in this issue - u.s. army center of military history · in this issue 4 the 1943 war art program 20...

In This Issue

4 The 1943 War Art Program

20 No Gun Ri Revisited: Historical Lessons f or Today; Army

26 Pogue's War and the Making oj a Military Historian: A Review Essay

2 News Notes 1 Chief's Corner

Spring-Summer 2002 WuhingtOll. D.C. P6 20-{)1·2 (No. 55)

12 Book Reviews

ERIC K. SHINSEKI Gene .. I, United Stales Army Chief of Slaff

Offiri~l:

j.d/U'..e ) JOEL B. HUDSON Admini,lr. tivo: As.sillam 10 Ihe

Secretary of ,he Army

Chief of Military Hi>lorr Brig. Gen.John S. Bmwn

M;maging Editor Charles Hendrick!, Ph. D.

Army Hist"'] (PB-20-02-2) is publi.hcd by the U.S. Army Center f)f Military H in"'}' for the professional. developmcnt of Army 1Us1Oti;m5. 1bc n,produ.cti.on of articles ror WU<."ll1ionol ~s i. maM' .... ged. C~sporu.knce should be addreucd 10 M.n.ging Editor, AT"" lIismy, u.s. Army Ccntt:r of Mililary 1li1101)" 100 Thin! Ave., Fort Lak:y J.McNw-, D.C. 20319-5058, or ~nt by e-mail torWrits.kndrish#!h<jlkl ....... y.mil. The opinions expn. ... ..,d in this publiclli"" arc those: of the authoB, not of Ihe Dcputmenl of Def......, or irs consUtlleol elements. Arm! lIiJ/(J"i' ror"cnts do IlOl necC"SSarily refle<:t "f1icial Army po<ili"" • • nd do nol supersede info.m.lion in other offici.1 Army publication. or Army ... ,,:ulations. Thi. bulkrin i. approved for offICial di"",mio";"" of meltri ... designed 10 keep individu10ls within Ihe Army knowlw~,'·c.ble of developmenu in Army history and Ihereby enhance lheir profC"SSional ~1"",neot. The Dcpmm<."nt of the Army .pp~ the use of fund. (Of prinring Ihil publication on 7 Scpttmber 1983. Postagt' hu heen paid II W .. hington, D.C.

NEWS NOTES

Arm! History AdoI'" New Color Fonnal

W ith thi. i .. "e Ar",y Hi,lory in,u!:'''''CI " new formlt thlt il designallo pre~1lI ilt rollle'''' io a mou appc."lIliog manner and 10 ~"ahle Ihe u.drr 10 benefit frum "",ilable color iUu~lnllion~.

A,."" HisttJ? Article W;,,~ Hiuory Wriling Award

An article by Col. ]{"bcn A. Doughty puhli.hcd in the Spring 2001 iSille of Army Hist",] (No. 52) Wl\1 0 .... of rhn:c ani<:1c:t ""l«led as Wlnncn of tllC Army Hi.toric:al FO\Induion', 2001 Distinguished Wririttg A,....rol. Colonel Do..ghty's anicle, "More Than Numbcn: /\",c,ictlos and .he Revi....! ofFunch Mon.lc: in the Gua. War: was one of twO aw:rrdcc:r in the Proh:ssIon.l Army JoumaIl catCJl"'"Y. Relired Genc .. l Willi'm W. H'lJ"tWg, p,eoidc:nt of tM fouttdation, announ~d ,he 1"",00. al the gro"p', annual member" moc:ri"g on 19 june 2002. Culonel Dough!}; wh" i, professor in and hc..1 ofthe Depotnmen. ,,(Hi$lOf)" 11 tm U.S. Mili.ary Academy, m:c:ivc:d a plaque and a S2S0 ash award. The ,w. rd. honor article, th." i" Ihe foundation', j,,,lb>mC1lt, htlVl.' mH • diniocriVl.' ~otribu t i"n to U.S. Anny hi"OfY. The fount!.,i"" is 1ol50 .be principal rundniscr for .he Na.ion:tl Jl. luscum ,,(Ihe U.S. Army.

New Air Fon:e History P .. bl>calio n

The Air Forc<." H istory and "'hll<'"""" Prognm 10 .. i •• "cd • n ..... book by D.vid N. 5pi",., Ai, ~,. f~r AII/O". A,,,,y: 'IM XIX T"'tiw Ai, C.",,,,.,,,, i" tIN S",or .. 1 Wo,/J W.,. 'nc bcK,k i, 1",ibbk from the ~rnmm' l'rinti,,!: Office for S)9 ""dcr mlCk num1:K:r fIOS-{)7()-00777-1.

Nat;,,"al Guam 8urnu Announces He':<.""1 Publication,

The H illoric:al Servic:cs Divi.ioo of lbe N • • iu,,:tl C".OO Bure.u h .. announced thrtt publica''''no that it 10 .. iSlued in the lall twO )":1111. M. j. L.c. Melnyk, 'he division', chief, authored M,x,i/izi"tfo,. tIN SIQ,m. T~ Ar",y Nation"' C,uml ;" ~"'/i.". D£lEIfr SHlUJI ,m" VfUlt.r STOIW (200 l ). Division hi"o.i~n Renee H ylton wrote Wl)m Au W, Coil,,' TIN A,my Nal,'~""f GuarJ ~"" t~r KOTtan WM, 19S(}-J'J5J (20(0). Their collca~u<." Charle, GilliS authored 7""";"1 Ai"t: 7"JN Ai,. Nilli.",,/ ClUlni ,."sI Ik K~r(an War (2(00).

The Chief's Corner

A we have come 10 ""pcel, ~ at (he Cente, or MiliTary H istory h."" h. d),<,1 another busy 'luau", in each of our (our divio'onl. In il5 ongoing .upport

of the S«retarill and the Army Staff in the Wv on T.n"ri. m, the His!oric. D ivi.ion l'''''pared KWn paperi nil potentially relevant as"""to of the Army'. Vietnam W.r cx""';""':'" six on hUloricai cnm!,l'" of "'gime change, {our on p i li U.S. involvement ;n building foreign ground (orc"", .nd one on the hi.tory of the polky of unoonditio"al " ,moder. The divi.ioll aI ,o ooOI;OU«\IO coordi"ate ,he Army', effort 10 cOllttl 0,..] hitlory n:slimony CO"""fII-11lJ; the II Septemk r 2001 am eli: on the ~nt1lgOn and its • f'erm~lh . Other 5UppOlI I".mded 10 HQl)A de"""'"nmakr: .. . ,,(1 lu ff .<:levant to contemporary inues included P"pet'O " n the n'Oiving orgmiution ",f the DeputmcnL or Dc:fen"", the origins of the TOial F~ policy. Germln arullcry .,,<1 do"" oi, luppon in Wmld Wu II , Korean WOIevcm. in May 19$2, the Dmle of Mi lk ClUk in 1879, IUS!Dl;~ Iliu to the HQDA Realignment Task Force, assistance for Womo::,,'s Histol)' 1\·lonlh p"'foentations io the Pentagon, and hilToricaJ information for the Army Birthdav Ball. The oral his!oria", comluclcd end-of-tOllr Inteivi,,;"" with ""ruor Army iHdcn; andl'n;p~mllo leach dw: orll1 hiilm)' portioo of the annu:ol 1TI;1;1~1}' histol}' deta<:hmem t"';ning COliHe.

Wh,le ,,'cering these immediate neeels, the Center or Military I [iitOf}' wntinued to pursue ;1.longer-n.nge mis~ of rt:lVI'ding and interpreting the Army's histol}' in books and monographs. Dr. Andrew J. Hirtle completed a draft of Ihe 1II:<:ond ""ll1me of his well -... · .. :ci~d history or COlintenmurgcncy and contingency 0l'cnlions, th.is on<: covering 1942-75. I)r. Graham A. c..r.u., now wilh the Joint I I,slory Qffi"", began post-panel ""';lions of his histol}' of MACV, the joint command. Il.etired Center historian Dr_ M ary C. Gillett aho began p . .. I-p:md moi. ions of dw: draft fourth volume of her IU""'y of the Army MalicaJ IXpMIillenl, which will carry the ""I}' from 1917 '0 1941. In a work Ih.l h" alrudy gc .... ".'ctl high interell,

John S_ Brown

Dr. M~rk Sherry f",i~hct! a dr.U1 of a hiilory of the Army command post-I IQj)fI ..... ,,,,d defense retJupiog, 1987-97.

These works in I'"'W""" will hopefully "oon join thooe already far eoough along 10 be within the om;t of the Production Service! Div;sion. Production Service, is pnriruhr!,. proud of il. romprt'hensive ne .... Un;ted Sl~te-s Army ~nd World War 11 CO-ROM series, Scv.on mulooi!k CLls, numbered as ScI!. 1- 7, together will indud. all the ClUn Books and all fwry commernor:l.liv~ I'.mphlets written to C()mrncn>Onitc Ihe fIfti~th anni'''''SlIry uf the wu, Sct 1 and the forthro",ing Set 2 will indude all lbe Europnn, r-.leditemn<::.n,.OO Pacific combat ""Iurnes .

eMil tideo n:""ntly publilhed indurlc: , TIN u.s. Army ,md lIN Uwi, und Ct..,A f:x",dilioN, by

Oav>d W_l-Iogan.Jr. • TIN u.s. A,"'1 C.J,iifofs,"./f1 Prof ..... ",.} R~iNK List • TIN U~;I.J SI~ILJ A,,,,y "Nd Wortd Win" If, S" 1:

Furof'NN-M.d;I"'~nrt",--M;ddl, us, TINu,", of O/,""f,'""r (a 4-.[;", CD-ROM)

· T...wp s../Ji,r(. prinilld) , U.S. A,,,,y Wi/one,,! Dirm~, 2(}()2 F"rthcoming titl.,.. include: - fY J 996 Dt"m_n' ""bI Army l1iJ1oneJ Ss."'mmy - jA'IHAw£! TIN VII Ctsrp< in lIN Pmi"" CJf U~r, by

Stephen A. Bourque , TIN Un;ltd S'~'rJ Army a"d World IV~T If, s" 2.

AJu,fip.p,,(iji( TIxtt'rr - TIN FI.,cJxr O"'fnrnu (Am/""dium, ]Oot • Mli,a,i"", of lIN U,,;I,d S,aw A,,,,! Cnrlrr af Mi!i

lary Hillery, ]OOJ

With rupeer 10 lic!.! progr:tms, Dr. Richard ~U and I) •. Rober! Rush illcntkd (he fifth IUUIUal ronfcrn>ce of the Partncrmip for !'elite Con""rTium of Defe" .... Ac:ldemies and 5cruri!)' SNdici Jn ~t; tlll'" in ~rjs on 17--19 June . T he ronfen:n«, which was attended by reprcs.::n1at;va of!ixty""""" coontries on four continents, fOC\UelI on "Suilding • S. ratcgic Community through Educati,", and RescMCh.'

C,"(;""," ,n I"l<)l

)

T5 An'l#t,. VonIJk" JJJ//) E"~"«T Q""Ht g.,,~/io>r. 5." VUtvrt. 11.1], 't1y F.dwud Ikq>

A ny ,""jecf is in """fr. if a, artists y<Ju ft'/'''''' il U /X'rt of Wllr: hallluu"" and lIN frDn/

lint; /mill. land«apm fix 'WIlunbd, IIx drng and tbt dmJ: pison", of war; fold ""Sfi/als

and INtv ""f/>ita4; wr«hd ha/JitarWnI ,,,"'''''m/J'''g s(tn,,; rh<t_ttr wfdNs of our ........

troops. ~f prisonm, of the .. 1iIiws of tIN (CU"",,.,. Wil.~ pI pt>rlTaiJ<; lIN I{I(&'"

imp/emmIJ <if war; mrhrlAtu", ,,,.,, dna,uric" sann; the "lJ6llrty. (tJUTIl~. ",,,,.,,,Iue,

(tutlty. hom;om of ..... r; allihis s}y;uld form pourl <if a _"-",.md.d future. Try to omi/

nOI/)ing; dupliclIlt to your lNarl i (onftnl. E"p ,m if 1"u (~ n--t',a/i,ti,"lly ur 'ymhe/i(altr

lIN tsS"''' and spirit of War.

Instructions for Anny :uti". from the W.,. Ilq>utmcnt An Adv;!I<H)' Commit«e

I March 1943

The 1943 War Art Program

• n an ct!;,oriil ~ntitled 'What of Art in War,ime?'l'"hli,he<l a few days afl~r Pcarl H>Tbor, the AmnwI" Am" posed the qutst;on 'Wh" .. the "fie of an ".,...r1be wri,.r arguallh.OI

" artis', the g,clor, and .he musi -ci.n .ho"ld k to '~I u '. ,t.!>,li""" IUr the "".iun.! spirit in O\U expected nial by fin:.'" Two months bier ,he; same jll .. mll oo..:~

that •• ,>",,,,1 'g<:nciel, including (he anllcd fore"", ...... begin"ing to employ artiSts to creale po.ten, drnwings, po.intint.'S, and ~artOOn. for rttniitin): J".'rpo$"$. n.., Office: of Civili,n Defense:, with help of ",run: ...... art". Olin ImWl, had, ;, "'poned, "",,,,mi,,,ioned ~ral well -known artists at $10 a day 1'1", cxpeflSe$ to man paintin .... at defense: phnfS.' In its An Bulktin 00. 1. entitled -A Gill to Arum: the: I).,'.:n<)' ~,ked arum!<> .uhmi' on or before IS JOll"ary \942 picturel of subj..,t. ,d.ting to the "'orOlld defcn",". A toW of 1,189 arLis ....... m in 2,582 ""'{ucolo .... <I",wings, and pnn ... , of wh;.;h d.e agency pun:hascd 109. n.e.e wo.ki wen: exhibited I f .he National Callery of Art in Washington. D.C., beginning in February \942, before ttavding 10 Chi",,!,'90 Mil"",ukee, and Dc"V1."'.'

WIllie .,..,h ~ :mod ,;ariow; fedcnl :wncie5 =.ted Iirt PlOb ..... ",. ro ... ",-e their wart"nc "cede, the gonmment ""!:lhli.hed no cenmLl bOOy to ~"<m;:lina", wsa.: effom. 11", Of\l,;e of War Informal"'" made: a ~ in this diftClion in the Ute summer of 1942 w ....... it organized a nUrt::iU of l'ublic.rions and C,.,."hior. wh_ Division of e,.,.phi"" ,,, .. ler F~rtilHt m"8"zinc an ediror Fn.ncis Brenn:m W'A:j ~ in part "10 assist Amcricm W5t5 who wish to nU part in the: .... ". effon.·' While acl<"owlc.ll.~ng t1u1 IociI soldier .,, competitions were :olrcroy be:,ng held in <:'iUIlps. Bre"n." p,"hed for acentral ~I"I"rion for this dIon."1t mu.t t.. :admitted thai, ,h ... hr, the <';';"-emment Iw; fumbled the tWl-fits1, ben~ ;1 h .. d no cenmLl orgaruzauoo f'>f Ihe purposc:: and second, bc<;ausc there wa.s a splil 1""'" of view on how die WH gnphics job WI$ 10 be '~"IC-" While t.. wouJd 00' 0U<:ttc<1 in ttnmtlizing m. admin· istr:l.rion of wartime art "IKnhon., Brennan did issue: .10 imp.1llioned caU for ""'rtime art:

By Peter Harrington

Cert.inly "CM', in .his gr.'""'"' of all _f'f, i, thf lime to lind 0\1, if ...... h.r C'.op '. furnmg in 1<J"n, or ... ",her f).urn;'. o.kctc.hes oci.JIy in V......."" . 1'hoe Am .. ia.o. ~ need rho .. arum ..........-1<1 tharr;I: m..m .... ,h. t~ p'. =pon.ibil;,y of o.peIlu>& <>III

lhe;, Inger, .he" gnef, th •• r K",,1n<:&II 1nd .btu justloe. 11,. arti .. ,.;11 =pru><! .• s .... hao _tIaO Ii ...... btfon, In tlw; hiil.o.y of the world, ttl fighlll OW DR the field wbt .. "" othen can.'

The U.S. Annydid nol do:wlop any formal.rtuni! untiJ lat~ 1942. A. llren""n noted. bc-c:Yer, :anim who h~ been inducted wne by then pamcip" .. ing in various uru:oordin~lcd ~.,.mp art programi an ... nd the country. MOllY of tl""", were sponsored by Ihe: Amy Special ~Mceo; B"""Ch, the new IWIlC for u... M.,.,,10 Oivision which bod bc:cn emblisbed in 1918"ro otudy, devise and put intI> effect psycholog.cal mcasum :tm(lng the [[oopg w produce and owntain good morale."

EnhilKCd A.my art dfom Iud begun in !be:)'Qt before the mack "n t>c: .. l Harbor. In Ihe I.te ""ring of 1941 Maj. Harry C,~'1"-"" !he post morale "fficcr II Fort Cusler. M.ciug:ul, pOll ~Iher a group of ookIi ...... ~rtists who began luming 001 paintings. p<>Itc:rs, .nd prints. The lirtim depicted b~lTl\ck scenes, "",I;".," on Ihe man:h. armored C'~'" ;n .crion, ~e' practice. ;mrJ other Army acti"ilico. ·llIe Fon Cl,I$ler Army 1II""'nlOfS, as they callt:d the:m~lva, bter hdd IflIlWlI .h""", (If their work, ~veral "f which rtteiYed rw:00t.a1

<:><po"''''' ' TI,e: A"",riC2JI Fede,.,.uon "f Am:and the C()tIeg1:

All ASK>ci.tion created Oll ""I,,:rimental art prognm In A").,,,," 1941 at Fort B""I:I:. Nonh ClItOlma, 'w "-"plo.., Ihe po$libilitiH, odVll"U~, 3nd limituio ... of • .r:t:=tional program c"".toying !he ans f.... the enjoyment :and participation of to!dim at the camp." At Comp Barkeley, Texas, Cpt S:lm\Icl D. Smilh painted military SCenes a. murllls wilh d ie ~rty crKlorse"",nt of hii connnandu, Col. Henry A. Finch. T. Sgt John B. Lear. Jr., who was assigned to the Reproduction IHpartmcnl at the Cavaby Scholll Detadunent. Fon Riley. KIn ... , wallO succesifulllh:tch-

ing the men in hi, unit Ih.t he: _ ~lKted 10 do ponn'r. ,,( II", off"'tl'f. Artim, sculptors, ."d 1,IMHng"'phe,.. ~t Keesler I'",eld, M i"''''l'l'i,gmu""d to" gelher 10 imp""'" the cuhur:a.l atmo" $phe~ and ph"",,,,l ... ,mun<iings for their fellow drutta. nICIC and.1 numerous othe, camps. S'''''I''' of ."ldierartistS producW I1Hlr.l, that brightened up the !!uk $Um.>IllK!ings o( barracks, ~rvi« dub., n;cn .. :alion halls. and dJyroom. in ." e:ff ... t to mw them "imercoting ."d comfortable places o( ..... mbly i"",cod ,,( mere shdtets (rom """"he,."

In many ca_ .rtill" came cogelher in C"Amps p"rdy hy chance. but al Fon Mude, l\.bryl . "d. IlJ"tim ~rc acti,"tly re<:ruiled. ·n". I~'" _ !>ome to the 603d Camoulb!,,,,, R.lt2OOn, and the unit's :adjutant "'''' lenets to nr,OIJ. publication. inviling .rtist. 10 ~pply 10 the ban alion.' Mc. nwhile, • team o( oix soldier-,"i". with the Engineer RtplxcmcnIT"""inll Centu al Fon Iklvoir. Yirg;ni •. led by I'vt, Willard Cummin,,'" h.d worked since De.:ember 1941 cn:. ting mur:a.ls depicting I$pern of milnti)' life and uaining 10 dcm,...'c «<reation hall, and ~rvicc du .... ", Ihe camp, At fim, the~ anists u1IC<1 ",nney from a s(l(cial

, Armt History Spriolt- Summe r 2002

emc~ncy fund fur cxt .. cur.icular attiviries and don ...... ,. (rum 'Vashington (,viIi, ... , includinll: 5100 from the National G anery of An. 10 purch.~ n«cSS."U)' .... ppli"" for tim project. bul titeR: fund, ..... n: ... "n cxpended. ln the spring of 1942 tl", Mu>eum .,(Modem An in New York Ca",e II) the r=ue by donating pnx. . .. .,..!, fro", i huge an s;tle for the al'11lCli r""""" Over 500 works by rtUny Ii ...... rti ... n:"AIt:.ed SlS,OOO, which helped "'llLip 11001<» at cleven air and gfOlLn.! il1 .. :tll,uiorl$. In its publicity, tile In"""urn hi"hliglllN the Fon Belvoir fOldic • • rt "'''g,,,m. 1O

Artis .. 'p"n' time It Fon Iklvoi. Ihrought.>ul 1942, O"e ofthem, Andn: Kormcndi ...... hed the unpottana of the p1"Oj<:et a"d ";",dar on« d~hc .... and CORII'"oa:I. lelln to Ii"" Amnin ... Mafi1U'" ~ Art outlining tht nftd 10 .. a romol'd"L.l WH ~tI program ..

1~ who .ndn ...... the ooj«....... of.IK pwje<t fuU heuTedly (.01 thaI this ..... OS • ",1".hIe: one. . . , Tl.(y k<:1 .h .. thl. rd.ttftly ...... 11 in""'''""m I"'Y' I.~ dmdc:nd, ill ",orole building. in <le.,ing, ~~ ('" . he An"1 in ptOJIlc who .... ju>tly con«med wi.h .he wd{"", of the _n in savicc, .. ,.J in proriding .,.]".w. ma.ena! r.:.. • hi"",), uf .h;' war. Some. among ,hem <'VCn feel

that Ih" """","m ohnukl be cnlarJ.td and ex.mol..!. that "",n trained In

.hi, 0".1 o.IKr simibr D.b .hnuJd be sent to f~!low 1>'" Un;" '" ",her <>mJ'l. fu",i!!,1 ba ...... hu" ... of op....... iat ... '0 ab.od> and <KO<d 01", hi.roMC mopion .. <>Uf fvrces in aU ifl 'm!""t..,t phases. They ,I." helie"" .h.t ,hi, 12010 c.n ordy be .. -<;<>mph.hed by wldi.r lIttim; by men 'nUnN In the .... "f w.rf ....... "

Kormendi', ilk ........ nl .. "Oy caught Of} and many of the FOri Ik!voir artiS1S W1luld work in the 1'143 ",.r a" program and !UCCfl."ding lmJj<:c1S.

Soldier art compt;t;,j.,,, ....... ,,, held around the «>ttntry. ln April 1942 Lift m.gaune annolln<:<:<1 0., an competi· tion for d ... ..;nl:". Wlllercolo .... and paintings b), uniJ<"",ed person",d whith -muSt n:la.e '" tcCf1tS conntttt'd witb (he "rti,,', ...... I'cflence while on ~C1iv<: duty wi .h the ormt'd forces: A total of '1.000 in prize money w,,, promi",,!.1J n.i • ...,.. the fil'$l rime that a .... jot n~lj.,nal moguirw: had tak~II the lead ill promoting soldi~ an, ""I it "",s 'he pt«ursot of a much ","n: eten,;"" Wllr art program .pon ........ '! by Lift .hat . Ianed in late 1943 .",1 ron

rinucd lhrough tht remaind~ "r the w:tr. In f.ct. as ~Iy Il$ 1941 Lift h. ti rom",i , .i,," ... ti a.li.ts to ""p""",n. It"", Ihe: United St1 • .,. prepared for waf .,K! fought ii, 1lte arum in ... 1ved in ,hi. eflO" i.",luded. Floyd O.vi., '10m 1,,0. ~lc.chcr Manin. Barse Milkr, P.ul Sample.o.,d Byron Thomas."

1l,e~ early anill;e: cnd.:"Ots ,k",on.tt'lle tht willingncos of man)'

... ~,ior Arm)' offi~1'$ "'" only to toler· ate but in ~nl "'JOt In ",holehem· .-.:11)' embrace and enc"ur.oge art pn>grams. Yel DO .tttmp. was made to coordinate Ih ...... effi"I' Imo • single ""heme unlil the om • .., or the Chief of Engineers annoo"('t,l an initi.ti,"t ~ ,

lhe end of 1942. While the impetus came no doubt from the many Army m P'o;cCtl then undet" W2)", the onnOUfl«mtnl b), the NaY)' in <XI",,"'" 1942 ,hal i. was establishing a n.v:oJ art program undoubtedly helpc<ll' ... h ,be Arm)' '" Ik .. dop • similar .n operation. The: NaY)' Dq>artmcnt". OffICe o( Public Itel . ,ion, commiMKmcd ...... etal

leading artistS 10 pmd""" p>"'lIngs, dnwings. and ctrningt"1O bring home 10 the AmeriGn p<:Op]e a vivid piuII'" of bani .. and ",he. n,wl aClion,.-"

In its rum, the Offln: of'M Chief of Engi"a: •• ' Opcnrions and Tr?ining Dl1UlCh, T"""", DMsion, set aboul '" creale a war art "nil ro depict sec .... in 1M daily life of ,hc soldier, comba' IICtion. ,,,,.I nrhe • ..ventS of m;];laty import'lnce, .nd views of combat supIK"I """nOOns. The crntion of this war "" ""i, rapon<kd 10 .. memorand"m of \3 N"""m""" 1942 approved by LI. Gen. B",hon B. Somt:rvcU, comm.",k.,. "f IN: &rvi,," of Supply, dil«ling rhe Chid' of £ngintt .. , Maj. Gen. E"I\'1'" R. Kqbold, "to form a select grotII, of ,.,..,,11 and d;.p,.tth them to IICUve IN: alL'n IV p>inl WllKCntS:1bo: directi\'(! also "ulhori~ "local ~'O<nlll.rKk .. or ]'<lSts, e;unps, and stations . . . I"

"mploy such taknt as lbey h:a", in uniform" ro decontc bu.iI<lings wilh ......,-• .us.. n SOtl'lel"\1:U "'PO",,,I h".h ru GenmI George C. MltlOh:oll, .he Army's chief of $taff, and 10 Robert p..tlcrwn, 'M under st(tttarr of war, 0.".1 he ""y have b«n acting II the ~Ii,," of one of his superiors whe" M rruondattd !.Iii> wu,.,.. prot;nm. Somen.:U tlllludf had hod dc:.lin), .. wilh arri$ts befun: the war III hi. Cl.l'acily .. di=«>r of the Works Progrcoi AdminiSlntion (WI'A) n:Let' pwjcct in New York."

One of the engint<:r artists workIIlg on the Furt Iklvoir mu"'" progrom,

2d Lt. Sidney Simon, had p.aimcd a large (ormal IIOftr.IiI of Fort Belvoir. eommarKI.:., Hrig. Gen. Edwin II. Ma,k..,. e.""". engin""r otr.eer. Soll\<: time in Ihio period, Simon received a cal] from ~b.xs 10 go to W,..hinb"on ~, ,he ~ of ,be chief ur engloccn." Simon was g;-..:n a 5Dl.O.ll uff"", alld ,..ked 10 compile .. [i" of a'ti". alrc:tdy II<:rving in the Army whom he ",,,,.'dcrcd witable fur ,be iUI prnject. He kx:aled mo", than CUty ani.n in v;lnou. camps Oft tM Ebl C""'I .Ione." Some of lhese toldicn wen: alrc.dy invol~d with art I""b .... m. while others had received di", .. , "nmmi .. ion.lnsed on their arli~ti" lalcn, •• to for many il was ~ Iogial nK"'" inlO .he _ program. Simon "'lJl~1 '0 h."" """"n1 soIdier-attilts tl1l".(e=<:l 10 ,he engineers from nlh~r hmneh .. , bul he could OOt approach thc N.")' or Ihe M;uinc Corps as t"':y"""ft' dn..:1-oping the .. own arl J""W"ms .

By mid-Dettml",., Simon and his offi~ had pref'lJ'aI • .Inri directive fur Ihe soon-Io-be offiei .1 w .. 'flim of 1M Corps of Eng'",,,,n. The order woold authorize its n:ciI',enlS "10 make ,ketches and 1"'",'rnK' anywhere wi.hin 'hc rone of the Ame,ic", A,my" in 'heir u,igned Iheate, of °1'e"'tion., ,"hjcel 10 $uch verbal imtruetlOruI ... they mighl receive. The goal would be to prod"",,". ptclorw reooRl depicting 'M inncrmon sign,r,.,.",.,. ,,( the w.r .nd 10 $lftSS jUIl ~ "'1"",10

whIch nttd 1<1 be suesscd. Yourdutiea."

1M dirc<;tive ~bincd, "will he "'''''' thO! of a war COlTC'Spondcnl h",rhe.ing !,i,~',,;"1 informalion in forw~"l b. ,de •• eu and developing and fini'hing ,heK ,ketches ""d I"inting. in ",ar rones. Each ani$t will he equipped ,.,;,h a ame", for ,,~ in <:<mjur>Ction "';Ih g:tthering matcrial."

The diW:livc al50 prnvidccJ th.t ",,11 finimw sketches and I'"inrings will ~ Iml 10 the home off""," periodically, where, afrer motew alld ",lease by ~n-1Ors, they "will be ,,10.<:<:<1 "the dispo$al of the War Depar""c,lI. pub~e rd.tionl. historians, cd"""t;"n.1 in,tinnio .... , mUSftI/TIS and the public .r large. . . . It is hoped that lbey will fin.]1y M pbccd in compk~ fun<> '" ~ 1"'""''''''''' CIt

hib;,." 1bo: directi"" .1"" oo...n.:d th.t il ....... "definitely"", 1M aim or pUl'fOR of this underl:lkj"ll ru gal""" a sen.. of portraits or land"""pes:'"

"". p"'I:,onrn lOOk a signuocam rum III J.nu.ry 1943 when Brig. Gen, Frcde,i<:k H . Osborn, director of thc Sp«ial $ervi,,!: Division. Servi~, "f Supply. rt:ecivt:d 3 visit from Georf:c Biddle. :0 New York mutal artiSI who was the Im .. he. of US. Anomcy Genel1l1 Francis B,ddle. ""I,,;";ng whelher hi. services coold be us<;d in the ...... r cllort.'" Gene"'" Oibnl'll ,h~ the ""i~1 So~U'f Noveml"" din:ctive. a.KI "';th Osborn. pcrmi$s.ioll George Iliddle pnxccded 10 ~how i. 10 John J. McCloy. the assimnt oo:rcrory of war. Seemingly una ...... rc "r the Corpl of I::nginem' fledglil1l; effort. McCloy .,Iw:! Biddle 10 P"l"'n: ~ memorandum on the lubj«t." Kidd]e reop<.>nded with a p~per cntitlc<l"'O'T-'ni"",ion .nd Selectioo of W . r Arrim "",[ \V.i"",'- which li"ed """""'ten .ni". who Biddle thought ",il;h' be '"it:ohle for lhe job. McCloy (""""".tlcd D,rldk'. p>pcr to General Rcybold. Evidently concIudmg th . t Biddle had c~"'I'C1S in high pbeCII 'hot me";ted ""peel, the engincer chief then invited Kiddie 10 org.t.n;le "nd eluir a War Deparnnenr Atl Advmry Comm;lIl1C (WDAAC). Reybold a~ndy lhought the projoxl ww!d be"~ be handled by • c()" ,,"ill« Ih.n by the

7

msnng one-m>.n off"", in 'V .. hingIon. LiC'Ul~nanl 5i"""" ",c~" .... hile, wn on Cape Cod IOOIllinl: fn' :nIditional artisn whcn h~ """ivcd " call from Col. Koben H. H"''''l:c of the: Offl« of lhe Chid" of I::ngin«n onkring him lo .. tum to tho opit:ll. He w:u

laler informed of lhe new ;o.dvi.ory co",,,,ill«.'"

