Middle Point of a Dimension Line

DimLi Mid. Menu Function

Upon the prompt:

Identify projection line ! <F2> to delete !

as a first step the side must be selected (by positioning the cursor) on which a section of the dimen-sion line is to be removed. Then, upon the prompt:

Identify middle point of dimension line !

the position of the section to be removed must be identified. Please note that in most cases thecorresponding section of the dimension line on the opposite projection line must be removed.

By operating <F2> the dimension line is made to end on the projection line.

10.8.8 Edit End Point of a Dimension Line

DimLi End Menu Function

Upon the prompt:

Identify end of dimension line ! <F2> to delete !

the end point of the dimension line can be defined by positioning the cursor.

By operating <F2> the dimension line is made to end on the projection line.


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10.8.9 Edit Angle

rda: Angle Menu Function

Point- and Arc Dimensioning:This function is presently not available !

Radius- and Diameter Dimensioning:Upon the prompt:

Enter angle of base line !

the angle between the horizontal and the dimension line must be entered as a numerical value.

Angle Dimensioning:Switching between an angle and its complement on the 360° scale.

10.8.10 Edit Arrowhead Orientation

Arrow Orient. Menu Function

Each activation of this menu item will switch the individual parameter of the current dimensioning tothe next of the three states:

"-->/--/<--"Arrowheads point inwards.

"--/<-->/--"Arrowheads point outwards.

"automatic"Arrowhead orientation will be computed.

10.8.11 Edit Demarcation Signs

Arrowheads Menu Function

Upon the prompt:

Identify demarcation !

as a first step the demarcation sign must be selected. After this, the input of numerals (1..10) isrequested.


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10.8.12 Edit Format of Dimensioning Text

Text Menu Function

Editing the text format.

When this function is activated the following message will appear:

Dimensioning Figure: df Dimensioning Text: dt

"df" denotes the dimensioning figure (without regard of the individual and global scaling factor;where angles are specified, it will be in radian <Degree*2PI/360>. In the dimensioning text "dt" the"$"-sequence has been replaced by the applicable dimensioning figure (including the scaling factor).

The new text format must be entered into the alphanumerical input field. For further details con-cerning the text format see page 196.

10.8.13 Re-location of Text

Text Pos. Menu FunctionDim. Text Def Switch

Upon the prompt

Enter new text position !

a new text position must be defined by positioning the cursor. A frame ("box") will indicate the newtext position on the screen. To preselect the type of text positioning (NORM,PARA,ORTHO) pleaseactivate the menu item "Dim.Text Def.".

10.8.14 Edit Local Scaling Factor

Scal.Factor Menu Function


Enter Scaling Factor !

a new scaling factor (in numerals) must be entered.

10.8.15 Abort

Abort Menu Function

All manipulations concerning the currently selected dimensioning will be ignored. After aborting thefunction a new dimensioning framework must be selected.


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10.8.16 Terminate Manipulation

Dim. Change of MenuMain Menu Change of Menu

All manipulations concerning the current dimensioning framework will be adopted; the selectedmenu will be activated.

MTS Dimensioning Parameters

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10.9 Menu: Global Dimensioning Parameters

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Global Factor Global Scaling Factor

Dim. Text Def Submenu: Switch for Text Definition

Text Size Default Text Size

Text Pos. Default Text Position

ProLi Start Starting Point of Projection lines

ProLi End End Point of Projection lines

Arrowhead Definition of Demarcation Signs

Critic. Dist. Critical Distance for Inverse Orientation ofDemarcation Arrowheads

Arrow Orient Definition of Arrowheads Orientation

Arrow Size Size of Demarcation Arrowheads



Not always will the editing of dimensioning parameters immediately show in the screen representa-tion. Where global variables have been edited, the screen should be reinstated after quitting thismenu.


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10.9.1 Edit Global Factor

Glob. Factor Menu Function

When this function is activated, the input prompt:

Enter Global Scaling Factor !

will appear, requesting the user to enter alphanumerically a new global factor for the establishmentof dimensioning text . The global scaling factor applies only to length dimensions (including those ofdetail drawings); it has no effect on angle dimensionings.All length dimensions will be multiplied bythe specified global factor.

10.9.2 Definition of Text Size

Text Size Menu Function


Enter Text Size (smaller than 0: relative, greater than0: absolute) !

a new text size can be entered into the numeric input field. When a negative value is entered, thetext size will be established as a multiple of the screen size, i.e. all dimensioning texts will be of thesame size (independent of the active screen window). The predefined text size of the applicabledimensioning class will be a further scaling factor, determining the size of dimensioning text.

10.9.3 Edit the Default Text Position

Text Pos. Menu Function

Numerical input of the new default values for the "horizontal" and "vertical" text positions is re-quested. For positioning of text the so-called "text reference point" must be considered, i.e. themiddle of the dimension line (which is a straight line with point- radius- and diameter dimensioning,a circular arc with the dimensioning of angles and arcs). To this text reference point the entriesdefining the text position will relate. "Vertical" (orthogonal) und "horizontal" (parallel) are text posi-tions relative to a base line, resp. the middle of a dimensioning arc (cf.the diagram "Manipulation ofText Position" on page 200. Upon the input request:

Enter vertical text position !

the "vertical" (orthogonal) offset of the text relative to the text reference point must be specified (asa rule the value will be zero, i.e. centring of the text). The subsequent prompt will be:

Enter horizontal text position !

Here the "horizontal" (parallel) offset to the reference point must be specified.


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10.9.4 Edit Start Point of Projection Line

ProLi Start Menu Function


Identify start point of projection line !

the height of the projection point (Q point) must be entered (numerically).

10.9.5 Edit End Point of Projection Line

ProLi End Menu Function


Identify end point of projection line !

the prolongation of the projection line beyond the QPoint must be defined (in numerical values)

10.9.6 Define Demarcation Signs

Arrowheads Menu Function

This function serves to define the default demarcation signs. Upon the input prompt:

Enter demarcation signs !

the input of one of the digits 1 - 10 is required. Each number denotes one of the different demarca-tion signs available, as listed above on page 185. The defined demarcation sign will be applied toevery dimensioning subsequently generated.

10.9.7 Critical Distance for Inverse Orientation of Demarcation Signs

Critic. Dist. Menu Function


Enter critical distance !

the critical distance (see page 186) must be entered(in numerals).


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10.9.8 Automatic Arrowheads Orientation

Arrowhead Orient Switch

When dimensioning frameworks are generated, the default state of this switch will determine theorientation of demarcation signs. There are three possible switch positions (states):

State: -->/-/<--mandatory inwards orientation of demarcation signs.

State: --/< >/--mandatory outwards orientation of demarcation signs.

State: 0If the length of the dimension line falls short of the defined critical distance the arrowheads will beorientated inwards, otherwise they will be orientated outwards.

10.9.9 Arrowhead Size

Arrow Size Menu Function

Upon the prompt

Enter arrowhead size !

numerical input of the arrowhead size is requested.

MTS Submenu: Dimensioning Text Switches

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10.10 Submenu: Dimension Text Switches

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

DT Default Switch: Default Dimension Text

DT Input Switch: User’s Input of Dimension Text

Pos. Default Switch: Default Text Position

Pos. Norm. Switch: Optional Text Position

Pos. Ortho. Switch: Text Position Orthogonal to BaseLine

Pos. Para. Switch: Text Position Parallel to Base Line

Return Function: Return to the Invoking Program


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This submenu can be invoked from the following dimensioning menus:

Point DimensioningRadius DimensioningDiameter DimensioningAngle DimensioningArc DimensioningManipulation

The default settings of the switches will affect the interactive sequence when dimensionings (andframeworks) are being generated or manipulated.

With the switch "DT Input" operative, the dimensioning text format must be entered with the gen-eration of each new dimensioning.

With the switch "Text Position" set to one of the states "Norm", "Ortho" or "Para", the text positionmust be defined by the user, when a dimensioning framework is generated.

Selecting a menu item will activate the applicable (next) switch position. Switches apply to all di-mensioning menus.

10.10.1 Insert Default Dimension Text

DT Default Switch

With the switch position "DT Default" operative, the dimension text will be displayed as defined inthe applicable dimensioning class. No further input is requested.

In the manipulation menu this switch is inoperative! !

10.10.2 Input of Dimension Text

DT Input Switch

With the switch "DT Input" operative, the dimension text must be defined anew with each gener-ated framework.

In the manipulation menu this switch is inoperative !

10.10.3 Insert Dimension Text at Default Position

Pos. Default Switch

With the switch position "Default" operative, the dimensioning text will be positioned according tothe preset parameters (cf. the dimensioning parameters on page 234).

With every other switch position, the user’s input is required.

If the submenu has been invoked from the manipulation menu, this switch position will be inter-preted as the "Norm" switch state.


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10.10.4 Optional Dimension Text Position

Pos. norm Switch

With the switch position "Norm." operative, the text position can be moved freely in both dimen-sions by operating the cursor.

10.10.5 Move Dimension Text Orthogonal to the Base Line

Pos. orthog. Switch

With the switch state "Pos. Ortho." operative, only moves at a right angle to the base line are per-missive (cf. the diagram "Manipulation of Text Position" on page 200).

10.10.6 Move Dimension Text Parallel to the Base Line

Pos. para. Switch

With the switch state "Pos. Para" operative, the dimensioning text is always positioned parallel tothe base line (cf. the diagram "Manipulation of Text Position" on page 200).

10.10.7 Return to the Previous Menu

Return Change of Menu

Activating this menu item will effect the return to the invocating menu.

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10.11 Menu : Edit Dimensioning Classes

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Global The results of the editing will be permanentlystored (241)

Statistics Listing the application of classes(242)

Info Informations on a specific dimensioningclass(243)

Delete Deletion of a dimensioning class (243)

Def./Edit Generation of a new class, Editing of an ex-isting class(244)

Dim. Main Change of Menu


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After invocation of the dimensioning classes menu the display of INCAD designs is inhibited (it willbe redrawn after quitting the menu). A list of existing dimensioning classes is shown in the activewindow:

HIER FEHLT EIN BILDSCHIRMFOTO!!!

10.11.1 Store Current Parameters of Dimensioning Classes

Global Menu Function

The current definition of parameters concerning the dimensioning classes is stored in a configura-tion file. The existing information will be overwritten. When this menu function is not invocated, theediting of dimensioning class parameters is temporary stored (local), i.e. they will be discarded afterterminating a session.


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10.11.2 Application of Dimensioning Classes

Statistics Menu Function

After activating this menu item, a table (as shown below) is displayed, which gives a survey of thecurrent application of the dimensioning classes:


Explanation of columns:

"Class" ’ppp’ Name of the class (as defined for the existing classes).

"def" The sign ’*’ will appear in this column, to indicate that the listed class has been defined;otherwise the column remains empty. This may be the case if a class is deleted, al-though there are still dimensionings allocated to it, or if drawings are loaded, whichcontain dimensionings allocated to a non-existing class. In such a case the dimen-sionings concerned will be allocated to the basic class (as R 57 in the example shownabove).

"Point","Radius","Diam","Angle","Arc"This column lists the number of point- diameter- etc. dimensionings allocated to thisclass.

Total Number of entries in the previous six columns

At the end of the table the total entries to the columns are summed up. Please note that currentlyinvisible dimensionings are included in the account.


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10.11.3 Display of Class Parameters

Info Menu FunctionUpon the prompt

Class:

a dimensioning class must be specified by alphanumerical entry or by selection with the mouse.The parameters of the selected class will be displayed.


10.11.4 Deletion of a Class


Upon the prompt

Class:

a dimensioning class must be specified by alphanumerical entry or by selection with the mouse.Operating the <F1> key acknowledges the deletion of the specified class.