Biddle had already pbyed 1 ""minal ,ole in promoling fedual support fu, arl OJ pan of Ihe New Dt:al. Riddle. who h:nl accompanied no~ M ... ion muralisl Diego Rivera on a !kct~hin~ .our of Rive .... '. homeland in 1918, h.d w,illen in May 1933 ro President Franklin o. i( ...,..."",h and observed how Maion a"iots h:nl b«n abl~ "10 apr= on Ihe wall. of Ih. governmenl buildi,,!;'! .he toeial ideal, of .he Mex'''.'' ,evolulio"." Biddle urged Roo""",,11 '" employ American UliSll to exp""'" "in li"ing monum~n!l tnc social ideal. d ,al }'>U

1r. struggling 10 achiew." The pn::<ident invited Biddle to I.lk will. th. appropriate T .. "ury D~p"rtmc"t official, and before th. yor WA. 0111 lhal dcputfnCm made "'nd ....... ,Iabl. to inaugura •• ,he l""hli<: W'Kks of Art proj«t, which in Iwo yeatS would employ 3,600 art ist. in .".ry 5Iarc in t .... Union. Th ill,mje<:t w •• iucc«d.d in 1935 by th. Fedcr.il Art Project. which pfOYidcd .mployme«l for many jobk$s ani liS. Kiddie h""OIeI{.,...".ked on a Kri.S of mural, "" ,h •• herne · society fr~ed through j" .. ir.c· .1 the headquaners of th. Dcpa"mcllI of Junic~ in Washington. D .C.lI

Biddk had rnntcmpbl<,d Ihe role urim should pby in tire ....... OJ ea.ly as June 1942, wtlcn he wrote {rom Dr.ni! 10 H~nry Vlrnum 1>0<", New York City' fine UIS commi .. ,,,,,,,,, "thai "'" should do whu W<: CUI '0 Mlp 1M COUntry 0, our own prnfcmon durins the cri";'s."" l'unr ""'. thinking along the sam~ lines . nd had I''''~ntcd 10 voriou. offici:al. >.n outline .. { • "propoW 10 form >.n Ani.ti Corps 10 record chuacuri.ric and ligniflCalll millt..,. and civilian cyc" ,,, activilies and persons, (a) For curn,nt information through "'prod",:li,,,, in ,he Press

and by exhibitions; (b) for furor<: hilloruns, The «<old: he suggatc<l, "will go 10 a N.tion~1 \Vu r-,·I .. ""um '" ,he Library of Congnn." In 1>0<,,', COnception, such a corps w,,,,ltll,,, administered by the Section of Firw.: Art$ of the Publie Building> Administr.ition and would comp.i.., three different groups: ... bried "~"l~ of obout 4()

anillS p. id S30Il ~ month with the SlaNS of wu CI)fJCIOIM >fKicnu assigned "10 ~rd Klivili.,. ,n d,"a'" and dan· ~rous pUca"; abuut SO 10 75 voIllntcc. Ilrti", who w,~,ld IlXCivt passes I() record production .nd nih., activili., in ...,trir;ml ore";,, thc Uni led States; and vo!untcc, nri," to record Ior:al activi t'" in unralricrcd arc ... The govemrmnt could INrthase 1M work of ttlc Imor two J:ll>UllS." Apparently Poo,', id • •• did Hot reach the Wn Dtp.nmenl, . hho~gh they wt. ....

shared with the Office of War Infnrmarion in tire Offoce for Emc:T'ncr Mlnagemcn' .

Biddle w.. e.minly . w... of Poo,'s ide .. , .",1 he may have d",wn 0« some of IhcUl in forming hi. own conttp .. of how to ftn«:Nrc a ""'. an program. By ute January 1943, Riddle bern .. king """I" 10 mab: the 1''''gum a ",. Iily with the assis"'nrc or lI'e

Associated American Anim, • New York--based o.pniz>.rion .ha' .rntngcd jobs for artiSts in t .... <:<'UlrrlCrti:al field. In his capl city .. ~h.' rr "an of 1M WOMC, Biddle ..... I:ht th. help of ....nous leading .... :odrninimaton, in-cluding Poor. He ..... t copiC1 of tilt ""pe. he h .. d l"q...-.d for McCloy 10 Franci. Henry Taylor. director of Ih. Metropolitan Museum of An in New York, and David Finley. direclOr of lhe Nation.1 G~llc.y of Art in W .. hington, oo.h of whom cxpre5st'd Nppo<I for the l'rngn",." The ~ulhor )olm 5t~inb,:ck, .«nlher recipient of the p' per, al"" cmlursed Ihe propotcd war art progrom, .... marking that "a tOt21 wn

would ""I"ire lhe use not only of aU I .... ma'ni"] rC1O\lK~ of the nati"" bul aloo tl", .p;riN~ and JlAyd>ologicaJ. p .. ticil'ation ofth. whole pcnl'lc . And Ihe only ",yehic commrrniCII1on We havc i. through tho an.: Steinbe<::k ilio obsen-ed chal "wrillen or pholographic military hi .. ory hn ~waJ" been objective hiOlory in iplle of I .... (act thO! u great part of wars [,it] impact i. iubje<:livc.·"

W hile 5 tdnbcck waS lupportivc of ao an prognlrn. hi, prim:lr)' inlcr." waS the pArallel cr~",;on of a corp. of writers TO etc.' e a wrillen recorr!

of Ihe Wl.r, • ..,1 he IKnncG SOme 'Noles .pl'cndcd 10 Ihe memonndum of Geo rge Biddle on the advi..bilicy of sending orti ln 10 combal arc,..' in .... hich he ",I fonh hi, rca-1(>". for h.ving wrilen Icromp.ny Ihe ''';01. , In Ihis he WI.~ I.eovily cril'~.1 of previou$ war · re<:o"ling": ·Of lOme wars we have no ,"-cord .... huewr neeI'I Ihal w,iuc" hy the """I writers of their I;me., " O f olher wars the beSI and m"~1 living accou m. are the work nOI of milihry .nllY''" nor neWS gathe,e." hul of Ulenleun (TokIOY, O.ndel , Hemiogway), Theoe Wi:r<: nol 5p«iali,,, bul 'Mins .nd yel Ihey h,ve lefl the only com preben, ible acroon," of Ihei, rim«: Biddle: oenc a memo 10 McCloy on 3 February hacking 51einbttk's proP!)".!.. WhalL""'. the meri" of .ueh a progr.m, SIcin\x:ck', ide .. f.,led to win approVIII. SIcinbttk oot";ned a position u • w:I. co...,"l"",denl and lefl for EngblKI ;n lar.. M.y 1943, Although he w •• a member "flhe WI! Department Art Advi.ory Commill~ for \h,,,,, month., he wu not an Klive partici".",."

A, Biddle put the n~ry pi«a together in c.rly February 1943, he

undc",'ok a hectic cxclwlge or ~ lpond<:ncc and memonn,luml coverin!,; luch issues as the melhod of ~Ie<:lion.n<! paymenl!)f war mi ... ond the Clr.bli.hment of the advitoory rommlt,~ , On 15 Febru:lry Rcybold announc:«Ithe .ppoinlrnenl to the committ« of R«vo:s Lewen,h,I, president of the Associalw Art;' .. of America: Edward B. Row.n,dimcfo<of .k Publie Buildings Admin;'I ... lion', Section of Fine Am: F ink')'; I'oor: and Steinbeck. Of this g"'''I'' Lcw.:nthal had alm.dy amng<:<l fOf R\"eTal artists 10 bc employed by Abbott L.aboratC>r1es o f Chicago I" Invel to v:uioos \healers of !)pe ... lhlnl a,,'] paint Kenes of tht military's medial services. Each COmmin~ appointee h:wl al lhe ItHt of the mon.h received ~ le".,.- from Ct>!. Walttr v,renCt:, ~hief of the Civilian Personnel nn""),, Office of the Chief of Enginec:H, cIlJ;'Aging him as an "expert ron ... h~n' " ~, SlS per day plus travel expe'''''''' fC>r a period not I" exc~ three ",,"'th •. Two """ks 1. ler they n:cei,~ • so:cond leller, .hi, nne from Genenl ReyboId , informing .bem tbal C..,...,r:U Some~U had in.tructcG him 10 form a group of Iie

lccl~d artists 10 pro"",,.! OVCfKas .0

H;fI (,(J9, 71m;,ia, by Crorgc Bi<ldl.

]>:aim bailie sot""", a •• hi.rorical record of the Wl.r ""d that he had appninted Ih~m 10 lierve U" .n advisory eommil ~ !lu. woold report 10 the T""'I'" Divisioo of hi. offlCl:."

On 3 February Biddle 5uhoniltcd 10 Reybold , li51 of thirty-two orliOl candidllCll ."d n.m«l thirl~n mUTt;

atliSII as ",mlirutts. These .... u1o:1 be c\i5VC ..... ..J ru .he N!)rth M,ic:on a",1 EIlCOf'C"n !I>c>lt l'5, AUsb. Ihe P'Xif><:, . nd around Ihe horne from. Six ,loY" lalcr, Biddle ;"fo rm«l the fUlure <:ommitlce memben d U I eleven :utii1l h.d already ".",,«1 their wiUi"J:"<"" '0 work wi.h uS II 0"" of Ihe Ih"", war fro", • .-» On the Same day Services of SUI'I,ly ~nt confidential 'TIClIUges 10 Ihe: va, ;""", thuter (ommaOldc", nOlifying them of the plans I" crc:olc .n a,,;,,;c record of Ih. war. TI,e mCS!1g<:1

""l'rCl~d 5«:relary of W ... Henry Sli l""on', rupport for Ihe project, but they had a tentalive ~.pc<t as exh cnded wilh a qUQI,u,,: "The Secretory of W:or dcsirn ,I ... "".ion be inilial«l to obl";n an hislu,;cal and pictorial ~cord of .he war in .he form of oil ~intings, wa.er rolo .. , drawings a",,' orher gnphic medi •. Tn aHist in ClUTying Ull' thi, proje<:t it i. p"~",,cd to send. . in nur future 0 .. naU art unil rompotcd of 1pproximalcly th= art i ... I'rulubly civilian. J b ve you .ny ""'- ' ,-)J ""J"~"on.

Th. """I ~Iep was 10 work ""t proccG""," . tld pl!rwnMI. On 10 February Biddle ,ubmitt«l a Ir:n"othy _100 to McCloy outlining the: ot.;c<Ii ..... Ind opcn.;onal . pproache. of ' k :lrt prngr:.,,,. Hiddle explained \1"1 .he kmy :uti,,~ Wl:rc to be sent Iu lhe various thealers of opentiooru ., .. 1 10 military .i IL" in .he United SIal.,.. In addilhln. the 1'''''''', indu"ry, and olher priva.e i"niu"i"". would be encout~ 10 rummiS!ion anisto 10 record «main p/l:H<:ll of military activily. Soldier art;.", wouLd be invitcG I" ",hmi. th~irwork Iu ,he \VDAAC "fnr " .. mination and IM",ibk ac.::eplllt« •• pm of the pia"'ial w.... ~ord.- Finally, Biddle IIfUJ>O"!d lhal a tt.ca.I<luaners witt. an offocc ,uff be es •• bli,h.d ;n New York Cil)'. Upon receipt of Ihis

•

ab"""b, the War Dcpanment asked Ki,~lIc I() submil esllmates for the cosu i,wolved in Ihe execution of these amhilinlu plans.Jl

Biddle also wrole On 13 Fcbruuy 10 Pfc~,deOi Franklin ROQRvt:h, wh",,, he had Iu>own al a ltudeOl al em"", ~nd I hrwrd, providing him .n (>utiin" of the program. Biddle ,""p~ <:onco::rn ilioullhe program'. furu~ and '''KI:""".d Ihat the p~sidenl luppon him. l ie <lb..,rvcd that "we lIill have some fivc bar fencc, to hurdle. I ha..., no righl 10 ask 10 fCC

you jusl now, for I know what pte$$u~ you are unde •. Bu. I .,.." promise )'0\1

Ih .. i( y .. u can find a momen l 10 5cc

me . nd In g,ve our ide. just a liulc shove, Ihal 00 nalion in hinory win ever lIa"" g<ll1en as C<lmplelC a gr.ol,hic piclure of War for the hiOlOri.n of (ulu ,e generation$:"

n.ere were funding problem. I" he IfOfIoCd O\I!, and Biddle .nd 1""",'1Iha1

held a numhcr of ma:lingo; wllh Reybold. Afler much discussion, Kiddle and Reybold agrttd how 10 ""p.,,,1 I he engiJ>ttt$' origirul projccr, which hod used only milirary pertonnr;l, iru" • l..ger program involYinl; civilian, lIS weU. They a~ • pruj,:"loo war art

prognm half ofwho.c ,,''''lo'M ''od would come from m. t2IlQ.nd Iulffroon a Iisl of civilim :utim 1""I~!Ocd hy Diddle and l.ewcmhaL The ~~vi~an artISts W()U/d be paid al Ihe ,.I:tri"" o( Anny captains. Biddle him.el( ..... 10 he r;om

missiortN a eolollel. Had the program involvN only mililary I'cnonnr::i, it could h."" bftn funded ..;tiMrul a1lering Ihe Army's budg<:t, hu t indudi ng the civilian arti,ts rrquir"W .. k1ing a new budget i~m of S250,OOO.

In mid-February Rcybold asked Biddle and hi. II.""."" o lmmil1ee 10 nOJ"lle thrtt anile. (<.I' i"",>Cdi,," dispalch to Ausm.li. arwl fIomeo and to

ruggest Olhns to I,~> \0 G~. Alaska, t:ogl' lKl, and elscw~. The chief of engl"''''''' ""led despite llIe facl that General \)oob~" MacArthur, who Iu.d wrilttn thaI il w .. uld he s:atisfilClory to send :utim 10 hi.thealer, __ thus (:u

the: only the:31er <."OI"m.,Idc:. who h;r,d responded 10 lhe m<:",':ag" from Servk ...

10 A.rmf Hlnol")' Spr.."...Summ« 2002

of Supply. FoUow;ng Ihei • ...-Ict:tion by the oommilt«, I'uor .,,,1 Ju" Jones were iru;uucted 10 rq>Ortl<J Ihe cu",m:rnding gt:ncnl, Alaska DcfcnllO: Command, at

Fon Richardson, juOl .... bide: Anchorage, Al~w; I),";,j F,cdenthal and George &hrcib<:. were JlS$igncd to Geno:raI M.cArth,,'~ S"uthwcsi r~cific Area at Brisbane, AUiIra!ia; and John Carroll, A....... RoIvod. and HO'W~rd Cook welt a>kl I" rtport 10 m. commander al NOUII-.c.., New Caledonia. II. group wn.iOling of Biddle himself, alollg ";111 Edward ~ Phil;" E~rgood, and William Cropper wen::

seheduled 10 he d..patched at a JaiL" dale eilhe' 10 N,,'lh AfriG, G~al Brit ain, ~ kcl.",I.'"

A$ m;,,,, ... lurned out, ""'" :ill q( lhoc civilim8 PI,oo the: program, and .. • ... ,nd of the .n;,1:1 were .... ~. The: an advisory ",,,,,,,illee al.$o :uIdcd I .. the gro<O,_ or deploying :ution mi." alreody ..m'll: in m. ranks. Liallcn=t Simon. Capt. Borse l\l illcr, and lot Lt. Fmic VKl:.r we .... assigned w Ih" South-Sl i'3cifIC oontingent. ln early M:m:h 1943, .he , .. "unil1C<." came ul' ";th a shit of ..J,lilionai artists fat odltf tlOI2l<:rS. "

Riddle WI'O«."!O the .... lttted civilian arli<l' 0>1 l~rione'Y of Ihe Office of the

Chic( ,,( "''fI'''"'''''' inviting them 10 putic;p;>le Illd informillg them "r Ih" gwh of Ihe projecl. T ypico.lly, Ihe .n;>I ........ d";,.,:<I. "Y .... h....., bftn II."" "", """ndocl by 110 .. W:u Do:pmmcnt Art Advioory Roard as OM of a sman I:">UJ> of '~I"I",.wng American ~rri .... " gu 10

. 0 '<"1i"" warthCllI~r, And IOC'" .. "rI";'UI1 '!:"'lll,ie reoord of the: war.· R". Biddle >nO 2lso looking fat 80mCIhing II"IOIT .h:1II • jounuLirtic n:wnl, as he 1:)1;-

1'IL...oo the hope Ihat II. .... Arnc .. ~an ~rtim wuuId produce "",,110 coonpu-abk '0 Goya'l II,,",," «JIm-, Oro-zw'. d..., .... iJlgs of the ",..".nn Revolution, m. ~thognphs of Sieinl .... n. Forain. ~nd N.udin, "nd Ihe hatde seenes of Gcricouh, Gros, .nd Dd.-.croix, powerful W'OI'b tlul """"'lCmed on as weU .. recorded milit:>ry cxpnWlI«.Jo

A few .loY' lalcr t/lC Co'l'" ,,( Engincert oenf tl ..... dect(d civili." ~rt is., eon l""iS offering each" .. hry of U,800 1"" annum plus "lawful" ,.,.,~l ""T""nlCll from point of en~nem to pml "f duty, with Ihe C"~",:at thai 'ill 1101,,", d .. (I$. s].;(tchel, I',i"tin,ll" Ind

:all "'h .... artistic ="i""o concciwd ."d I',,,cluced by you during the life of this "KIL~ment shall be ,he l>ropffiy of Ihe r:''''crnmen': l."c engineer! lllso

tt:nt tM milts infomut;"', :thout Signal Corps Ipt('.ol equipm"n t, including elmens, and 5uppli"" fo, the ~rtists, t~mer with I .hccr entitled "Infornurion for Artists who ""y be wnt to Theaten "f~rarion by thr Chief of Enginee .. " th., dult with t ... ",1 ar rangements. inoculation., art supplies. doming, and e,!uipment, including uniform detaib.. J>

In o~r (or civilianJ to be employed in the pll'!,,,,,m, they first had to be cleared for ..... ~.,.;ty purposes, and the C"'l" of Engi"""n .:alIcd on Ihe FBI tn conduct b:ac~ ched,s_ R«ogni>.inll thll """'" of thr arti.1li Klttted I>y hi. <'Ommi~c had unconventional poli l;(li h;stor;u, Biddle iO\LI:hl to ul\l.re his brother, the: allo.ncr gencn.1, of the good inlffiliont of the arti ..... in his prognm. lle oI",,-"Tved Ih>! '<~'r commillee is, of cou..." co" vinced of tho.: loyalty and efficieocy "f all the ",.:T1 we hi"" is'eltttw, but it i. just pouiblc thai two or mitt of the", may h.", t<'>"", diffirulty in deuing." One of thOle ""leete<!, Joe Jones, had been a I,...,011h". of the Communist Party, bul, Riddle ~rtcd, ' l ie ~ or C(MIn;c willing to """'u tha. he """':1' had any mtcmim' or ob~golion lodi.!'Upl the America" G"""mmCnt and it far as he koowJo. WD in no way implicata! with In t'I<J, ... nr..aOon th.t had such an "'1Cnl":m."· JOMS was appl'OYCd and wc"t I" AI._b .

At the beginning .,( M=h, the cornmintt, through the Office of the Chief of Engineers. provido:tl important fUnher guidutcc 011 both o" ...... rional mel om,ric m.lICrs 10 the is'e~I,,,t am,,",

Aniusofnch \v. An Uni,wi]1 be ""'>1 tl> .he ........ m..,.,,, of ... in .m:ill gtoII]>I willa 'h" """,m,nd of. Unit Lr.d.:r. In :ill mm .... <>f group >Llt<gntiun. oekrtinn of ..... nmc,," • nd odmirustntioot oktail within .he V""P thcr will he 1CSpOftS>bIt to tum. The .nun!: V""'f>. I~, ... uru. and individ",lly will at oil Ii"' .... he und<. ,ho: <VJmnand of I~ Comm...ding Gt".nl of the >fCJ. '"

....tu.;h it i • .... V.al. In Ih,. ...... then: will he 0

velie, on""'"' ,h.n .,..." bc:f()(C .,( focnul '"I'OI'\'ng, of phot"!:"'.ph.

and ....,..;.." pKtUl<l- You. ... .oent out merely .. "'-WS-S.,he>en. You ha, .. b«n .... Ieered ..... ", .. ruling Americo" ."i.". who will n:wtd the wa, in .11 its ph ..... and in iml*" on JOU .. utUU and as hum.n M"'S'. The: W., Ilcp.> .... ",e"t An Adviooty Com,"i" ...... i. ~ving you . , much IlIimtk •• jX>$

.ible in yo". method of wu.k, wl><thct by .Utcha clone on tho opor, okm:ha "' .... frum mc"""'Y. 0' from >IUI .. 'oken on the opoc. for it is .... ogn'~c:d th .. an .... i" do« hi. bcr" work wru", he ii >M 'icd down by " .. row «<hnical Untitoriom. \Vha, _ ' ..... 1 un is t~ he.. worIr.,...., In: individually c:apabIt: of; and the ","" i""t"'tu "'t~rt of-. in ~II ii, pJJ4sn thot 1"'" group i, copmlc 0/'. Thi. wiU ,.~..,;'" .. am play Oft )'W" p:on :as _U .. 'ndi........ 1 effort. It is ~ ,Iu., ,...., will tm:ly di""" .;'1. "tho. '. worIr. .nd •• sign",,,,,", .IW»1I in 'he hope of n~w ,"gge"iun • • "d "0'" en,hu,i_ • ..". Ally ,uhject is in <>r<k •• if os • ,..;,,,,...., Ittl thot it is!W' of War; ba,tIc ..,....,. and tho ffO<l' liB<'; h.nk land ............ ; the: wounde.;l, t~ dying .nd 'he deod; pri",,, ... nf .... r; field hospil.1o Ind base hosp>tal.; wn:cl:ed bah>tati"", .n<! homhn'l oa:na; cha.ott", dc-Idon of ""1' own """P', of pn...nu... of 'he ' .. -,iva of,~ <DOLn''Y)'I'II vi.it;-ncv><, official »V1tr.'''; ,ho: .. wcal ,mplcmen .. of war, emboll .. ti ..... Ind de_ b..-la.tiuol oa:na; ,he nobdily, cou.

Mndtr ofllll A""u T",il..w Cwmi, by Joe Jo"o'

age, 00WItditt, Dudty, hortdom of ....,-, ~11 duo .I.....w form ron of a wcll-rouml.d pic",re, T,y 'I> omit nolhi,,~" d"pli<>re to your I...,,', rnnlen •. Exp ..... if 1"" ".n- ",ili.lically or oymbolicolly--ihe ~ .. III .piri' o/'W ... y"" mly be ~do:tI hy Bloko:·. mY"'ci. m. hy v..y.. .• cynic'.m and ""'ogel)'. hy De!..:"' .. ·• rom.n,i.i,m, by Do~m;.,.'. human,ty .nd tcntloemas; .... t.:.t .... in rotlnw,...." own;"....; "hI.: "., We belie.., th .. ou, Army Cornm.nd i. kivmg YOU'" o)'("'m>nlly to b"'1g bock. n:«Ltd of gaot .... 1,'" TO "'" <DOL"",,, Ou, Cnmmi., .......... n .. 10 ,..;" )'I'll '0 tho. end.

Circu,rt>\:uLC<,,....,, UN! l.eodct Ind the Comm''''!;''g ()."",,1 of YOU' ""'. win "",.,nni". Ill<' "".,hod in whio;:h l""" WOlle. It ""n be roughly divided into two pbua: ,he .. pi<! IOCCUIrU.Lbrion of J .... _n, ph<>ro~. WI""'" and impn:oo;""" .t ,he r<:C"'- of {he OCtill"; . nd O«<>ndly, ~ .. ,onde,in, nr W<>tIci", up ..c dli, INmi.ulOlO. mon: perm", .. n, f.:>rm . This will hat .... a«Ooffipfubnl ., , .... rnr, whc,., l""" will .... ~ with ......king f",i~lIe ...... in Ih. (lnue<l SI.te, upon ),nut rerum.'"

Onr:c {hese ins=ior,. had been i .. oed, Ihe ro.$ks of cre:otinS the units. making tr,o",1 lIT'lngen","' •. and pr0-

curing 11", n-ccc$sary equip",ent f""'feme<! ouh.,.ntia! chaJlengn u, ,he com"""",,: .".1 te$tcd BiddIc', 0l],'1"i

.... ,,""'" okills.. Riddle mel hos mmmi,tec is'e1e<:ted • leade. of uch War A" Uni t. llis t~,k w • • 10 :II'{ as ~ais""

officer be""""" the UNI and the cor" nunding gene"" "r 'he theat,r.l le ..... also =pomihk f.,.- intcgr:tting the wo,k of the unil anr! Ii .. making peri,,<I;e and cmcrgcocy rep",t! <.>n its work .lId on that of illi i'Klividuai ...... mhen." llU"«,, units: ""'"' ene'lro., but then: wen: nUnlCl'UWl problems 10 relI<.1M before they could depan 10 their . ppoinlW IheatU'. F,'I"iprnent had 10 be gothcred It thccmbubtion cente ... Various dqn""K.: ... S, including the Signal Corps, IK:<:<k.d to be informal that camcns .IId olh~. cquipmcnt had 10 be shipped to lhac points. Si"K", ~ already ob,~incd sorno cqwp"""" for ,h, (V~er engineer proj«t bc:f"", the HI adviK><y """,min« had bct:n rn:atcd, and Ihe cngin«1'$ nlade ' ure

"

Ih .. Ihe tnisls ~,vtd wh'l 1~1' nuded. As a "'5ull. wh.1 Henry Vunum Poor and his coileilgUCI fo.m,l w .... .., they :Ufl~ tl Ihe Presidio of S.n F .. .,ocioro in early April 1943 "' roule In AJa,n surprised them. ·We ~'" all in • ~t)le of ",",i rement over .he '1ual;ty and the abundance of the ot......,. of •• tim· supplies laid in for our usc ..... , Ne.crthdess Poor ..... , somewh.t ,lioconce. tM:

It oil mod.: ,"" """'y and ""med "1:ry am.tou",h, ,hi, dnggi''II oIong of SO much ~"il'tn<r". I didn', h .. " ,he "" ... to "r ...., !>Of

th< .. ~ng'h of ch ......... , '" raU' «tn,ng my ,Iwc uf the: <ntio:u.gly f,,,,, bra.he1 Ind poin" and r'p"'" but I kntw .h .. , few I"",J"" uf ink. •• iny wal<. <oIur set . • nd • bOll of ~ ,...,..,..., ..... h •• kt,hlxK>It fO Ii, infO my poe"'. """)d k ........ :oil 1 wvuId ~., aIC."

Civilian ,ni ... WCn: g;~. certificart ,ltGli"!: fe. lheir having an "accro:lilcd ."''',. "",,1M 10 that of wor COrn:JI]"mdcnb;, which wOS d.signM 1Q

pl"O"idc 11"'1n I'rol(:clloo,n (a$o1: of capru",. They ,10<. n:cci~ a photo-Kknfilioni"" card. Thty WOre offie.,,' uniforms he";"g nO iniigni. of ",nk. In.,c.d,' ",,,,,,,,nl»'I01 I"'te" WU $CWT\

on the left sleeve below the shouL:kr. lbe fact th .. ""nll: of the artists had civili.n ' M". while others were al",ady serving;n lhe An"y, either as commission«l off",," or enIi.ro:l m<:n, resulted in inctlu.litic:s in I"'Y and SIaNS. The d,ffcn:n~"" in Statu. JOm(times uu!Cd problem •. lbe flllil threc:-ani<l ream scm ro.he Sou,h Po.:iflC included the civili .n. Cook )nd Bo/vod and 1: Sgt. C h3r1c. Sh.tlnoo. Cook .nd Bohrod wuc allowed .0 use the offICers' mesa, bu. Sh.t1OOfl was forbidden to ser fOO( in the 1>1..:<:. E""n befon: the reaml h.d lef, the St . t .. , Bohrod compwned 10 the WDAAC about the inequ;l]ity of "~"ri a.:ootded their enlisted lummcml)(:f, bur the commincc could do nuthing .bout ir."

Each ,ni" ,,"igned 10 the P.cif", w.u told to proc«d to San Fran<;i,cu fOr p........,..ing and emb:ultatiO<l. The: fil"!t gmup to anive .here rom"t • ...! of

12 Army History Spri~Summer 2002

Miller, Vi<b., Fn:denlhol, and Simon, who ... ,,:re tn roul. to MxAnhnr·. h.;. d'l"o<IerJ in rhe SOUlh ....... , P.~;f"'. While ", .. iting.o board Ihip, .hey wen: u),..:< 10 ~ch militU)' """" ill 1111: Sin Fr. ... cisoo area, bur they ...,..lallo oh~,'n .p«ial pennission rO .kClrh .nd ph"'ng .... I'h port insllIUalions, .hip,ling, .ud other sensi.M: subjocr •. lbe anim fdl hampeM:! by the fact r"'I," Simon 1',,1 i., 'OUtside of In. fi:w co,.ies or C hief of Engineer1l!irJ CO"""!""'den«: 'hat I have in my f>OSSC"'i,,,,, we have uu OtTICW ~uth.oriulion of OW"

miD'on.·On 12 March Ihe .rti,t. were pcrmitlM {" d .... wum .... ~nd f,llll for I'hutographing pbces they ,Iot:med of ""I"" 10 their worl<. but 'Iucsliorut rem.ined as 1Q when they muld rom",cnee .ketching. M ilkr then .... ,!Cd .he queslion .. to whether the: anists rouId .kerch while ~board tanspDl"t'l, OJ ,he .. dim:ti ... 'I:"ed Ihat the ani.n we.e to p.int """ .. C",. Cene",1 Rcybold came to the group', .. ,istanr:e '''' 17 Much by ....,Iing a telegram to Ihe commanding offICer of the San Francis.:o port .,.ting: "It is desim.l thar group of .ni". headed by Captain Darst Milkr mlined !"or Southwe'l! Pacific be .1I,JWn\ fre«lom to I",i", K<nC$ on ", .. "I.hip while cn route,'"

On"" the 'tams were assig""..! to the I':tcif", Uocalns, the committ"" had to ct""ide. reams for other arc .. of opentionl. !n mid·March letter! weill out to addition;l] .rti ... announr:ing thar .hese thearers would include the Caribbean and South Ame,ica, WC$r Arrica (Dakar ~nd A."Cf"lI), England , ,,d Iceland, Non hwcsl Aftiea, tbe Ncar [as" India, Burm •• and Chma." 0" 22 M=h, lUlhority,.,.. n:qU"'M '0 ""pand rhe art project to these orMr ,huten. which M>.nhall I,,,,,,,,ed, and : .. lhe end of M afl:h, CulOll("j B~ liolM the unirs as full" ..... :

Th .... r H<a<lqu .... " ' Anio,. ~ Fl. Rlcluniotwl • s.w. p...c.c " ........ • ,. """ ....... , "'A""" -. , C;"",lIn"'n <..'"" , '""'" ...... , ........ Qj;oJT)' Il.;pn , ,- c:a-rll.p. , So. A ..... nI>< R«ik. Ilr.wl

A..,.,,,,,,,, l>loud H <:..".-.1 Afnan Aotn, G..Od eo... H

u..;. ",Gd<IIt ~:.....m C_ ....

,~ • ,~,

A .... ., New o.u ... I ....... ....... , 0-

T ...

As for the hom" fronf, Biddk e.. pressed the folluwing views to ~ rom· miTttt roll""K"": "I wi,h to kttp d"· tincl the I'on;bi~ty of short dnmatic anignmenlO lnl Ihe H ome Front-,uch u cmlwkn ion. dcb~rkali"n ..,.,.,.,., tn.ining s.:hooIs of air-foghltm. bnmbcn., .Iei and parachule blllI""on~ net;"' divi.ion., elc.,-alJ. of which could be done ei ther by civi li~". or en\i"o:<l men in a few weeks.""

Biddle, who had servro as a o:lptain

in World W 21 I and had nurked his fifty-eighth birthday in January 1943, applied for a ~ romrn, .. ion hilt 10'31

notified in bote Fehruary Ihal h" h.d failed tk qw.lifying physical due to c:vio:Ima: of roron;uy may dO-. !I. I«OIld test at Wah~ Rttd Genenl Hospital confll11'led III<: r,ndinK" !I.eroroing to Biddle, afler >.11 'he amngeITItms had been made .,>d Ihe units tslabJjshed. II<: _ al'l'"" chcd by Gen«aI ~ix>Id ro lake <!urge of the North Afri.:an unil. In mid !l.pril Riddle nonfied many of the ~"i". of hi. pending dtpamtre for North Afril"'. He also announced Ihe appoint men' of liK addinona! persons ro the W ... OcpJ.rtmcm An Advisory Conunilla:. wIt;';h LcwcnIIW would he:ncefonh chai,.""

Biddle had mode a second effort 10 win direct White I louse endunoc,ncn l of lho: war an program in mid I\"'reh, bu. ,n ("2l!y April he: learned Ih>l Ihi. attempt had aho {:Wed.. Wriling 1<> M.j. c.:n. Edwin Wlrson, Pn:.ident Il.oosevdt's milituy oecret",y, Riddle h.d SlI.ed, "I bdi~ th. 1 wlll:l1 Ih~ :uti, ts ..., 01 the fronl a .... rd {roon Ihe !"residenl would be an inspi.-.tion in rnffinning dw: high ""pomnee of lhei . wurk fOt posmiry; lind Wo in _lIring r,lI them thc symp>lhy .00 faeilili"" ,,( lhe: romm:md. ro which lhey 0.., Of

t:tchcd.. Attxhc:d 10 the: letter .... At a Italcmm' Biddlt had p~ for the I,",""",nt's II..,. On 10 April "n"IIK:r of R""""vdt'. oe<:n:mies responded Ih>l ;t .... At (10)\ C\llfQmuy for the prcsidet1l to wrile Letters of ~ndorserncnl in "'"''''''''tion wi,h any undertaltings of the \v,. [)q>u,mcnt. Riddle aho m:.eM!d k:nen from ",her groups and individlWi aboo .. the pmj<:ct indu<ling • lener from Ih"

.ru.f M"'MK' Greenwood on bellalf of oeverllccr, womm utists ~ the: invol"".ncm of OUr<tanding .... men arl ists in tho: program bo.h al home ami .broad. F""n Petel Blume:, an.othcr art,,", nme In oittr to depict ,he work of the Army Medical Corpl. Riddle did not rapond po&im-dy 10 ,h<:$c: "ffen.. ..

O nce thc £rus.",ion nf deb,... and red t.pe wu behind Ihem, Ib" .mm chosen for file project couLd enjoy Ihe exhibhlion of ptoc~i", 10 Ihei. opccified destinations. The ."i~.' Ietten of :.o:ttptana: 10 n,ddle cle .. ly .~ Ihe excitemenl IIIL"}' fell in !xing able ro do thei. l,an in Ihe w:u effort. There were in all 42 ani,H, of whom 19 were civilia" .. 16 enlisted IIltn, and 7 cornmiu;oned officers." By early May,. nUlnbc. uf Ihem wen: already in Ihe:lIer. TIle Southwesl I'1.cific feam had n:aehcd Aum~ia in la!e April • .00 ,he IIn;t leader. Captcain to'liller. "'mle In the rommince:

We ... "-, h.ppy 10 (toeh uu, p",m.nenL 'IOlion' . nd '0 advi .. 'hot C'n!'1' f>tiIity ;, be;,~ ... 'ended to 11"1 u, ", .. bluhM. . . . W~ hive .... .i<>yd on """""tun,,,, of .... inlt s.,.." .nd on";"""J on F".;;. . . . 1)0""5 tM u;po 01 ..,. and whjk wai. ing unto>.iing c." o (0< 8 J.,.. " SuV;\, .... "", .. ion w>. nht .. n.d '0 m.ke wot~tcoloro and d •• win\. .. and in """" pt.r:eo pIt.otogtophs. Conoc:qutotly ...., ho,,, on han<! I quanbIY of unfiniu...l "''' .... 01 ". """"k up. which we propooe to 60 wlule gelting. b ... "Io.b~.hod hctc."

l'loward Cook of the: South Puific uni. announced on IS r.b y that • ... e ha,-e anived ""fdy [a, Noomeal af.er a v~ry plcasant trip wilh vr;.ry in{Cresting work accompli.hed "" board lhip, a few Ihill85 whioh we hope 10 send hck to you soon to ,how Ihc: beginning of our ~ of th~ project .. • • h looks like we can ge. guing ~ry soon and wi.h kcen<>1 emh"sium. We are on our t<lel with Ihe excitement of being llere al I •• t .,,,! .bou. ro ~I down to real work.""

Mos, of ,he !l.1uhn group had arrivN, evi<kn<ly at Fon ffichard.on. on 5 Ma)", Ihe ome day Iha! Biddle

. eac .... -d AJgi~n. Two other membc:n of the: Nonh Afii<.:an unit an ...... 1 ,. few weeks l>1er, aoo ltamr.,.. "",no apr~d for th~ ",o<c. Ry 'he end of M.y, the: units for 1M Uniled Kingdom. 1«1and •• Iu:: Caribbc:in, l'anartU, and Brazil wen:: in standby naTUI at various pons; olhct ~.riltl ""'n: aw:uting ,"nsfer or h~d 11..,.dy been t kared fo go 10 Ascctllinu l.bnd in Ih~ South !l.d~nti.c, Central Af.in., Ihe Middle ~.:a'I. and !l.sia. Len"", '0 'he rom!lUnde. of w:h IOOler p=cdw tile uti,,"!."

B",k home. the progr:tm had been announced by Ihe Wa. Departmenl', Bureau of Pllbl ic Rc1>.lions in lale April 1943, a,w./ many of tbe nation', newspapen de"o, ed .ttention to Ihe: program. 0" 27 !l.pril .he Nr.JJ Y..,.* f/rrlllJ T";"u~. and ,he Nrw Ycr* '/i' ..... printe<l .mall announcernenli. while: ,he W4S/I;"gtc" Po" two .:bY" latc. intrnrlurvJ its ...,:ukrs.o tbe progtlI'" by dckrihing fIM: .....;..aI of the South"""l Pacific A.my artist group and of N.")' arli.1 McCleUand Barc1>.y in Au~lr.lia. The Art Dig'" ran I picture: of fCV1:ral of ,he uti'llI .wailin« embarkalion in Sa .. Fnnciooo in ,II issue of I M ay. Ydnl on 28 M.y ",produced two

skelcl,,,,, by !'fc:. t\I!xn Gold of Rid. mond Army Air Bue, Virgioia. allml: wilh a t::lplion llul sr:llw tim lie _ one: of twelve enli,{Cd meo ... ho had been ..,ketal 10 m.ke ~ pictorial 1'«\ .... 1 of IIu: w:t, . 1 overseas bases."

L_ lit . " a wcek lifter Biddle •• -~ in No.lh Africa, he W;\I inlermwe.t by w .. <VIropoodcml. lie reo;onkd the: ~·":,,I in IUs publisbed mem oin:: "May II . . . Me"SKd wilh 11M: rorrespo<><lc:nto and fQ bed ahllll'tro.""I! This ,s tho only inl'rvi~ fQ which Biddle alludes. bu. il pn:n'Oke<l XI"iou$ n:pc:n:uWoni back homt. On I JUt\<: both the: N.w r"". Tiltlt! and the: U\ub"'/1.11111 E"Umi"g Sfar quo.ed fn Mn lhe: interview, lhe latter :appending 'l'h",ograph of a ruhe:r smug-lookinK Ridd~. Me.nhe:11 ofCongms would .t1<.>l'tly use par! n{ lhe Star'1 sfOty IS evKlcooe tlut .11<: .... , an prognm should he: Ie:rm1 -nlled. "The projec:t:, Mr. Biddle uid, is OIl<: "f ,he """,I liberal e",r ili:vi!lCd. The

"

~mot wnrIc. cnlirdy wilhout "',",'"WI '" llim';" .. [conl'h2!lio :ad.kdJ. lie paints only wh3! M is in""in.~1 '0 p,in, by lhe ~nvironmcn •. T hi. will ",""It, h~ bc:~ ~, in • ')1lC of W"~r record never bd"ore acllievN." Th~ article W\.~" on .0 ~ Biddle al saying 'N' "i, ......Jd be e01;l1:ly proper fOr a !!llfrnliS! p>in'~"1 '0 Palnt " sun'ulis' battle Kenc. T"~. would be hi' Q'Wn ruction ,nd it 1''''''ably aJso would be u.. run;"", "r ",:,"'y othm who Aw u.. ~ .hing."'"

Some fel' ,hOI' Biddle w:lS bnKWng Iha, he h:ld .h.e righ. to go .nywl",rc, iCC on)"hing, and pain. wh . ,eve, he w:ln,ed. As rorrespondcntl WIOrc nurmally m.ricttd in Ihei, ,,_enlents, Biddle's rommenls did no( Ii, very wen with the pfHS CO<pI. ~,,",blinb>i were heard in Wuh;ngton .hlHI! .hc WIlSIe of government fund. rur o"ch "n :u. proj«l. \Vh. , could ... i". du .ha. statc-of- .he-an movie 01",1 .. ill "''''eras could t"IOI'?"

Ironically, on.he ",me ,loy ,h."M interview w', T"'bli,h<:<l, 'hc engineer office in New York 11.31 w." "'I'I'"nin8 d", an 'dviwry <:<>mmittee iilued a (our-p>ge ncwolellcr describing Ihe SlKC.-:s of 'he W"4' :H' I'rogram, T itled "N<W5knc. N,~ I: •. lIho ... gh a s«ond i.,ue w~. "l'1'.ren.ly never published, il lisled :ill .he .ni.,. ~nd 'heir c ... rrent SCII""'" quo'"' frum v:oriou~ " .. mb",..,;' dn<:riphons of.he ''1 .. i",i~", of ,heir lIoi,s, added a 1"I<m abou, puhlici,y and museum inte""l .• nd ann"u"""d ,hat over 1,200 .nim h.d . pplied for assignments.11 endnl:"11 HOI't:-Narurally. all of ... _t..re ;n N~'W York as ~D as in W~lhington-an: ~n .. iow;ly IW\liling pictorial .:vide....., of OUr projects [,irj ol"'r:ltion. P\c:&.., ""ar th;s in mind and use YOUT own ),~,,,d judgment, bu, 11 tM ... ry fiBI "1~~,"u11;ty 'hip to us wh .. ~r era.;"" lwuduc .. roo reel you t2n ...,Ioa .......

The news rtporu or Mi<idle'. provocativc in'ervitw 'pl"'.rcd in .he I'reos whilt .ht Hou'" Apl''''I" ;,,.ion. ... brommiuee on ,he Wu I:>o..,,,,""ent was in 'he mid« of it!; h~:ui"gs on u.. military Citabli.hmcnf "1'I>Jt'I'"",ion biD for r,,,,al ~u 1944. C""grcllman Joe Slarnes of Iht Tcrmc.<"'-'C River

, .. Arrrrt Hinory Spnnt-Stlmmer 2002

'Q'Wn of Gunfersville, AhWa."a, was particularly di.rutbc:<1 by wN' he bad rud. Are",,,,,, I;'u,e". ", rolonel in Ihe Alabama National GIl.rd who had commandnl a Na,ion.1 Guard infantry banalion hcadquarterro in hi, h.Hl1C

lown, StarnCi q~'ioncd GelleDI RC)'boId aboul 1M program on 7 JUl1O.",

Af.er Rtybold .ns~rro 'hat he h.t!, in fac., been ronsulted about organizinJ: a group of artistS to provide , pict". i,,1 KOOfd of the wu. Slama a!!lta!: "I)id you rtqOCSI thaI Ihis p:uricul.r group be ""igned to the ~ngi ... eB1" f<' wh ich Rcyhold replied, "No. sir."

"\Vas il your ide' ,h:n ,hi. gmup would rontribu.c m"""1ially.o winnmg ,he war by prewrving Ii ...... an art record of World War N .. , 21" S'a",," •• ked.

"I jusc ,arried ou' unlc",: Rcybold rep~ed.

Starn" oondudM, "'Ibc 'ru,h of ,he manti" is .Nt )'0\1 did no .... , for ,hi. piC"C~ of foolish.,.,.., but you received instruc,i"", <1,,,,,1 N",..,,,,ber D. 19'12. to indude .he i'ern .n your budget." Reybold ,lid not demur. Some"",U, who h .. 1 ,.,.,if.e.:! before the romm;ncc in l<. ... Y. was ne"'"r quesrioned .bou •• he l'fOgr~m by lhe House ,,,brommi,,"'<.","

When Ihe 171 .5 hilli'lIl appropri~tion bill came 10 ,he H<1tt"" Ooor on 19 June, it included" I"""i>ion prohibiling Ih.e Army from 'pe,"'in! any of th~1 money for ·~ny military or ci..-ili~n rersonnel emplo)"'d <1I1!,;d~ COIl';ne,,tal United S .. IClIO p.im Or OTherwise ...,p<Wuu w:Il" Kt:. ICIt ""eepl by mtaM of phomgn,phy, or .n I",im fMWU'llts." Similarly no 1'"",1. oould be spent within the ronti ncmol Uniled Slatts on .ny "dero",.i"" "n Ilrojecf1 or painling pon"';'3" by military person ... 1. The ch.i""." of 11.. appropri~rioM subrommirtcc, CtH'gt'CiSman 1. Br.w:lI Snyder of I'ennll)'l""nia, txplolined Ihit proviso '0 Ihe H"use liS follows: "The nexl propositi"n ",", .. nds 1 bi. lih W.P.A. l"c Anny hal an art projtn. I • has cMlian a",1 rnilit::uy aniSts in .h i. cOlInIT)' arKl abroad. I shall 1.et my colk~guc .he gcnd<:"'~n from Al.b .. ". [Mr. S!"J.m",] .ell you abou, il lalU We

w .... Or"'~" by ~ lli"'lIe

ju .. fd. 'N, ~n.tr"OIl Somcm:lI ,.,.,.. right when he said this bill ;s for lhe suppu" of ~ f,ghting .rmy, a ~tf fbat

pirft'" i""mti~r. mir.hr 1J.>!1I lot disp"'mi with [cmphalis iddedJ." Some"",l1 I .... 'okl the HOllie." subcommirtec 011 26 l<.1ay 1943. "In fiscal year 1944, a fight ing mny ",uit be fin~",ed.· hln M tlid n"t di>cu,~ .he W\lr art progr,m wi.h 'he L·urn.ni"ee."

\Vhdc 1>0 amcndrn.n •• o .trike: ,hi. 1"0000,..,.. oll'erro OIIlhe H"u..: floor. Congressm"" A. 'Villi. ~"bt.~,,,,,,, of l..<:Xing'on. Virgini., lhe .ite of c"n"1'.1 i\h ... hall', alma matc., '!M)ke crittc"Uy of .he provision wi.hh"k\ing fu"ds from ,he w:Il" an projccI: ·We t2n

.aL.: J>hotogr.r.phs of wb~. h'I'I""" In

E .. n~ .. , bul my poinf WltS i. ,~"'" tM .i.ion and artiS!k skill of .Ite .niSl 10 l>ring uS 'he inspiration wbich "nly an uti" can put on can""," N<>ting th., \Vti.hinglon, Lincoln, .,,,1 McKinley had all used ani.,., he informed hi< coUc.gues Ih.. .he I'resc:nl Army proj«l, which "', f.r h.d CQS' HOUnd S3O,OOO, had the • ... hol.Man"' endorsement of Gertenl Mac;Anhu., c" ... ra1 !::isenhm.." •• and of ,he W .. [kpanmen •. '"

The S<::".'e dropped the H",."" p,oviso agoi"" .Ite war on projcn be fore i, p,,,,,,1 i,. vc .. ion of the .pprupriuion bill. bUI in oonfclttl ",.1...,.. qu~ntly ..... ,>1"' an amendnl ""niun ofit which IM"'poned il'! imp"'",ent~!ion until J Sep'ember \943. 'wo

monl"" amr th~ start of the Ii>cal,..,.. •• The president iign<:<! the hin ronl';ning this l~nguage on 1 July 1943 ... the new lis.;;al yur began."

Oul in lhe th .... ten. the: .... rioo. anim ~~ finally g<:tting inlO Iht "'ing of things IlfId I,roducing 5Qme quality work, com pletely "n,,,,,,,,, of lhe delibefluio"$ of COlIg~ in W .. hingmn. It _ ,,0' until mid-July tlut the news of their prognm'l termi1lllI;on linally ]"'I),n 10 tiller through. Biddle h;",,,,,lf g<'t word ofir in alener fro," l,c;wcnthal on 16 July:

O .. rGtotv, My I~" .. '0 you of twO do)'ugo

t.Umg you ,h.t we had ",m. "''' ",hoi. in tl\e Cong~ ocliun ..... "" • .nOtUl'< • .. . In ronk~ bt:twttn ,boo Ilous< .".1 SmJ,'., ODr project wu 1011<:<11

No, only wcrc we .Iimin".d, hu, ,I\e S«non <>f Fine Am w:05

liqu,jd.otcd. Spui.1 So ......... ,n the Army invu!';,os p.in,i", w.' ot<>ppt:d .nd tl\e G<>plli<: ])ivi.ion of the OWl ..... e1imin.,~,

Thi. indecd i • • bl..onu, of At, in Ame".I . The'" is linl. II",", ,h .. I can tell you u«p< ,ha, lhe 1iqW" dotutg p<O( .... ;.. ban-.. nding afrair. Ilpon ,n""",, _ _ from W •• b ,ngr"", IV. hod Iv • .,.,k '" .>eh of the nillc,,,,,n men we h ..... her~ who "" o.....;ti"l ""'''pon •• iun.

Then: iI hn~ ..-t, ~ lhat I f ... 1 .ho. I am • • ]Uble of writing 'know you ",ill undcnl>nd.

Rla.ing., K=<. ....

Thit n,,,,, os drvo$tating: news to the orli.lo. ",a.,y of whom did nol hear il unl il Ihccnd of July. Evcn in Biddle', .-.. NOT/h Afric.n t1w:.t~r the 0110", arlii .. tlit! nOl gc. t1w: n(Wl; until 27

July, when they ~'" :abo informed that Biddle had leit (or Sicily. M. Sgt. Milchell Siporin wwtc in his di~ry'

This """"inc _ -'11 to Eng. Scaion. t.nd Mojo< Shirlr. ,old ... he Iud Iud _ (.,.. u>. We wa'<" com

l'k1dy unp,q»<t,ine hod uUn f1<t, tbt art p«>&tlro-

_'" cOlllin""" .1>< <Xl<\1To<1S of tbt ciYiliant-snd thll lhe dt.!;"-art;....-mo.ning us-woo.tld ~ 1 .... " f.rred Iv ",he, uni ... Thil wal SO)

d>mn suddon and obouIutdy "inc<t<libk,"",_ R>p'.~ Kip [L,. R..dolph ..... Ripper, .nochtr arn.t[ iI png btock thts after"o"n "' ..... he 1\ bjor .bnu. g<n ing nu. ()~ y .... ) ur geuing tr.n, fc",:tI '0 '."lIoKenee wo,o_ A. fOr mywlf-r ", ilL • picklc---wld I ,k>n" I:n.ow who!'. up linn! Riddle m.un .. fnm> Sicily."

Siporin did nOf ~e Biddle ' go, in "",il 27 August, by which lime tbei, war art unit had bttn di..olvd, Middle

wu "'riling ;nlO hi. IlCW role: "' • Lift mist, and Siporin wu .I)O\tl 10 lIart work wlIh Ihe F."!,~ncc' &ction of Allied For«i i-j"""I'!lLurcn in Algien. Some uti.11 like 2<1 Lt. Edw.vd Reep had no ","ncr • .-rived 3t Iheir 1ppoin.ed demn>!,on to .t~tl w",o tb.n Ihey we .... routed. Recp had lx:en oo:nl h' ,he North African uni, I" join Bidt!lc, 5iporin, von Rippe-t, and "ti,en, 1m. on hi, urivol at Algkro he ....... infom\t.~1 th~t he would be "", .. ignct!. 1\5 he had bc(n a -milit:ll)' arli" unde,

""" • • n pruj«t, whKh hu ICfI"i " •• 10.1 ..... R«p was then lIlI$ignal I" woro ••• commercial anin ro, ,he I\ychological Warfare B~nch. Allied F,m;a He.dquatrcn , in A1gicn, i11uo

tr •• ing p"'p"pndaleafiell .nt! I""''''''

Army TN.tJ,' .~ RO<kI, by Milchell Siporin

Howev.:r, in Dea:mb" 1943 General Eisenbowe, 1'",..,,,,olly ... igned him 10

Iud. (ive •• ,i " 1"3m IhOl would ac

~ompllfly and n:cQrd tht $Crvice of Fifth Army irr haly. Altxhed 1<> thaI army" hiotorlcal ..:erion, R ... p mat!.: frtqu~nt Ii, .. ,)" 10 Ih. front '0 ~r"" comh.t ."c,ICIt. which be I~ter "'ndcrc~1 'fli~!inlly ;n &kelches and painlinJ.,", Mi:<inl: comb31 aoo art. R«p ,n:cived t_ b.rtlcfi.ld promolions .nd • In'Mr,-" .tar."

10 the Soulhwc51 ~;nc "nil, C.ptain Milkr was llSSigflc~1 to public .dation< wilh the air fo"","; Lianmanl Vidar bcnmc IlfI aide I" Maj. ern. Ht.gh Casey, MocAnhu,', se"io •• nginCtl officer, and Licutc".nr Simon, ,he only arml who load rea:i,uI bosic cngi"""r mining al For, He!"";r, brcam<: part of a .nuJ.I ""il e"b"'ged in engtnecr =onn.is."c...,."' A.ron Bohrod, a me",ber of lhe Snlffh l'xif>( un;1 who wem to worlc for Lift ",agatine upon the 'C'fTJ\inatlon of the war art projecl, "nnm.nl.d on the ne ..... ;11 hi. di .. y ,m 21 August:

The ~rnmcn' has "';,hdrown f'OIn the War An rro;..c. .... £"'" ,hough 1 om i~" •• "",U "fT ...... "'ing for Lift, .,,~ ,h. !="ig< il pt,tt.ps grnter, 1 would ",met 'lti, h.d h.p_ ptRN Jt., 1 Iud ",",mod 10 tboo s..... rother than whi\c we we"" h<n:. Tb. "";nn had rlRn J>hoc ...hi!~ _ were up in R.~dOl'O [10-l.nd, in 'he SoIo.nM.J-1 m •• n ConS'.,,;ullol 1Ct;""-Q ... of u. mil;h •• «InCei...wy, h .... h.d hi. I><ad .hot oIf, and Of ..... $0."'. time ConS'''' ..... p,;nl: ttl 'hil luck in 'h" p.n ... They mighl It • ..., ""ired I" ju~ ,he ... ul .. of.he ... ,,',,'" btfoI. ,hey ,,~ '0 ";pe OU' ,I>< ,hing."

15

Hrnry Vamum Poor mri\'N word of doe projI'ct '. demiSt: "" 23 }uly. He "'acted fh3rply, "1<, """" S 100,000 ar the ape'''''' of. fn:", libNal, and consrructi.., .. t lirugr"" and ac the same lime ..... p (he Adminiotr>,iQn ..... 1 100 good • combinat;"" 10 bo: ",iuN by I body which h,..1 ... .h.mc:fully and ronsinendy functioned in • pu.dy 00-nl1JC(ionisr capacity .ince the fiNI <lutb"'akof ....... inEu~." ..

Thr: edilor of Lift nuguine, Danid 1 ..... 'b""'U. ",5ired 5«muy Sri,.,..". ,"'mly afler Jevning of C<>ngmlI·' :K

rion "nd "ffe.ed 10 employ some of doe eMli,,, animo Lift had, in facc, b«n s.ending arti$u: to rovt:r the w.ot .i""" before the attack on I'l:arl H:ubor. T"': magazine hired KYmfUn of lhe "i" .... -r«n civilian memben of the w.or IlfI

progr.tm, while Ibe Army "m'tin"ed to provick u1ln1port:1rion ,n.! hilleting. Another arti$t join..! Collier's.. Lift'. acrion in eff«t g"ft! the prognm. fur lhe nuguine'1 amll. _nt on 10 1'",,1110: an extensive viNal =on! of lhe w ••. Howe-.-er. one of the Lift mi,lS, J"'-' Jm,cs, W;\S drafted. and :IlI<II"".. LIIL';"." Labaudl. w.o1 kilkd on ... iw,merll wlM:n his plme wmt down ~." roule from Indi~ 10 <.1tiru on 12 [)..u:mber 1943. The uni/"ormW millS "",n: ,imply ",assigned. "lhc talented Jock Levi,.,. spent ty,'CllIy months on A....",.i .. " 11-bnd as a special ~ ."J."""nt ~ sponsibk for rnov>es and boob."

The cancellation of !he I'fOje<:! IriW",d 5e>'er:d edirori.l . ill the nalional an jo\1rnab oondcmni"K Ihe Iction. Unckr tm huding "Congrr.ss FumbJc. the: BaU: PeytOn Bos"",U, J' .. alilor of lhe: Art Di"st, observed: "It i. lrue no Jap is going ro be killed hy . 11 ~f!i'I·O brush. On the other h'ml.;t i. alii<) lrue that the country w~s in li"e ro n:ttive , lot of good an "'roTTing f .... ill comparatively sm>'!1 ou.layI"jntingo that would h .. V1: ronuilucal an irreplaceable picrori31 hijwry nf Ih. w .... · The MQ,ui~, of Art publi.hed a lengthy editori>.! by PcI' I,i"" Mangn-vi!e entitled "Coni>"'" Vetoes CuhUl'<:" in ,ts issue of NOV1!"'bcr 1'143. Mangl""ilvi~ uw Ihe Kove""nen!", action 1.$ p"( of . lung-

16 Army HiuOf1 Spring-SummCf" 2002

Cum pallem .pinsr "rr . n,1 ;10 pmdllters and obscl"\-ed th.1 wlnle CongrctS mighl nOI undershnd Ih. value of art. Hitlcr"$ "$)'5«m>li" looting o f arC museums and ,he obli'<;r.llion of notion>'! cuhu",s" iIlusr,...t.d ,hat Ame,ica', archenemy did. 1I

Although the w.r ~,! program ClIme 10 an end in Augull 1943, .Kmg wich similar art proj«u ;n ,1oo'OI;$,ic amps, Congrtsf did nol .",1 ",...w >\01 lIif'k American al"tiSrM: cn;ativity. Warinspired 11"1 ahibiri011l ron. inucd 10 annct large crowdJ in Ir.llcri .... acroSJ

tbe nalion. Some US C)"<:wilne,," war p .. ",tings rommi5fionnl by Lift began .. nationw>dt toor in July 1943. after being aIlibi«d ~t the Metropolitan M useum of An in New York.. A few weeks earli •••• w.o.t;",e urb",niution of a., groups, ArtiStl fur Victory, Inc .• had anoounced a compdilion on lhe ,heme of "America in !be W:If," promi.ing pfizei rouling 1800 in war IKlnds." The compe tilion d",e-d on 2 AUgull, and irs f",i" WL"1't: shown in lWC:ory-four cities beginning in DeIO

bcr. Lift was no< tlw: only "ri .... t. organiz.tion to employ a .ix.blt group of anim ro cove. !he w:lf. By war's end. Abbott L.bo","'rici had commissioned rwc:Jve ani~u to IRvel around the world, n:conling lhe work of the Army Medical l)..l,anmem, and the product of their wmk was published in tbe 1945 book Mm without Gunt. The

144 picro",s prudll"" .. -d by lhese anist$ tow-ed rhe country. ~nd Iheir work, like tbe Lift waf an culb :l im', w:lS ",-entoaUy don~ted ro the Anny."

While lhe ",iiihI)' ~P1'ropri.ation act for fiKai )"<~r 1945 e>:len.c\ed 1Iw: prohibition on II,ing civilian amm overseas, Congrc .. dn~'1lCd the ban on using milif:lry penonnd fur prodllting anworl.. 5«rw>ry of Wa, Srimson wro~ ro Senarot Elme,. Thomas of Oklahoma on 20 June 1944 rcqUfSting Ibis chan~, and the .':cr't:1~ry pled~d Ihal he would "n' b,;nK civih.ns inro the Army "wldy for rlltiC (anistic] purposoeII." Afte. Ihe Senale agn:ed with the .m""dmen! suwsted by Stim$Of), H""., ronf •• ees, induding Starn"", ""!"ie"",,d.'· As I ",suit. a

numoo of u"i(unned arrim who had not bttn f:lkt:n 01' by Lift obttined a new opponunily 10 creUe images of war wbik they were oerving in units." They became !he HUclcu. in mid-IW of an Army C"",hot An Prognm unckr tbe W., Ocpar1menr Hi1roric'! Branch. an ofl"1CC: which "'poned tu Ibe Anny'l A .. illam ChiefofSf:lff,G-2. '" Some..,f rlw: I.'Itlicr war an unit> Were n:<:.,,,,lituted. 'f},., Sou!h~1 PlKifoc unil comp.ifing It."Iillcr, Vi,l.r, and SimtH' Waf reinsuled .. .,,,nd Ihe time the Americanl rerook Manila. An exhihition of its earlier W<lIk had b«n held in Australia and n."",ivell much aflcntion." Based on thi, record. the

!rio W3$ Knl 10 the Un;tc<! Sma UOIInd Ihe spriog of \945 to sel up shows of war ~fl ~t the N"ion;ti Gallery in Washington.nd the fo,'1elropolino MllKUm io New Vorl<. Then they n:rumed to the f'.cir", to pn:p= for the lnticipated in"".ion of Japan. Th~ new .ni". (mm the Army were lidded 10 the group in cxpt=Oon of a lengthy campaign. Foll,"";ng lhe emplorment of 1I0mic wt;:lJlOll'. Milkr, Vidar, and Sutton dn:w JlUWS 10 see who would Cove. the J'p<lncse surrender ce",,,,,,,,jq on the USS MWti"n. Only <>Ill: utip from neh of lhe ser\ '><''''' W2J allowed, and Simon rep"' · sc:nlcd the Army. Simon then «=qui",,1 • funhe. eight months 10 (ini.h hi. p"illfing. This an Unil W3$ r"ully di.· banded in 1946. '"

TIw.: wutks of :art produced ..fte. the ccs.o';o" of the original projcct in AugllOt 1943 .n: quite impn:S$i~, and todoy they <1lItJIitun: me W&cst ]>2l1 of the Army·. World War 1I:art collection. Milly of the:!<: pictum ~n: en:·.ued by original "'cmbe,, of .he waf art teo",., and, number of them depict the COm~, in F..Ulope following D· o-..y.

h has bfcn estim>.led ,hal .ppmlimatdy 2.000 work!: of:art ~n: creatctl by the Army.n program belWtt" Fd,· nwy a"d A"I. ... ,t 1943, or which 1,500 ~n: 00fISidcn:d of high :artistic me.it and suitable: f,,,. retention by the Army.'" The ,..,.I"c or the sllort·~~ program o.nool be ClIrim .. ed, but $<)I"M

~It it tu.d ~,cd monic. One comment dial appo:a=l in the JI!.uhi~tl"" £W~;~t Stu, 0" 17 September 1943 about the deci,i"" o(Congress ro termi-

N= I. A.m,_ A,.;sf b O'."''Y 1'42), 28. 2. -An i" tho w .. ; A_rOt.,. A,,;,/ 6

(M"""" 1'M2~ l L Tho ortio ....... H-..d C ..... Ilnoid .·redcoo<hal. G-ac H>rdi"lM.!dodI J-. RW.bud J........ C"""" r.-z. R<co ...... Mot>h. ...,j op... 1'Inoont.. wi", d.e """'r<""' 0( 11..di,'It ...,j J>m>OO<I, the"" mo: • .u .. ""d io ,I>< "~J w> ....