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10.11.5 Defining or Editing of a Class

Def./Edit Menu Function

Upon the prompt

Class:

a dimensioning class must be specified by alphanumerical entry. If the entered name is not takenby an existing class, a new class (of that name) is generated. The default parameters of the newclass will be those of the class previously read in. An input mask, such as described above (see"Info") will be offered for editing of the parameters.

10.11.6 Quitting the Menu

Dim. Main. Change of Menu

Upon activation of this function, the screen display will be redrawn, accounting for the edited classparameters. The Dimensioning Main Menu will be invocated. Please note that the editing takeseffect only in the current session, as long as it has not been stored by activating the "Global" func-tion, as described above.

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11. NC-Programming System for Turning

Among the features of the NC-Programming System is the automatic recognition of workpart geo-metries in a CAD drawing. During the programming process this geometry data is retained, whichallows modifications to the programmed machining (or workpart variants) to be easily effected.Convenient tool-management and interactive user-guidance are further system features to ensurespeedy conversion of designs into NC programs. Programming even of complex contours accord-ing to German Standard DIN 66025 will be a matter of minutes; all standard cycles are supported.Part of the system philosophy is the graphic-interactive determination of the flow chart by the pro-grammer. The process sheet and the selected technology- and tool data, as weil as the applicablemodified geometry data (fits, allowances etc.) derived from the workshop drawing, will be convertedinto an NC program, inciuding cycles resp. macros, and subprograms. This is effected by genera-tion of differential surfaces.The differences of blank/workpart surfaces and finished part surfaces are reduced to a number ofpartial surfaces (for reasons of technology, overlappings cannot be avoided). A machining cycle(macro), e.g. roughing, drilling, pockets etc. is then assigned to each partial surface, including alltool and technology information. The sequence of the machining of partial surfaces can be deter-mined in the flow chart / process sheet or, conversely, the flow chart can be generated by definingthe respective sequence.

11.1. Start-up and Set-up of the Programming System for Turning

11.1.1 From Design to Program Start

The NC- Programming System for Turning (PST) is invoked by activating the menu function ’Turn-ing Program" from the INCAD Main Menu.To generate an NC program directly from the design drawing level, a number of set-up functionsmust have previously been executed. These include the selection of those entities in the drawingwhich are to be programmed - e.g. centre line, blank and part geometry (with prefabricated parts),resp. the definition of the blank geometry and the positioning of the blank relative to the part con-tour. The applicable functions will be queried in an interactive dialogue where the user is promptedto accept default values or make his entries.

Example: Selecting entities for the PST

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If the current drawing has been edited before by application of the PST, a corresponding machiningstate will have been stored, including the set-up parameters, the clamping parameters (chuck andchucking depth), the zero shift as well as the results of the machining, the selected turret and thetools employed.

The following prompt will appear::

Read previous state <Fl>, Pick entities <F2>!

To select different ent’rties, to ed’tt the position of the centre line or to re-define the blank, strike the<F2> key. A new dialogue line wiil appear:

Select entire drawing<F1>, Select entities <F2>, Cancel <F3> !

If the active drawing has not previously been edited in the programming system, this will be thedefault message when starting up the PST.

Striking <F1> effects the recognition of the entire drawing by the programming system, whereas<F2> invokes the Windows Menu (see Ch.1.10.2 Identification Within a Window). After identifyingthe required entities (workpart contours and centre line), selecting "Quit" brings you back to the PSTlevel.

11.1.2. Defining the Part and the Blank Contour

The first message appearing in the dialogue line prompts the user to define the axis of rotation

Identify axis of rotation <Fl>, Numerical input <F2>

After striking <F1> the user can position the cursor to select an axis of rotation in the drawing. If inthe drawing no line exists which could be identified as an axis, <F2> invokes an input mask wherenumerical entries can be made to define such an axis by two points.

After these entries have been completed, the defin’ttion of the blank/workpart is required by a dia-logue, discriminating two possible cases:

(a) In relation to the centre line, the number of entities adopted from the drawing constitute asingle contour to be identified as a workpart for turning.

(b) In relation to the centre line, the number of entities converted from the drawing may consti-tute several contours to be identified as a workpart for turning.

A contour can be defined as a blank when it is situated entirely above or below the axis, and doesnot intersect itself. W’tth open contours an additional condition is, that they must have their begin-ning and end point on the axis.

When (a) is the given case, the existing geometry is assumed to constitute a workpart, and a mini-mum blank geometry (a cylinder) will be established from the external dimensions of the workpart.

Blank Length=xxx Diam.=xxx Inner diam.=xxx

These data may either be acknowledged or modified by overwriting

When (b) is the applicable case, as a first step that contour which represents the external contour ofthe finished part must be identified:

Identify workpart !

Having selected a workpart contour and confirmed this selection, the user may either decide tohave computed a blank geometry based on the external dimensions of the workpart (as in (a)), or toidentify a blank contour:

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Establish blank dimensions <F2>, or select a blank contour!

When <F2> has been activated, the established dimensions will be indicated (as in (a)). They canbe edited by the user:

Blank Length=xxx Diam.=xxx Inner diam.=xxx

After these data has been acknowledged or overwritten, or instead a blank geometry has beenidentified, the blank contour (if not already existing) as well as the workpart contour will be displayedon the screen. The blank can then still be re-positioned in relation to the workpart:

Accept blank position <F1>,Move in the Z-direction <F2>

If the blank is to be moved in the Z-direction, after striking <F2> the following prompt will appear:


A corner point of the blank must be selected (activate a capture criterion, e.g. intersection point)then the point must be entered to which that selected point shall be moved in the Z - direction.

Enter target point !

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11.1.3. Chucking Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Re-Chuck Selecting a new chuck

Flip Flipping the blank

Chuck Chucking the blank

PST Main Return to the PST Main Menu

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After completing the first steps of the set-up procedure (selecting a workpart contour and defining ablank) the user will enter the the chucking menu. The first message in the dialogue line is a promptto define the type of chucking - internal or external stepped chuck jaws:

Example: External step jaws Internal step jaws

External step jaws<Fl>, internal step jaws <F2> !

Entering <F1> or <F2> equally activates the chuck-management: now the clamping devices to beemployed with the machining must be selected (see Appendix: Chuck Management). After a chuckhas been selected the workpart must be chucked. The following message will appear in the dia-logue line:

Enter chucking depth <F1>,Set against workpart front face <F2> !

By entering <F2> the workpart will be positioned in a way that its left (front) edge touches the rightface of the chuck; the jaws will be closed to the maximum blank diameter within the jaw range. Ifthe centre hole is greater than the biank diameter, the blank will be positioned flush with the projec-tion of the right chuck face.

Example: Setting the chuck against the front face

It follows that this function should only be employed with cylindrical blanks, resp. those blanks whichhave a face to be chucked flush. W’tth some blanks chucking may prove impossible.To enter a chucking depth, press <F1> ; the following input request will appear:

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<F1> to enter chucking depth,<F2> for graphic positioning

After striking <F1> numerical entries of the chucking depth can be made. Again the jaws will beautomatically closed down to the maximum blank diameter within the jaw range.

To chuck blanks or prefabricated parts which cannot be chucked according to either one of theprocedures described above, a further option

"....., graphic positioning <F2> !

is available. The subsequent interactive input serves to position a jaw point as a reference point onthe blank contour or within the blank. After actuating <F2> the following message will appear in thedialogue line:

Enter reference point on the jaw !

A point on the jaw must be identified which shall be positioned on the blank. After the next prompt:

Identify a point on the blank !

a point on the blank, or another suitable point to which the jaw reference point shall be moved, mustbe identified with the cursor.

Further functions in the chucking menu are the following:

Flip

and

"Re-chuck".

"Flipping" means rotating the workpart, e.g. to machine the opposite side, or to employ the counterspindle. The existing clamping device may be retained or else a new chuck must be defined:

"Existing chuck <Fl>, new selection <F2> !"

Example: Flipping a workpart

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When the system function "Re-chuck" is activated, the type of chuck will be queried etc. as with theoriginal chucking procedure.

After activating the menu item "Chuck" the chucking depth can be defined as previously described.

11.1.4. Defining the Workpart Zero

After returning from the "Chucking Menu" to the "PST Main Menu" the user will be automaticallyrequested to enter the Z-coordinate of the workpart zero (which, in most cases, is modified in thechucking procedure):

Enter Z-coordinate of the workpart zero !

Employing the trapping parameters, the user must then identify a workpart zero to serve as a refer-ence in the programming. The NC block G54 is generated, which includes shifting of the machinedatum to the desired program zero (see Appendix: MTS Syntax). If the user decides on not gener-ating a G54 block, the dialogue line requesting the workpart zero can be skipped by pressing the<F3> key. This will be applicable only when the zero point has been previously defined. In any casethe user will now continue his operations in the Main Menu of the Programming System for Turning.

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11.2. PST-Main Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Tolerances Menu for the input of diameter tolerances

Final Contour Switch position: Final part contour

Rough Cornour Switch position: Rough contour

Detail Menu Menu for contour details

(Finishing) Next Next state of machining

Previous Previous state of machining

Orig. State State prior to the machining

Final State State after the final cycle

DispI.Curr. Display the current state of machining

Edit Edit the current state

Delete Delete the current state

Delete Subs. Delete all machining states subsequent to thecurrent state

Mach. Menu Invoke the Machining Menu

Chuck Menu Invoke the Chucking Menu

Define Zero Define the zero point

Views Invoke the Views Menu

NC-Prog.Menu Invoke the NC-Program Menu

Main Menu Return to the INCAD Main Menu

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11.2.1. Tolerances

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Nominal Dim. Switch pos.: Nominal dimension

Tol. Dim Switch pos.: Tolerance dimension

Ø Tolerance Enter Ø-toleranc

Del. Tol. Delete Ø-tolerance

Tol. Info Information on Tolerances


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In the Programming System for Turning (PST) tolerances of the external and internal diameters canbe specified in accordance with DIN standards. A contour ent’tty can be selected in the drawing andits standard tolerance entered - e.g. "h8". From this input and the specified diameter the PST will.establish the tolerance range. To precisely define the machining tolerance, its position within thetolerance range must be defined by entering a percentage value between 0 and 100 (0 representingthe lower and 100 the upper limit of that range).

After the menu item

"Tolerances".

has been activated, the function

"í Tolerance"

in the tolerance menu must be clicked-on. Upon the request

Identify a horizontal segment of the workpart contour

the desired area on the workpart can be identified. The subsequent dialogue serves to enter a tol-erance according to the DIN standard (e.g. H8, k7) and to determine the position of the machiningtolerance in the tolerance range from O% to 100%:

Tolerance: .... Position in the tolerance range (0- 100): ...

A toggle switch serves to activate either the tolerances or the nominal dimension. If the tolerancedimension is the active state (marked in colour), the machining allowance is accounted for with theprogram generation. The menu function

"Tol.-Info" (Information on Tolerances)

serves to display the tolerance dimensions "lower Iimit’, "upper limit" and "machining allowance".

When upon the prompt

"Identify polygon entity with tolerance information’’

an entity has been picked, the following information will be displayed (example):

diameter tolerance 66 h7, Position 50%,tolerance dimension active

and after> F1 <is actuated:

tolerance dimension 65.985, interference 66, undersize 65.97

The function

"Del. Tol." (Delete tolerances)

serves to delete the entered tolerances.

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11.2.2. Detail Contour Entities

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Ins. Roundg. Insert rounding

Ins Chamfer Insert chamfer

Ins. Clearnc Insert clearance cut

Del. Roundg. Delete rounding

Del. Chamfer Delete chamfer

Del. Clearnc Delete clearance cut

Rough Cont. Rough Contour Menu

Displ. Det. Display detailed contour

Views Views Menu


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Details of a contour, such as chamfers, roundings or clearance cuts often are omitted from theworkshop drawing, being only indicated in text notations, conforming to DIN or a manufacturer sstandard. To generate an NC program however, the applicable entities must be included in thedrawing. This can be effectuated by invoking the

"Detail Menu" Menu for contour details (Finishing)

from the PST Main Menu. It should be noted that these are temporary modifications - after quittingthe PST the original state of the drawing will be restored.