'""'~ l . ~; .. ofmr l 5 O ....... 'Y 1 'M2~ 3J-lJ. So. . .... 1.tfo 11(' Ap. 19-Il): §..(,O. ......... ~ ..., ol lh< pio:<:a ...... ,If«! in .... II""'"" '" lh< u U.

~.A_ ..... A,/,,, HSop 19-12~ 2M.

nate the pfOg .. ,,,, ".:ucd WI ;1 -has OIU.ed di"'l'I'"inlnw:nl 1lTIOnJ Ameri can ooldi"", in North Afiica who have had an "I'Pgrturn!), to sc:c the thret: otrtcial _ .ni,,, at work at the front and behi,od Ihe LineJ. -"The paper wenl on t" 'ble Ih .. news of the canccLlati .. " cam~ .ftc, a viti! of fi~ US. senat" .. and Cl.ww.:d """'" bil1c~ "The Amerian ."ldia has limo 10 nkulate m.,.,y minh'll, among them ~l>cm, roo",. Scvc .... 1 h. ve written ICllef'S .. king whet he, the Kn~lOrial visit, with ito

"IMrial ~, fleet of car1 a"d cntn"I .. inment dKlnot COS( the Uni,.:.! Snn:s lUp"y .. r a. muc:h, if 00' nlOre, thm the "00,000:art appropriati"n that !kpn:Kn!~ri~ Starl"lCS of AJ..1u.",. c~ 001 of a S7l,000,000 ractwr.lly S7I billion] War Dqwtmc:nt budget. - A. Biddr mmnw:ntc(l in the foreword to hi, 1944 memoir, "T ~n."..ti,,, th",""nd Am..,i· can artists will rt"memlw.:r this action.-

In il$ COT«<pbon the w: .. "" projoe.:t was fOO.UId, and t"" q .... [;ty mel qumti!)' of lhe: work produced during the few montm IMI the progr. ... n c;xjstc(l indi("ate diJ.l il was a '['<>.Iified ruoccss. It enjoyed enth""w.tic Illpport within the artistic oommuniry, :and the War Do::l",nmenl Art Ad~"Y Conlmince had m3de pn:P;Ir.U;ons I" rlUi.play if! :artistic p<O<Iuct around the CUUJltry. Some of lhe hbme lOr the project'. d"mioe, bowo:vt.T, must he: assigned to Ihi. commitlet:. Kiddie ~nd SOme of Ihe m;,,, his cnr1l1nincc selected were OOI"""",BiaJ tigu~ .00 Biddle's oom,lICI'" 10 ~ p<><tcn in North Africa '""'" by no """,n, politi<:.ny asrule. J 1>,.1 the proj.-ct '~ .y<:d un"". the direction of the Office

of the Chief" or ~rs wuhout the involvemmt of civilian "dvi ... .,.", a. o' igin.Uy pbnned in N~tllhc. 1942, il might ~ h:ad a gn::>le. ch:orv:e of uninttmlptcd $W"Viva1. H OW<:V'Ct, the OOI,ml; •. lIion, of the tal"",,,d civilian artists rul Biddle brough~ i"Io the proI>"'m and who were n:tai, ... ~1 hy Lift "';ogaUn. when the waf on program c .. llopoe<! cannot be O'o..,..,onphuiud. The rotrction of 1,050 lwnting'l' duT Lift pn:senled to the Army in 1960 rqmsc:nts one of the tine!!! visu;ti at

chiv6 of World \\f:,.. II . Tllese, aJong with the counties:;: nnmt..rs of p.aintings produced by bolh oAiciaJ and WIOff",iaJ artisl' serving in :ill branches of Ihe armed forttl! during the waf, m:oke il the moot artilltiolly depOcted war in U S. hi$tory.

' M g""he.; Mo,.";", of A .. 3S (Onobt, "·\2): 214-17: P.ol M'f'ippNt«l .. me N"" foot 11"-.. 19 Jill 19-42, fH. VIII. II- 6.

10. 'n", .. , proj.= .. ~."" Ildvoi,_ P"'"1", ... .d in .... ,.J n<WSp>P''' .nd '"''II''''''' ,r>doo:I''''C <to. 1I~11l- I'ou. 5 ~'<Io 1942...,j 14 0.:. 1904.>,....t ,he a..ioti.u s. ...... , M ... ;,...-, 21 No.- 19042. ""'" ~ "" <to. M.-.ol~lodrm A", Atm.J s..v.c.. f'rnvam,..., ''''Uti. of"" M'''' M'' of M.Jn" A" 10 (0<'0>bn-Novcmbc. !-"'J): 15.

"

II Qoo«ot on K, .... "" "Ft. fk"- An """"" .. po. :u.. n.. Ittter woo ~ not ~ In ,t.. M"X" ...... of "rI,

12. "_i<.~ ",,'" ~ (Apn! 1""2~ 2. 13. ri ... """' ...... ,)\11 1""3. P. O;A""J

1+_ 1>Tnt 1II 0_ 1'101>5): 19. ",40, Ihftu 17 (IS 0.. 1942~ IS. So.

,100> A_ .... Arrut 6 !N<w<mb<. 19-12~ 1{,. I'. M._ M.j ern W. D. 51",<, Chiof of

S,af(, St"""". 01 Supply. by "",m,.,..! "rGen' ..... s.:.....""n. for ,ho: Chid" '" ~rs, 13 N"" 1'Nl, pnnoal in M~ &toM ....... A"..,.- aJl for 1')14. ~"1:' ~ ,., s.«.. .. _.'1H c-.,;/"" .. ,1"..,._ 11_ ( RqmnI.riwJ, s-..trEi~ c.". :m', p,,,, $",,,,, (W .. ,hi"~",,,. 1).(': .• 1941), P. 326. So. .... ~ BKId!.."'",,, '" W., (N.w Yod:, 1944), p. 1. and "'The VKt<I.pnd Ocf< .. aI Modunum." H".,...i M,.,.. .. 181 (J ....... _ .... '~): 37.

16. Wh.tt .. , .... ..,. rhe .... , .... P'?V ..... w,,, M""holl', i<k., h< do.fly oupport«I ... A .... it" .. , ..... ......,.. ,Iu .......... kcyboId p<u~ ..,.1>< 11_ A~...bcumn"'· _ .. J_ I~ t .... .1 _ ... <h< bqik 01 ev<ry ,,,,. <>f ... .. ,1>:" ... ur ....,.. .. ions, ""lin,"C ,he tuN" -.l """" uI tho propoood I""Ft: ..-cry 00< of tho th.o"", COM""""" F......t-n. MxArth .... .... tbt .................. "'P<""~ r<pIKd.P>o'l\ I\dI .~' s.. Mw.ry ,f~ foo 1944 1/,.,,~I'. 1' 323.

17. Inttn' .• u"- wi~1 5"""'1 S;""",:I) J.n !'!'H,

11. I.b. s..-. "" ......... IS J'" 1'19<1, AnI>< S. K. B""", ~hli...,. c_

19. Un .. ~ "'0./1. '1)l~oJ War Ani .... 1::. E.; """ked 1$ f":I« 1?41. Sicl<><y Sin .. , r.v<" in f" ... ilr ~ <O!'I' ;" Iho: A""" S. K. llrown ~1'1'''ry Co&ctooor.

20. u..crih<d it! Hoddlt • ..",..". oil 1fIor. P. I . 21. M_ 8i<l:11o: '- J<ohn J. Mea.,......L

( ..... k<! •• I'1""'"' .... "'1y J.......,. I. 19H'). G<o<A< 8oddlo: 1',1"'" Phol>dclphi. An:1oi_ 01 Am<fi<an "". Phibddpl". M~""",n uf "'" rhilodo:lp/o ... l'L. mi<rofw" ''''''" ;" tho< A,· ch_ 01 Amcnnn An. Srnithooooion 1 .... , ... -""'" W~ D.C .. tn" 1'17_18 fh< ....... . Hold .. I'>pcn~

21. I""",". ,uthor ";,h S;""",. XI J'" 1'-"". 23. W;u;.", F Md)oou.kI. '''''''''' R.1i<f

AJooioiUNtiow .oJ ,Ix A,,, (Cnlumh..ol, Ohio, 196'»), PI'- 354-4&l. """ "'" """""" wwdo .... PI'- J57-St; M ....... R. ":01(--. -~ Iladdk; A_ ~ R..".."", 2: 730-J I.

24. L". Biddle to F ....... ] Jun 1~2. fil< I. H,,,,y V .. "U'" 1'000- .... ,"',. '" f.mily_ ,,;.,.,. ","""folm <Of'r ,n 'ho An:IUvn.,( An><ri.,... A". tnl 6l.1.

25. ""Oudrn< for • ~ """'" c...p.,' file I. I_ P"f."'- ra:l oW.. Od.... ..... I>od d<odr,...t "milar pI&no. s.c. '" ~ F..,..."...I H~ "P\.r.n to tN."' ,.,. .,( ,ho oma In tho "";"..L """'F"')I' Na.,no/x, 1941. """' .. AIu>t So. K. lliown MdtUty~

l6. Td!c. T'OJ'b ... Jlilldlo. 16) ... 1W: Td!c. F'...Jqo to BidclIe, lS}ln 1'Hl; BoddIe Papm..

27. Lu. S,.;nhtck '" Boddlt. 28 J.n 1!J.4}. Billcllt ""PO". F", • ~"'h" ili"" ........ '" S",;'rbc<k·, mit. 0<, ""'"' H .. "oaron.

18 Army Histol')' SprioJ- Summer 2002

-s..imbc<. ond .". W .. U'portmm, An J\dyj ""l' ec....rni .... ; .~, .... ~ St.iin U (F.o!l 200 I ~ n-26.

28. II , odwTi"," m<"",ronduM b)' S,,;'''''''k. ... ,d .• lIiddle P.po ... """.uu..s til< '1"""..1 -.:It.; 1....-. 1I0ldic to Stconbcdt.lO F ... 1'Joll. lI ... lle p .......

19 LIT. I.-DC< 10 I'l>00. 1 Fokl ttl 1'\,000. 15 Feb 1943. p".".I"fl'<1<-

:10. I ..... BKIclk '" t..,..,,,""I. Finley. "'"", ond ~n. 9 Feb 1943. Uiddle I"'l"''''

31. Mil- Cool A. V. \V"""", ~ '" Opu.i."., s.r.;.c.. of s..,.p1)\ ond Cool F. A. H<ilrnwl, ~IJ f", "'-." CJu« .,( swr ro. 0pcn000 ... s.m. .. of Sorppl)", 8 Feb 194J, Biddle "'1"'''.

n. M." .... 10 F<b 1943. oub, ~ ond ~ SlNt ..... ofW.,. Dop'" mad An """-r c..m_,,"" BoddIe I'ap<n.

33. Lot, BiddJ. '" F_~ D. ~b. 13 F<"III.&Il ... M~. 1$ Fd:r I'JolJ, all ... ._-

n. I.." BMldIe '" Rowo .... ~t" 19oIl; L ... R~.u C"",,,,.""" •. Arrny Servia: F"" .. , n M .. 1941. bt><h in Boddie I'lp<n.

)6. I ... , Boddie m 8oIuod. 16 Fd> 194). Aaron Rmmd Papcn. s,- U ......... 'Y 1;-bury: Ltt..1IoddIe m SiInoro, V ..... ~;.OOUtW. .. ,I.. I~ rttl 19043. Biddk Pop<1'l.

.17. L ... L.o.mt.: '" &.Iu<.t. 1M Fttl I?Q IIoIlmd Papc ... .".,..;,will ,he ~M W<>I'Ck: M<mO, ~ b- ........ II ~ .... 1'H.l, ILddIt Papa.; ~~ n.d... .... 1"",-""" ro. ""-.... ...., lor ..... '" n...tm.ofOpu .... lor tho Chic{ .,( up ....... RiMIc Papcn. A oobry .,( $J.8OO pel" ,.... ...... 11m lao ...... tho, .,( or,

"""'1 ... ~o.i" '" ....,.... "'''' 18-20 )<>U> 01 miliiaty~s..O!/inM'-'1¥*-.1--J 1. 194J (Waohongoot>. "b.C. IW), PI' 14(ll-(l).

J.8. I .... '.car;< BitIdlo ... F.-.;. Bi<l:Ilt. 19 rttl 19oIl.lIitIdlt: Pap<t..

19. M,mo. W'" Dcjror'" .. n' Art Ai.....,. C<Hn"''''' ' for W", A" Un;" T6 fI< Se". Ov< ..... , 1 M ... 194). ""'"'" ,n 5,..-, P'P"" MNI Biddle v..-.

<10. M ... ", Ollie. of .... Chd .,( ~n<n> for Milt<, lS rd:r 1OUJ. S"""" I'ap<n.

41. II,,,.,. V."""" """". A~ A.';" s... AJ,,>h (N,,,, Y""". 1'H5), p. 14.

42. Ibrd. 4) M<mo. oub: Infotm. ..... to. A" ....

_ho ....,. "" ..... 10 Tba .... .,( ()p<f._ t.,. .". 0. .. ( 01 F~ Ltt. t-ntI»I '" _rod. 12 Apr 1943. &hto,J P'i'<"-

+!. L1f. 5,,,,,,,, '" llu"' F. J M.,. 19oIJ. """'''''''''li Ill< fi", quo.>I.O,;""; !)p<d rnnoaip tlon oIttlrpl>uol< ............ _ 12 Mot 1943. TelL Rq4dd ... eG. s... r • ........, ...... 01 E~. 17 M .. IW. ~ .... -t """"hnn, all ,n S ...... I'.pc=

4S. Sr., ro. """'pie. WDMe ", "'" 1::",,", .. 1 Brombe~ 17 ~I" 1941. A ....... S. K. Brown M,I"..,. CuIk<tioo. ~ M.m». a..... for WTh\AC.l9 M ..

1901.1, """ ~ of Art rm;.cr m Otbot 'il>u", ... Boddie ~ ..

47. L". Biddle '" It"",.n. 2J ~,., 19.3. Biddle PO'I"'''.

~t M ..... '- It«otd. It Gen H u,,, .. L.igJI; .... 16 M.,.lYI9; M<mo. r.. Col WOIIiom 8. ~o.",. 00 .... 01 ,,," ~ Gencnl. for Olf""" J'ront",,,,,n, ScM". 24 Feb I94J, Lt,. RqboId '" lIirldlc.? Apt" 194J, Ltr. Biddle to rwli><<d oddtuooco. 16 Apr I94J . .n in Biddle r.p...; 1Iodd1t.,f1rist oil If .... p.l.

;19 ...... Biddle II>~. U M .. 19U. ~m.~<LIo.St<phmF~s..:rnuy ro tho PmOJ.,rt • ., ".Idle. 10 AI" 194): La. Cf<'<I,ww,l '" Didd ... 10 Apr 1~3; Ltr. ilbDc 10 BiddI<. 9 "'" 19oIl.0I '" Ehddk .......

SO. "".~ .. .,(m.: ....... ......... inJ!: ohrit <MIi.on .,. mdrtlly ........ I« Mom». 0....,"&. 10< Col )ootpII S. c",lir..l.i, ('"h .. f. Op. .. , ..... . nd Tr., ... ,"ll JI ... ""h. Off"" of ,h<e"'f of E"I,nrtn; Bri3 c." \.-1=.... I. S ... .Io:nn •• " ... ,,"'" a.;.r .,( 1::"', ......... T,OOJ"' r--.; ond Rq.bolL 29 M'l' l0U3. ... St_ of An II,,;,.. 8icIdIo: l'>pcR.

51 . Chr<>o<d "'. WOMe N.-Irttot "'" I, I J"" 1'14). S,,,,,,,,, PaPO" .

52.lbKl .• p_ 3. 5l. M .. _ Ku"'C" to eo.~,,>lU.

~ •• nd ~ 19 M.,. 190. I ... , j\o\anhall to p~ 11 Apr 41. book In IIidrlIt 1',1""" n.. M.nIWl lei • ., .. pnntcd "'!lr "'gII' v"' ....... in BOlJIo. A"~t at W ••. hof"", P. I •• M Ed~ R«('A (~AIM ,. W...u W .. II (L<>:i"A_. K):, 1'187). po 24.

Sol. y-, 1 (28 M.y I",J): 1'1 . 55. BMldk.A.';"" WO'. pp. a - Il. ... '" tht

'1"""..1 ......J. un po 1l. 56. 11""" .. K. H, • .,.. ·Doddlt·, B,,,,,,",,

J>a;"I> St" ... '" O"" .. '''ion on rro!O' l.< ... ,W..ho'ol'''' Et ... ,.,St.., I Jim< L94). p. A-2: ~.<d .. M"'-1 A~ fw 10#. 11-,,,%,-1' 32 .... 25.

57. ~fccImdr. V_. tut-n0X""If\oo; n. J-,..Ji,,,. ~ <{ w .. lrI II .. /I (W .... ,"'_ '<>n. D. C ., 1994). p. 1)6.

58. WDMC N.-kt, .. no. 1. 5'1. MiJiJ.ry~""_j<l l·I.u: /hw

""'"PI'- 11-I2.W.""" "" qao<aI ~un p.llS;~"I · '0- rrf"'l.Jrw<J s-t. ~; 7+-19B9(W..:?'"""" D.C_. 1989). PI'- j83. 186J. OJfow N--wC~ ~;,,,, fo< 1911. P. Jl;fo< I !f.J9. P. l.ll:fo< 194J. po IllS.

(,II. "'''oury t:Jt~ ,I"..,....... B;M, l'iull .... 19+1. H. Rpt. w., 111 ... C",,&-, h . ..... , po 14. _ .......... Nu '1'10 .t-: (:-l""'--' RL-J 119 (7I.h CO<If-. I" ...... ~ 61B, con.';",,,~ (M _<>n<l '1"0"""": MiN'~', A,,..,n.ti.o ft- 19# .. I/,.n"". po ll. "",,'''"0 lilt; dO< dwcl '1.'0.., ......

61 . c-",~ R.w>I89; 6174. 61. Mom-, "., If 1 '"' A"...,.._

8in. 19-H. So It£,,- 357, nih C"'-9i-. I ........ po 8; ..... 1"""-.1 Rom. 89 (n,h ~, I" ..... ~ 6HH: Milil"'l £JlH/i,IJ,w., AJ,"P ,.... BIll, 19#. H. Rpt. 6lO. 7StlI ~. I .. ...... p.l; u.s. St.toln ., 1-,.. S7: 351--53.

103.. Biddle. A,"" .. W .. , PI'- 57-st. 64. M'KllcU Soponn .....,.. 27 Jul 11'<3

<""Y. frlo 1. M,r<:hoU Siporin ""PO" ,n f.ouly ...........,... ml<rofolm "'1')';" ,1>0 Ar<:ruV<,.,r Am<';'-.... An. =IUll.

M_ lbod.. 27-28 "'" 19oIl; Ra:p.A c-w A,';". pp. ltr 11. ,.jib dO< qunowiwwdo on po 17

M . Ra:p. A c-J-t A""" F.dwW Rcq> f,l<-, "rmy At, CuIk<tioo. us. Army Crn." of "" Ii".,. H .. ""y. W"h'"""". D.C.

67 1-.-.."""-...." s.-,lOJ ... ,,,., 68. """'" Bohrod. PJnfi< \lieu dial)' in Iw.

f.m; ]y'. """"'"""" <opr In A""" S. K. Brown Military C..u..:.ion.

2d .... ); 635'); MoJ;u", ~ if,,- MMJI,,'-, Nnt> C",,... 00"""'1". c,,''''rw (M.lbourno, 1'M4), O"!')' In An .. & K. Brown />l ili, .. y Culk(1)01l,

/"W ... FIJI, l'U$ c...r<=« ~/. H. Rp(. 1720. 71I1h ConA . 2d ><»., U.s. St.,,,,,, oJ

1.mJo, S~: SJ&.-1'I 75. F.,. ..... one •. T. s.n. r .......... l s ....... '1 _ Albur Go.oIol, ...... W<f< _ •

..... It! UM ,n ~ whrn 'h< pt<>U>M _ <. _lkd. jo,,,,,,j the ",.IT <>f tho H,<mn<.1 S«tion. EU"'P",n ','lItat"" of OperatioN, ,n t.u..cIo<I. s.. If'r, R~ ... _bo<. 'I A", 1m,,,, """""'] 't'"", A phooognpb 01 Ih< ..... mb<n of th .. _"".. ;. ........ """'" s. K. Il'"",,, Mwt>ry CoI ..... tioo. pc, <Jf Em. nuel Il,oonb<r~

7'8_ In ....... ,"<hot ,..lth S; ........ 20 )>It I~,A~A""'~ l '»'):ll. 69. I\l0.10, dtlUl.i.m"-, P. 138.

m Muian R. t.kS."", ...... "'Tho ""'" An ~:;"JoIm E.J .... p. J •.• md Itobcn IV Cookl<y.od.,.A eM'" to,,,, .<;}.Jy~"" U" of MJ#." /fi .. ,? (\v..hmcIon, D, C, 1m), p. 3Jl; '4i 16 (3 Jm 1 94-I~ 3.

71. AN DU!nt 17 (I Aut I 'MJ~ l; ~ _ of,4,,)6 ~ I'MJ): 2M-6S . ... "h ,h< quo«<! WO<do "" p. 164.

n A-';'.w A,Ii" 7 (jun< 1941): 4.

79_ Me1'>"'"", ..",. AI...,. Art Pro.rom: I' 321, M >ny <of ,he "';nbrw .,.." ,d dUI;RJ; Ih" ... u at< "'pm<i"<fm<O J""". IVW 11(1'01" .. ' 'o<k. IonS): K,n M<C" .... ;n. and 11....;/0 ..... o..lrr lit")'. ,_ ~ W .... 7J.t ArIi.J' V-..- ofIV""",, HIP /I (N.:.< Y,..k, 19'JO); .nd ""',..,;, of •• A",,! (W.",."""". D. C .• Will).

73. o.w;" M.d", ....... M", 'f&j_ (i.", (PbiIacklpII ... l 'US).

76. f,1<N. -v._ -n.. Army N t "'" ~·p.lll _

80. '11 .. £W1l;"l St., .. ,,,,I< '"'" 'l""'..J '" Il>< .u.,.. .... of ATIll> (Nom ... b,,, "Ml~ 26-1, BrdrIk. AttIM., W ... , p.. 2, _ ........ f ....

/., c.,,, ' 11«.,.1 90 (78d. C",,&-, n. ~,;.. of /J. £. W ... j\O"",~" fi- ... -. Brig. Cen.James Lawton CoUins,]r. (1917-2002)

ling. Gm.]:tmC$1..awron Cullin .. ] r., who 5etYed 0$ dud" of rrr;iitaJy history from 1970 10 1982, Iongtr than any olh.:r "Ifro:.-, died on 5 ~by 2002 ~I his home in Middl.:bul);, Virginia. A membtr of a ,~,nnguished miliwy family, G~-ncnl Collins was boo, in I'J 17 in II Paso. Tens, lhe "'"' of a =-.IIy offlCCl wOO 100 ~ >!l an We 10 Gcn.".IJohnJ, I'mhing during ~ !'ur,in.., ~ into M~ and -wd save in World W ... II >!l a major gweroL Gc:n..-n1 F\.mring became ~ boy', I,wF.tther, General Colli"". urICk, General Joseph LaWlO", CI~li ..... rornmanded the VII C"l" in NOI'ITWldy and the 1f:Il"u"ing camp>.igns III W;",,~ ... , F-",,¥ in WOOd War n aud a:rvcd :as chid' ri Sl2lT of the: Anny in 194!}-S3. 11i$ brother, Air F= Col. Midr.d CoUiru, .. , astronaUl who particil'all.'d in the Gemini X and Apollo XI "I'""" ~ SWV\_ him.

Cc. •• :n1 ColIin$ spent fow yo .. in his ,.:ruth al Ih" L,..n: C1r.rc:mbriand, a French flChu,,1 in Rome, 1.I1d gNdu .,ed fn.", ,'''' U.S. Mililary Aow:kmy in 1939. Dw-ing WorlJ \¥.or II he 00fIlfI"WI<Ic<1 Ih" 957'" F'reld AruUery Ball2liu", a North DaJroo" i'.':uion:tl Gum! unil thai foughl wilh Ihe VII Co:ps in Europe. ."d he ~ a 5il,"Cf 51"'. lie ""rvcd in 1952-54 0$ rcpCC:lC11~.ti"" of the America" milil"'Y commander in Europe: I" the North Atlantic Cow.:.I alKI in 1 'ISS- 58 as military ""=""'1)' of the Army. ~ Sl:dTCouncil in die l'a'>t.g ... n. ln 195'1-62 he led dre U.S. Af'TTl)· Laogu~e School al the Pmidio of MonlUey, C.Jifomi.1, and he bea.n .. Ih ... fil'lll dirwor of the: Defense: L,,"l.'U3g<' lnstirure. II~ so:rw::<l fTom August 1%4 10 May 1 %6 as a ..,nior adviser and "",ri.1 ~,.istan, to die commander of the U.S. Military Assi<tancc Command. Vremam,1.I1d in 1966-67 as an Anny deputy :wistant clutf of staff for irl1c1ligc:n«. He wu c:nmmandoer of V Corps Ani1Iery In Gcnn.ny in 1967-<'9.

During hi$ twd....., y~m as chier of military history. Gencnl Colli"" <.M:I'$1W the productin<r uf a series of ~Ofl tho: Vic:nwn ,v..... authon:d by men bokIing omior poliuon. .luting that contlicl as wdI as research Oil

.hal """ by Center hi"",i:am thai would b.ICf Ix: ..,Ik<:ttd in die CCnh'r's eerits of Vi= W ... hi~.

~or:n1 Colli"i him~lf

:;Iumore<! a "'''''<.>gI1Iph on n.~/"nA1iu;,,;"t rf lIN Swih V_~ Army, }950-72, and co-3Iltbortd anolhcr ,m Alfi"" Pttrriri/"lI'Ofl '" Yimtllm. Among Iht- noIC'MJfthy \<01-ume!' shtpherdctl to l'"bIko- c;..n.,.J C;..,u;m tion during c,cncr.tI Collins's remu-e :;Ittilc CCnt:c:r wa'e I hislOf)' of n. ["twatit", o/"tbt Armd Form; a history of Army ",I'''inistrntion in the finl twO-thtrds .,f .lre ~ntieth CClllury, I'm", RDct 10 McN,.""",T, twO oom\"" VOhlmc5 in die Cenl~or'. series on t1x: U.s. Army m World W ... ll , n. I.JJJt Ojf"" Nt and Owi"" 10 lIN Alpr. .nd a Glli« 10 lIN SlrJy OnA UM <f Mili",,, lIilf~, 10 "'lriel> more than twO ,~"",n military h i",ori~11! contribuled.

Gcnenl Collins dr:... .. cd sp«W inlemt m cffi:>rn 10 rt:fUm the srod)' of miliWy histOf)' to the Anny cduc:.tion ')'>ih;nr, which with 11", """"'nee of senior commander! m:otlc notew<.lrthy progress duritlg his ~nure. H~ .Iso erteuu""boed tilt Cenler 10 """"""" :mod fWticipolC ill i"'L"'" natio,,:tI hisrorical progr:."', and pcrsonaJIy led lhe Af'TTly" first ""howly cxchangeo wilh the official military hi.tlll)' uffi,u of ,he Soviet U"inn.

In his retiremem, GcneriI Collins ~"'" a ~ of vinifrn! grapes 1.I1d I .,lC.mba of a V uginia wi.", coopm.U\.."

pn>ducing as m .... y Iw<) 'on, or gnpes a)'eM 1m his twO-acJl' vincrml. After a memuti'" scnite 11 the Old f'ost Cb.apd. Fort Myer, ~ Cullin, wu bid 10 rest wilh full miliwy huno";n Arlington Ccrt>etcryOll 20 JWIC. Hi, many mend. •• tilt Center mourn hi, pming.

"

~--~--------'t

~ , 1

TIN ~~ ~fJ Npll j .. &f1'"w, 1999 with fix pllilli=i4n tJf lin r;rpMsit.",

ifSI«UrI.d Prns IIrri(/, ",Ntful"The Hridt,t al N~ Gu" R~ • • "d i, did "., ~"ilt md with Iht

rtlillst 9J tht Dtparlmenl of Ihi Army ;mpmor gmnal's inw,figatiolf ".f tIN ,ubjre! siJlIf(tI

•• "t'" lain'. lit "., tnt'W rIM uwrtU txt/mi".,i.,,1 .[this qn.r>J" (~/«tiwly <tImidntd, NW

I,d It; /I ".."... 11#0"111 undml.1IJi"l ".1 ."Iy 0/ IIx Kttrnln W", bul .. Is. '!f military

mpqmibilitill l~nI 1f""'OmNla"'I. TIxy h<tw "I .. d,m."SfrI'lta tINt! lIN htl! ri"'U', for Iht t/amllg< '''filiUS by /I ftu prm i<, in faa, /I fru pre".

Jolm S. Brown

No Gun Ri Revisited Historical Lessons for Today's Army

numb .. of ~olluguu have uked for my "take" on two recent hUI contrary occounts of an alleged Amuican masucre of Korun War refugees: N~ GM" Ri: A Mi/i.

'-'7 Hist~ry 'I tilt K,rt~1I Wllf bu;""" by RolKrt L. Bau man (Mechanicsburg. Pa.! Slackpolc 8ooks, 2002) and TIM Bridt,t III N~ e .. " Ri by Chrlel j. Hanley, Sang-liun Ch~. and Minh. Mendon (New York: Henry Holt. 2001). The"" qucriu have come 10 me and my u • ...,'nc' not only becuse of Ih. Center of M iliary Hilla ry', ruponJibility for pre.uving ~ "t! intc'!"cling the hinory of th. United Statu Army, bUI also beeaul. of our early and continuing inv<>lvemcnl in rCJurch ,elevanl to the incident, which ultimately became. cau •• c~l~brc pitting Pul i lu r Pr;~c-winning journalim against oUlraged Korea" W .. ve.erans and .heir supporten. The episode's nOIO,ie'y began in September 1999 wi,h 'he publicuion of an uplolive Auociued P,e," article en.ided 'The Bridge at No Gun Ri: • nd il did nOI qui'e end wi,h the rdun or the [)epartmen. of the Army inspector general's in vestigation of the subje(1 sixteen mOnlhs later, In my view the several examinations of this episode, collec tivdy conlidered, have led to a more ,horough understanding nOt only of the Korean War but also of milirary respOMibilitiu towud lioncomb.unts. They have also demonstrated .ha. Ihe hel' .emedy for the damage inf1ined by a free pre ll i., in {'CI, • free pre ••.