The Contour Detail Menu allows the insertion of roundings, chamfers and clearance cuts:

Example: Contour drawn with and without detail contour entities

11.2.3.1. Roundings

After the menu item

"Ins. Roundg." (Insert Rounding)

in the Contour Detail Menu has been activated, the user will be prompted in the dialogue line:

Identify workpart corner !.

After the corner at which an arc is to be inserted has been picked with the cursor, the system ex-pects the input of the arc radius (in mm):

Arc Radius: ....

The applicable value must be entered and confirmed. Now the detail contour entity will be drawn.

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11.2.3.2. Chamfers

After the menu item

"Ins Chamfer" (Insert chamfer)

in the Contour Detail Menu has been activated, the user will be prompted in the dialogue line:

Identify workpart corner !.

After the corner at which a chamfer is to be inserted has been picked with the cursor, the systemexpects the input of the chamfer length (in mm):

Chamfer length: ....

The applicable value must be entered and confirmed. Now the detail contour entity will be drawn.

11.2.2.3. Insert Clearance Cut

To insert a clearance cut, the function

"Ins. Clearnc" (Insert clearance cut)

is selected in the Contour Detail Menu. Next the type of clearance cut to be inserted will be queried:

<F1> Clearance cut DIN 509 Type E,<F2> Type F,<F3> Thread undercut(DIN 76) !

Depending on the notations in the drawing a type of clearance cut must be selected by actuating therespective function key. The subsequent input request is:

Identify workpart corner for clearance cut !.

If a clearance cut according to DIN 509 Type E or F shall be inserted, the radius, length and depthwill be indicated, as defined by the respective DIN Standard and the specified radius:

Radius: .... Depth: ... Length: ...

Concurrently the message

Accept <F1>, Selection <F2>

is displayed. If the user wants to accept the actual values, he can do so by striking <F1>, otherwisethe available sets of values can be scrolled by operating <F2>. To adopt a desired set <F1> mustbe actuated once again.

Additionally a machining allowance can be specified, which will augment the cutting depth by thevalue entered and effect appropiate modifications of the clearance cut.

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When a thread undercut in accordance with DIN 76 is concerned, after a corner of the workpart hasbeen identified, the length and depth of the clearance cut will be indicated according to the diameterand the DIN standard.

Length: .... Depth: ....

Unlike to the clearance cuts according to DIN 509 these values can be edited by the user.

After all values have been confirmed the clearance cut will be drawn.

11.2.2.4. Deleting Detail Contour Entities

The menu items:

"Del. Roundg." (Delete Rounding),

"Del. Chamfer" (Delete Chamfer) and

"Del. Clearnc" (Delete Clearance Cut).

can be selected to delete the respective detail contour entity. Upon the prompt

Identify detail contour entity !

the identified entity will be deleted.

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11.3. Machining Cycles

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Fin. Contour Switch pos.: Final Part

Contour Rough Cont. Switch pos:

Rough Contour Views Views Menu

Straight Rgh. Straight Roughing Cycle G81

Square Rgh. Square Roughing Cycle G82

Cont rough Contour-parallel Roughing Cycle G83

Finish Finishing

Drill Deep Drilling Cycle G84

Centre Centring

Recess Recessing Cycle G79

Thread Thread Cutting Cycle G31

Rapid Trav. Rapid Traverse Mode

PST Main Return to the PST-Main Menu

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After all preparatory procedures for the programming system and the necessary technologyamendments to the drawing have been completed, the menu ’item

"Mach. Menu" (Machining Menu)

can be activated in the PST Main Menu.

The following machining cycles are available:

square roughing, straight roughing and contour parallel roughing; finishing, recessing, deep drilling,thread cutting and centring. After selecting one of these cycles, NC blocks in accordance with theMTS-Syntax can be generated (See Appendix: Description of the MTS-Syntax).

11.3.1. Preparations for Roughing Cycles

To facilitate the interactive procedure when generating a roughing cycle it is recommendable to hideall detail entities of a contour. This can be effected by operating the switch:

"Rough Cont.""Fin. Contour"

When"Rough Cont."

is clicked-on, after an automatic reinstatement of the screen the contour will be displayed without itsDetail Contour Entities, i.e those entities which have been inserted by application of the ContourDetail Menu, such as arcs, chamfers and clearance cuts.By selecting

"Fin. Contour" (Final Part Contour)

this hiding of entities from the screen display can be undone. The screen will be reinstated againand the contour displayed with ail the entities that have been attached to it when the Contour DetailMenu was applied.

The actual switch position is marked in colour.

When recesses are part of a contour, which are to be generated by a recessing cycle subsequent toa roughing and/or finishing cycle, the contour tracing procedure can be much facilitated by hidingthose recesses. To effect this, the function

"Recess"

can be clicked-on, prior to activating the respective roughing or finishing cycle, in the "MachiningMenu". Among the functions of the Recessing Submenu is

"Hide Recess" (hide recesses)

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When this function is activated, the next input prompt to appear will be

Identify recess !.

After the recess to be blinded out has been picked with the cursor, the contour will be actualizedand redrawn without the recess. This procedure can be repeated with each desired recess. Re-displaying the recesses can be effected analogously. After the function

"Displ.Recess" (Display recess)

has been selected, all recesses can be displayed again. Upon the prompt

Identify recess to be redrawn !

the desired entity must be identified, whereupon the the contour display will be actualized.

To quit the Recess Menu, select

"Mach. Menu"

11.3.2. Selection of Tools and Turrets

After a first machining cycle has been selected for a workpart, the system invokes the TurningToolsand Turret Management. The user may now select one of the following options:generating (<F3>), selecting (<F4>), renaming (<F6>), copying(<F7>) or deleting (<F8>) of turrets.

In the TPS a variety of turrets can be generated and loaded w’ith different sets of tools as desiredby the user. It is recommendable, for instance, to define a turret with a standard set of tools foreach type of machine tool employed. If later on an NC program generated in the TPS is to betranslated by the help of a postprocessor into a specific control language and subsequently trans-mitted to the corresponding machine tooi, the user can select the appropriate turret already whileemploying the TPS. Time-consuming tooling procedures during the configuration of the postproces-sor-run can be dispensed with. As all modules of the MTS CAD/CAM System access the same tooladministration an error-free data transfer between these modules is ensured.

Generate turret <F3>: After entering a turret name into the display form "Generate Turret", thenumber of tool positions must be determined. Actuating <FS> generates the new turret..

Select tunet <F4>: To employ one of the turrets listed in the turret selection, it must be identified byuse of the cursor keys and accepted by pressing <F4>,

Rename turret <F6> : To rename a turret, the new name must be entered into the display form"Rename Turret", which is invoked by <F6>. Strike <F8> to confirm the new name.

Copy turret <F7> : The function "Copy Turret" serves to generate a new turret with a set of tools asis mounted in a previously generated turret. After identifying this existing turret in the turretselectionby use of the cursor keys, <F7> invokes the display form "Copy Turret", into whichthe name of the new turret must be entered. Press <F8> to accept.

Delete turret <F8> : Overwriting, i.e. deleting a selected turret is effected by actuating <F8>.

When a new turret has been generated or an existing turret has been selected, that turret and itsset of tools will be graphically displayed. To select one of the available tools for the actual machin-ing cycle the respective tool position must be identified by use of the cursor keys (the selection willappear highlighted). Actuating <F8> confirms the selection.

To edit the set of tools in a turret, the MTS Tools Management (which is the same with INCAD andthe Simulator) must be invoked by actuating <F1>. If none of the tools available in the tools man-

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agement seems applicable to the actual cutting operation, a subprogram "Edit Tools" for generatingor editing tools can be invoked by pressing <F2>.

If a too) has been selected which is not suitable for the current machining, an appropriate errormessage will appear when quitting the turret menu, prompting the user to select a different tool,

11.3.3. Straight Roughing Cycle

When the function "Straight Roughing Cycle" is selected, a machining cycle for lengthwise roughturning with optional finished contour will be generated in accordance with the MTS Syntax Com-mand G81 (See Appendix: Description of the MTS Syntax)

When

"Straight Rgh." (Straight Roughing Cycle)

has been activated, a turret has been configurated and a tool selected (as described in 11.3.1.), thefollowing queries concerning technology- and infeed data will appear in the dialogue line:

Coolant: Y/N Feedrate:...

Const. Sp. . Y / N (Constant cutting speed)If Const.Sp.: Y m/min:...

Cr it. Sp..... (Critical speed: maximum rotation with constant cutting speed) If Const.Sp.: N Rev/min:...

Move to the tool change point. Y/N(MTS-Syntax command G26 will be generated, i.e. moving to the configuratedtool change point in the rapid traverse mode (straight line interpolation))

CRC. Y/N(Activate cutter radius compensation, e.g. to machine a contour without finishingallowance or when relieve cuts result from the contour geometry) Depending onthe position of the tool in relation to the contour, the cutter radius compensationwill be activated (G41 /G42) prior to the contour description and de-activated(G40) after the contour input has been completed. (See Appendix: MTS Com-mand Code)

Auto Rgh. . Y/N(Automatic Roughing of the selected contour, i.e. after completion of the tech-nology input for roughing the following message will appear:

Technology input for roughing !

After confirming this message a different tool can be selected, if necessary, from the set mountedto the turret. The appropriate technology data must be entered. In the program a finishing cycle withcutter radius compensation will be automatically genererated, subsequent to the roughing cycle)

Fin. all. Z...(Finishing allowance in the Z-direction)Fin. all. X...(Finishing allowance in the X-direction) The input concerning technology and infeeddata is thereby terminated.

The input concerning technology and infeed data is thereby terminated.

As a next step the contour to be machined must be determined.

The following input request will appear in the dialogue line:

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Enter start point or press <F2> to capture a contour point !

To define a contour point as a start point, actuate <F2> and pick the desired point with the cursor.If instead a point on the contour or off the contour is desired as a start point, it can be easily se-lected with the cursor, according to the defined capture criterion. In each case the menu "Geom.Def." (Geometry Definition Menu) will be invoked.

In this menu there is an option of switching over between tolerance dimensions and nominal dimen-sions as well as between rough contour and finished contour. The respective current switch positionwill be marked in colour after having been clicked-on.

The orientation of the tracing of the contour is dependent on the machining cycle and the tool se-lected. There is only one exception to this: if a copying tool is to be employed, the machining orien-tation will be queried.

To edit the default orientation. actuate the switch

"Orientation"

in the "Geom. Def." Menu. Each clicking-on will reverse the orientation.

The following functions serve to trace the selected contour:

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"Capture": By positioning the cursor, a contour point can be trapped, up to which the contourshall be traced (starting from the actual position). The starting point must of coursebe situated on the contour. Voraussetzung ist, daá man auf der Kontur steht.Please note: If, between the starting and the end point, there are contour entitieswhich, in the case of back-off cutting, would result in a collision due to the tool ge-ometry, the following error message will appear:

Invalid cutter path !

The contour will be traced up to the last point that can be machined collision-free.

"Cont. par.": From the actual beginning point up to the next defined target point the cuttingwill be effected parallel to the previous contour segment - the> previous contoursegment <being the part contour between the start point and the previous point.After selecting "Cont. par." the user will be prompted:

Project onto contour <F2>, or enter end point !

Actuating <F2> serves to select the nearest parallel contour point. Alternately atarget point can be determined by positioning the cursor, according to the de-fined capture criterion.