The Cenler of Military Hi5lory's direct involvement with No Gun Ri predate. the publication of Ihe Puli'ul Priu---winning article. We write the Army'. officid hi$lory, $0 >« were, of eoulle_ no .trangen ' 0 accounts of confusion lod tumult during the dupe rUe fighting in Koru during the lummer of 1950.10 December 1998 we were given •• venl weeks to determine

By John S. Brown

whether anythillJ; in nor officid records supported a" allcgation fo rwarded by the Reverend Dong-\Van Kim of the National Council of Churchel in Korea th.t American soldiers had perpetrated a ddibernc muucre of Korean civilian. nUr the village of No Cun Ri. In Our rcsurch we benefited from ~ sinble packet of "~n" .. ed Korean accounts and had at our dil-1'0111 unofficial American accounu ... nd eyewit nen tel!imony as wdi. \Ve found lillie in .he Americ~o materials 'hit could be linked wilh confidence 10 allioM al No Gun Ri i .. elf, and certainly nothing 10 luggei! I deliherate m.nlere, However. 'he tes'imony or Ko.eans who alleged thll they h"d been fi red upon by American troops seemed plausible enough, .nd il corresponded in nature to aCCOun" we did have of Kn.un eivili.n. becoming the uninte nded victims of American firepower. In the tidy montb. of .he Korean \Vn, d"perlle and outnumbered Amel itan defenden n~lienced tbe customary problem, nf green troops in di$linguishing friend from foe when coordinlling fire and movement . Thei r ehal1 engu were grudy aggr ....... led by .heir w"e{ully deficient sUle of training and by their ,onvir.lion, oflen supportcd by fllCI, that Commonin infiltrnon were mingling with rdugce. in "rdcr 1o pene"",e Amcri(an line.. The Center'. reporl of 18 February 1999 concluded th>! ·,l""blle .. unintended civilian c .. ualtie. were cau.ed by. . . U.S. .. units in the confulion of b.ttlc· ,t No Cun Ri.

Seven month. later ,he article -The Bridge at

No Cun Rj" made headline. around ,he world. It alleged .hat American troops had perpetrated a m .... e.e under orden and then had lu.rained the teC' e' for fifty yun. Indignant, the Cen.er of Military Hinory promptly drafted ... reb" .. ,1 {nr ponible use by the Army', Public Affai" Office. In il we complimented the article', .u-

tho .. fur th~ hr~.dth . ".1 d~ l"h of 'hei' .elearch. the extc"t to which they upw.ed lhe hono .. and conf .. ~i"n of 'he w.... opeoll'I'; ",,,,,,ho, and th" vi"id"cs< of thci r rcc ... nu roc!i ... " . \Ye ",,,k i .. "c, however, wi th Ihe W<ly Ihey h.,1 u l rapolued from ralh. I .Iender dan 10 Chara, I( rize Ihe killi ngs as a deliberate mauacre. the numbers Ihey had ,i led. and the sugges t ion tI .. t Ihe Army had engaged in a fifty-yeor cover-up 10 hid. ilS involvement. T he cUe for a deliber ate American massacre seemed 10 bod down 10 Ihe IUlimollY of Ihree ve leraM-Edwud D.ily. Delo. Flinl, and Eugene He .. clmanlupporred by Icvere inlerpTeUlion. of battlefield documents lhal could ~ olhelwise txpbined. Four hundred or 10 viclimo ncmed high f ... r .he incidenl as we had len,"lively rcconnructed il and implausible for an eVent Ihat had attr . cted so linl. nOlicc. The Army had not denied Ilonibl. involvement in .uch an incident but had 'imp ly anerled " WU not li able for ,h m_ • geo. In our twen. ieth .cn.u.y wan we have in Ihe eUII.oc uf co",b.t openlion. in •• lvcflently killed Ih ... u .. "d. "f F,end" Bdgiao. llal i.n, Filipin ... , Kore.n, ami Vic ' namCSe civ ilian., u well .. ' h ..... ftom othet c ... untrico. AI d.eadrnl as Ih(se unintended < .. " . hie. were and as eXlensive .. ...... Ihe plly.ic.1 dcvu luion of war, il w •• not praclic . 1 10 anume f,n.nei.l li abi li ty for propcrly dutroyed or civili . n. inadvencntly m. imed or ki lled by soldiers who were conducting 01'eruions in acco rd.nce with ,he laws of wu. That i. probably why the leller from Ih. Keve,,",1 Kim had been cueful 10 .Ileg<: ,h., ' , he U.S. Army .oldie," did kill in .. oCtnl civili.ns dclibcnldy ... nder non-combu ';teumn.nce,,· .clions nOI counlenanced by 'he lawl "f war. \Ye alw nOled th" ,!,c article', autho r. ignored the humanitarian inninc," ,ha' , he Eigh th Army did di,p1.y. h. refu-

12 Ar""'l HinOl"y Spring-Summer 2002

I:ee evacu,nion pIon represented a major dfort to inrcg"'!e compas,ion into the maneuver scheme. and ill med,cal resimen for the refnl';ees remain. I CaSe study in . ... ""i,,1: ,e'l'0n.ibilily for ao endan!;e .ed civili.n population. The f.CT l hal Iheae e{{"," rell sbort dots OQ T denig'a le Ihc 1:.>0<1 inlentions involved.

Our proposed .ebutta l n<:ve r left the Dep .. lmenl of Ihe Army. The Auoci u ed Press at tide h. d creued a fi rtS lo.m, and wi.hi n d.ys tOp offici.ls in Ihe governments of bo lh S"ulh KOTe" and . he UniTed Sto!u. including our .ee.cu,y uf ddcn"" the secretary of Ihe A.my, and II,e Departmenl of .he Army inlpce .. >< lIeneta!, (om milled them.dve. to an exh.u .. ive review .. cons ide,.b le

Am~rican loldin-s prohahly

injTicut/ the casualties, no

omt1"1 to /till "JugttS had

hun gi'lJt!n, a~riaJ imagtry

anJ fOrtnsic ",it/mce did not

sUpf>Drl a claim ofbum/ntls

of tltatbs, anti no 'WQr mm~

bod hun covend up.

ro.t I" delermine - I he full of Ihe f~~11 ... rround ing pre .. re l""u •

scope thne

lIe.·."sc ~uch an inves ligation w .... nder way. urcrnal Army cor'''I,,'ndcncc w' lh respeci 10 No G .. n Ri, including ouo. cu,~d. T he CenlCr of Mili tary Hi.rory fully ... pported the in'J>C<'lor gener~l".

",v;ew, rrom early in-briefing. '0 I'a" ie' pation in Ihe dnfting "f .hc final reporl. T heTe wu • bi, "r ""li l,ea! theUer in Ih~ cho.cngra phy or Ihe inspector general". .eview. bUl its ellcnCe was painsuki ng .e,cord, of a very high nlib~r. The review lu m exam ined " vcr" mil -

l'on official documents; inte.viewed 200 America" and 15 Kurean wil neues; teviewed preIS relKlfU, aerial im.gery, and fOTensic evide"':c; and visi ted Ihe incidenl .ite sevent limes. In Ihe end Ihe rese.reher. developed exm,oroin.ry delail, h". their conclusions b.d aboul the ""'e thtuS! Of Cl\IH·s urlier .eI'"r{; Amuican loldiers probably inOieted Ih. casuahies. no oroell 10 kill refuge", Iud been given, aerial im"l:cry ."tI forcn.i, evidence d,d ,,"I ,u l' l>ort a claim of hundreds of deat lo, •• ",1 nu war crime h.d bccn covered "I'. Aerial imllgery suI'pnrted the po •• ibilily Ihat 'he .efugen had ~en str.fed bu. no' ,hal Ibey had ~en bom~d. and prohi bition. againn refngee. ero .. ing "bailie linn" (i.e., po.i,io", in or imminenlly eXp«ling contact wi,h Ihe enemy) did no l preclude o.fely evaeuoting rcfuge~. .hmugh -friendly li nes." Thi. Ia" poi", sceml 10 h.ve accounled fo r .""'C of Ihe confusion teg .. di ng .hc A. soci.ted Pre .. a"idc·, ~"c"ion that Ihe Army h. d i .. "ed . n ."I;"1: orden to kill ,ef"ge" .

Durinlt the Atmy· •• ixteen mon ths o£Self-imp",e.1 uffici.l .i lenee while i, investigated No Gun Ri, the AUo<:ialed Preis and other new. media Wcre not .. milatly unc ... mmunicalivc. One purported exp".i af'et another appeared in prin t , Upa"diug "n Ihe otiginal N ... Gu" Ki art ide by "diocovuing" further incidents in which Ameri.· . " troop' h. d killed Kor .. n civilio" •. Televi.ion ineviTably heutne involved. culminaling;n .n extr.ordinary bit of soap open when Tom Brokaw showc.ued a , .. rful epiwde of rcunion. remembrance, and forgivenc .. in volving .llegcd " .. ilant Edward Daily and a handful or hi . purported erstwhile victim •. Korean \Var veleranl rncted In Ihi. e .. -code or nlumny wilh indignation. fi rn at the ASlociu~d Pre .. and others rOr perpetr" ing il and Ihen at Ihe Depar tment of the Army

\

for allowing ;t to roll ale",!: unconteucd. UhirnUcly ,ecognizing fh~t the Army wa. fu, • puiud incornmunindo, these veleranS and thei r friendl look up the ir 0"," defcn.e. Many conltihuled, hut J".eph Galloway of W. Wrr, S~fJ;t" Onu uti YUn,f ftme' and Edward orner of Stripes.com led ,h. d' .'l:c. They were grutly alsi.ted in .hi. (ountcrunck by the ,,,.;.:hl' of Maj. Kobul L. B.lem.", an anociale professor of hi.lmy at the U.S. Mililu)' Academy who had known Daily for rome run and now began 10 rcseueh ,hi. high-profile ineiden!.

N. Gun Ri' A M i/j,,,,y Il;JI~rJ <if fM K.""" Wa, } .. ,i"o" sholild be "!'I',e(i .. ,,<1 in put OS an effort by Bue",." '0 make for the Army the U~e thu he perceived Ihe Army was faliulS Itl make for iudr. It is fm" work. h. lim half is clanic mililllry hiotory OS hi.torian. should hope to write if. In lucid prose Bueman teeo"nf. the

experiencu uf ,he 2<1 Butolion, 7f h C.v~ lry, a "nit of which he WI!

• recent veteran, fmm cnnlf.bubry dUly in Japan through the inciden t II No Gun Ri and iKy'''''\. Hi. .ccount i. thoughtful. ~ul'erhly documented , and well supp-orted by m.pl . He does benef" from the pruduct of the Arm y ;n'pe<t'" genc .. l', invurig.tive leam, bUI hi. .uca.eh i. independenl of thein. He condude. fhat ,I •• num her of sbin rdugees wu ~b"", twenty-f,ve and persuasively argue, Ihn Ihe word. Ihe Auocialed Pre .. construed as inSfruction' 1<>

ma ... cre take on ~ less ,".ligna'" fane when fully undernood a"d placed in Can lui. Perh l '" """I signifICant, he makes fhe USe th.t among the Ilain refugees ,he.e wcn: Communiu guerrillas who had fi re,'! on Ihe AmencI,., .,,,1 that the U.S. soldiers had killed the •• gue rrillas and I.i~.d fh"i. well'u"o. Moreover. he ","crted that (",cn.ic evidence, .yewilne ••

tu t imony, and "n.nt ",co.d. documenled lite u,e nflhele weapnno .nd .hei r cvacuat ion 'h.o,,~h Amcriun logistical channd •. If he i. tight about ~11 Ihil. thc cLviliano .hirt .1 No eun Ri reprelent nei the, a muucn: nor a cal<' of mistaken identi ty, but rllher I group of n",,~nmbU~nll unfortunate enough to have .em.ined in the vicinity "f • legitimue military tar!l;~I.

Fu. Ihe mOil autho.i t .tive .irtgle .ermln' of .he incLde,,' II No Cun Ri. I would recommend the fi'lf 130 pagel of i\lajLlr BUe"""" book. In the second half ,,( No Gil" Ri, Batema" ,hi(I ' hi. IIlention from Ihe hi l tori,·. 1 in ciden t iudf fO the ci t","n "a"cct .nd the journ.lillic pt,, CeUe. fI .. t led 10 Ihe publicatin" of Ihe A .. ociued Preil article. [Ii . o".ly.i. is thoughtfu[ , in -1;1.:1>1(,,1, .nd enteruining, but ul timately ovudrawn. l ie firmly ctl.hliihcl .hat Edward O.ily wl1

2J

"e~e, p,e.enl a' No Gun Ri and makes I pe .. uuive case 'hat Delo. Flint .",1 Euge:"e: Ile .. dmln were: no' p,escn' a' 'he ,ime nf ,he: inciden, ei,he r. These fl unn"'g rc~el>!iun. vi r'u.lly gu, 'he lIli ega,i'm. of "' .... ere frnm Ame.i , . " .ource.; only .he,e men h.d un equivoully ... ertcd Ih.t .hey h.d received o.den to kill .eful:eco.

Bueman foll"",s up on hi, ad vanrage 10 give 115 a bridhi.tory of American journalism and in me th · od" which helps nplain the medii', fervor for I nory Ihu he believet miscon~nued 'he event' al No Cun Ri . In .hi. effo rt he bo' rows heavily from in.ights 1',e sen.ed by B. G . Ilurkcu .nd Glenna Whitley in Slot". Po! • • : How ,Iu Pie/ .. "", G ... ~."'io,, w"s Ro$/Jd of Us HL'HS "". His,." (Oalln, 1998). Hurke!! ."d Whi[ ley upoled .I,,","e'" "f frtudulelll Vietn"m vetcro,,", "",lin i ng 'he 'echni'l"c, .hey '''cu ,, ' ,,_im .hem.c1vc. into t he memory of lICtual ve tcuns while I,an ici l,a,ing in reunions .nd .he like. 0 •• 1 hi"ory is alwaY' risky, and i. l'arlicub,ly sO when contaminated by 'he I'uuge of lime, fading or jumbled memo.iel, tbe publi.bed accOun 'S of o,hers, or 1 'J"C~ie ... f "I:<OUI' Ihink" in which p.nici l'ann-or alleged panic; p~" .. -e"llcc, iv~1 y wo.k Ihcrn.clvc. inlO ~ Co" ienlUS over l ime. T.ulh ~a" hecome ("en more imJ"Criled if IhoJC ,.king ,he oral ICllimony al ready hIVe a vcr sion of 'hc faclS in mind .h.t .hey are "ying '0 induce Ihei. wilnCOlel to support . Reading fla' eman. howe~er, one migh' go 50 far U '0 belie~e thot the Anoci .. cd P,ess journal;sts nefariously ,unip"la'ed confused old men inlo , l i~I: , a ccfuJ confeniOnl, that the dozen ,, ' ~o American wilnu.." corrubo.uing aspeCts of the A .. ocia'ed Pren Ilory were delu.ional, and ,hit the ICllimony of the Korea" wllnuscs was allogNhcr domin.ted by ,he 1400 million Ihey bOl'ed '0 collec, ;n damagu. A, ... i.fyill~ u it il '0

sec the Founh Ellate take iu ju", lumps, we should consider ,h" P'''sib ility Ihat ,he journolists m.y have been biascd bu, neverthdess allempled to gel 'hc nory ."aight, ,ha' 'he American veterao, still h. ve mo .. of 'heil menul faculties in[ , cl, and th.t ,he Koreans wbo I,unued redren whcn even ,hei, own governme!)t was hostile to ouch efforts were probably sincere in doing JO.

Thc book T/J. B,id,. ,,/ No C"" Ri, much improved in co~erage and lone <.>Vcr Ihe . rticl e for which the book's au,bors h.d Won . Puli,zer

w~ dUJ,,'t foult tIN An«iautl

Prns "/'Ortm for men/y

bringi"K up 1m Impl~1

mbj«t, oj fOuru. Rathu ~

.fmJud them. for infozti"g

lIN casllllities, intuOlrate/y

alkgi"g thlikraknns, and

tunai"gtlHArmyoj

mgllging in II Cfl'fJU-Up.

Prize, indines One ,ow.,d .hi. mo.e favorab le ~iew. The .u.hon cleuly benefited from th" critici.m thei r an icle had pro~okcd. D.ily di.appears from the n." .. i,·c, Ihe Army inspeClor gene.al ', im·eotig.lion is Idd",s..,d, .nd fa. mOle is done '0 esubli'h a conlul. It i. ' rue thlt ,he au,hors do not .i111ply confcss Iheir previou. sin. a"d " y, wilh endearing persil1cnce, to sal~age t heir con.piracy 'h"ory from 'he discredi , ing of D . ily and 'he olhers; thlt ,hey emphuize 'he ugly-American UJ"C~II o( the Gis over their more henevolen, .idc ; and thar they m.".ge 'he incredible feat of wo. ki"l: an aCCOunt of Wounded Knee i1l'o a book on !he Korean \V .. , hIlI "nc can nevertheless look thro"gh 'his b,as '0 sec

'h' they arc atlemp,ing to balance their aCeOunl. In 'heir diKullion of t he inc,den' ilOelf, for example, We fin,l II,e,n crcd i,iog Ihe 7th C .valrymcn Cor I' roviding succor .nd fOCe I' .. ,age '0 .ome refugeel even ., they arc .hooling o,hen. We ,110 find the Koru" vi'liml kn owledge. hie cnough about the possibili ty of ",i llaken identity to attempt to convince the A merit.ns Ihat they were nu' Communin infiltr. tors , and we lurn of rcfugeu Ind JOldicfS in .no.ber battalion working logelhe. ' 0 enriclle American vehide, ovcr • n.nOw mounuin troil. The book produces enough evidence of Ihe soldiers' con(", '" '' and inconii .. eney '0 be broadl)' compuib!e wilh the in· 'pee"'. gene ... !". findings of tugic mi",a ke ralher Ihan calculued munCre.

AI a hi l1o,;col aCcOUnt per Ie, I would .ecommend No C"" Ri: if M i/i,ary Hij/Qr, of Ihr KO'lan Wa r /1I ,i4n,' Over Thr Bridgr M No Gun Ri. Wi,h th iny-f,ve pages of enrlnolel, numerou. mi l" . Ind direc' at[en"on ' 0 d isc rep.nciCi a",.",!: accoun' •. Ba'eman', hinory i. c1ea.l), ",ore in line with COn' tC"'I''''"')' expectations of scho[ •• · ,hil" The AU<.><:ialCd Pressjourn. li"" make a different co"tributi"n. T heir flyleaf adveHi, •• the b"uk', prelen ' a,ion oC"'he untold h"",." lIory behind ,he killi ng of Ku.e.n civilians by American .nlelien in Ihe early da)" of th Korean War." This characleriu tion i, a(fu,.,,,e. I n ,heir page< we ge' 'n know many of the individu.l. whOfe liv.s came together so tragic.lI), during July 1950. We meet 'he Kornnl and their f. mil;e •• "d I ... n of 'he ir prew .. live • . \Ve Collow 'heir prolonged effort. '" reconstruct tho.., livu and .chieve dosu..., with ""peel to live. cut ,hon. \Vc alJO gel' .. know a number of Ihe Amerk." so[diets involved. F .. r 'he moo' part Ihey were mili u , ily ill - pr~I' •• cd young mcn who pmvc<i courageoul and cop_hie a'

luer lim.,. and in difT .. .,n t places, bUI who had 10 li~ with the fact thn in their fint gren wani",,, "''''"y"m of firepower thq h. d killed w"",en and children fo r the motl put. It i, nol neee'nrily • bad thing for hilloricll tragedy to have a human face.

A number of my milit ary colle'guel have opined that Ihe A.,uciucd P",., repone .. have done ". • di"uv;,e . 1 respo nd thai intel leCiul discol,lue PUIi at I di .. dvantage only thOle who do "ot P"'ticipate in II. T he juurn.li " "' original article wu fu Inore fhwed and inlccurale Ihll n an a"ide on Ihe ume subject w, itten ' o<by wOl,lld be. T hi. is Ii it _hould ~. The Army knew of numeroul incidenn in wh ich Kore." civ ilians became the victims of Alneriean firepower, yet We had never 'luite forced Our-5Clves to do I detailed un sludy of any of thcm. Indeed, Ihe Army did • for belle. immediue pnllmOrtem of the incident u Wnunded Knee in the 18901 dun We did of any tompanble tragedy III Korea in th. 1950s. Now We have , ,,vuII dcllilcd analy ... of a single Kore,." W.r incident supported by doze". Qf map. and photos, score. of dnctn nenlS, and hundred, of eyewi",u ... counlS. If would no t be hard to usc Ihil knowledge of N" ClIn Ri to improv~ Our effort. " • • v"id similar ulg~dies. Thi. il ~ lI.dlll aspeCI of hillory. The f,rn uep in luch • reevalualion would be 10 rd leet llpon Ihe homble fon'e'l"encn of Itnding ill-prepare<l unin ;nlO bmle. All aeco""" of No Gun Ri "g.ee th.t the I'"'" .Utc of soldie r lraining, the hUly in.egru ion of indiVIdual .eplace.ncn .. , and .he uncertain leader.hip of Ame.ic1!l IOldiers contrihuted .ign'fi .. nlly to the ultimate re_lIh •. These condll.ions accord with .he vi ews of Roy E. Appleman, T. R. Fehrenbach, Cordon R. SIImV'n, • "d a hou of othe .. whu have devotcd the Korean \Var i"'"rven-

u on mtO the prcmie. ""ample of Ihe price I .. id fo r military unprep",ednell. They al", expand ,h. circle nf .he victims of our unprcparedne," t" encompass our intended benefi ciaries as wclla. oUfKlvu.

W. didn't fault thc A .. oc;at.d P",ss reporters for merely bringing up an un pleoun, .ubject, of 'Qurse. Ralhn we fauhed them fnr inflat ing the cUl,lahiu, inaccuruely alleging delibernenen, and acculing the Army of engaging i" a coverup. It dou seem that ,hQI' killed numbered in Ihe do~ens ralher than in , h. hu"d rcd., bUllhat does nOI much ahc r the ho"ific ch. rac,er of II,. event for tholt involved. Both IIIIe,"an and the in' pector genenl"i review argue pcrslluively Ihal there werc no deliberate Orden to kill refuge." bUI all accounti ad"';1 10 (o".idenble eOnfusion in 'ha t regard in Ih. foxhole. The inlpector general, for ex ample. fnllnd • number of so ldier. who """,i <l ercd themselves autho.ized t" ",e deadly fQ rce on civil ian. who did nOI CQ mply with in.. ruct;onl . Today We anempt t" avoid .uch confusion by th inking th.o ugh the poss ibilities in adva n"e ."d i .. uing com prehensive rule. of engagement to III echelons. M ili, ary lawyer. have progrened from aw. it ing reporu of Ifansgrenion. to becoming aetive paniclpanu ;" deci , ionl on engagement pol iciel . ,,<.1 prospeclive targen. \Ve have lurned through hard experience thu il takes ,hought fu l prep~nlion to minimize un;ntended cUll~hi el . T he accounu of No ClIn 1(; underscore Ihe impor ta nce uf ,l,Ich efforn. O ver the yea .. the Army m~y b.'·e neglected ,he eventl Ihll unfolded at No Gun Ri, hu. il dGC. nOI Seem 10 have 'n,,"cioll.ly suppressed informat ion .buut them.

The AU"c;ucd Prell reporten do nOI ha ve to apologize much for niling on ~n u"p!caun. ,opic, researching it in .orne hUle, , nd deIi v",ing it in a m.nner calculaled

' 0 eml,]' .. i"'e drama ~nd ncite cuntrQVer5Y. T hey are, aftc r 111, journ.lists. \Ve ,hould not be lurprised ,hot hiIlOria,," and invelligUQrs following up n" .heir Iud found much tu improve upon in Ihei. Iteou"t. and we .hould be gratifIed thot tlte .. me free pre .. thot aired the A .. Qc i.ted Pren Ve(sion of even to w., , eccptive tQ contfUy views 11 well. The consequent give-and-take hu enriched our understanding of Ihe No Cun Ri ineident. the KQrean War, military respo"'ihilitiel toward noncom!,. ta<1to, a"d Ihe in terplOly betwee" joQrnali"i, .nd hillo.ic.1 process",.

I would recommend both No G,." Ri: If M iN"", Hilt •• , of llu KQr'Q" WQ' and Tit. BridK' Q/ NQ C;,." Ri tQ all offi ce ... nd n,,,,tommi~~;ol1cd officers re spon.liblc fQr !"e!,aring soldiers 10 cope with 'he (n"fulion of the bauleficld. I( ead cullectively and;n lande" , w'th the in"peCTor general's review. ov.iloble "' I;flr//"'''''''.''' m,. miV""!",,ri, 'hey provide a gripping case IIl,1dy (rum which 10 dra ... lellOn. Inrned. Ind«d, they ohould be required reading for oJ1mili t a<y lawycro, .nd the nse study , h"uld beC""'e an importanl fealure of judge .d"",,",e educuion. I can thin k of no belfer 1ellimony 10 the val"e 110,,1 .en.ible rulel of engagement Ind ade<l"u e dilCipline can bring 10 the fight.

, ,Tho"""", ,-- -- ----------------: line- Gen. JoIuo S. 8tOWD tw bcocn do;,! , of nli1iwy IWlI<J<)' """" Decunber 1m. , Ht .ommonded ~'" 1d R:trulion, 66th : Armor, in l"'l .nd Kuwai, <luting !he ' GuIf\"hr. He hukIo .~ .. '" history : &om Indiana U"' .... n .. yand isdoo.,,,,,,, ,of DnIjW n;,.:, ...... 7lt 88tb Infimtry , o..v;.". j" worU U .... n (l.c:.:ingo<Io~ Ky., : !?tI6).

N~' I .G.-.y ..... ... "'.t- ..... h IhroldG.

M_ <Of W, W .... SJ,i;.., o..u ... r .. "1 f • em"" n. &u,{, n.t a..~l" "" I!~, ;. "",,,.",. (No'" Y""," 1992).

15

L thi:fitld mast ifthi: tim" AX'" Jill' J'~ [""""'a und huddl.d in thtm durinX 'tr/il/try

harm~1 and air ,."ids, luff",d l~d lind wttnm, wml JOT wuls .mthoutII lhtmx' if""i. [ltrm. ~nd a" 'What lind when ht ",uld pUffing up mila'ly wil~ w/:tat<Wr d;j(Qmforl ht

,xpnitnltd

St~n!ey L. Falk

Pogue's War and the Making of a Military Historian

nrune who knew Foms! Pogue will II. ddight..d by the University pn:$j of Kcnru.:ky', recent publiC:l.tiUOl ,,( Pog"~i War.l)jllnn of Il WurlJ War-II Q,,,,NI /lullmaR, a poothum<,JU'

pcrso<lU KOOUIIl of his expcoenc:C$ ,.. ... rombllt hi",urian in the fim! yur of World War Il in Europe.' Originating in a caufuJ diary he kq,1 durin!: those rumulruous months, which he lalcr cxp' ndcd into 1 fuller, more thoughtful narrative, Pt>gru:s Wl" is lx>th a primer for would-be w:mime fidd hiolOri3"' and a revealing description of the aclivili~ ... nd observarion. of the lben-32-y~-old hislor;;'n. Fr.onklin fl. Anderlion, Pogue', "",,;.in by ""."iog.: . ...,.dicd the book (". l'ublic"~lion; SlepMII Ambl'O$C contributed an enmw;j ""'lie {Qf't:WI.lro; and Forn'It'1 widow, Christine, added a fCIIlnincd oollOllching cpilogu<:.

Forrest Pogue was born in Kentucky in 1\112 .,,<1 dwwed early promi~c .s • nudent ... "d ,chular. Afte r nrning a maller's degree . 1 the Univcuity of Kentucky and tuching at Murr . y State Tu(hers College, he studied ,ntern~ ti"".1 rc:iuionl and diplomatic hinory at Clark Uni.,.~r .ity .nd .. ~n American ellchlnge fellow at the U"ivc"i,y of Paris . lie received his Ph.D. from CI .. k in 1939,' not thrte yeats earlie r as both Ander.on .nd Ambrose indicate. (pp. ix, xv) Pogu~ WU 'ca<'hing Europnn history at Murray St~te i " 1942 when he was drafted imo the A.my. He was ••• igned as ;& clerk at the Fort Iluriiun, ImJiana, Rece ption Cemer, where hit dUlie' ineluded Iyping loc;ltor cards and, as he rep"ned, ",urching ",c. uiu for whi.key, po,n" grlphie I;Ie. uo.e, and concealed wupon." (I" 4) A yur bt~r he wu digging a trench in the hard.

A Review Essay

By Stanley L. Falk

red d ay of Fort McClellan, Alabama. when he was ordered to Second Army headquartc r~ in Memphi., Tenne" •• , to au iu it. hiuori . n, Lt. Rell Wiley, in wri t ing a hiuory of Second Army.

In March 1944. II Wiley', recommendation, Pogue wu transfured to \Vt,hington to join the Iiinoricai Branch, G-l. where OOmc twenty 501-diet-historians, rank,ng ("'''' p, ;v"e to lieutenam colonel, had begun I'rep3ting a series of buokleTs on selected World War I I ballks fought by the Army-the Ameriun Forcu in Action series. After a month fpC", m ,dying after-action repor ts and other offici.1 record., he and several OthUl were given 'no,ul.t'u". 1nd o""c;.I"a,n· itlg, i.soed fidd equipment, and .e"t to London. There Pogue, now. sergeant, w ..... igned to fhe Firll Army as a combat historian (or thc coming i"no;on of Funce.

I)-I)ay, 6 June 1944, (ound hi", aboml.n LST ~pp roaching the coast of Normandy. Ry lhe following evening, the ship WaS rectiv;ng . nd treating wounded men from O~I/\tt"" Bead., and Pogue wu beginning to interview thcsc (,,..t C:><U11t;c.o of the i",..~.;on. Late on S june he was able to go •• hore, where he dug. foxhole, pitched hi, tent, and tried to .kcp dupi'e Ihe roar of antio.ircraft gun. only. lIhn" di.t.nce aw.y. This wls the begi"ning of Pfogut'll ycar "" a First Army combat hi,tMian. From OMAHA Huch to Pilzen, Czecno,loV1lki. , he panicip3lcd in five campaigns, during which he wu "wa.ded a Bronze Star and fhe Fren<'h Croix de eue.re. Living in the field, he covc",d the fighting in Normandy and at St. 1..'" .eached Puis JUII .ftcr its libention, and folJow~.,j the bloody Jl ruggl .. in the HOrtgco Fore., "",I lhe Ardennes.

He cominued on Ihrough Ih fight for thc Roer damo Ind Ihe ,apiUR of Leipzig, iaw Ihe horrors of the Buchenwald concenll"lilion camp ......,n .(Ie. itt lihc:ralion, Ind wilneued Ihc dl"lOm1lic meeting of Amuican fOrCel wilh Ihe RUllian army., Torgau on Ihe Elhe.