"X-parallel": The target point is situated parallel to the X-axis, relative to the previous point.Identifying this point is effected analogous to the procedure described above.

"Z-parallel": The target point is situated parallel to the Z-axis, relative to the previous point.Identifying this point is effected analogous to the procedure described above.

"Previous": Return to the previous contour point.

"Next": If the beginning point is a contour point, the next contour point marking the transi-tion of two contour entities will be trapped.

If the beginning point is not situated on the contour, activating this function causes the followingerror message:

Function cannot be executed !

If the entered point is situated within the workpait contour, the following message will appear:

The point is situated within the contour; strike <F1> to con-firm, or cancel <F2> !.

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When the contour has been successfully traced, by applying the above described functions, themenu item

"Term."

can be selected, to terminate the procedure.In most cases the selected contour segments will be situated within the blank contour. To ensure acollision-free machining, the beginning and end point of the contour must be situated outside theblank or on its edge. This can be effected by invoking the "Approach/Retreat Menu". After the ap-proach point and retreat point have been entered, the so-called "cycle invocation point" is computedfrom these two points, i.e. the point which will be approached in the rapid traverse mode when acycle is invoked. With straight and contour parallel roughing cycles this point will be establishedfrom the Z-coordinate of the approach point und the X-coordinate of the end point. Accordingly withcross roughing cycles the Z-coordinate of the end point and the X-coordinate of the beginning pointare considered. Given ceitain conditions, this point may prove invalid as a "cycle invocation point".In this case the user may edit the coordinates of this point.

After all entries concerning the contour have been completed and the "Approach/Retreat Menu" hasbeen invoked, the>approach strategy<must be defined. Upon the prompt:

Approach Strategy:

a point outside the actual workpait must be specified, from which the tool shall approach, in the feedmode, the beginning point which has been defined in the course of the input of contour data. Theoptions of the "Approach/Retreat Menu" are the following:

"Point Input": Depending on the defined capture criterion any point can be selected by positioningthe cursor. With external cutting the selected point must confirm to the followingconditions: its Xcoordinate must be less or equal the X-value of the first point en-tered in the contour input procedure. With internal cutting the X-coordinate of thispoint must be greater or equal the X-value of the beginning point. In any case thepoint must be situated outside the currently machined pait contour.

"Par.X-Axis": Only the X-coordinate of the entered point is interpreted; the Z-coordinate will bethat of the first contour point.

"Par.Z-Axis": Only the Z-coordinate of the entered point is interpreted; the X-coordinate will bethat of the first contour point.

"Contour Par.":If a point is entered in the direction of the line which connects the first and the sec-ond point of the contour, the x-coordinate of the entered point will be adopted. If thefirst point ist situated on a circular arc a tangent will be affixed to the arc at thispoint.

After the stait point of the approach strategy has been succesfully entered, the reference point forthe retreat strategy will be queried:

Retreat strategy:

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Now the final point of the actual contour is to be entered; it must be situated on the blank contour oroutside of that contour. The entry options are as with the input of the beginning point.

After the input has been completed, the following message will appear:

Accept <Fl>, New start and end points <F2>, Abort <F3> !

Example: Straight Roughing Cycle (AP = Approach Point, RP = Retraction Point, CIP = CycleInvocation Point)

The defined stait and end points can be edited by actuating <F2>. To aboit the whole cycle, press<F3>. <F1> serves to confirm the entered point; the surface to be machined in the current cycle willthen appear hatched in the display. Also the cycle invocation point and the surface determined by itcan be confirmed by <F1>. To shift the invocation point in the X-direction -- e.g. in the case of non-monotonous contours -- after striking <F2> the user is requested to identify the cycle invocationpoint. The x-coordinate of that point will be adopted and the surface will be modified accordingly.After the final confirmation of the point, the prompt:

<Fl> to continue !

must be answered. The workpart contour will then be actualized according to the defined machin-ing, which completes the current cycle input.

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11.3.4. Contour-parallel Roughing Cycle (Repeated Cycle)

When the contour-parallel roughing cycle is activated, the repeated cycle G83 according to the MTSCommand Code will be generated. Depending on the programmed infeed the geometry pro-grammed from G83 to G80 will be machined repeatedly (See Appendix: Description of the MTSSyntax).

Example:

Technology and feed motion data must be entered as described for the straight roughing cycle. Asan additional feature the cutter path limitation will be queried:

Path Lim.: (Cutter path limitation)

When entering "Y", the additional block G36 will be generated at the cycle invocation point. Thisblock effects that when the cycle is executed the tool will not move further in the x-direction than tothe invocation point. (See Appendix: Description of the MTS Syntax). All fuither entries are to beeffected as described above for the straight roughing cycle.

Example: Straight Roughing Cycle (AP = Approach Point, RP = Retraction Point, CIP = CycleInvocation Point, 1.P = 1st. contour point)

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11.3.5. Cross Roughing Cycle

Activating this menu item effects the generation of a a cutting cycle parallel to the x-axis, with op-tional following contour. (Block G82 - See Appendix: Description of the MTS Syntax). This cycle canbe applied for internal as well as external machining.

Travel limit.: (Travel limitation)

The input of technology and feed motion data is analogous to the procedure described above forthe straight roughing cycle. When entering the the contour, please note that the first point must bethat, which is situated farthest away from the cycle invocation point. With all other entries concern-ing the contour and the definition of beginning and end points please proceed as described above.

Example: Without travel limitation Example: With travel limitation

11.3.6. Finishing

Activating the menu item "Finishing" effects the generation of a machining cycle (G41 /G42; SeeAppendix: Description of the MTS Syntax) with cutter radius compensation. If clearance cuts

(according to DIN 509 or DIN 76), which have been generated by applicationof the Finish ContourMenu, are pait of the identified contour, the applicable cycles will be generated according to theMTS Syntax (G78 - See Appendix: Description of the MTS Command Code).

The input of technology and feed motion data is analogous to the procedure described above forthe straight roughing cycle. Input requests concerning cutter radius compensation and automaticfinishing are not applicable here.

In addition to left-hand and right-hand corner tools, also recessing tools can be employed with thiscycle.

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11.3.7. Drilling

After activating "Drilling" in the machining menu, the user can decide whether the drilled hole shallbe generated by block G01 or by a deep-drilling cycle.

Deep drilling cycle Y/N

If "Y" is entered, the deep-drilling cycle G84 with optional dwell-times will be generated, i.e. a seriesof drilling operations will be executed (See Appendix: Description of the MTS Syntax).

If "N" is entered the G01 block will be generated.

There are two ways to define a drilled hole: either an existing hole diameter is identified in thedrawing, or an appropriate drill is selected. Defining a drill will be the applicable solution especiallywith holes of a large diameter, where rough drilling becomes necessary. After activating "Drilling" inthe menu, the following prompt will be displayed:

Identify hole diameter or actuate<F2> to define a drilling tool ! (optional drill)

After an applicable diameter has been identified (w’tth the cursor) and confirmed by actuating <F1>,the diameter dimension will be indicated.

Hole diameter= ... <F1> to accept

If the indicated value has been accepted (or else a drill has been defined in the previous dialogue)the applicable tool in the turret must be selected (or else the desired tool must be mounted to theturret). Valid tools are spiral drills or disposable-inseit drills. After the tool has been specified, thetechnology parameters will be queried:

Coolant Y/N

Feedrate:

Rev. /min: (Speed)

Move to the tool change point: Y/N

Degression: nnn (After each cycle the drilling depth is reduced by the value D, but itcan never fall short of the minimum depth D.

lst depth: nnn (Drilling depth during the first cutting cycle)Dwe 11 T. A : nnn (Dwell time B for chip-removal after tool-retraction[sec]) DwellT. B : nnn (Dwell time B for chip-breaking [sec])

After this data has been entered the user will be prompted to define the end point of the drilling:

Identify end point !

This identification can be effected by positioning the cursor on a point in the drawing or by enteringthe point coordinates numerically. After this entry has been completed, the surface to be bored willbe displayed on the screen. When the user has confirmed his entries the blank contour will be ac-tualized.

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Example: Deep Drilling Cycle

11.3.8. Centring

The item "Centring" in the machining menu serves to generate centre holes on the front face of theblank. After invocation of this submenu, a tool in the turret must be selected, or the desired toolmust be mounted to the turret. After a tool has been specified, the technology data is queried:

Coolant Y/N

Feedrate: nnn Rev./min: nnn

Approach the tool-change point: Y/N

The next prompt will be:

Enter the position of the centre hole.

An arrow will be displayed, which can be moved with the cursor. This arrow must be positioned onthe desired point in the Z-direction. The centre hole must be situated on the centre line. The x-valuewill therefore be considered as 0.

Example: Positioning of a centre hole

The final input prompt regards the depth of the centre hole :

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Centre hole depth: nnn

The contour will not be actualized, instead the position of the centring is graphically marked in thedrawing by an arrow. On the programming level G00 commands for positioning the tool, a G01command for execution of the centring and a G00 command for tool retraction are being generated.

11.3.9. Recess

Activating "Recess" in the Machining Cycles Menu serves to generate a recess (including chamfers,roundings and slanted flanks ), employing the recessing cycle G79 according to the MTS commandcode (See Appendix: Description of the MTS-Syntax). After selecting the menu item "Recess", aspecial recessing menu will be invoked, which offers - in addition to the functions for hiding andredisplaying recesses, as described above in paragraph 11.2.1- the option of generating a recess-ing cycle.

"Gen. Cycle"

After this function has been activated, the following prompt is displayed:

Identify recess or actuate <F2> to display the recess ! A tool in the turret must be selected. If theselected recessing tool proves inapplicable (e.g. for being too wide), an appropriate error messageappears and a different tool must be specified. Subsequently the technology data is queried:

Coolant Y/N

Feedrate: nnn

Const. Sp. . Y / N (Constant cutting speed)

m/min: nnn

Cr it. Speed : nnn (Critical rotation speed)

Move to the tool change point. Y/N

C learnc. . nnn (Clearance: safe distance of the tool from the workpartprior to the cycle invocation)

Z-Allownc. . nnn (Allowance in the Z-direction)Diam. All. : nnn (Allowance in the X-direction, with reference to the diameter)

After completion of these entries, the surface of the recess will be displayed. Confirmation bypressing <F1> effects the actualization of the blank.

Example: Recessing Cycle

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11.3.10. Threading Cycle

Activating the menu item ’Thread" (Threading Cycle G31 ) serves to generate taper threads with aconstant lead at a maximum angle of 45ø relative to the Z-axis. This cycle may be employed forexternal as well as for internal machining (See Appendix: Description of the MTS Command Code).

Subsequent to the activation of 'Thread" in the menu, one of the tools in the current turret must beselected or else the tool management be invoked to specify a new tool. .After completion of thisoperation the technology data will be queried:

Coolant Y/N

Const. Sp. . Y / N (Constant cutting speed)

m/min: nnn Crit. Speed: nnn

or

Rev./min: nnn

Move to the tool change point. Y/N

The next message prompts the user to identify the surface into which the thread is to be cut:

Identify surface !

After the surface has been marked, the thread geometry will be queried. Depending on the diametera number of default standard values according to DIN are being displayed. The user may edit thesevalues in an interactive input procedure:

Thr. ang. = nnn (Thread angle to the X-axis - infeed direction)

Depth= nnn (Threading depth with reference to the radius)

Lead= nnn (Lead in the Z-direction)

No. of cuts= nnn (Number of cutting operations)

Finally the beginning and end point of the threading cycle must be determined:

Enter the first point of the cycle !Enter the second point of the cycle !

These points may either be identified by positioning the cursor or their coordinates numerically en-tered. After completion of these entries, a line will be displayed to represent the thread.

Example: Threading Cycle

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11.3.11. Rapid Traverse

To move the current tool in the rapid traverse mode, the menu item "Rapid Traverse" can be acti-vated. The subsequent prompt queries the end point of the rapid traverse:

Enter end point of rapid traverse !