In 'he field mo", o( 'he lime, I'ogue ,Iept in fo~holCJ ~"d huddled in them during artillery barragu .nd air raid •• auffucd cold Ind wemen. went for week. wi'hout. change of uniform, and >Ie whal and when he could, puuing up "oically with whatever di1comfon he experienced. Enemy (i,e was not the only d.nger he (aced. During {he B.ltlc of 'he Hulge. 1ent.ie, were on thc al erl (0. in(;J uning Ge.man IOldie .. d .. , .. cd ;n Americ.n uniform •. Pogue WII u rested scvual timu for uling 1'""wo.ds thu had hc:en ch.nged wilh OU t hi, knowledge. When alked to name the capital of hi. "Ole, Kenlucky. he learned l<> rel,ly ~ ilu t;ou,ly, "Frankfort, hut you "'.y Ihink ;1 it Loui.vilk." (p. 301)

Yellhere we,., pleuant timel II well. The two month, he 'pent in Pari., working long hnun with othe .. on .he hi,t",y of the inva,ion, al.., .ffo,ded hi", time to .evi,it old h.unto .nd p",fellorl f.om hi s sludenl d.yo .nd It> learn much abou t contemporary F'rench politkf and public opinion. Both in Paris and, .urpriaingly, ;n Il,e field as wdl, he had ample ul'l>or tunity to RntW hi, acquaintanceIhip wi,h the "ngu.~. wine, Ind cognlC of France.

Pogue" time w ... pcnl primarily interviewing and wri,inll campaign hillory. BUI he woo olio fre qu~ndy preued into ocrvic" •• on interpr~'er •• ince he .poke F.ench fluently. and he could make OCCasional sightseeing trip,. It WII during this yur in Europe thll he developed and refined the inlerviewing technique. rhat he would continue to use wirh ouch .uceell during the remainder of hi. lire. A

28 Ar'"1 Hinory Sprlog-Summer 2002

pionur in the (idd of oral hi .. "ry, rogue clfabli.hcd snnd.,d, and methodologiel tht llood •• c. amplCi 10 all who followed. Hi. careful use of interview muerial in much of hi l later work was an important foeto r ;n utablishing oral history .. a I~gitimate form of scholo .. hip.

A pionur in tlH fUM of oral

history. Pogut estaMislHd

stJIndllrds and mdbod%girs

thut stood as r:xamples to aU

'Woo flUo'Wrd.

Durin, hi, year in Europe. Pogue jolted down hi. e:rpcriencu ."d impreuiOfll. diary-fashion, in little pockel notebooks that he carried with him evuywheR. He hoped that someday h~ could combinc thc"" nOlel with hi. morc gcneral memorin lnd opand the mate rial into a publish.ble ac COunt. Sometime after the W", he began to apply to Ihi . p'''jeel whatever time he could find in hi s otherwin very busy profellion.1 life. He had made considerable progre .. when he di"ove .. d thl1 it wu becoming inneuingly difficult for him to continue. Hi. eyesight woo fa;ling upidly. A. Christine Pogue recounu: "He was told thu he had degeneration of the ret;n.1 macula in both eyn. There wu no cu.e. He would neYer run into fur niture. bUI he never ~gain would he able to read or write, or sec anything in dmi!." (I" 381)

Pogue tried to fmd . n a •• i.tanl 10 help him complete hi . n .... tive but could locate no one who could read hi. nearly iIIegihle handwriting, I-Ome of it .lmoS! • fo.m of .horthand. A.anyone who hal .een Pogue'. writing know., hi. all bUI incomprehensible JCribhling can challenge, and defeat, eyen the mo" astute reader. So Ihe work

remained unfini.hed until aft~r his denh. when Pogue', coulin and her hU lband. Jeannine StalliOl and F'ranklin Anderl-On, decided to attempt thc tuk nf deciphering I'ogu,,', "'~tc.i.1. Jeannine'l long corrupondence wilh Pogue h.d given he' c"".ider.hle familiuity with hi. writing, while F'ranklin's own Army expuicnce helped him 10 undeflund m.ny "thnwile obKure military refe.ence •• With lOme ... ilunce from a few others and a gRU deal of h .. d work, they f,nished the , .. k ill aboul twO

yea". The relult i •• " .. rat lve by Pogue th.t cove" Ihe pniod up ulltil the beginning of 1945, including extr.ell from his di.ry nOld)Ooks themoel"es, a few verb.tim ;nlcrv;.,,",. and I-Ome material he apI,otcnlly wrole .1 the lime as part of an official account. From mid-January 1945 until ,he end of Ihe wu, Ihe diary is presented alolle, wilhout further narrative.

'Josu,', Wa, i. not ... nly an accou"t of Ihe American dri"e thflJugh France and Germany .. witnc •• ed by i1> aUlhor-primuily w;lh unilS of V Corp., Fim A.my-bul aloo a f .. cinating rePO" uf hi. perceptions, thoughts, ."d education in the school of war "' he followed the advancing edge o(w",h.!. Iii •• ccOunt il iOlightful ond .n.lytical. 01 lime. even inlrO'peCl i"e, and is sprinkled with OCCllional touches of dry humor. It include. revealing denil. from lome of hi. interviews, colorful deIcriplion. of courageou. banle(ic1d actioni, and frank reporting "" lome of the less rhan praiseworthy behavior of American ."Idiell. Pogue a1.0 provide, • Ih"ughlful discuuion of ,he .cenc in "ewly liberaled Paris, wilh lOme ;nt.ruting observation. .hoot F'rench poliliCf and public opinion. Hil writing is c1eot, at ,ime, eVen dr.muic, and it ,,(fer. a vi.w of the war fel dom found in other sourcu.

II i. all-O fuquenlly highly personal, o. eump1if"icd hy Pogue'. r~-

IClion 10 hi. finl dosehand view of OMAHA Huch. Aft~r interviewing wuunded fOldi ... aboard his LST, he went uho..., on 0.2 and moved thro"gh the ennage of the Ameriun unult: tOrn and wrecked landing (raft, h>llily dug foxholes, bu~d wi"" and antitank ditche., ""'PK' piled in front of hospital tenu lying grotesquely in Ihe mlnefiddl,lhe lorn . hdl. of buildingl, and Ihe remains of German pillboxe •• nd gun positions. Climbing up from rhe ~.cb along. c.,efully marked p.tb through I],,, mines, Pogue's jeep joined the traffic heading inland, 'As we moved up the bluff," he wrote, 'we noticed • t the side of the road, .lm"" crushed by the dirt, lever.l poppie. in full bloom. I picked one and preued it in my notebook." (p. 63)

Opuating directly under Heldquaners, V Corps-which diree' ed lubordin",e commande .. tu (ully .uppon and cooperate wi th "u,nhat histori~ns-Pogue lII',d hi. cul luguel had a broad minion. T hey were to enSure the prese"" .. ion of fOurCe materi.ls, preplre 'p ... " ifi" monographl .nd Ihen an overall corps Olnp.ign study, .dvisc unit histori.ns (whu usually took on this usignment as . " .dditional duty), lind support u,,;1 commlnden preporinK "1" ... ·. 'ion. 1 reporn.

Gelling t],e jo], done required individual ,I< group interviews with key p".,ieipan .. or wilnenes, from p"vue~ '" f"lt colonell, and the Icdll,j'I"C" Pogue employed will be of Iptcisl intcre'l 10 o r~ l his lorians, Within a few d.)'1 of going ashore, he ellsbli.hcd a methodology which be fullowed fairly do~ely throughoul the EuropCln campaign. lie would lir ... how hi, creden t ials to the local ,,,,,,,,,a nder and tben requelt a general de.e rip rion of hi. unit', ul,cricncc on • puticula, day or days, lie would uk about its minion, the wnl],er .nd terraio, the condilioo of .hc men and the performance of Iheir wcapon., thdr .rtillery 111<1 ta llk

IUpport, and the major problem' they encountered and how .hey oVercame then,- The" he would leek out key ;" <Iivid,,.I, who in turn might call on Illhe r nni. memo bert II> check or corroborate their IIOr;ts, u"til ~, m.ny as twenty men might be g. thered around. Before finilly lening I unit, Pogue would aik for cUII.lty figures, usulilly from the fiul I, rgunu, who freque nt ly kept trac k of losses. O_crall cs."ahy figu,el for major U";II, however, we'e but left for late, 'lIIdy, .fter the confusion and fog of h.ule h.d dissipated.

Pogut~ txpuimu as II (0"1 -

bat bistorian was sunly 1M

basis for much ofbis Illfu

proftssiomu 'WOr.t..

Pogue learned le_cr.l le .. on. (. ;dy quickly. As pinning down the U'e' time and location nf." act;on could ~ difficult, he round il ~SI to u k ' he w!dier being interviewed to try 10 rel'le luch speci ficl to other, IllO ' e generally known evenli or pl.ces, i.c., did this event occur befo re ur ~fler lomerhing else hap]>Clled, 0' hdore 0 ' aftcr you bad pa.sed I ce' lIi ll easily ncognized ISlldIII" k? Furthermore, only core{ul 'lucOIluning could determine the true n. tu re of. p.rticulor r".fight 0' the Iype of wuponl encllullle.ed: was a 'sharp· action mo,e illlenK than a 'heavy' nne, WaSn'llhe ,"tmy ..... lly firing monus rather th.n .he 88. Ihat everyone al"",,)'1 cl.imed ,hey faced? And alt hough Poguc give. no indication, i, is hard to i"'agi ll e ,h .. his wum, unders t.ndi" g pcr""n,lity, his complete lack "f preten,ioulness, Ind hi. gentle ",ueh wilh difficult ]>Cople did nOl •• ~nd him in good stead in thesc in terviews, •• indeed i, would th",ughour hi. caret r in 0,"1 hislory.

Although Ihis il not diuu .. ed ,n P~I"f'l W .. r, Pogue·, upe,icncc U 1 combat historian wu .urely the buil for much or hi, la'er professional work. 'ViTh 'he conclUllon of hootilitie. in The "pri ng of 1945, he WII ordered b.ck to raril to begin w,ili"l: • hillo ry of Genual Dwight D. Ei,cnhown', Supreme lI eadq" .. te", Allied Expedi t ionary Force (SH AEF). H e continued Ihi. tuk II • civilian hlstori." in P. ri. ond subsequently with the A,my'l official hiuorie,,1 program in Walhington. Operating unde r . directive from Eisenhower, the n A.my chief of naff, to wri.e .he defini t ive hisTory or SH AEF, he .mb~rked On • progra", nf in'e rv;eWS, research, and wri t ing thn would culminate in Ihe (omplnion in January 1952 of ~ ",.nu5cript that the Office of the Chief of Military lI illory w""ld publish two ycall later 10

T/" S"/>ru,,, CommllHJ, • volume in tho: po rt ion of the orf,ci.l,cr;~, United Sutes Army in World W .. II . hn dealt witb Ihe Eurollean Thuter of Operat'ons. The v" l ~ ume would he widely praised not only II ~ " o ...... nding work of hillo ry bUI all" U .n excellent demonltration of Ihe ule .nd value of oral hi"",y.

Pogue worked ,n 1952- 54 at the headquarters of U.S , A rmy, Europe, in I leidclbe'K 1I • mem~r of the Johns Hopkinl Universi ty Operations Research Office and then returned 10 KCnf" ,:ky 10 ,uch history at M urray Sla.e. At the s~me time, he conlinued to write articles, revie~. and c,ny., including three of the six chapten in TIN Mr,,~iwl of y"tlll.' I Ie W1l. al," in wide demand u a ipe. hr, coloring his talks wi lh noriel . nd . ".edotes abou l people he h.d known ~nd in terviewed and 1'1~cCI he had visited. l n 1956 he became direc.or of the George C. M."h.U Research Foundatio" in I.l:1i llglon, Virginia, and beg." cnllco;ling and organi2-ing M ar.h.W. papers ~nd propor-

"

ing I full-length biography of the general, a responsibility he had in sined on haying as a condition for taking the polition and on which he would spend the next thirty year, of hi s lik

Pogue was an idul man for thil undertaking. NOl only was he an e"abli.hed Ind widely ~gardcd scholar, but he al lO shared with M.rshall the highen snndards of "'tegrily, chuacter, and devotion In lrulh and duty. lIe also had Ihe warlll and ingruilling manner and genlle l,eriiOl lence ne(enary to per.uade M.uh.U 10 puticiplfe in a <criel of intervicw •. Three yea" earlier, in fact, !'ogue had written Mus h.ll , u"coting that sinee the general had decided not to write hi, memoin, he should agree to he interviewed by profn.ional hi.,orians, including Pogue hirn$c1f. Marshall had grl<i"'15ly dedi ned, but the COntact had been made a"d the seed planted.

1'0gue'l fint meeting wi,h Marshan took placc in Ihe au tum" of 1956 in the gelle .. l', Lee,hurg home. M."h.lI ,emembered their elT lie r c<orrc'JIOndenee Ind, while he ruled out talking into a tape recorder, .Jlowed Pogue 10 take n<>lel "n Ihelf cOnve.:illLon. In Ihis • .,d their nexl few meetings, the general ..... little 'Iiff Iud seldom voluntee red informal ion. BUI Pogue ,I<>wly hut .u.ely hegan to dnw him on t . ",1, once he had persoaded M. "h.lI til accept Ihe tape recorde., the general talked more and more freely. In more Ihan fOfly h .. " .. ,,( taped intc<yiews, M ... h.lJ , Ii.c".,,,d in delail major

NUfU

, 1~'nCktol.a 200I,~INIr. '_of. _W .... flc-NI H __ ;" o/f .. <d ... .... ""'" " U9.9S.

2. Sec F_ C. ~, 7lt s..,..C--...I. U,.;~ S .. , .. At",y in w.,.101 w .. n (W ..... ,.-, O.C., 19H). p. 0:; rh< f<w_ -"'.u~" pOOIiohod 1968 H."""", Mo_ morial Le.:ouro ., ,he A" I'~"", AcWmy, c..,,. C. M_,,J,.II, GIohI C-"",1Jdn- (Cololro... Sp"nAO, 1%"), .. pronlod In Hany

30 Arrrry HIStory Spri",- Summcr 2002

JIOlicy decll;on. he h.d m.de and the ""pe.ie"",,. of hil yuulh and early Y(1" in thc Army. The pcr. pectivel Pogue thus .. bui"ed would ha~e heen un.""il.ble in documen" or orher ".."CCS .nd proved inv.lu.ble in l"cl"ring Ihe Marsh.ll biography. Pogue supplemenled the Marsh.ll interview. with relearch in archives and li braries and with interview> will. hundred. of other warlime . nd postwar leade .. . nd wilh f,iend. and allOC;atel of the general. The ruuh wat hi. magnificenl f .. uI ~olume Ma .. h.1L biography publi,hed he'''eerr 1\163 Ind 1987, a mnn"",en,,1 I chievemenl that , lrew widespread acdaim.'

In 1914 Pogue becamc director .. ( Ihe Eisenhower InstiTUtC for Hi"", iClI Re~aKh al Ihc SmilhlO" i.n Innitutio", I po5ition he held fM len yean before retiring. While com;nuing 10 work on the M .. ~h.ll biography, he also wrote nccali .. ",! Ihort essays and reviews, .pplying hi, fme, cri,ical mind to a variety of subjecu. He aloo continued to l peak and leclure widely, to ser"" on numerous advilOry board" and 10 hold leadersbip JIO,i,ion, ;n profusional IcholarLy organi,,",, lions, including the pre.idency .. f the Oral History Alooc;u;nn. In many "'"Ys, perhap. hi. mo.' innuenti.1 role "'"' in Icrving ••• generous advise r 10 hundreds if not Ih .. uunds of scholars and olhc," who .ought his guidance on a wi,lc nnge of subjects. He w .. never Inn bu,y 10 talk with ~ rcoc .. cher, 'Iudenl, member of Ihe pre .. , l'",fe .. ional hiSiorian, populor writer, or anyone

~ «I., .11< Iw-M"'" u.""" ;~ M~ 11.-,. l,j'- I '11 (\~, I).C .• I'M). l' 1~: 1m mUy" <h< n;."..., of A ..... _ &1>01-.. E;~IJ u;n... (N ...

YMk, 1m), I: sn; <h< pro&nrn "' ..... d<di_ """"" 0( ,he JVsu< Crnter in L,u,ftt""'o V .. (1994); .. 01 lho ..... """ .. 1 """,.n An.! HiJIory, No. 010 (W""., 1'rl7~ lD.

3. ~ ..,..,,,,,",«1 -n.. S~ for • No .. On\tr," -rho Big 1"htc<.nd ,ho: Unil«l

eloe who sought his guidance on any subject On which he was knowl edgeablc--and there were few on whicb he was not. H~ was a .... onderful ~Ony~nation ali$l and could go On 11 grul lenglh, spicing hi. .em •• lu; w,lh I ddightful "ring of anCCdnlC' or { .. cinaring historical tidbi". llis phone would be bu,y for hOUri at a lime. simply be(au,c he rarely limited himself to len than half an hour per call, and he frequently spent mo" of ,he ,by on the phone as one call followe,l . noll.er.

A few years aftcr l'ogue lef, ,he Smilhsonian, hi, eyel rapidly fli ling. he .nd Ch.ininc returned to Murny, Kenlucky. Iheir fmal home loget"",. He died.n 1996, al thc age of 84, . r,c •• Judden "roke. Po,,,,i W .. " hi. final contribution 10 history. ",mind, all of ul who knew him of Ihe fine ",holu ond Ifue gendeman he was. It rc",i"d. u. allO of how much we ",i" hii pre ience.

S.......,. I_ •• ollr. frnt Juined the [Iisroncal D ivisJon, Otpo.mnen. of.he Army. in 1 'U'J .nd """" bcame """I""inted with form, PQgut. They rmuincd liklong n.-t.. Dr. Folk w.rghl intcmarionoJ !dation. II the lnduomal CcIlq:e of the AImed For-. ...-I II <:hid" h,,""'.n of rht Us. IUt f"ur<:<. and _ dq>uly ohicfhi...,...." for Sour!r.<2st Am "' the C.nt<t of Military History. I Ie .. .he aUlhor of Ii~ boob and numemw .. ticles on World W .. 11. Most =dy. hi, .... y 1"11< Anny in lhe Sou.hw«"! p.ci{",' .~ in Willi.m M. LeU}', ed., MIIlAr/b,,, _"J /IN A"""",,, CttrI"'Y (Lin""ln, Nebr., 2001).

r ... "ti"wJ fro ... /"W J

Dr. Rush h .. ~loo been roordin.ning plans for the 2003 ">"IIl"'"iu", of .he Milil:Uy l'li,tory Working Group of tM.t coo,"",,;um with the "ympos;um rochait's, Germany Ul<i the C1CCh Republic. The Field and International Br=ch h~. al", "",,,inlled to m.k p""p."uion, for the August 2002 Conre,cm,,, nr A,my Hi"ori.nl, which, we .l1Iicip~lc. will colll,iloutc ."h",o.i , lly '0 Army hi!lorians' undem.",!i,,~ of the histnry o{,he U.S. Army in the Cold War.

MiIi'ary I li'1<>ry Dcto.:hrmn' Task Force Noble Eagle. comp,i''''1I: lhe 46.h .nd lOSlh Mililary Hi.tory De,ach-11"1<1111. ooOOUCI<:<1 mo,.., Ih~n SOO in,..,~ Ul<i collected over 200 !locu" ..... " .. ,oo four <Ioun artifactS in its elfon to OOcurmm thc ,mpxt of the 1 I Scptemoo anack on the )\:"1,;:"", Afler eigh' months of ~rvice ., the Cenle •• the 46th Tl;,um~d in Ian: June to its home nnion in Arb" ... , wl"'Tl; il Il:tumed to a ,..,~~ st.1UI. Cong,...tul" i"", "";" order {or" job well done.

I enrou~ cveryone to visit the ~Iy cn::oted "ATTlly Himry Know\edgt Community'" .>'1oi.b.bk th""'l. ... lhe ATTlly Knowkdgo: Online (AKO) portal, W<UTlJ.1lI.""? ,,,iI. A]th .... gh lhe CcnfCT" is srill ,,"",loping and adding 10 this ';IC, I enVlilOO this online rommunity', beeom.ing. raJJOCc forum for the bu";nca of the Army Hislorical Frog,...,n. 0... ultimate, ".n,,-~.long-«:TTll, go:o1 1$ to elicil paniopation {""n all of the l1l~j'" .XH1l1mnd b,",orical offices in the community.

We w>U kttp)'>U all i"f ..... ncd :as lhe sin: is ,,"",loped and Ol, .. ndcd. 0 .. ~ matal subjtct. our websin: ~mly achicvul •• "-ow.........d of53 mi1Iion hirs in a singic month! Wuw!

n..: Muocum Di,;sion continues to focus heavily ... , lho;: N .. '""i1 "'·1" ..... m oflhe Uniled Seat'" Army (NM USA). It n.....,n,1y fIlpported w firsl m«I,og of Ihe u cm. i\"c 8.« . i,,!,: Committee fur Ibu pfOj~ct, ch.ired by G~lIe .... 1 Jobn Koone, 'he vice chief of Jlalf of the Army. TIl~ 'ClIUIt. "f ,hi, m«ti"l; we .... v<;'y F.ovonble, .' the comminee 'PP"""'.! fnr funher ",ffing the Center of Military I listOfY', h,d, for m."p'''''''' a"d fuOOing :as well as the project ruflnl' .... COO""",,,.! n:blions, and museum design the CcntL"l propoiCd. We h"", ~ long w.ly 10 go with rcspc<:1 to NMUSA, hut we do """'" to br moong important progn:s>I. We l ll: .110 making oignif~1 progfCS1; wilh ""'peel '0 bo.h .he U.S. Military Ac:odemy Bieen'"n"i .1 ""hihi, bo,ng d~]oped for ,i>c Smithsonian and the fI"),"I,i og effort to C1[:1 -

iogue i1lan ifacts,n the Army """..,uro SY'lcm.1bc Im.r i. • Iong-Ierm projecl mcuun:d hy 'l"iet, bul ~r-i""n:.sing, success.

In sumnwy, d"lii has bc:.:n. bill)' quutc. UlU abou. ou, :octiYi!iCl. We of coorse look forward to hearing froo" )"U :alJ in the field " wd!. W. do appreciate all Ihat )'>U .1., elIch d.y to prnl:~

>rid promulgate the hiltorr .nd heritage of th. Unital S'~1<" Army.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - . . . . . . . . .

C-ti","".ft-,.,. :1

R.<1Iden of liT"., [Ju,,,,] OIly ""I""'" cnpics of lheoe publicanon. from Major Melnyk. He OIly br reached by e",,,I .1 "'."'r"'l!"~l'''.f ",il. Th~y may oliO fiOO .n ",,]i'le ""f1'On of MQ/;i/izi~l foT lIN S/~"'" . , hllp:// www. ~lA"I".m,[I"I>1JJ~!",,"¥pdjldmrN_m.!df

Mili tary Academy Publishu 8ic~nt~nnial I' ictoriaillisiory

TI,e U.S. l\1i!irary And~my h.u i.....ed 77N w." P,,;N' Htrmlm~,,,I, ffJ02- 2O()2: II Pi(/~r;.1 lIu/tny 0/ lIN ,.·i", 'I __ -Hu~d"d y,,, .. of ,IN UNittd $1111 .. M,/rl,,'Y IIrtuinn]. Relden ""y reqU",,1 ropies of thi, 76-page, "'~h"'·l.inef<lnn~t I'"blic.tion &om (he I'ub]k Affai", Office nf 'he Ic.de",y 0' 845-938-3808.

Upcoming Milituy" History Cn" fcrcnc"""

The Anny I listory Unil of tile AUSlnlim Department of l>efe~ will sponsor I coolf~''':'1rn on "n..: Amruan Army aOO W Vietnam War_ 1%2- ]972,- on 3-4 O<:tober 2002 "' 'he Nationil Coroventi<ll' Cell'"" i~ Cmbr ..... , AUllnli •. Among lbe ~heduled p<"tjCnrcnI ~. Ihi, ronf.r-

e~ will M Centc, hi.wnln Dile~, fOffne, Cent"r hiSlorian Dr. Ed I>re., ~oo I'ro[ ~, Spiller of Ihe: u.s. Army C"mm.nd .nd General swr CoI!q;.:. A lirniw:! n"",her of conf.,..,~ brochures ..... .... .ai1al,k,t lhe desk of ,b" editor of this buUe,in.

The Society for Militory Hi,IO'y will hold il$ 70,h ~nnual conference on \--4 May 2003 0' .he Universi ty of Tennessee. K"m,villc. The tbeme for ,he conf.,,,,,,,,, will br "TI,e Mi[,tary .nd Society du'ing no", ... t'" C, i.i,TIle 1"''I.· .. m romminrc i, currently ... licit i"g p"'f'O'lls for P"I"'TII, partkularly on the role of I'nlfcuion.] military fOIUS, c;tizen-... ldieTi •• ".1 civilian. during dome"", d i,turbance;;. i n.u"~"'I'''n,. civil wan, revolutiolll, lerro, iii 'CI ~ , n.I .. ,...1 d,ustcrs, epidemic., .nd other "~Iionll eme,),,,,,,c,c, Ihal involve queSlion, n( civi' -mililMY rebI'onl . The committee will, 01 .Iw,y" . 100 wdcom~ propouli involving .11 .. I ... ..," of milituy history. F. ~ch potenlial I,.rtic;p,nt . hould ~nd by 1 Octuh.;r 2002 • n'le I"go: .bslr:ICl ou tlining the PlI",r' • • opic, theii,. and .... 'rccII. along with a bnef <0""'''/'''' ",il"" 10 Dr. Kurt I'ichl. r II 220 lIoskml I.,h,...ry. Knoxville, TennCJIitt 37996-0411 or by c"'~;, 10 girh/rrlj"l!ud". The commince pbn. to f"'" 'hc abJlnclS on the socicly', web I; te in .dvoncc <If thc eOllfeunc~ .

II

Wat PtiJd WDri.". P"'.fila of DlIly, H onor, 111ItI c.-n, ;" Blltt/~

ByTom Cuban w....a- BooU, 2002, 4U pp.,

popct, I6.9'1

~ by RQg'" Cunninghom

As the Unice<! Statn Military kadcmy ~lebr.ues its bi~ncenni.l, mony publi"h"", havc produced new books examining both the inltirution and the aperi<:"""" of illl """" than S~.OOO gtad .... c~ "Long Gray Lino:." In WtJl ~i"f W .......... 'IOm e.rhnt telL! .he *"ories of """" than a ~ of Academy gruluatn who choR .he w;o,mor'. paTh. eorhar, i. a lowy'" wilh a doctotate in hinory whose ape' rimccs as a cac\ec and as an infanny officer in Vic"",,,, we", .",oog those: tughlightcd IJl R>clr. AdUnson's superb dIronicle of the CWs of 1966, oimply tided Th< La"g (;"" Li .. ~ (Booloo, 1989). Carhart', mili.ary experience and educatiorW background m",,-, him wdl qualifial to wrile ."ch a h .. ok, and he: n:lales the warriors' tales with fttling, bqinning with the death of B"" I .... Col. ~Jg= Ocrhy Wood (USMA 18(6) III Carmda during the War of 1812 and mding with the ope .... li"" . of Capt. J ... " n L. A,ncrine (USMA 1993) in Afghanistan in 2001. ""rha"" beClIU$t the author'. <:<>m]",1 =pcne."'C _ in V'etnam, he deooles aboul half ofh .. book I<> the Wcs of gradu .... s who fought and died then:.

One of e.,hart', besl chapters dc:-..li wilh RusseU P. "Red" R~d .. , J r. (1902-1998), a W"'t Puin! I~-gend. An Army -hr~''" Rc:Wc:r took six ycus to get Ihrough the Acad.my, bul hil """drmie shonrominJ.," Wl:IC mo", than offict by Iu, c::a:ellcnce as a baseball playu. \ \lhen he filUlly FlUled in 1926, Red I .... sed up an opporrunity 10 play boJ.I wim Ihe New Yo';'; Gi . nt.

n Armt H,story Spri"t"Sommer 2002

Book Reviews

and bcorrM; "" infantry l'eUletUJll. During World WIl< 11 , his usdUI lrudy, "Fighting on Guodalo", . I," impr~ Army Chi~f of S.aff Genen.! George e. Marshall, 1 VMI gradune, ~nough 10 help him f«\Ire the comm.nd nrd", 121h Inf.nlT)', an d"",,,,,, of the 4th Infanny Di"".o" .. (or lhe ,....ull on Normandy. Rttdr;r". hen"" actions on 7 J~nc 1944 won him 1 D istinguished Service Cross, but he;l]~ ~ • leg . nd h. d 10 ""i", ' ''' ",,,dic.! ground, in 1945. Reeder returned 10 West Poinl, where iM: was fK1l1ed to .ctive duty for IWU )'COJ1I :md then worked as I civili~n for twenty, te;\Ching ludcrship. "",rhing tiM: codet h;o ... -h.JI 1e1m. and becoming a prolific author.

Through the )'Ca ... R"d Reeder ,,,,,,, cured many cadet b~sebill pllyefS, including Frederick M . Franks, Jr., Cia .. of 1959. who bte. led Vl I Corp' in'" Kuw.ait during the: Gulf War and who retired as the comm:and...- of the Training .nd Docrr,,,,, Command. in 1~4. When M ajor Franks sustai ned such Terrible wounds in Vietn.m th:n hil ~r kg had .n b" ampulaled, Rt:<:<le, was. kq player in his ",habili lation, visiting him in lhe ""-pital .nd uling hi< """'>CCliooi 10 convince General of Ihe Army Omar B .... dl"" (USJI,1A 19 15) to """d F'r.utks a gelweill""" •. TIle strong bonds of kinship among Bradley, who had 01"" 1,la)'ro buc:bill " Won Po,nt; Reeder; and Fran .... exemplify Ihe clIo$ tlul will forewr link the many gcn.:r.niom of the Long C .... y tinc,"Grip hands with n., ""'nglheo our hearts."

The author (QuId 10 . ,." ended his book with hi. chapter on Caplain Amerine's very r«em expcricna. .. IC"Oding a Speci.1 ~"""'" A Team againsl T.li]",,, foes in Afghani5lan, but in.tad he d>C*. to ci.JIc with some Ihought. on "11'e l lean of West Poim." L""",ming liM: {:oc. Ih ... he pc.~:.nf">g<' O( W ""I P"int-trained gen-

enol offi~ in tho:: Am,y hIS bttn 111::><lily dttn:::ooing, Cuhart observes lhat Ihe Academy'l im.1l" ;" ".~>wly sliding from widely acknowledged I'",,,,i,,,,,,"-.: in the middle of ,he last century 10 what is often and increalingly I«Il by tho:: Amcrian public .hal f"yslhe b'll ... marWnal ",levance." (p. 4(3) To ~ this problem. Carll"" propooa .ha. ,ho:: A.",y follow the lead "f Ihe <.>the. services and CK>le .1 \V"", Point • new Anny gr ... l" . tc ochool whert: """ior coploinl and field offi~rs could eam wv;lnced drIP""" in mili '~ry history ancl lc:><IcNhip. Wesl Point would continue 10 produce """",,01 licU~IUIlts, but I",-*, "ffi~rs would not be allowed 10 enroll in Ihis graduate school, whose Ullden' !xxly w"uld be, .. le •• 1 initi . lly, ROTC and officer condidalC school graduates. In ,his way, th!: number of Army offio:rl ""I....."d '0 mining"' Well Po;", wouJd be gmtly ""1 .. , ....... Carhan ~ tlut brge I.ltluscd or undtlUtiliud bui~!i"g' aI"'.dr exi.t •• Wellt Point . which would ",.ke locating graduale school focil;,i"" W'" OO$t dfo:cti»e . Hi. "''''''"1,1 i, inuo..... n., .nd '"Cry in.eresting. but chang<' lias t"Ie'oW come easily at \V ... l'uint, a"d many of its "old ~. IS well as ilS opponents will ptcob:abIy find n.. ... i" ~h • ..,ntun:. J( ,1x: """,dcmy hopes 10 ,ile'''''' Ihose who criliciu irs rnon: C05t.ly commissioning l'>lh, however, wrh.lrr'. prolx....,! 'nay be JUSt what the doctor ordered.