Next the approach strategy is queried:

Approach strategy: linear interpolation <F1>,axiallyparallel sequence XZ <F2>,axially-parallel sequence ZX <F3> !

The number of G00 commands generated is dependent on the above selection: actuating <F1>generates one, actuating <F2> or <F3> generates two commands. With <F2>, <F3> the tool will bemoved axially parallel, respectively in the X-direction and then in the Z-direction or in the reverseorder,

This function can be employed to move the tool to the tool-change point or alternately to retract thetool at program end.

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11.4. Views

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Prev. Window Previous window

Next Window Next window

Zoom Set zooming factor

Zoom Window Set zooming window

Pan Set window centre ("Panorama")

Fit Fit

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The submenu "Views" which is part of the PST Main Menu as well as of the Machining Menu con-tains the following functions concerning the screen display:.

"Prev. WindoW’ Cf. Section 5.12.

"Next Window"’ Cf. Section 5.12.

"Zoom Factor’ Cf. Section 5.9.

"Zoom Window"’ Cf. Section 5.8.

"Panorama" Cf. Section 5.11.

"Fit" Cf. Section 5.10

"Total view" Display of workpart, blank and clamping device.

"Workpart" Display of subsequent views of the workpart: full sec-tion, external view, half section.

"Blank" Display of the blank in full section

Example: Workpart and Blank

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11.5. Switches

11.5.1. Switching the Contour Type: Rough Contour / Finished Contour

The switches for displaying either the rough contour or the finished contour are available in the PTSMain Menu and in the Machining Cycles Menu, as well as during the generation of machining cy-cles.

When roughing cycles are generated, it may be convenient to hide the Detail Contour Entities fromthe contour for the time being. This can be effected by actuating the Rough Contour / FinishedContour switch. When

"Rough Contour"

is clicked-on, the contour will be displayed with all Detail Contour Entities blinded-out.

Activating

"Final Contour"

reverses the above operation: all Detail Contour Entities are re-displayed.

The actual switch position is marked in colour.

11.5.2. Switching the Type of Dimension: Nominal Dimensions/ Toler-ance Dimensions

The switch for alternating nominal and tolerance dimensions is available in the ’Tolerance Menu" aswell as during the generation of machining cycles. The actual switch position is marked in colour;the tolerance dimension is displayed in colour, when active.

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11.6. Machining States

Each machining state can be displayed, edited or deleted.

With each maching operation (cycle) a paitial surface will be cut off from the blank. The resultingpartial machined surfaces are overlaying the differential surface of the workpart and the blank, i.e. anumber of remaining blank surfaces will be produced. These are called machining states, and theirsequence is according to the automatically generated flow chait/process sheet.

11.6.1. Display of Machining States

"Next" This function serves to display the existing states of machining in the order of their genera-tion, starting from the current state. Each displayed state of machining is designated in thedialogue line. Concurrently the screen will be reinstated to show the actual blank contour.

"Previous" This function serves to scroll backwards the existing maching states; the procedure isanalogous to "Next".

"Orig. State" The original state, prior to the first machining, is displayed and defined as the currentstate.

"Final State" The final state, after the last cycle, is displayed and defined as the current state.

To have the partial surface displayed which corresponds with the actual machining state, the func-tion

"Displ. Curr." (Display the current state of machining).

can be activated in the PST Main Menu. The machined surface is marked in colour; it can be hid-den from the display by actuating <F1>.

11.6.2. Editing a State of Machining

After a machining state to be edited has been selected (as described above), activating the menufunction

"Edit".

serves to edit the applicable technology parameters, which will be displayed in the dialogue line.

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11.6.3. Deleting a State of Machining

There are two options of deleting machining states: either a specific machining state or all statessubsequent to a selected state (up to the final state) can be deleted. Please note that deleting sin-gle machining states may result in machining inconsistencies, e.g. when a rough drilling cycle pre-ceding an internal cutting cycle is deleted.

As described above in 11.6.1. a state of machining must be selected. If this state alone is to bedeleted, the function

"Delete".

can be activated. The applicable machining surface will be displayed. <F1> confirms the deletion,<F3> cancels the operation.

If all machining subsequent to the selected state shall be deleted. the function

"Del. Subs."

must be activated. The following prompt will appear:

Delete all subsequent machining states <Fl>, Cancel <F3>.

Please make sure that you indeed intend to delete all subsequent machining states, before actuat-ing <F1>.

11.6.4. Inserting a State of Machining

To insert a new machining cycle, first a state of machining must be selected (as described above in11.6.1 ) after which the new machining is to be inserted. After completing this selection, the ma-chining menu can be invoked to generate the desired cycle. Please consider, that some of the sub-sequent existing maching states may have to be edited as a consequence of the insertion.

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11.7. NC-Program Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Displ. Curr. Display the current program

Displ. Prg. Display program

Gen. Prg. Generate program

PST Main Return to the TPS Main Menu

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The NC-Program Menu, which can be invoked from the PST Main Menu, serves to generate andstore a program, as well as to display the currently generated or any other program

11.7.1. Dispiay the Current Program

To have a view on the currently generated NC - program before finally confirming the programming,the function

"Displ. Curr." (Dispiay current program)

can be activated.

The current program will be displayed on the screen.

The following functions ar available to guide the user through the displayed program:

"Statistics" The following statistical information concerning the program will be indi-cated:

"Number of program lines"

"Number of subprograms"

"Number of tool positions"

"Line Start" Move to the beginning of a program line

"Line End" Move to the end of a program line

"Char. Left" Move one character to the left

"Char. Right" Move one character to the right

"Progr. Start" Move to the beginning of the program

"Prev. Page" Previous page

"Prev. Line" Previous line

"Next Page" Next page

"Next Line" Next line

"Progr. End" Move to the program end

"SubProgr." Switch over to a subprogram

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11.7.2. Display Existing Programs

To display existing programs the menu function

"Displ. Progr." (Display program)

can be activated.

The current drive, the path and the program to be read in must be specified. After confirmation ofthese entries, the applicable program will be displayed and can be viewed as described above.

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11.7.3. Generate an NC Program

After the program generation input procedure has been completed, the current program has beenviewed over and the user has decided to have it generated, the menu function

"Gen. Prg." (Generate program)

must be activated to effect the generation of the program.

The current drive, path and program name will be indicated and must be confirmed by <ENTER>.The generated program will then be written to the applicable disc or diskette.

11.7.3.1. Double-Face Machining

To machine a workpait from two sides the part must be flipped (by invocating the chucking menu)after the one side has been cut. Now a program for maching the other side can be generated. Re-chucking will only be possible after the the final machining state has been executed. If the sameprogram is meant to apply to both sides of the workpart, the name of the program for machining theopposite side will be queried after the generation of the program for the one side (see above 11.6.3)

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12. NC-Programming System for Milling

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Abort Quit the Program Without Storing.

CNC-Editor Invoke the CNC-Editor

Gen. Progr. Generate a New Program

Finish. Data Display the Current Data for Finishing

Rough. Data Display the Current Data for Roughing

Drill. Cycles Invoke the Drilling Cycles Menu

Contours Contour Milling

Pockets/Pins Invoke the Pockets/Pins Menu

Zero Point Set the Zero Point for CNC-Machining

Tools Tool Selection and Magazine Loading

Technologies Select Technology Data for Turning

Adjust. Data Select Tool Adjustment (Infeed) Data

Main Menu Invocate the Main Menu

Transfer of NC-Programs onto the CNC-machine tool can be realized in the "MTS CNC-SimulatorFor Turning And Milling" or by invoking one of the directly accessible postprocessors. With the helpof the NC module for milling a CODE according to DIN 66025 but with the extended syntax of theMTS-programming code can be generated.

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12.1 Generation of Milling Programs

The NC-programming system for milling is invoked by activating the menu function "Milling Pro-gram" from the INCAD Main Menu .

Input masks will appear in the two dialogue lines, concerning the input of the following parameters:

- CNC file name,- Main program [Y/N],- Incremental [Y/N] and- Automatic assignation of subprogram names [Y/N]

The input of these parameters is performed as follows:

- CNC file name:A file name must be entered to denote the file in which the program to be generatedwill be stored. The standard file extension for milling programs is "fnc".

- Main program [Y/N]:"y" or "Y" must be entered if an NC Main Program is to be generated; if not, "n" or "N"must be entered to create an NC-subprogram.

- Incremental [Y/N]:When "Incremental = y or Y" is entered, NC-blocks controlling circular arcs will begenerated, with the coordinates of their respective centres not relating to the absoluteorigin, but to the applicable starting points.

- Automatic assignation of subprogram names [Y/N]:When "y" or "Y" is entered, names will be automatically assigned to subprograms cre-ated during the program generation. When "n" or "N" is entered, a name must be as-signed to each subprogram to be created.

If an existing program name is chosen to be assigned to a newly generated CNC-file, it must bedetermined, whether the existing program shall be retained or be replaced by the new program.

Prior to activating one of the milling menus

- Drilling cycles,- Contours and- Pockets/Pins

the specification of

- a tool,- technology data and- tool adjustment data

is required. Definition and selection of these parameters is described in the following section of thismanual.

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12.2 Milling Tools

12.2.1 Display of Magazines

When the menu function "Tools" has been activated, the available tool magazines will be listed inthe active screen window. Each magazine contains a set of tools as is mounted to the turret of aCNC-milling machine tool. "Select" will be the default active function, when one or more magazinesare available. When there is no magazine available the default active function will be "Def./Edit ",whereupon a new tool magazine must be generated.

In any case, whether there are already generated tool magazines available or not, the followinginput request will appear in the upper dialogue line :

Magazine:

If a new magazine is to be created, a file name must be assigned to it, which is entered via the key-board into the input mask. If instead an existing magazine is to be selected for further editing, it canbe either be graphically selected or by entering the applicable file name into the input mask.

12.2.2 Set of Tools in a Magazine

Entering the magazine file name activates the "Tool Selection" menu: 16 lines, highlighted in col-ours, will be displayed in the active window on the screen - each line representing one of the toolpositions in the turret / magazine. The default active menu function is "Rgh. Tool." (Roughing Tool).Tools may already have been allocated to none, some, or all of the available 16 magazines.

Depending on the size of the screen employed, not all of the 16 lines may be displayed. In this casethe menu functions "Next Page" and "Previous Page" serve to scroll through the magazine posi-tions.

Selecting a Tool for Roughing or Finishing:

The functions "Rgh. Tool." (Roughing Tool) und "Fin. Tool." (Finishing Tool) serve to specify addi-tional data concerning tools already allocated to a magazine position. When the applicable maga-zine position is selected, input of the following parameters will be requested in the two dialoguelines:

- Offset Value Storage,- Move to the Tool Change Position [Y/N],- If necessary: Coordinates of the tool change position,- If necessary: Sequence of the axes along which the tool change position shall be ap-

proached.

After the appropriate valid parameters have been entered the selected tool is registered as aroughing,( resp. finishing) tool, which will also be denoted at the applicable magazine position by thetool name being flagged by one (resp. two) small triangles.

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Allocation of a Tool to a Magazine Position:

To allocate a tool to an empty magazine position or to change the tool allocation of a magazineposition, the menu function

Def./Edit

must be activated. The magazine position to be edited can then be either graphically selected bypositioning of the cursor or be determined by alphanumerical input of one of the numerals 1 to 16.This will effect the display of all cutting tools available in the tool magazine of the CNC-Simulator(see below). One of these tools must now be selected; the default active menu function will be"Select"

After the desired tool has been allocated to the selected magazine position the 16 lines highlightedin colours and denoting the magazine positions will be displayed once again - with the new tool nowat its magazine position.

To remove a tool from a magazine position the menu function "remove" is to be activated. The fol-lowing input request will appear:

Tool in the Magazine Position !

The desired magazine position can now be selected graphically or by entering the applicable posi-tion number.

12.3 Technology Data

12.3.1 Display Technology Data

When the menu function "Technology Data" has been activated the available technologies will belisted in the active screen window. "Select" will be the default active function, when one or moretechnologies are available. When there is no technology data available the default active functionwill be "Def./Edit " whereupon a new technology must be generated.

In any case, whether there are already generated technologies available or not, the following inputrequest will appear in the upper dialogue line :

Technology :

If a new technology is to be created, a file name must be assigned to it, which is entered via thekeyboard into the input mask. If instead an existing technology is to be selected for further editing, itcan either be selected graphically or by entering the applicable file name into the input mask.

12.3.2 Generate Technology

When a name for the technology to be defined has been entered, input masks for the followingparameters will appear in the active window:

- Feedrate XY-plane [mm/min]:- Feedrate Z-infeed [mm/min]:- Constant cutting speed [Y/N]:- Cutting speed [m/min]:

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- Spindle speed [R/min]:- Coolant ON [Y/N]:

The entered name of the technology is displayed as a headline. If "y" or "Y" has been entered intothe input field "constant cutting speed" it is sufficient to enter the cutting speed - the rotation speedwill be computed by the system.

12.4 Tool Adjustment Data

12.4.1 Display of Tool Adjustments

When the menu function "Tool Adjustment Data" (Adjust. Data) has been activated the availabletool adjustments will be listed in the active screen window. "Select" will be the default active func-tion, when one or more tool adjustments are available. When there is no tool adjustment availablethe default active function will be "Def./Edit", wherupon a new tool adjustment must be generated.

In any case, whether there are already generated tool adjustments available or not, the followinginput request will appear in the upper dialogue line :

Tool Adjustment:

If a new tool adjustment is to be created, a file name must be assigned to it, which is entered via thekeyboard into the input mask. If instead an existing technology is to be selected for further editing, itcan either be selected graphically or by entering the applicable file name into the input mask.

12.4.2 Generate a Tool Adjustment

This menu item attributes the third dimension to the 2D-INCAD-contours. Already existing tool ad-justments as well as those currently to be defined, will be successively numbered; if e.g. there arethree adjustments available, the adjustment currently created will receive the number four. Inputmasks will appear in the active window for the following parameters:

- retraction plane [mm]:- clearance plane [mm]:- total depth [mm]:- infeed [mm]:- finishing allowance XY-plane [mm]:- finishing allowance Z-plane [mm]:

12.5 Define the Zero Point

Zero Menu Function

As a first step a point of the drawing is to be defined as the workpiece zero. Next the machine toolcoordinates of this point plus the Z coordinate must be entered (numeric X- Y- and Z-values). Thefirst point, as selected in the drawing, will be considered the offset zero; in the NC-program a G54-command according to the entered machine coordinates is generated.

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12.6 Drilling Cycles Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Rep. Cycles Switch for Machining Cycles G77 resp. G78

Radius Check Switch for checking the relation of the holeradius to the tool radius

Drilling Machining Cycle G81

Drill Deep 1 Machining Cycle G82

Drill Deep 2 Machining Cycle G83

Tapping Machining Cycle G84

Reaming Machining Cycle G85

Boring Machining Cycle G86

Milling Menu Invoke the Milling Menu

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Machining CyclesG81 DrillingG82 Drilling with Chip-BreakingG83 Deep DrillingG84 TappingG85 ReamingG86 Boring with tool retraction at spindle standstillApplicable to all cycles:

Bracketed parameters need not be programmed, but may be specified if required.

Drilling

G81 Z ... (W ..)

Z Drilling depth plus clearance distance, incrementalW 2nd level (clearance) incremental

Drilling with Chip-Breaking

G82 Z .. (W ..) (B ..) (C ..) (D ..) K ..

Z Drilling depth plus clearance distance, incrementalW 2nd level (Clearance) incrementalB Dwell time on drilling level for face drilling and chip-breakingC Tool retraction after drilling cycleD Degression (of drilling depths)K 1st drilling level

For a detailed explanation of D (Degression) see the next paragraph G83 (Deep Drilling).

Deep Drilling

G83 Z .. (W ..) (A ..) (B ..) (C ..) (D ..) K ..

as G82 plus retraction of the tool from the hole after each drilling operation, for chip removal.

Z Drilling depth plus clearance distance, incrementalW 2nd level (clearance) incrementalA Dwell time off the hole, for chip-removalB Dwell time on drilling level for surface drilling and chip-breakingC Tool retraction after drilling cycleD Degression: Drilling depth is reduced by D with each cycle, but will

not fall short of D.

Special case: If the remaining drilling depth is a value in between single and doubledegression, it will be split into two degressions of the same value.

Programming D is always dependent on the programming of K.K 1st drilling level

Example: G83 Z - 105.000 K + 035.000 D + 015.000

Tapping (Alternate Sense of Spindle Rotation)

G84 Z .. (W ..)

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Z Drilling depth plus clearance distance, incrementalW 2nd level (clearance) incremental

Reaming (Tool Retraction with Rotating Spindle)

G85 Z .. (W ..)

Z Drilling depth plus clearance distance, incrementalW 2nd level incremental

Boring with Tool Retraction and Spindle Stop

G86 Z .. (W ..)

Z Drilling depth plus clearance distance, incrementalW 2nd level incremental

The functions of this menu serve to generate the machining cycles as listed above in the survey ofcommands.

By activating the switch

Rep. Cycles

the following repeated cycles can be generated as machining cycles:

- Drilling patterns on circles (arcs) (G77) and- Drilling patterns on straight lines (G78)

With the switch "Repeated Cycles" not operative, cycles G81 - G86 will be generated as standardmachining cycles with a G79 command.

When the switch

Radius Check

is operative, the drawing geometry is linked up with the tool geometry. Drilling cycles will be gener-ated if the tool nose radius is identical with the hole radius. If the radii are not identical an errormessage will appear; no further holes can be identified.

How to proceed with the generation of drilling cycles:

With one of the above listed drilling cycles selected, the user will be required to identify drillingholes. The following prompt will appear in the upper dialogue line:

Identify holes !, Terminate with <F2> ! .

Full circles must now be identified in the drawing; these will be automatically highlighted and remainmarked until the identification of holes is terminated by pressing the <F2> key on the keyboard.

Identification of holes is also dependent on the current state of the menu function "Repeated Cy-cles" (Rep. Cycles). If this function is operative the order of the identification of holes must be con-sidered, because, depending on the identification sequence, the generation of drilling patterns willbe automatically established either on a straight line or on a circle. If the function "Repeated Cycles"

MTS Drilling Cycles

- 291 -

is de-activated an NC block will be generated for each identified hole - while terminating the functionby <F2> is no longer required.

To establish a drilling pattern on a circle a G77 command is generated, with the following parame-ters:

G77 X .. Y .. A .. B .. D ..S

X, Y Coordinates of the Polar Centre (X,Y),A Starting Angle to the Positive X-Axis (A),B Radius of the Circle(B),D Differential Angle (D) andS Number of Holes (S)

Example: G77 X100 Y100 A30 B80..D72..S5

Diagram: G77 Repeated Cycle/ Drilling Pattern on a Circle

MTS Drilling Cycles

- 292 -

To establish a drilling pattern on a straight line a G78 command is generated, with the followingparameters:

G78 X .. Y .. I .. J ..S

X, Y Coordinates of the centre of the first hole (X,Y),I Shift in the X-direction (I),J Shift in the X-direction (J) andS the number of holes(S)

Example:

G78 X100 Y100 I28 J15..S3

Example: G78 Repeated Cycle/ Drilling Pattern on a Straight Line

MTS Contours

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12.7 Contour Generation Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

CRC Activate Cutter Radius Compensation Switch

G41 / G42 Switch for Offset to the Right/ to the Left (onlywhen CRC is operative)

Rap.Tr. Feed Switch for Approaching the First Point in theRapid Traverse or Feed Mode

Orientation Edit the Orientation of a Contour Selected inthe Menu Item NC-Contour

NC-Prt. Cont Generate an NC-Program Part for a PartialContour

NC-Contour Generate an NC-Program Part for a Contour

Menu Milling Invocate the Milling Menu

MTS Contours

- 294 -

The Contour Generation Menu serves to generate NC-programs for contour milling, with or withoutcutter radius compensationcutter radius compensation.

Prior to the activation of this menu

- the roughing tool to be employed,- the roughing technology parameters and- the infeed data

must have been defined. If this is not the case an error message will prompt the user to define themissing parameter.

There are three switches available with this menu:

Rap.Tr./Feed:

The tool will approach the first contour point in the rapid traverse (G00) resp. in thefeed mode (G01).

CRC:

Cutter radius compensation (CRC) is accounted for with the program generation.

G41/G42:

This switch can only be operative with the CRC switch active. With the contour millingeither one of commands G41 or G42 will be generated. G41 denotes the offset to theleft of the contour, G42 stands for offset to the right. Additional input is required, con-cerning the programming of G-functions for approach and retraction of the tool.

If "y" is the answer to the system prompt (y/n) concerning the approach dimensions ,an applicable G-command must be entered as well as the additional value A, whichmay have different effects, as listed below:

- Command G45 : A = Distance (Linear approach)- Command G46 : A = Diameter (Tangential approach on a semicircle)- Command G47 : A = Radius (Tangential approach on a quadrant)

Input options for approach and retraction are the same.

MTS Contours

- 295 -

12.7.1 Generate Partial Contour

NC Part.Cont. Menu FunctionRap.Tr. Feed SwitchCRC SwitchG41/G42 Switch

Different from the subsequent function ("Generate NC Contour") only the input defining a partialcontour is required. This is effected by entering a starting and an end point which must be situatedon the same contour. A change of orientation of the selected partial contour can be effected("manually") by activating the menu function " Edit Orientation". Operating the <F1>-key will thengenerate the NC-program for the identified partial contour.

12.7.2 Generate NC-Contour

NC Cont. Menu FunctionRap.Tr./Feed SwitchCRC SwitchG41/G42 Switch

Each entity must be identified at its beginning point; the start and end points of an entity will be al-ready defined by its geometry data, as with all CAD-entities. The following input request will appear:

Identify NC-Entity at the beginning point !

The orientation of an entity will be altered if the identification point is situated closer to the end pointof the entity than to its beginning point.

The orientation of an object is indicated on the screen by highlighting its end point. With closedcontours also the first part of the contour string will be highlighted.

A change of orientation of a selected contour can be effected ("manually") at anay time, by activat-ing the menu function " Edit Orientation". Operating the <F1>-key will then generate the NC-program for the identified entity.

MTS Menu Pins/Pockets

- 296 -

12.8 Menu: Pins/Pockets

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Cont. Pocket Program Part for Milling of Contour Pockets

Sq. Pocket Machining Cycle G87

Circ. Pocket Machining Cycle G88

Pin Machining Cycle G89

Mill. Menu Invoke the Milling Menu

MTS Taschen/Zapfenmen

- 297 -

The menu pockets/pins serves to generate NC-programs for

- Contour Pockets- Square Pockets- Circular Pockets and- Pins.

Prior to the activation of this menu

- the tool to be employed,- technology parameters and- the infeed data

must have been defined. If this is not the case an error message will require the user to define themissing parameter.

12.8.1 Contour Pocket

After activation of this function a closed object must be identified (circle, rectangle, closed contourstring or closed fitting curve). In the dialogue lines the following input request will appear:

Identify closed polygon !

After a contour pocket has been identified, the islands must be identified, which should be left out inthe broaching:

Identify island <F1>, Terminate with <F2> !