IUt:<r ClimIinxham " • rtrirnJ A,.,." lintInUltU UJIonrI wh.? ~tnI fom W.-u f'r>jm in 1972. H.MTW<IIII un infontry anti ",,{il4ry politi offirrr in I'" Unil'" SWtI and KiJ"" uNi '" a fortill' Uml oJfrrr j " lWUbm, J:.b1W, aNi ,.,,,,,,,. H~ ..... thu.s. lk.fr- /fIllllN j" Klllhmslllht j" llJ9l-92. H"u IITfi<k -~"l fIJi lTt»/ Fiu: n. Maiuln P,,,,itiw ~ <{I'll 'l" uf'PNml in fIJi Wi,,1tr XCJ w..r 0/ Army Hi,,,,'Y (No. 54).

Com"'N] /I'~(A,."s ojENt iN«n, U.S.A., 1846-1B4B, iN t~ Altxinm m.~

Ky G u, hVUs Wood50n Smith t:'li,ed by IM>nn~ M. Hudson Ktnt Sute Un i~r!oily P,,,,,", 200 I,

96 pp., paper, S14.S0

Rev..". by J:unca W. O unn

)(en, St:I,e Uni,""";ly Pn:.. Ius isiIItd a new edition o( G" .. avus Smith·, book aboo, Comp. ny A, COrp!' of Engineell. in ,he 1\'Ie .. ic:.I1I W.,. 'In" engineers' Bm~ Press 11, Wilk:t~ l'uim, N(W York, publ.i>.lul ,he origirW in 1896. Writing n=lyfif.y,.,..." afkr the ~o" Snuth produced ~n iu\Claring and ~tc acc:oun, o( cng;fIt"r activitin dUring the M""ic:I" \\':i,. He h><l tQ

be accur:>!e since he WOll writing for many ",:Wc:rs wh" h .. 1 he",,:ili~ ar t:Iw: ume of the n.."rs. l nc Kent SI:l", press and edi",r Lttmnc Hudwn. an ;usoe:;;.n: profm.ur of hiorury a. t:Iw: unMrsil)' and btogo'phcr "fGu .... vul Smilh, ha\'e improved Ihe fin" ctlirion by .dding m.ps, photog ... pl ... ,n ind"" • • nd endnotes thaI highLgh' p.:,,,,,,,:.o.1i, ica, many of whom went OIl'" (a" .... in ,he Civil \V:u.

In hi,,; introduction Hudson p"'Knts an O>"<:rvicw o(tbe war ,."d ducu

menlS II>e creltioo ofCom.pa"y A. H e pruvida brief biognphielO of the "'i~ nal comp~ny officers, Capt. Alexande. 1. Swift and 2d LIS. George R. McClcUln and Smith. I Ie ,hnt 1',,11....., lhe compmy through Ihe _, .. ",ing ;IS participltion in each batik nf Maj. Gen. Winfield 500,,', C'Iln,p:UI.'" in <:enlrall\lexico. Hudson ~'"1"" Iha. hc """'e 10 maintain Ihe in.egrity ,,( S",ilh', W(ln:. H e su>;ceeds lIdmirobly.

In .he fin< half of the ni""tee"lh <:emury. Ihe Army', duef enginee, "'" 1>CIl.wly asked Con~ for 1ItI engi''''''' oo"'p"ny, >lMit with li11lc: rutteS$.

At the ,,,,n or .he w:u wi th Mexico, tn.:: Corp' of I::ngineers consiSled of aboo. fi,..y oflOcers lIC.ttC~d around II .... C"''''''ry .nd • few enlisted men mlin l'JoJ;d af W""fl'oin t, NO! until aflet t:Iw: decb".,i"" of war did Congrcu lutl>oriu • lOO--man engineer company'" .he R'1,'ular Army. Smith noteS that this romp'ny', Slrength peaked al

72 ""lilted men,lIm M does J\OI give .he ~a",ns for t:Iw: shortfall 0 ... evidcnl problo:m was t:Iw: high ~W><btd f .... cfllimnen!. I::o."h m1ltl had to be able 10 ,c. d . nd write and to hive SOme mechaniclll knowledge. Anmhc:. pmblem w.lS the difficulty of recruiting in Iiw;

NonhuSl, a stronghold of .bolitionists and lri,h C.thoIia. "'~"Y of whom opposed the ...-.r.

Col. Joseph Totlen, Ihe: chief enginetr, assigned Cap lain Swirt, who had returned in 1841 from the ,....hnol lOr Fn:nch engineer and artillery off,,,,,,, at Mea, as Ihe comp'''y cummander. Swift cbcKe Smith from Ihe Weal Point fwl)', wbeR: he wu inlilmetor of pr...:tieal engineering, oOKI Smilh ruggested McClelbn, I '''''. :llI gr, d .. >!. in the da$1 of 1841>. Scw"d LI. )Qhn G _ FOXIer, 1InOlber 1!W6 ),~u.tc:, j<>inc:d tM company in Mexico.

The: romp:.ny nxhro Maj, Gen. Ztthary T.ylora army in northern MtlUCO aftc •• iw; Hmle of MOllleR:Y and lpenl Ihe f,1I d. illing and earning the epithet ".hc pick . nd .hovd brigade: (p. S) Smith', ",Ie of tl>e cook wlw:> would not d,i]] ,,"'il threalenc:d with a rapie. ill"<\""ca.he problem 0( 100 much time and nol enough '0.1" in a oomN. rone. Ordered 10 join Scnn'. army for the campaign to Me..iC<l City, Smi th led the company on a 354-- mile ......d-building march '0 TlImpico in Oc«mber 1846 and Januory 18047. while Swift Vld rwenl)""lwt> r:nliofro n"l<:n ",mlined behind in a h""", .. r, victims of tropical mabdic:i. Swif, n:j"incd Ihe company in 'ime fnr Iiw;

V" .. Cn'~ . mphibioul operaljo" Lu. had a ",13p'" the first day a,oon:, lind Son;lh kd 1M company for tl>e rest or the c'"npaign.

S",i,h nom. IMI t:Iw: Vera Cn.t2. liiq:;c wu a cbssic engin«r oper:>tioo and lhal hi. ""mpany pb~ m important ,ole. 11 i, he", Ih" Ihe R:oder begin. 10 Illeel olher r:nginec' offICers, includinll C'I'" ~n E. '-" and ht Lt. P ier", Ik:oJ.l~ mc:mbmt of Scotlo un"fftcial Gencr:aJ. Staff who would be

""" .... prominml in the 1Urun::. Sa", iur"",,,,lcd him .. If with engi""". gRduat ..... ,,( Ihe M ilil;UY Aademy ""

he fclt tl'l11 he and his sc:niol officers locked the knowledgc that these proficic:III young offo="l could contribu.e. S''';lh and 1M engineer ,taff off"",.. USo.,l,hc comp:my belOre V"", Cruz 10

loc:lle and P"'P"'" ~"illcry position. . nd to outline and superviic . he: construetion of t:Iw: liege lind. Son;lh complains, however. thaI af'er I'bying """,h an importanl role ;n the siege. hi, com

pany was not allowed '" l'articip"'" in the .tuTeOOc:r ce",n\<lni"..

That lack of R:iJl«1 c"",i""ed, >c

cording tQ Smith, when C,""P""y A waS nol placed in tI .... Ic:W when t:Iw: army movro inland lOW-Ani Me:rico Cil)'. Consequently the e"g;"""" did not IIrri~ at Cerro C",,1o, Ihe f<:cnt of the first major bllllle olong Scott', rou.e 10 Mexico Ci.y. un.il late on 17 April, after the l>~ttle hod kgun. Smith p~ dc: •• chmenrs 10 de...approach rout"" ",id help position ...-lillery batteries, and then he led the ~maindc. of hi. company lIS infan.ry in Ihe m .. i" . Tr.tck.

Afler Ccrro Gordo Ihe engiflCCJ" company IaI the ..M.nce 10 Mexico Cil)', and Smi.h hints Ihat Scott followed tn.: .. I-ha: ofhis staff eng ......... in ...,...mping the o.-dcJ or "",rd>. In t:Iw: Valley of Mex>oo, 50011" .rmy p:uti<"ipOled in five major b."k:o: ConttCras, Churubu~o. Moli"" dol Rry, Ch3pW"'pec, and Mexiro City. Smilh 1:Utes his readers through exh ORr.

At Contreras. COInl"'''Y A penon""I clo:~ ,. road thmugh difficu.lt lerrain thaI a1lawed Sam TO mack the Mexican position from thc ....... :uly ,," 20 Augusi. Once again, the comI"'''Y participaled as infantry in the :K1Wn. A Moeric1ltl defenP"" I",.i';,," •• Churubusm b1ocUd. the American I"'",,,il btcr that afternoon. EngiIW:t:. ol1ke ... with Company A as an escort, made • ",coonai5unce, hut SlIIi th "Ollllll(n" thai the frontal . !I. ek wa5 h"l'h' urd and did nol I.ke :tdvant:lge or Ihe tngin«rs' R:pon.

II.c:fore he could gCI ;ntu Mexico Cil)', ScOIl had to d"", r.1oIino del Rry .nd nice lhe Chapull~l"'" c:Il,tk. Smith tells his readers tht< a len -lII.n detachmen t from hi. Ci>IllI''' "Y under Lic:tl-

"

.cn.nt F", • .". ,,'ppc..-tctld.., 8 Sq>lcmt.." an:lock at M"li"o del Re,.. At Ch2I'ull"J""'" .he <:Dr"!","Y huill arullery I'",ition •• ",1 pnwidc<1 ..:ali"8 laddeI'S fu,. ,he stOTTn inl: p>rly'. elL'!Y morning 2S5aUlt on Ihe costk. n,at 1ft~moon Ih. rompany sUl'llO",~1 BVI.

Maj. (.;~n. William Wonh·~ ~It~"k n" 52J1 ComI. (.;m, Mexiro CiT)'. Smith·, ~nl provides a good example of how Scon and his ~nio, rommandcl'S uK(! til( .ngin«r rompany in romb,,, ~ralions. Reporting 10 \Vonh .bou, 4 P.)\., Smith foond t~1 M; was tt." ~ntQl" .nginttr in th. divisitm and ,h", had 10 funelion 2S a staff office' al wt:ll 15 • Hnit mmm"1<!cT, • du.l ,ole ,hal would he t.ken by 111."y futuK enginee. offi<:t:nt. o..\c,,-~I '" m .. kc: i Kronn.i_pna: .nd T<:<.'<",,,nend the besl method.n .-ult the. g:llc, Smith 'USgesrro an i",lirccT al'l'm".:h aoo tee

"",me",kd 'LlLing C0111P'"")' A til an infantry role. Wi.h Worth', approval. SmiTh then letl .he <:111Hp"'y '" a ([anking p".i li,,,, and f"rced the Mexicans f,.,,,, Iheir defensive p<"l.ition.

My tI,e end of the nm!",ign ComI"'''y A w, ... t half . trength, but Smith claim' Ihat u a veteran uni t of....,..., Ihan half • doun major hattIes it was nO Ion~ ",be pi<:k ItId u-..I bri!foIde: With the end of oonilities Smilh once again faced 1M problem of II~' much lime and 1\01 enough to do. Hi. "'''''P'''Y clerk. Artiftcer F.wcrkk W. Ge.lLer. a respected ~ter.ln $(Ildi~ wilh a len.\cr><y "when off duty, 1101 indulhOC: tu" {,,:dy in il"'ng dnnk." (p. 67) nrf>C UI' wilh ao elabonte ~1Ory when """"""" of going on a drinking .pm:. What Iu do? Snulh kt it bt k"""", that Gerber would be <;Ofl$iden:d Ii" 1'"""ollon 10 corpor:r..l o. sc.g"~m if he gave up d.inking. c.,rbe. lI.y,~1 in the Army through the Civil War ."d wu ""geant major of the Ibnal;'", of Engineers from 1867 un,il hi. dealh Ie" year> later.

While Smith .. ared al Ven C",,, to

",1I1e .... wly records. Mr:<...'lclbn brought tI~ rompwly back 10 \\!csI l'oi nt in June 1848. I Ie~ Smith tnd. hi, .=~"tI. hUI the unit's ",ory continued. C""'I"'''y A .emained in Regular Arrrty

)4 Army History Sprint-Summt:r 2002

..,rvicc, and its Mcrican War honoTS:are today proudly earritd by Com!","y A, ht Enginee. Banalion, dw: oldest mgi....... wUl In dw: US. Army.

Smilh's work ;s a unit hHrory. It ;. nOl a diary .uch as i\JcClellan wrote, nor a Be..uregard-.tyle memoir. It i, .l.w; ... t Company A in tM; w:U" mlh •• than Ihe lLersooalifi .. invo),-N. "<:kt:1ils ,he ev<:"''' p[;ICC$, 100 dlltS, iItId reuteS wha. life and combat were like in a miJ-nine",en,h cemury u.s. Army enginccr unit. Ai "",h "deserws a pbce un the boobhck ... of those inlCteS.ed in ...,.... of Iht ni"eteenth (cnrury 0$ "",II .. of 11""" inlcrcsted ,n the U.S. Army Corps of Enginectl.

&/;rrd CAl. fa",,, IV D~nn """ " hUIQ'uln wi,b 1« A."" Q,." ".! F.n~,,",",

ftrmr 1985 ,,"/1.' flint]()()2. HL bo/JJ " drx/OTlIIr ill himryfo"" lIN U"",=iIy <f U(l"Wt1i;. AI a" "r"lill<ry "./fi«r, IN MrWJ

/"WII "Ii,. in Yirln""" jinni"l "" I-'Ji, .. I;on ..... ..t. II, WoOI,birf of tIN HiJ/rm·n D;"';S;M of ,bI 0",,. rif Military Hu lOry in 1978- 84.

He"~(lt to vldo,.,r C.njedertlu S,. .. t~ Reconsjd~nd

Ky Rohrn G . TlUln ... SK Hooloo, 2001, 11>2 pp .• cloth $65,

papcrSl7.9S

E. I .... ...,. for aoy and all South.m "ffenoi"" nLOVa and for thtir efforts '0 dcf~nd the entire Confedtracy; ,heac hiilo.ia"o and aulhors .150 ).:<:"e ... lly ,ugge.t th:1I ont or more vi.bl" (."d al'parently mo •• promi.ing) ~!r","gic options CXi$lcd for Ih~ Confede .. ey. The oulcOme of T.nnc" i"irnng Ihe ugumtnl i •• mUII-uad (UT .tud.n .. of CmI War ,,,uegr. Rdm.t tD YiuDr,' 1$. (ompubenai"" Iintegic anal)'$l1 of any poten,i. 1 C"nfede ... tt "Fabian Urat.gy. ""d a ... ong argumtnt On how politically. oocially, and gtographic.lly ,,",~.Ii .. ic Ihi. choict would ha~e b«n in • war fnu),"hl by the South (or politic.1 ind~r"",le1tcc and the prot.ction of the in .. il"lio" of stavery.

T.nner btgins wi.h • ilmple que.tion: "Wby ~u the.e ~f<:at

baltlt. in ~nn<yl""ni., Maryland. Vi'ginia, and l"tnn • ...," rAther Ihan well-laid ambu.he. in Alabama'. .. ndhil" 0. skillf,,1 .elf" ... Ihrough the pine fores •• of the Carolin •• ,.The ... mainde. of .he hook i, • very (omp •• hensive "h"UIILen. ..sailing the idu .hat • F .. hi.n ..... Itgy was a viabk optiun r." Ih~ Soulh.ln ~ wry m~thodi~.1 (and very eonvinting) fashiun, T.nn~r proceeds to addreu the e"1t,, .. ~1 and political Context for Soulh"T" .IT .. egic deci.iOM to show Ihe i",p'''' of state. righls, sbvcry, ooci.1 ",der. and mil ituy geogrophy

States of on C(mfe.tc ... le options for waging America was tIl"~ de.llned to ,etKlt ,he wa •. A. a ,c.ult. Tanner mal: •• a ilS way inlo ""i"ence: So coocludes .. ronl: eaK .hal all these powerful Roben Ta"ne. ;n h,s R~/rr(l/ /0 y;,- underlying forees SUppK'Kd any 'MJr Q,nfi"rntU Str .. tv RU~'fI;Jrml. -r .. "'"cr, ~ longllme Civil War • .,th" •• "d leelurer who focused on Ihe Shenando.h V~Hcy Camp.ign of 181>2, ha. p.odueed .n insight ful "",ly "f "ne ofthc g •• at "wh .. if," nf C.mfede ... lc " ... tegy in this .~"C~" t .. ldi.ion 10 SR Books· Ame.iean Crisis St.i.,.. on tM Civil W .. e ..... In hi. mosl ,ectnt work, Tanne. challeng" lho .. histor'.ns who wilh 20-20 hindiight ctiticize the le.ding Cunfederate "r.lI~gis .. , P.e. idenl ]cfferoon Davis and G ene .. 1 Rubo"

conlempo ... ry consi<krltion of cun dncting either guerriJb wufo", .,r • F.bian s .... l1eg)' ag:ti" .. the advatu:ing Federal urn;"s . T ... LUer also bold ly challenge. m,ny u.crtlOIlS 00 m,l"ar)' ope.ation. d".i"l: the Civil Wa' Iha. have far .,," ,,{ten been a<:cepttd a. Irlle wi.hoUI any s"pponing evidence. For alImplt. Tanner goes • long way loward disproving the C"IIImoo hypothe,is th.1 Confede ... t" .nnie. lost m.ny more $(Ildi ... in "oo.'lr- banlts than Ihey would hove hy ~ ",,"neuv •• " or .. id-

ing IIrafcgy like that Stonewall Jad;...,,, wnducted in the Shenandoah Valley.

The main SU'ngth ofthi, book i$ Ihe f",wc. of ir. aruly,i, and Ihe depth of i" argument. Afler reading .. , ",any recent lengthy tOmes on the Confcdcr.ue High Command, this ~der , • • u.lly .... , pluundy surprised a' how much wlid historical tnal".is ami enjopble proK fit in • compact 148 P'g<:s of text. The ;nllef"h .n.lysis of mili tary geogfllphy ami iu impact on :s.,uthern Strategic decision-making was In e'p"cially "",kome addition 10 the ongoing debale on why the war was conduct",1 u it wu. Tanner also hao Ihe (OUT1),"

to go beyond (llual ,,,c,,,i,,,, of ClauKwit~ian axiom, a, he pte.c,," an enti re chap'er on viewing Ihe Civil Wat through the len. of the famou, l'ms.ian military Ihcot;$I. The rnulting "On Cllu..,wit." makes a strong argument Ihll Claulew;l! is i highly improper t.M,1 with which to buh Co"fcdc •• ,e dedsion-make ... The o"ly ",.jor wukne$l in the book (other thn the alltoo-common 11 .... of not enough mapa) ;5 the author's .. "den,,), ttl

border at times on asserting "il i. "" bec.use Cbusewi,. lays so.- Iloweve., the chapter on Claulewiu and the intcrelling Ult of John Ke.:gan a. a f"il f". the nineleenth-cenrury ehe",in more Ihan make up for Ihis fluit.

A. designed, Ihis book is l grell counterweight 10 Charles P. Roland, Cory Gall.gher, James McPherson, .".1 othe .. who argue that Confederale •• miu atncktd 100 often for thei. own good. Tanner's COne;.., b .. .,k has not by 2IIy mUn, ended Ihe • rgllrnenllon the issue ofConfcderIte war ""'legy, but he has certainly .d,.."cw the hi,wrical debatc. This make. tloc hook a gre~t read for all inlere~tw in eithcr the military aspeclS of Ihe Civil Wa. "r the choicet faced by the Co"fcdc,,"e High Command. lIowcvc •• RUm,1 t" Vi .... I.?f al.so offen buddi,,); ""'Iegists, g.~dll.le sruden1$, and ",iliury hi.-

tori.ns of o"y pe.iu<l. t\llO. i.l on.he dangcn of hiot",ic:ol <kcisi.on-moking by Mond.y morning quarterbleb. By I'rcocn.ing Ihe complex coneeKl fu. Confe.le.ue ,trltegic planni,,);, Tonner rernind, UI III both of Ihe d ' ''gcr in .implifying hiSlorical. choicel Ind of the .... Iue in pbcing aU hiSl",ic:o.l ded.,,,,,, in the p0-

litical, social., and ""'tegk conditioM that crealw them. lni, "'minder alone i. well wurth the price of the ho" k.

Mill TIJ/IIN1S COli is 1111 .1''''1 6ffittt "IT"'''''' Illlil"tti III II Ifrtllll.lr ptll''''" lit ,ht No,tb A/tItri'"11 Atro'p"u fHlust C./tI/tI"IId III PUt"'" A,r }-a.ce R"st, C.torodQ. lit bas " dOlla'lit. in hiuo'1?/tl Ih' Ohio SI,,/( U"ifJ"";ly IJnd b,,, ",uIM lh' Jubjm ,,11m u.s. Miti/,,? A,,,d,,,,,. 11. "rwd witl> 11K 8U Ai,H..", Di.,;.io" i" Oprlllio" jurr Cwu; i" P""",,,O lI"d OjotrilliM D~YT S1Y.HtM ill lTill/""d 'O"'IfIIl"J.J an i"fimtry (omp,,"y ;n 0p""lio,, A~L!' St'/W"RY in MouJ.,,;a,

Rtui,,/ &ml"., BmrA: SoIdi"., "/~"K ,k Rj~ Grtl"de

8y J ..... e. N . Leiker Tuu A&M University Inn,

2002,241 pp., S).l.95

Review by Ruga Cunningham

After lhe Civ;1 War, Congress decided to allow Mrican Americans 10 enlist ill 'he H.egular Army for the first time. Silc '''I:imcn(ll rompostd of black enli!lted m"" wen: org.u\iud in 1866. Illd I1M .. t Ilf lhem ""'''' soon stationed in To .... I'ri"",riiy >I lbe fom on Of

near Ihe R;1l G",nde., Thil m~r delint1.ted lhe hurrlcr with Mexico, but, as author Jameo N. Leiker, an assistant profn", .. at S.int Cloud State Univetsity in Mi",,,,,,,,,", ",btu, ~w residentS took II "",tiouoly all • boundary of national authorily .".1 identity." (p. 39) Controlling the hunlc. by distinguishing Mexican. fmm Ameriuns was a daunting ta.k, since 90 pcm:nt of the

=identl on the American ,;de uf the lawcr 'I'llIey had Mealca" an"""try. In RMi.J B",tkn Leikc •• "uli", the ;n,eractionl of black ""Idie .. with memhcrs of olher racial ~"d ethnic group, in the Rio Cr. "de ""Hey and "conw:ys the limieations uf f1C<: U on tnllyrical rool for un<!erolandi"g cllnniCl .nd coopention." (p. ISO)

In 1869 Cunl:"'" ",,,,oolid.~ ,be Regular Army'. fou. block inhntry n:gimentl 10 fonn tw<.---"\he 24th and 251h inf.""y----.nd .hese, along with the 9th and 10th Cavalry, tht other IWO hlack un;" "",.ted in 1866, 'p"n, ,nuch of the 1870s and 1880s OI:.t;"'-""1 i" lhe Lone Star State. Their oer.oitt Ihere prepared the region .nd it. J1CUPle "for. strengthe",ng of natio".1 ide",ili"." .nd enabled the Rio C,..nde til "vol",,"from a 'frontier' to a 'border. ~ {I~ 95)The ..-nt of the black miliwy P"'"'-'''''' in T,,<1. i. iUuu,..rcd by I],,,

fact .h>1 Ihe Anny in 1873 had a lOW "f 2,700 black regulm in 44 001111"",cr- IO in each infantry ref;;m~'" md 12 in each cavalry regi",c"t-• .,d oil but 7 of th= rot"I"''';''' "",re Sf:Itioncd in thai OIale. Af.it:", .. American soIdien could be {""'MI "' twdvt: diff"",nt pom in Texas, wilh Ihe Ilogat 1,"''''1', eiglll comJWliCi with .boul 480 """'. ""t;oned at Ringgold B.,..du, ill Rio G ... nrlc City. As the need fot troc",. W"w in other pam of the W".I. however, II", hlac~ units ~re gradually Inns{mo:l, 2nd after the Wt one left Tens in lllllS. black .qulan did /lOt

rerurn to thc ... :ote until 1899. Ahho,,~h black soldieH in Texu

had cert. inly becn willing to lIssen their ri.:h" d"ring the urlier petiod. lhey .e1Urned there after the Span· ilh-A,,1t:r;c:on \Va. wilh theit pride bolstered by the;r buvt: performan~ under fin: in Cuba and with even Ie •• inelinatio" lhan ~fore to pal.iw:ly icce]'! ,,:grcgation and ab" .. from civili . " .mhorities. American r~ce

relotin"., h~r, were then 11 o. near tI'ci. nldir, and OVer the nut few ye.", "blood feud," (po 119) be tween hbck troops and Ili'p.n;' ci vilianl en'ptw on at lea" five OCClliom. 0 "" of the lx$t-known ,nci-

"

derm occurred 11 Brownsville, whe", Fori Brown walched ow. the lowcr Rio Crrode. Thtff oompanieJ of the 25th Infantry moved the", from Ntbruk. ,n the iummtt of 1906, and their reillions wilh Ihe local community quickly deleriomed. In Augu" a midnight shooling spree by unidentified gunmen killed a civilian, and local citizens laid the blame solely on the unwclcome black ",guIa ... The IlOldi"".' guil! could nol ~ established, hul an A,my investigl1ion concluded Ihal Ihe infant rymen would ne~r cooper.lle in de""mining who was guihy. t>",.ideHt Thco.lo,& Roosevc!! took their silence •• 1''''''( of oo""pi",cy, and without filing formal charges h. ord.",d ill 167 black soldiers in lhe companies dilK:h.rgcd without honor.' shocking .nd dism.);ng the mlny Mrican A~ricallS who had suppomd Ihe prc:sidem. The author (onuibu les 10

the hIStoriography of this lragic inciden' by chillcng,ng Ihe st:Indud interpretation focusing on I'IIci.] len.iom between black soldiers and white Southerners, while quellioning the "unequi.'OCIJ Isscnion of the soldiers' innocence" (po 14~) made in John D. Wca~r's book Tbt Brrwnwillt R"jJ (Nt'W York. 19iO). Leiku poinH O\It Ihat "hiS1orical undersf:lnding of the firownsville affair lacks .. propt"r con,idcflnion both of its compluity and its many ame.::cdenls on the j'.ICJ<i"n bolder: (p. 143) H e .lso IITCUcJ th . t nrowmviUis dominant culntrc wu that of t Maican border lown wilh • (ronlicr ~mality and ,hat schol:m .hould 1>01 ~ blinded 10 ",he mulli",eial context in which ,he shoming ' nn"pi.ed." (p. 144)

One surp.i.ing omission in Ihi. otherwise thorough study i. Ihe author'. (~ilure 10 discuss the p.rticipation o(black T ClIlIns--some of them dillCh.rged ooldien-in thtir m le militi., lhe Tens Volunteer Guml, H..;tween 1875 and 1905 11 leUI a aeon: or black militia unils Krtro for ..... rying pt"riods of timt, and du.ing thc early 1880s nine of the comp. ni"" ((",ned the First Regiment ofC"I"",,]

16 Amry History Sprint- Summer 2002

Hero vs. Hero Adam Poi"" ..... a &nu.t.oIc Tau. ute of Fon Clarlt., ;nto

Negro wboto: brno::ry .. an Indian Mexico, At • daac:e Oft New Year'. Scoot with the.,h Canlry in the 0.,. 1877, Deputy Sheriff '-1arun Red Riftr War in Sqllcmber li74 WmdUi tried 10 aPJ-....... Paino: gained him a Malal of Honor. AI· for ki1ll111 a solditr in Brown""lk. tel' lcmnlC the Army, Paino! WU Windus kiDed r-ine with a ,hot suop«ted ..r rullning .ro!cn <.:auIe gun..booting him .t ouch dox &om !he vicinity of B....:.k.:miIIe. ~ thai his clothe. '9"'"cdly

n.e NII'IeI.,entl.-C<n""Y M~ofllMO<

Inf. n!ry, (",n",."dc'ny for hi, rq:imcnt in 1883, bu. be "')" nolhing d"" .oo...t d'IC black mil,ri.",en, .. mi ff ing the fact that a company b .. e<1 in SCI:uin was activated to pre... nt the lynching of" I Iispanic prisoner in IKH'I-on~ of the f~w in"an~~. o(bl~ck militiam~n Ming " .. ,<\ ... cnforce lhe law during the n; ncteenth century. At IeHI one forrne. bbck regular, Cpl. Lewis Taylor .. (.he 9th Cavalry. w:u d«ted to cummand Galv ... too', Lifl«)ln C ... .-.I in 1892, and a man who cbimcd to hove oerved in the 241h Inf.ntry comm. nded S.n Anlonio's Excelsior C" .. d a. well ..

C&UAbt fiR. SGCb wiolml deatN ~ fai.ly com ..... Ij .. '" in froDtin' Texas, ~ ro.. D<lC notable coineidmce-Wmdu .... al.., a Medal ollloaor rttipitnl, having earned the award for his "gallantry ill .,.hon' u a bugkr wilb Ihe 6th C.v a1ry in nonhero Tent inJuiy 1870. We may only speculate about ... bctber ~', color eueerbated lhe uch U1 me 1Prman'l tri~

fin~. bul OOII!eI'IIpotahes MIInN ,ba' Wind ... coukI work cft«rivtly with Mrieon American$. Dunng the Spanish.American War Pmident William M~Kinlcy ~'Ommilsioned Wmdus to command bllck uoopt. 1.5 • captain. he led • com pony of black soldiers raistd in Homtun in 1898 that .... IU\ elemenl of the 9th U.S. Volunteer Infantry_

the Colored In(anlry fi.lla!ion Ihal ""p' .c~ ... 1 1],& regiment in Ihe m;d]880.. Olher , .. leranS probably ,.100 ...... gh. out the martial camaraderie of the black TCXfi militia units If"" their cnli.unent:l expirc:d, and oonftl1Cly, to"'" of the militiamen opted 10 serve in the bl""k volunteer unirs that Ihe n •• i" .. rai.ed for the Spanish-Amen'"to .nd Philippine W~rs.'

N= t In 1 ~tO the Atmy albw.d ]4 ofrll< t67

...... to ... NiA, >DC! in 19i2 il ,o<w..fotd ,he

diot~ '" 011 '" them .. ""'-...... but only 0....,- \V.u;. ... >liD olivo ... rt« .... ........ ~ _ .... d toy Conpno • .",,, ~.