Any number of islands may be identified (by operating <F1>), on condition that the applicable is-lands are of the contour type previously specified. To terminate the identification, <F2> is operated.

After all geometry needed for the broaching operation has been identified, a further system promptappears:

Sense of operation: Down-cut <F1>, Up-cut <F2> !

The sense of operation with the broaching cycle must be determined.

Subsequently the cutter adjustment point must be determined. The input request

Enter start point !

requests the entry of the point to which the cutter shall be adjusted at the begining of the broachingoperation. Entry of an invalid adjustment point will produce an error message, which must be ac-knowledged by the user.


- 298 -

Determining the cutter start point completes the user input; the system will then compute the cutterpaths. This is indicated by the system message:

Computing cutter paths !

When the computing has been successfully completed, the cutter paths are graphically displayed. Anew system message appears:

Generating NC-Program !

indicating, that the applicable NC-Program is being generated. The program will subsequently beoutputted, in the form elementary DIN NC blocks, consisting of G01-, G02- and G03 blocks.

Finally, striking the <F1>-key effects the reinstatement of the screen, and the cutter paths will bedeleted.

Computing the cutter paths is a procedure which uses up a high amount of storage capacity. Whensmall cutters are employed to broach large pockets, it may occur that the system is short of mem-ory. In such a case a corresponding error message will be displayed. The user is reccommended toeither geometrically divide the applicable pocket into parts, which can be broached successively, orto define a larger cutter and restart the broaching.

12.8.2 Square Pocket

When this function is activated, the following prompt will appear in the dialogue lines:

Identify rectangular !

A rectangular must be identified whose corners may be rounded, provided that the rounding radiiare identical.

Now the square pockets cycle G87 is generated, its parameters being the following:

G87 X .. Y .. Z .. W .. B .. I .. K ..

X finished size in XY finished size in YZ Depth of pockets, incremental plus clearance distanceW 2nd plane (Clearance)B radius of pocket corner roundingI depth of cut relative to the the X-, Y-plane in % of the cutter;

Signs: + clockwise, - counterclockwiseK depth of cut relative to Z, Sign - denotes a slot cycle

12.8.3 Circular Pockets


Identify circle !

A Circle or a circular arc of 360 degrees must be identified.

Now the square pockets cycle G87 is generated, its parameters being the following:


- 299 -

G88 Z .. W .. B .. I .. K ..

Z Depth of pockets, incremental plus clearance distanceW 2nd plane (Clearance)B radiusI depth of cut relative to the the X-, Y-plane in % of the cutter; Signs: + clockwise,

- counterclockwiseK Infeed in Z, sign + denotes roughing on a circular path; sign - denotes roughing

on a helical path

12.8.4 Pins


Identify circle !

A Circle or a circular arc of 360 degrees must be identified.

Upon the subsequent input prompt:

Identify a concentric circle !

a further circle or a circular arc of 360 degrees is to be identified, which must have the same centreas the first arc or circle. If this is not observed, an error message will appear.

With both objects successfully identified, an NC program part is generated for the broaching of thearea enclosed by the inner and outer circles (arcs); the technology applied will be as selected.

The pin milling cycle G89 will be generated, with the parameters as follows:

G89 Z .. W .. B .. C .. I .. K ..

Z Depth of pins incremental plus clearance distanceW 2nd plane (Clearance)B pin radiusC external radius, beginning line for the millingI Depth of cut relative to the X-, Y-plane, in % of the cutter diameter;

Signs: + clockwise, - counterclockwiseK Depth of cut relative to Z; Sign+ : on a circular path

Sign - on a helical path

MTS Dressing

- 300 -

13. NC-Programming System for Dressing

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Abort Abort Program Without Storing

CNC-Editor Invoke the CNC-Editor

New Progr. Generate a New Program

Contours Dressing Along Contours


CAD/CAM coupling can be realized in the "MTS CNC-Simulator For Turning And Milling" or by in-voking one of the directly accessible postprocessors. With the help of the NC module for dressing aCODE according to DIN 66025 but with the syntax extensions of the MTS-programming code canbe generated.

MTS Dressing

- 301 -

13.1 Generate Dressing Programs

The NC-programming system for dressing is invoked by selecting the menu function "dressing"from the INCAD-Main Menu.

In the dialogue lines input masks will appear for the input of the following parameters:

- CNC-File Name,- Main Program[Y/N],- Incremental [Y/N] and- Automatic assignation of subprogram names [Y/N]

The input of these parameters is performed as follows:

- CNC file name:

A file name must be entered to denote the file in which the program to be generatedwill be stored. The standard file extension for dressing programs is "snc".

- Main program [Y/N]:

"y" or "Y" must be entered if an NC Main Program is to be generated; if not, "n" or "N"must be entered to create an NC-subprogram.

- Incremental [Y/N]:

When "Incremental = y or Y" is entered, NC-blocks controlling circular arcs will begenerated, with the coordinates of their respective centres not relating to the absoluteorigin, but to the applicable starting points.

- Automatic assignation of subprogram names [Y/N]

When "y" or "Y" is entered, names will be automatically assignated to subprogramscreated during the program generation. When "n" or "N" is entered, a name must beassigned to each subprogram to be created.

If an existing program name is chosen to be assigned to a newly generated CNC-file, it must bedetermined, whether the existing program shall be retained or be replaced by the new program.

MTS Dressing

- 302 -

13.2 Contour Generation Menu

SURVEY OF COMMANDS

Rad. / Diam. Switch for Doubling the INCAD y-Coordinate

Rap. / Feed Switch for Approaching the First Point in theRapid Traverse or Feed Mode

Edit Axes Edit the Names and Directions of the MainAxes.

Zero Set the zero point for CNC - Machining

Orientation Edit the Orientation of a Contour Selected inone of Menu Items NC-Dressing Contour orPartial Contour

Part.Cont. Generate an NC-Program Part for a PartialContour

Dress. Cont. Generate an NC-Program Part for a Contour

Dress. Menu Invoke the Dressing Menu

MTS Dressing

- 303 -

The Contour Generation Menu serves to generate NC-programs for dressing.

There are two switches available with this menu:

Radius Diam.:

If the "Radius" state of this switch is operative the INCAD y-coordinate value will be doubled.

Rap./Feed:

The tool will approach the first contour point in the rapid traverse (G00) resp. in thefeed mode (G01).

13.2.1 Edit Axes

Edit Axes Menu Function

When this menu function is selected, names and directional adjustments of the main axes (thedefault W- and U-Axes) can be edited. First, the name of the first axis must be entered. An arrowwill appear in the screen display, indicating the axis direction. The position of this arrow (i.e. the axisdirection) can now be altered axially parallel by 90ø steps. The desired direction is determined byoperating <F1>. Name and direction of the second axis are to be determined analogically, the onlydifference being that now there is only an option of two axis directions (those orthogonal to the firstaxis). This procedure allows the transformation of INCAD data to any NC coordinate system.

13.2.2 Generate Partial Contour

Part.Cont. Menu FunctionRad./Diam. SwitchRap./ Feed Switch

Different from the subsequent function ("Generate NC Dressing Contour") only the input defining apartial contour is required. This is effected by entering a beginning point and an end point whichmust both be situated on the same contour. A change of orientation of the selected partial contourcan be effected ("manually") by activating the menu function "Edit Orientation". Operating the <F1>-key will then generate the NC-dressing program for the identified partial contour.

13.2.3 Generate NC-Dressing Contour

Dress. Cont. Menu FunctionRad./Diam. SwitchRap./Feed Switch

Each object must be identified at its beginning point; the start and end points of an entity will bealready defined by its geometry data, as with all CAD-entities. The orientation of an entity will bealtered, if the identification point is set closer to the end point of the entity than to its beginning point.

The orientation of an object is indicated on the screen by highlighting its end point. With closedcontours also the first part of the contour string will be highlighted.

A change of orientation of a selected contour can be effected ("manually") at any time, by activatingthe menu function " Edit Orientation".

MTS Dressing

- 304 -

Operating the <F1>-key will then generate the NC-dressing program for the identified entity.

MTS Anhang

- 305 -

14. APPENDIX A: Plotter Ports

14.1 HP 7475A

Parameters for configuration of the HP-7475A-Plotter are the following:

Parity:S1 0S2 0

Baud Rate:B1 0B2 1B3 0B4 1

Further Switches:D 0 YMet 0 USA4 0 A3

Interface parameters are:- Baud Rate: 9600- Parity:N- Databits: 8- Stopbits: 1

14.2 HP 7550A

Parameters for configuration of the HP-7550A-Plotter are the following:

- Baud Rate: 9600- Duplex: Half- Parity:8 bits off- Bypass: off- Handshake: Xon/Xoff direct- Data Flow: Local Standalone- Monitor: Mode off

Interface parameters are:

- Baud Rate: 9600- Parity: N- Data bits: 8- Stop bits: 1

MTS Appendix

- 306 -

15. APPENDIX B: Drawing Data Exchange Formats (DXF and IGES)

INCAD supports the DXF and IGES formats, so as to allow the reading of files created in foreignCAD systems. DXF is a format originally designed for AUTOCAD1; it is supported in INCAD in theASCII version. IGES has been conceived by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards; it is supportedin INCAD in the "fixed format" ASCII-version. All INCAD drawing entities (points, lines, arcs,polylines and symbols) will be accounted for.’

Information may be lost in the conversion of drawings, namely:

1) When drawings are stored in the DXF or IFES format, the dimensioning and hatching data will belost. Only if this information has been stored as a macro (DXF "Block"), it will be retained and con-sequently read in to INCAD.

2) When stored in a DXF file, each entity of a drawing is allocated to layer (DXF "Layer"). This in-formation will be ignored when the file is read in to INCAD - only the lines and colour data will beretained.

Warning and Error Messages:

Should the reading of a DXF or IGES be aborted because of errors in the reading, this will be, inmost cases, due to either the size of, or inconsistencies in the applicable drawings file. If an erroroccurs, the operation is aborted and an appropriate error message will be displayed. Normally thereading-in of files generated in a CAD program should be trouble-free.

In the following a number of error messages are commented:

Message

"Error while writing the symbol to the file"

Cause:

The symbol could not be stored on the disk.

Correction hint:

Edit the path, by invoking the menu "Symbols library".

Message:

Re-create all existing symbols <F1>, ignore <F3>, selec-tion <F2> !

Cause:

In the DXF or IGES format symbols are stored directly to the file. When the files are read by INCADthe system will attempt to recreate these symbols and write them to the disk. If the applicable sym-

1 AUTOCAD is a registered trademark of the Autodesk AG, Zürich.

MTS Appendix

- 307 -

bols already exist (e.g. when a file is read the second time), it is up to the user to decide, whetherthe existing symbols shall be overwritten.

Message:

Symbol name truncated, press <F1> to continue !

Cause:

INCAD stores symbols in symbol files. The symbol name is identical with the file name. Symbolnames must therefore not exceed eight characters. DXF or IGES symbol names will be truncatedaccordingly.

MTS System Configuration

- 308 -

16. APPENDIX C: System Configuration

16.1 Hardware

Hewlett-Packard "HP Vectra" or other IBM-compatible PCs, running MS-DOS Version 3.0 or higher,featuring the following:

640 kB RAMCoprocessor (recommendable, but not a precondition).

Hard DiskDiskette (Floppy) Drive

Graphic Tablet DIN A3 / DIN A4, of the following manufacturers:

- Summagraphics- Videograph- Numonics- Hewlett-Packard

Mouse of the following manufacturers:

- Microsoft- Genius- or others providing Microsoft-Emulation

Graphics Adapter

- EGA 640 x 350 dpi resolution16 colours (of 64 )

- VGA 640 x 48016 colours (of more than 100.000)

- SVGA800 x 60016 colours (of more than 100.000)

- HVGA1024 x 768 dpi resolution16 colours (of more than 100.000)

Printers ("Hardcopy"-Devices)

HP-Plotter, (6 resp. 8 colours), as well as various compatible devices.