1 . • '" .1.,.;10 "" TCDI', blat:k ailli ....... ... ... Alwyn 1Un', "'Thr Block Militi. "'the N .. .. Su.th: ·Iu. .... C ... Snody." 1-'''''''' N'1." 1/""" 6l (July 1m): 109-19.

Olll~ Gem"'" Art of "'"r TrupptllfllbN<lIl

Edlli<d by Bruce CondcU..,d O,.rid T. Zabccki

LY""" RKnna-, 2001,303 pp., SSS

Rcvic"" by Stepmn A. Bourque

Ftw American soldiefll racing "",,,," the $OUthem l~i dc:5c:rl ill 1991 ...... Id Iu~ been able to O l,\';n lhe ,hcon:t;~o.! r001$ of their lucce ... M"., knew torrII<mjng about AitL..and Bailie domine:and iii emphasis on initi.live, .giliry, deptb, and synchrnni, ... lion. They"fl:'n: also .wore. csp«Ully .(Ier Ibe in;,io.! ma~k. \hal they wen: "per. nng under mission orders, led by uffKffl who ht.d no difflcuhy in m>king doxi,jons on me spot. Few. h~r, would be able 10 iekntify the obscu.., German mllmo.! Ih . l contribuled to the doctrinal do:bote Ihal n:wIwI in • n:vit:tlizalion of An ... Tican miliary on after ehe Vie en,.", \V>T.

FolI"""">g Get",>ny'. Ikf""1 in the Firsl \Vorld War, .1 ... ·ri".1 "f 1'C. ppniw :and ..,bWlding lOOk pbo..." wi'hin the German Anny C"",n11I1<i. The domina! prodUCI of clIO! ~· ... ol",iQll w>l the manual n"ppm/"..n.""K (19l3~J4), or Ullil CAw""", .. J,' book which .."....,.j as lhe l»si~ of German tcoining ,,,,.I l>OCfia unw the end of World War II. Wnmn under the direction o( Ih~~.-Lt. Gen. Ludwig B«k (1880-1944), ht:.d oflhc German Amly'. Troop 01T1tt, il d1'CW on the approilChes 10 milil,.ry Iheory found in the writings of Cui von Lbu~~ and Hdmum ... on Mohia:. Amerion achange "ff..:m, i""luding C.pts.. HuLIn N. Hmness and AIlx:rt C. Wedemeyer, were expooed to Ihi. .l.ucumenl wlWe attending lhe K~t ... ~ (German Wu Colkgr;) in the 1:lIe 1930s.

FitM &"""<t Rq,u/aliom wi,h • more drniUllic documenl. Following funbcr German $UCCCM in France the f0llowing year, lhe War Dqmlment mad. additional n:vilion. 10 these ~lions .nt! ' .. uw the 'nult as FM 100-5, PiLM &roi« 1Vtu".tiMS, ~YlJliDIIS (1114\). Genenol Be<::k, now «:tired. lUll.' h~ve be~n 1maz.d if he disc",, · cn:d llu. hi< work had been put I ........ by • ".lion Ihat had gone to wu w;lh hi •. Pc,h.p" t:VC1l mo«: srunni", i. the f .... . hot , lhirty-~ yellS lafff, when Aillcrican doclrinal writers again Itruggled 10 define the _rets of sue.,."..fi.l bmk eommand in Ihe afle,... ",,.th "f Ihe Vi.rn.m ... V"Jr, they runlCd once: mon: 10 Be<::k's manual. AI. wilh the 1941 fi.ld $eMU regu1ation_, ClI' mw:ts from 1}OlfPmjldJnlnl I""mcotc the 1986 edition ofFM 100-5, ~ li~1IJ, which the U.S. Army u~ for tactical and openti"n .. 1 gnid.nce du,... ing the 1991 Persian GulfW ...

l1Ic G",,,,,,,, nUn""!'. """I nottbIe furun:: is the _tion on """,mand will. iTS emphasis on nti .. i"" ",,1e1'\l. Baoed on the lessons of World W",I, Germ:ut officeli learned Uul h'lIlef",ld ",cress

requirN subordinale bier. '0 dispby ;nina'M in confusing circunu.anttl

Soldiers from U.S. Army inldJj · gena ,,,,nslated thi. document al1<1 hy 1936 an J::.ngLish ~rsion of f>..rl 1 was in lhe h.nds of Ameri,"" officen al FUrl Lc . vtnwonh's Comm:llld ~nd Genl: ... 1 Slaff School. Within I .... nk",th' of Ihe Germ:an in ... :IoS;on of Poland in September 1939, th. Wu Dcputmcn' n:pl.t«d ir, an:haic 1923

• nd to adap' their al:t;OIU 10 Ihe . ihlOtions lhey eonfronwl. To.oo.. Ihi. k; .. d of Ilexibility, they moSI 1l00el1iltr.d the miMIOII, the sirualion, ~ • .d Ihe «m1mander', inlCOl. Once the "I>C':i\lion .... :\1 under """y. German doclrine chugN subordinale kadc:1i 10 ~\, t."YI.">1 if il mpUrtd changing both Ihe ..... heme of maneuver and the initial 00' j=M:. "In the ch:mging sil\l2.l ...... of «"nMI: Gcnenl B«k admonished. "inflexibly clinging 10 I C()OJ(W of action eu, k.··.d I<> foilure.lbc an ofkadc:nhip (m,i". "f Ihe limely recognition of cin:umatonttl and of the Il"IOITICnl when ~ o<:w derision is ~u~: (po 23) Simply following orden from iibovt: ...... roo 1onS"'"~. American doctri" al wril~"", ~merging from Ihe .0",,(,,oi"n "f tk Vinrum en, saw this ruO\-CC!", which permeales lhe Ge.m.n ",. ",,,,1 ... cssenrial to opera!il,!! 'HI d", 'c~ of !he next battlefield." and in · oo'1xH'".ucrl i, ,hroughout the 1982 ~",l

[986 edition~ of Field M~n,,:ol ICK}~S, Op=IiMS.' Army ja.got, of t .... I~I. 1980s is replete wilh 'erml """h as initi3live, f\cxibil;ty, romm~nder'1 in· tent. and Aoiftnol"' .... '~ term. whid, """,110 Ihe influence of G~rm." milil~ry ~rt and 1'rufl't'!fobru"K on An",",,"n miUtary thinking.

7ruppmftJlmmg Ius been difforuh to obWII for !hole wi~ 10 -.1y t ....

,k."Vt:lo!>me:nI of mililary doctri" •. TI""", tr .. ,sbnon. tlul do exist arc: incomplete and """"""" "' is the case of the: co!,y I '~'I.in~-d .1 Fort Le:t.,-enworth in Ihe: 198Q,. to\oot do ~ tonWn ,,"","""'ions "r 1':Irt U, which remained cWsif..:J h,the u.s. guvernmcnl Wl.W 2(XX). 8mo: Coodell and Divld T. Zaho::ki I",.., ",M:d this problem in Ih"ir cxcdknl edition. "Thty begin will. an <::IG'f tlw pb;cs this doo;:wncm within in historical context. Expb.i,ti,'Il ilJ origim, thq ana· lyle how Ih>e C.:nuan Annr .....d and modiflCd il d"';"1: Ihe w:>r. Af~, ex:lntining ilS SI..,.>gIho and _~ the edilVlS proYide us a .I~," ~ ofits voJuc: in Ih>e pool ..... ' rca .... Of special intl:n:st is their onaI"";'ofhow this documenl was. and ...... noI, i"""'l"""ted into U S. Army doctri"..! publieotion<.

The C(\Jtors I>a",= do"e ,. ma"erfu1 job of rendering 1"r";~".fiIhruni' Ge .... m.n rex! inlO ret.dabLc Engli.h prost. The choppy and awkw.nl I'hraiICI in pn:viOUI offICial m",.l:aliottl luve now bun n:ndered so tlullhc:y clenly eo<I'

...... y . he essence ofGencrallb:k's mes

.. ~. The manual's introd.",.ion it, by itJ>;.If,. mastc:rpioxc of managerial wi,· .~ "n, os il describes the b:uic c1e"'~nt! or ouccasful leadership for any 1,1...", ."Y lime, and :any profession: 'Si"'ple oct;, ,,,", iogi-c::r.lly carried out, will k:od mo.1 ."rdy 10 the obj«I;",=." (I~ 17) 0., ' W illingness 10 accepl r .. pon~ihil · ity io .he mou imponan~ qualily of. lcao.lcr," .00 ~In. decisive foclur, ck'p,le technology .00 "",al~M'ry, is lhe ..... Iuc of lhe indMdu:ol 00II1;"'." (p. 18) Fin~Uy, Bed :nd. hi. i" IroduCTion with:an :admonilion llul h:o •• rood the lell of rime IUId I"l:".Id .... Inle tod.yas il did in 1933: "The firsl crilerion in wor ..,maiM dcci.M ~ction. E",=ryone. f1.om Ihe highest eon"".ndcr down to

H

tk ro .. mg~1 soldier, must consuntly be: awan: th~t inaction and ncgkct in(rimin:u~ him moon: ~..:Iy than any «fOr in tk (hoKe of means." (p. 19)'

The editors and their publiskr h • ..., dollC tk military hQ;tory communily. h'ft::.lt ":1vice ill i .. uillg ,uch a fine <~lil"»l uf Ihi. very i"'IIO.t~lIt manual. II , l>o.,ld bccomc • "~IKbud ocl"='1« for IhOM: inh;n,,,,cd in C~ ... n>lll performance during World \VM: II. as wen as American d"drirul dr:bo'C$ bcf~ that waf a",1 afler lhe V .... tnam \'hr.

Sltpbm A. &1lTtf"L t~ hiJItJry Qt CU;fornia Statt: IJni<JnJity. NMthridt<. A ffrim! Army maj"" IN ,trWJ ill tlx Is, {nfimtry Ditmian in/IN Pm;QII GuJfWar Q"" ill 1992 ",mmlmdtd IIx Armys QIIIy Hrx..u.. A."", mUll"" but~ dt,lIlIr 1IlmI. He ..w'-ni 1M dM!"w "" apw.tim VF.SF.JU Sro«N i" c...r- 110/"_"" Q"" Don" Slurry. cds., Camp Colt to I:>.:... ... t Storm: "The I listory of u.s. AImorN Forces (Lni"lflm. KJ-. 1999).

NoTl'.s 1 JMn L. lI.om~ f·,.."f" ... INfo"" to

1f"I.-J JI."j, n. I~", of If"", Do<,,,~ 1.7)_I 'JIZ (Rwt M ........ V ... I~). pp.

5HI. WIth tht....- """""" 011,. 59. l. Beet', JW"<'P''''''' '" doe ""'P pk>t

, ... , am~ 11m Wkd 10 kiI hdoII" HnIet >rid 0<1 .... J'<""'" on GCIIIWII OIl XI JWI 19« ~ that he: could ~ No own..Me._ ..... «>Un< .. hen mili."l' cin:u.", ... "" 'P-p" ... d ... dim ..... ~. hi ... >.I blo ,0«>1>-'1'" .. .,..' k.h.,pc <1M!> 'u .... i .. .".,roI of !\ .. ~n ,Ju,. day m""kd , .......... f..uw. Kl ...... !I<dt., d<mmd w. d<ci>i", ..... .,.,.' f.ilu f< r... .. 1UdI tb.y.,.;d";<h .1><;' ~ .... 0.. II«ki mIo

'" "'" """" "''''''P'. _ W illiam 51., .... 71< RiN."" NII tf,,,., ni>J RNa" II.-,ofNm c..-.,fN<wYoo1o..19<i\O).pp. IOlS 68.

From lIN: NDrmQndy Bt lfrIH:J ", Ik R"/I ;' &a: TIN: Nortbwnr £u",Pt C"mpaign. 1944- J945

" y AI~nJ_ L-c" inc I ............. r. 2000. 223 pp .• 567.50

Rc..>cw by !\1;"-h >cl A. Bnden

Countlao 00ub cnmine: ~ up«tJ of the Sco,.,d World War. ~ pn:v;tlc""" of ...... h ac:ule ~ialiution m~kca ,he I""k of writing an ov.:r.orching histo'y "f large ~tion, of

]I Army Hi,tory Sprinz- S4.Imrm>r 2002

,he W."lr rrMJdl ilIOn:: romp~cated. Alan I~n<: ~ttcrnpts 10 produce p~sdy ,h:n ...... of .....nc rn rr- fIN /V1mIUlndJ' s-ha '" lhe &11K Sa: 77N Nmlrwnl E"",/" OIm/",ip. 19#-1945. In this ..:Ianvdy brid" $l\ldy. I...:"i ..... otti.". to n::latt lhe SlOry of the wu in wes,crn Europe. He does 10, how.;,,<;., with 1"" ticulat anenrion to two ;WJCO ,h~. he be~oeves lite grenly ignon:<l by ntl"" hisrorians. Fint. ~ne affCmpnr '" =p/"witt e10emenlS of the ampo.ig .. otl..,. than ground COITINT. spccifK::..Uy tll(" 1ogisticaJ. air, and mvinme 2SJ1<'ds of opcncions. S«ond, the aUThor opccili cally add~ the ~brionohip ~"'''''g tM W<!'!~m All, .... '11" , >iCCOnd theme i. pMt1<:ubrly i"'lM>rt,,,, h' Levine. who ~ th.1 hilton.", repeatedly slight doe Can:odi.n' role ill the campaign. In hi! <"ffi>n TO ",kl,.,.. and analyze the former fCI of .......... Levi"" p<=1S """'" admi",bk: ".mlll;"" and offen SOfIle inniguing "b.cfYJ.tinns. llis endeavor '" ""pion: Allied relalionships, hOWl.."VI.. .... i, \cwl ruc.:essful.

The gTC.lC/il mength of Ihis book i. I.."vinc·~ ahililY to maint.in an effective h. la'l« bctwe.:n his di$<Clls,ion "f ,he o!"muinnal and iogillicallCnvi'i .... nol "nly nf Ihe Amerinns, but of ~11 'he Allied combatant fore(s in Weste rn E"rope during the fin.l """lve n101llh~ of World War II in Europe. H i. lint ( hllpttr. comprising nUfly o"c-'I" . ner of the book', length, .chlc, almost exclusively to thc prcp. r. tintli for the cross-channt! in""'K:m, i"duding not only the Allied debar .... con(crning gnnd StUtegy but ~I.., ,he ai r ach~ilies. supply concc:m J, ~nd ,kccp, inn opentioos ,hal "",nl in'o co .. du~ling ,h( inva!lioo of Normandy. L(Yl nc make • • ~al efforl 10 main I.; .. his f<xu' on thCll<: k~y i .. " Cli over Ihe courn of the camp.i);". S"l'l,ly ronee'"' f,guTC moot o",.bly duri ng 1M fall of 194'1. when rompc,i,i'H1 for limited ~sourres and matericl bcc:amc: paramount for army-bel ctmlm~nde", paniruLnly Arne.i"" .. t ,. Gen. Gr:o~ S. Panoo a",1 Rritish F.dd M arsho.l Sit Bem.rd t. l\.10nlJ:tlmery. To Levinc'. c~di t. h~ Ucpt; tl,c"" cOllsider.tt;ons in f""u •• while

.. evet allowing ,heln to nbscurc tbc comb.:r., Of"."n,ilMLi of II><, thut«.

Levine doco not. ~~r, adu("vt the Arne degnx of 'u«t:N in re ..... hing bis scrond pi, I" pnw;dc a nationally bo.lanc(d po"",)",1 of Allicd "Pcouion. aCross W",,'em Euwpc. The multinational dcb3tc~ Lcyine consid el"l ~nd cites .TC preKnTcd vc.y ""' lindy. witb link new o. i .. ,igittful .,,0.1)'5;" Inde(d, while he makes a J'Ulic:ular point of s,ngling oul tM Canadi.n, .s ~ng greater ron, ident;OII for tMir role ill Ihc EuroIIC~II fighting, Levit\(: sddom indudes ,hem diTCcdy in hi. diOCl". i"", Only when he expl.in. 'he Allied order of battle and ope",.ion. 1 , ilUltion in June 1944 docs I..evine inlegnte hi. dis<:lm,on of Can><la'~ military foTCts with tM other Alli<:ot. In the ",mainder of the boolo, 'he Canodianl appur for the most p:>rt .imply If junior parmcB to the British. Wh.le this inrerp~t. tion ... o .. ld I""d 10 fOfIIC ~

fre.hing enl" .. tion. Levine r.trdy goes beyond brief <lc:l<O.il'lioll' of role. and comrrl."d .elation.hips. J Ii. flilu~ ro .dd ...... ,he incorporation of the Fn:c F~""h ("rres into hi. diKUlSion i. al"" ",n.'''' ror cnmpLe. Levine men-, ions Cc ....... r.o.l. Ch ..... Les de Gaulle and Jun dc l .... lIre de T ... igny a mere four tima ;n th~ book. and he docs not d, .... ".. Maj. Gen. Jacques Leclcrc cven u""c. While Levine'l use of thc Bri ti~h t!~'ign.tion fo, the N01fh\Vt:3. ~;ur"l'c ...... mpaign. a phnK thl' eve" apI''''''' in the .ublit!e of tbc book. cvide'lC .... h,s pro-British orient • • ion. Levine docs OOt allow such p.rti .. litJ' w influence his ano.lytical I"' .. pcctive . igniflUlndy.

Levin( docs .d,·i.., 'hc ruder in hi. introduction {h., hc will off(r ..,me conclu.ion, thot ",.c. bil differenl from tho"" th •• h.ve been pttv>'lent. at leut ~mong Anl.(rican histo.ilOS." (p. x) Unfortunately,;t i, difficult to dilUm 10 what <kgfff Levine ",c(eed. in this rq, .... rd hcaUH of the book', olm""t complete failutt to pl.cc his (Ommen" i" Iheir h'lIorioguphi eal context. Levinc doc, provide • uleful.though "ot aII -indu,i"". ,"no-

tmd bibliography of WMld W~, II scholuship thai balonca Amcran, British, and C .. nadian p'''''llCdio,u of the thealu. It is nm "Pp",cnt, how-• ~r. that he uled many of these soureH when I,re.,..,;ng th. book. 11$

h. includ .. a mc", ~nlttn footnOtH in his w<>rk. While many of the romments t]," author nnkel are pointed "",I thought provoking, they often "1'1'<:>r 10 be based on mere .mOlioni! judgment, '" Levin. r.u-dy ,uPf>'>'"" them by d""wing on hillori cal faeu; 0 1 a'J:,'l,men".

In InIal , Levine', work delerve, mixed lII.rh. For thOle who want a gencnl,werview of the emire thuter wllhout the enc:umb""nce of minute del.il~ of operations lind argumenu, Levine'. work ClIn prove beneficial. Leville ,hould be applauded for und~f("king this uamination ()( the Europnn Theater from a diflicuh pcnpective. He d"". manage to p~m the progrenion IIr even" in a reasonable form, and he inleg"'Tes noncombat activiti.~ to a CUIIIIII""d. bl. degree. Th. severe I'",hle,n. with documentation and hi"",ieal analysis, howe~r, [imit this hook'l u..,ru]n.,.. to th. serious scholar of Wllfld Wa, II. These problems not only (ruSl r.,e Ihe reader, they abo .."i", .. ly dctr:lct from the impona'" I"'in" th. author wishH to emph.liu:; it io difficult to give fuU ctedit I<>

Levine', interpretuion when he .d<111m IUpports hi' llsertioM with t.,, giblc f>cts. Nevertheless, lh. importonce IIf the questions Levine raises 1nf-t'I<t»II tff- rftht IJI &tt""I1)", 77llnlr_, "' Wn-"" A ~ "ssilla,,' P'o/a- ..r /xII"" gttht U.S. Military Atad'''')1 hi U /I K,rruiwm ".f tht U.S. Army CAmmgnd a"J Cm<TtJ St~ CMI'!." and a Ph. D. rtlNijJ,ur In himry at Vandn-hilt U~i-wl-Irty. II, --' lim"t thi GW[ W .... ;" Sttwli Arabia a..J KIIWiI;t ,,-,i,b lhi 1st (Tit"') Bng«&,1J ArtMrd DiiXs;M.

TI,,&nlt ofAp &Ie TI", Did Ewrythi"l b .. , uflrnjro". I I

By David M.T""".ek Greenwood Prc.o.., ]8S pp., 2001, ".uS

ReView by Chat\e$ R. Andcrwn

AII,"ng thc few battles nf ,he Vielnam \V~r to be remembered h<:yon<l • cu"'''''''';'y of 'pecialisli is the tw<)day da,h th.t lxgan 00 2 January 1963 II ,he hamlet of Ap Hac, (orty ,nile. ""'lb",e51 of Saigon. Ahh"ugh "" American combat unili wen: (In Ih.: octlle-Ihe United Stales wa •• upporting .bc South Vietnamese at the time wilh «juipmenllrans(e .... anrl 'he J:Uidan<'C of some 2.500 IIdv;iCr.....-the h.ttle shook the assumption. uf milit:uycommanders and policy m.kets in S:tigon and Wa.hing.o" and . ffr:>ett<l mon: attention in the Uniltd States than had any .ingle :oction in the wu to thai time.

David M . T<><=k, 0 $c,ving U.S. Army major, h •• prooll<.'I..-d 'he mOf! detailed 1KC000nt of the Mille of Ap Hac, .nd its presum .. 1 .nl""~nlS, ,h ...... e are likely 10 gel (Of • good long .ime. In a seemingly limi lless .carcb for nuntion, .he au.h", rcacha back more than I dcc-.rdc h<:fon; the b.1l1e tQ sketch the origin. of ,nd fon;;go influences on ,he two

fon;co ,h.T met in early ]%3. The ",.ult is ~n overburdened lIceOlln! th .. keep. the n:ader wondering just wh .. i •• nd what is IIOt releVltnt.

The operaTion tha, cu]minatttl in .he hallie began in an ordinary e"ough way fo' the tim~ as a roul in" So"th Victnotncse Army ~w~ep ." captun: ,. Vi~t Cong radio broadcas' 'cam in the Ap Hac an:o.. However .... .dvi..,.. and unit eommande .. ""uggkd 10 maintain a halting adva n~e over canal-crossed lerrAin, evenl, departed from Ihe ""ript. Within,. rwo-hour period ,h~ Vict ConI': .hot down five helirop'cn. kill· ing Ih.-cc Amerinns. E.'Co mono demorali'<ing 10 the South Vie'namese, .I,e g,,"rrillu stayed in thei r po,i ,ion.

:md fought ra,her Ihan firing briefly an<l then mdti"g into the jungles M

their tunnel complexes. Dc'pi.., clear advontoge. ill fo .c

power, ttl"ipment, and ma"p"wcr • govcrnJmnt command.:n .. ..,d I:YICry lCrr::Iin obstacle. OOo;t of CTlCmy fi~, .nd transparent exCUiC '0 ,void rombal . Exuperated .<lvi""" pleaded with the Army oo",,".n<1 ... to put together a coordinated a.", .. lt before daylighT TlID OIIt, bu' ,he delays and halts rontinued. That night .h~ en· emy escaped, and the nr:xl dly the f,nger pointing began. F .. ,ious American Oldvis.er. charged Vietnamese commanders wilh in""m]>CreMe and judged the OPCr:l'''1n ,. defeat. But General Paul D_ H,rkins, U.S. commander in Vi"I".m, rongra'Ula ted the Vic",o"'e!e on a victory. The loss or five hdicoptets, lhe dea.h, or rhrtt Ame,i"""., and rhe ope" duavcemenl belwttn Harkins .. nd "d· vi5Cf"l .In Ihc Kene pulled the anention of the American p .. blic toword Vi.lnam as h. d "0 pn:viou$ incident.

There i. much to question ;n T~k·. I""""nution and interp,e,a' tion or the fi.sco at AI' Bac. Hi. accoUnt is not ';"'l'ly detailed; it i, exhaustive to the 1''';n' of dima(tion. The au thor lays Out ,he development of institutions .nd I'f".<eticcs th.t date from the hlle 1940. .nd .uly 1950s without clarifying Ihcir rdevancc '0 a lone battle in 191>3. '[1t. "'bjccts of Juch treatment i" clude th. (our annie, rep,esented;n lOme way at Ap Bac-those of North .fKi South Vietnam, ,he Viet Cong, and the United SlIlel-as weD as ,he agencies furnilhing U.S. military aid, Ihc Military Auiltance Advisory Grllup and the Military Assist.nee Command. Similarly, Toczek malr.cs much of Ik Vietnlmesc Commuoi,. watchword JII~

/nI"b, or "itfUgglc; which he descrih<:. 111 a "mythic.1 con~pt" that gave purf"l""c II) ' he Vic, Cong soldier's wile""". (po 55) But w. a", never told ;"'t how tllll/ /TiI"b n:laled to Viet COUll "'ctia in general Or 1<> the performance of enemy unili II AI' Bae in particulor. No, ~n: we lold if

"

·he .. me <n'lCepl also mOI;~!ed the Soulh ViCIno'\\($( soldier, or if he n:li~d OIl "urne o lher idu to COunter iI, I" hi. zeal 10 galher C'Vtrything eVe" ,elllolciy rdated '0 his subj ect , ·1Oc."k . li<le. iu,,, Ihe rulm of Ihe Irile, even rcp<:aling the old Rudyard Kipling w:r.ming 19oi".1 h",ding the E.,I.

Toad, did Il10It of hit n, •• ,,,rch in s«ond;uy works that hl v.: br:cn 10"' ;[ " able for twO decades or more. He inlervicWNI $everol veterA"., hut unly o~, I former Viet Cong, ~em. to havc added anything """ful to Ihco I«OlInl . A single Vitot Cong docu .. ment, in ,.,m.!a,ion. ;1 used. The ou.h01"" •• ylc i~ dun"y and re~ti· liuuo, oe., .. ;"".lIy ungrammatical. and in placc •• ~ ~"nnolem as a fi eld m.nu.L The t"". il choked with milira.,. j''J.,"'''' ."d acronym •. Ge~r-001 p.dding 'l'IlCarl in I fOfeWOro by I relirul general, m.'ginaJIy rdewm phut.,., infl. 'ed diOlCUrlivc notes. and ,;x "ppt:ndix"," that add very little .

Toczek .I .. ,,",,', Kel 10 the battk that is his subject u",il page 14. and hi. no ... ,iv.: of .he c,,'nb~1 .hen occupiu only 3S P' g\:O of the 15S"page lelfl , Fur .he . ",hm, nO detail ;5 too sm~l1

10 elfplore, no definition .00 widtly undcntuod to rev;,i l. In Onc footnote he evcn di$CII,5ef whd il man. to shool down a hdirop.c •. I" anolhcr, he triu to determine how many !lUI B helicopters. as distinct fmlll IJHlAs, ~te used u AI' Ih~. 1<JC"~ck

d~s no~ uploin why the rcader should be concerned with thi~ 1""e1 of detail.

Toaek se~, much ,,, leaTII in Ihe m;s..,d oPI"'''",,;, iel al Ap Bac and, dcspite in flawo, hi' book has value in a spcc iali7.cd vcnue. The problem, th.t pbgucd thc Snuth Vi.mames. dllring ~he b.tfk.......:om~ ling chalnt of comm.nd,. miking lack ofin;t; ... Ii..." and no c"".din~lion of arm.offer u""fulluchi,,!: I",int. for eWels at Ih. Mili.uy Acadcmy. where Toa.k ocrved on ~h e hislory mllll)'

while .. "",rching Ihe book, and (or offiC'Cn in .he Army school S)'$lcm. H it concllLOiun., Iwwevcr. ate all bo .... .owal, .11 known for de<;adt, . The re.der I'K,kin!: for a good o...,rview o( I key ballic before Amuican combal troops we"l til Vie lOam wOllld do beller to """I"<"h d""wherc. The mili .. lary special i.l. Iwowcve •• will find a f~ poin" 10 """dcr '" Tocuk's acCOUnt.

Cbarl" R. And'rlM "", 6"" ,in" 1987" /)imrian al tbe CmuT of Mili'''? I1i,,,,?, whnf be i. "".... i" lIN (knn'II/ His",? RMn<"- H .. u n.rm.tly _ .... i .. K "" II ".,J"III' II. lIN ,"i" Uni"d Slam Arm, ill Vi"""", tn/it/"I ~dvi" " lid S~/,i"'r/, 'f"/)<- MiJdI, Y'''N: 196 1-1965.' fI, i, lIN a~/lHr o/!We hO()~, 0" lIN Vi' /1Illm War, The Gron" (Su R"latI, <.Illif. 1976) ""d Vietnam: ' Inc O,her Wu (NI>(JQIf, Calif, 198:1), "nd ....... 1/ ,,,,,,,..i!" "",,,,0" pr'P"ml for /IN US. A,,,,,, "''''111,,,,ora/ion "I W.rld Wa, II.

New Center of Military Histmy Publjcariou The enter ol Milj .. .,.. Hiatvry '- pubb'''''' l

new set of ttu. l6--by .. 20-itIcb poMe:I. reptodaciDf origioal wwb or an cxetlIted ia lbe ,..1 year by M. Sgt. Henrieru M. s-dca, the Calm'. lUff lr1iI1. The let it en6ded .,..,~ s./Nr. The duw priors leptodace the fvlIowin& m.....-.tioos; kit IN;rr;rr,, ••• luwlor aAd oil puIIIl pliDri", ..... 18& .. JOUII& m:nait -werift&" duoagb l kIrw-crawl obell.de"",,"' w.riIi"l n c.,. w...-.1(J()l, l watemIlor aDd color pencil paiDw." which poiU.,. tIM: w:.mtaiDty' fiIc-ed whr:a dqJIoJiaIlO war, _ Muu. I _1eI"1:CIb. pad. uti oil ,..w. chat littempn 10 errpcun: the m., ol .. bt.tddicId ...... eMDI.}' u . The poaet let may be parcheeed rrthe G __ t PriDtiDa: 0fBc:. £or 18.00 uacItr l tock number 008 .. 0l9-003n-5.

The Cema hu...., iaued l _ CD-ROM let

entitled UtnJM 1IMn.".,.u JtWU w.ll: lit 1.E'M/ • .,M"'II ,MiMII&ltTI,..,nufo,. muitnu. 1bit k diek let ,ept J ...... ill II h . form 7lw s.,n- c---. the two __ IIU 01

40 Amry History Sp.-in&-Summer 1002

lAfittWI "",., f{ .... .6 ................. pcrIuninc cOb.&. Atay __ 1ft '-lIId OcrIDUI)'o the dIn.I ..... =g, deIcriWIIf Ann, CDrIIbrII iD Irll~ aAd .. II' ... . '\Wlh r ..... and 7lw ftrr ... Ca. fr -' M,. a-i& ..... CD-ROM .. ,., be r= ' ,'-,, Co.. I Prialiae: ~ ..... as ..... GPO 1lIICt; hIIr 008-029. 00376-7.

In pacpwlltiDillor .. 200da .. id_wry of the LewD tad a.dr I ' ''' D,. C.lItw ... -...cd l

• I ...,...nlar= trip i .... byDnidW. Hopa, Jr., ,.,. 1If [,[1. ."., -' .,,.,.. .u a..f'j &I Jt..,beDl~II~'-"'~mcntPri . ,OfRc.s.I2.l5 ......... _ ...... OOII-Ol9-00J79-1.

<Wen (or .,. 01 ...... ...,." piar:ed with me G.: u 1 III ..... om. ...... Ittp/ ~ "-1 f iF L.? 7 baIden -r Older ........ "-1 P.' 7 - DRi-baria. C Ito LeW.

in this issue - u.s. army center of military history · in this issue 4 the 1943 war art program 20...

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