MTS System Configuration

- 309 -

16.2 Software

The INCAD software requires a minimum of 640 KByte available RAM.

Installing a coprocessor will speed up the computing. Installing a "RAM Cache" (interim storage fordisk reading/writing) effects an additional speed-up.

If a mouse or printer shall be employed, the applicable drivers must be installed. Such drivers arenot part of the INCAD software. They are normally supplied by the manufacturers of these devices.

A number of specific files which are needed for the INCAD program run, and which have been ap-propriatly installed by the INCAD set-up routine, cannot be edited by the user.

Other important INCAD program parameters can be edited. In the "Config" subprogram the pathsfor generating drawings files, the type of cursor etc. can be determined.

A full description of parameters to be edited is given in the

Configuration Manual

16.3 Configurate Periphery

For all steps of configuration see the

Configuration Manual

of the CNC Simulators for Milling and Turning

and the INCAD Design Program

Version 5.3 /April 1998.

MTS Index

- 310 -

<Arrow-Keys> 19<BACK> 19<DEL> 19<END> 19<F1>-key 18<F10>-key 18<F3>-key 18

See also Multiply Entities 120See Multiplication of Entities 122

<F4>-key 18see Dimensioning 152

<F5>-key 18<F6>-key 18<F7>-key 18<F8>-key 18<F9>-key 18<INS> 19<POS 1> 19<PRINT> key 10<RETURN> 19<Scroll down> 19<Scroll up> 19<SHIFT>- Arrow-keys 19<SHIFT>-<TAB> 19

AAbsolute Dimensioning 213Active 51Adapt the Size of the Drawing Field to the Entities Di-mensions (Fit) 48Additional Menu Functions 10Angle Dimensioning 186, 219, 222, 231

Mode 221Arc

3 Points 107Centre 107Diameter 107Tang. to 1 Ent. 104Tang. to 2 Ent. 104Tang. to 3 Ent. 104

Arc Dimensioning 186, 225, 226Arc Line 194Arrowhead 190

See Dimension Line,DemarcationArrowhead Orientation 190Attributes

of a layer 52Attributes" 61Automatic Arrowhead Orientation 183, 232, 237Aux. Contour 180Auxiliary grid 18Auxiliary lines

Display or Hide 43Extend 44See Auxiliary lines 43

Axes Graduation 46

BBase entities 123Base Line 152, 211

Diameter Dimensioning 231Radius Dimensioning 231

Basic Class 188, 228Basic Hatching 73Broadside 38

CCancel

Plotting 39Centre 29Chamfer 66Character Attributes

Define 61Circle

Centre 99Centre and Tangent 100Defined by three points 100Diameter 100Tangent to 1 Ent. 97Tangent to 2 Ent. 97Tangent to 3 Ent. 97

Circlesconcentric 101

Circular Pocket 262CNC

Management 3CNC-file 21CNC-management 3, 25Colour 61, 177

Edit 177Colour Screen 13Colour Set 33Compressing

See StretchingConfiguration drawing 23Cont.Type" 180Contour

Milling Program 257Contour generation layer 53Contour Layer 51Contour Pocket 261Contour Point 28Contour String 109

Cancel 112From Entities 147Insert Point 147

Contour Tracing 123Copy

Files 24Copy Dim 152Copying

of entities 152CRC

See Cutter Radius Compensation 258Critical distance 183, 189, 236Cross-hairs 19, 61, 62Cursor-key 19Cutter radius compensation 258Cycle 206, 254

DDecimal number 193Def.Win.

See Define WindowDefine a Drawing Field to be Scrolled (Pan) 49Define the Relative Zero Point 66Define Window 14Defining the AbsoluteZero 45Delete

Files 24see Entity 157

Delete Auxiliary Layer 117Design Level 2Detail 116

see Detail Copy 128see Scale 128

MTS Index

- 311 -

Detail Copy 128see DetailSee dimensioning 200

Dialogue Line 11Dialogue Lines 12Diameter Dimensioning 186, 217

Base Line 231Digitizing of Drawings 36Dim. Class 191

Edit 242Dim. Text

Example 196Dimens. Text

Font Attributes 187Dimension Line 182, 187

Demarcation 232, 236, 237End 230, 231Middle Point 231Projection 208, 221Projection Point 230QPoint 182

Dimension linesDemarcation 182

Dimensioning 41, 181Copy 152Detail 128Drawing not to Scale 194external 152, 153Framework 182Global Factor 235internal 152, 153Layer 229Manipulation 227Move 154not possible 200See Angle DimensioningSee Arc DimensioningSee Diameter DimensioningSee Point DimensioningSee Radius DimensioningStatus 200Terms 182

Dimensioning Class 184, 229Dimensioning Main Menu 201Dimensioning Parameters 189Dimensioning Text 184, 193

Control Sequences 194Default 191Establishment 196Example 195Positioning 197See Text FormatSubscript 194Superscript 194

DimFlag 189Directory

Create Directory 23Delete Directory 23

Diskette Drive 271Dividing an Entity at One Point 139Dividing an Entity at Two Points 140Drawing

Edit 25see Drawings file 1

Drawing attributes 52Drawing Detail

Dimensioning 196Drawing Field 13Drawing" 39Drawings file 3, 22Drawings Files 21Dressing 264Dressing Program 3, 21Drilling 252Drilling Cycles 252DXF- file 3DXF-file 21, 22, 25, 269

See dimensioning 200

EEdit Axes 267Edit Colours 33Edit Text

Dimensioning 232EDUBEM.KNF 193EGA 271End Point 29Entity

Delete 14, 15, 157Divide at One Point 139Divide at Two Points 140Insert 14, 15Mirror and Multiply 118Rotate and Multiply 121Selection 13trim 133

Exponent 194Extending

See StretchingExtension Line

see Projection Line

FFile Conversion 24File Management 20File Types 21Files

Selection 22Switching 22

Finishing Tool 249Fit 48Fitting 113

close 174Delete Point 171Generate Corner 173Generation 113Insert Point 170Move Point 169Procedure 113Select 168Tangent 172

Fitting CurvesEdit 167

Font attributes 178Font Type" 178Free Curves 113Function Key 17

GGener. Layer

of contours 53Generate Point 71Generate Rectangle 71Generation Layer

Edit 55of Auxiliary Contours 51of Contours 51of Dimensionings 51of Hatches 51of Text 51

Generation of Milling Programs 248

MTS Index

- 312 -

Geometric Manipulation 158GlobalFactor 189Graphic Display Screen 9Graphic Input 27Graphics Adapter 271Grid Point 28

HHard Disk 271Hardcopy 10Hardware 271Hatch

Scale 179Hatch Layer Edit 180Hatch Number 63Hatch Param. Edit 179Hatch Pattern

Edit 179Hatch Patterns 72Hatch scaling factor 62Hatch. patterns

display 73Hatches

Display or Hide 43Hatching 70

Copy 74Create 75delete 74Edit 75Shift 74

Help 18HP-Plotter 271HPGL-format 37HVGA 271

IIdentification

Within a Window 14Identification of a Single Entity 13IGES-file 21, 22, 25, 269

See dimensioning 200IGES-ile 3Incremental Dimensioning 213Information on Layers 55Input

Absolute 27relative 27

Input Devices and Graphical Interaction 4Input Field 19Input Mask 18Input Modes 27Input of coordinates 27

graphically 27Input of points 27Input System 7, 36Insert 19Intersection

See dimensioning 200Intersection Point 28Invisible 51Isometric Transformation 165

KKeyboard 3

See Special Keys 17Keys

See Keyboard 17

LLayer

define 57Delete 56Dimensioning 229Edit Drawing Attributes 58Edit list sequence 57Rename 56State 51, 53Switch 156

Layer Edit Menu 54Layers Menu 50Layers Menu (Textmarke) 50Line

2 Points 82Horizontal 82Parallel 86, 87Perpend. 83

Line thickness 62, 65Edit 176

Line Type 64Dimensioning 187Edit 176

Line Types 61Localization

of Points 28

MMagazine 249

Allocate Tool 250Tool Set 249

MainMenu 26, 31Management Level 2, 32Manipulation

Dimensioning 227Menu bar 10Menu field 9, 10Menu Selection 32Middle Point 28Milling 247

Generation of NC-Programs 248Milling Program 3, 21Milling Tools 249Mirror 158Mirroring 164Monochrome Screen 13Mouse 271, 272Move 158, 159Moving and Multiplication of an Entity 119

NNC-Program

Milling 247NC-program code 3Next/Previous Window 49Normal Dimensioning 213

MTS Index

- 313 -

OOffset Curve 132Operational area 9, 12Origin

Coordinates System 45Output of the Graphic Display Screen 10Output sequence 47Overwrite 19

PPanorama 49PC-keyboard

See Keyboard 6Perm 200Perpend.

see linePins 260, 263Plot Screen 37Plot to Scale 37Plotter 37, 268Pockets 260Point Dimensioning 184, 205, 213, 215Point Dinmensioning

Cycle 206Point Grid 44

ON / OFF 44Point Grid" 44Positioning Marks 6Previous/Next Window 49Printer 272Printer driver 10Printers 271Projection Line 187

Angle 206, 229End 236Start 230, 236

Projection Lines 182Projection Point 28ProLi

End 190see Projection LineStart 190

ProlongingSee Stretching

Puck 4

RRadius Dimensioning 186, 217

Base Line 231Rda

Angle 231Recognition

See IdentificationRectangle 71Redraw 202Reference Point 41

of Symbols 41Reference System 158

Define 159Register Mark

See Tablet Positioning Mark 6Reinstate 49Rotate 158Rotating 161Roughing Tool 249Rounding 66

SScale 38, 128, 158, 160

see Detail 128Scaling 233Screen Layout 9Screen Menu 42Sel. Ent. 158Selection, graphical 3Selection of Functions 10Sequence

of entities in the output of a drawing 47of layers list 57

Set Symbol 67Shift

Files 24Shortening

See StretchingSimilarity Transformation 166Sketch Contour 113, 115Soft Key 17Software 272Special Characters 194Special Trapping Parameters 30Square Pocket 262State

of a layer 53Status line 9, 12Store Drawing 40Stretching 143Stretching Entities 143SVGA 271Switch Line 9, 11Switches 10Symbol 25

Ungroup 156Symbols 21

See dimensioning 200Symbols library 3, 21, 22, 25System Colours 32System Configuration 271System Structure 2

TTablet 271Tablet Overlay

See Installation 6Tang. 1 Ent. 97, 104Tang. 2 Ent. 97, 104Tang. 3 Ent. 97, 104Tangent 89

to a circle 91, 93To two circles 89

TechnologyGenerate 250

Technology DataDisplay 250

Technology Library 21Tempo 200Terminate

Function 18Input 18

Terminate Program 22Test Dimension 194Text 68

Ungroup 157Text Attributes

Dimensioning 187Text Format 183, 193, 232Text Input 11, 12Text lines 9, 12

MTS Index

- 314 -

Text Position 233Default 235

Text Size 235TextFlag 189TextPos 190TextSize 189Theoretical dimensions 194Tool Adjustment

Display 251Generate 251

Tools Library 21Tools Magazine 21Trap 62Trapping mode 12, 28Trapping Parameters

General 28special trapping parameters 30

Trim 133Turning Program 3, 21

UUnderline 194Undo 4Universal Coordinates 4

VVectra 271Version number 12VGA 271Visible 51

WWin. Def.

See Define WindowWindow

Next 49Previous 49

Windows Menu 15

ZZero

Absolute 45Relative 46

Zero Point 251Zoom /Factor for Modification of the Detail Window 48Zoom./.Modify the Detail Window 47

incad manual

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