in the high court of south africa (bophuthatswana … · 2020-05-25 · “i thought he was...

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IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA (BOPHUTHATSWANA PROVINCIAL DIVISION)                                                                     CASE NO:  CC 47/2005 In the matter between: ALFRED MOPHATLANE                                                  Appellant and THE STATE                                                                   Respondent FULL BENCH HENDRICKS J;  LANDMAN J;  GURA J DATE OF HEARING : 02 DECEMBER 2005 DATE OF JUDGMENT: 22 DECEMBER 2005 COUNSEL FOR THE APPELLANT : ADV C J ZWIEGELAAR COUNSEL FOR THE RESPONDENT : ADV E D REYNIERSE JUDGMENT HENDRICKS J :

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Page 1: IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA (BOPHUTHATSWANA … · 2020-05-25 · “I thought he was stretching his arm to reach the fire arm, I did not know at that stage that he was dead.”

IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA

(BOPHUTHATSWANA PROVINCIAL DIVISION)

                                                                    CASE NO:  CC 47/2005

In the matter between:

ALFRED MOPHATLANE                                                  Appellant

and

THE STATE                                                                   Respondent

FULL BENCH

HENDRICKS J;  LANDMAN J;  GURA J

DATE OF HEARING : 02 DECEMBER 2005

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 22 DECEMBER 2005

COUNSEL FOR THE APPELLANT : ADV C J ZWIEGELAAR

COUNSEL FOR THE RESPONDENT : ADV E D REYNIERSE

JUDGMENT

HENDRICKS J:

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A. Introduction   :

[1] The   Appellant,  Alfred   Mophatlane,   was   convicted   on   a 

charge   of   murder   on   the   24th  February   2000   and   was 

sentenced to thirty (30) years imprisonment, by Hendler J.

[2] An Application for leave to appeal against the conviction and 

sentence was made on behalf of the Appellant on the 20th 

September 2001, which was refused by Hendler J. 

[3] The Appellant successfully applied for leave to appeal to the 

Supreme   Court   of   Appeal,   which   leave   to   appeal   was 

granted   on   the   6th  April   2005   to   the   Full   Bench   of   this 

Division.  Hence, this appeal.

B. Background:

[4] It is common cause between the State and the defence that 

on the day of the incident, the Appellant, accompanied by his 

friend  John Chauke,  were on their  way home  in  the early 

hours of the morning.   Whilst driving his motor vehicle, the 

Appellant drove past one of his other friends, namely Victor 

Mashaba, who by flickering the  lights of his motor vehicle, 

indicated that Appellant should stop.  

  2

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[5] The Appellant then stopped his motor vehicle on the side of 

the road in the yellow line.

[6] Victor  Mashaba,  who was driving his  motor  vehicle  in   the 

opposite direction, made a U­turn with his motor vehicle and 

parked parallel next to Appellant’s motor vehicle, in order for 

them to communicate.

[7] Whilst   still   seated   inside   their   respective   motor   vehicles, 

Victor   Mashaba  realized   that   another   motor   vehicle   was 

approaching from behind.   In order to avoid a collision, he 

moved his motor vehicle out of the road and parked it in front 

of Appellant’s motor vehicle.  The approaching motor vehicle 

collided with the Appellant’s motor vehicle from behind.

[8] The   Appellant   alighted   and   approached   the   driver   of   the 

motor vehicle who collided with his.  It is common cause that 

the deceased was the driver of that motor vehicle. As to what 

happened thereafter, there are different versions.

[9] The   first   State   witness   that   testified   was  John   Chauke. 

According   to   him,   the   Appellant   and   deceased   had 

discussions   away   from   where   he   and   the   others   were 

standing, more or less to the back of the motor vehicle of the 

deceased.     He   could   hear   how   the   Appellant   told   the 

deceased that they should proceed to the police station but 

the deceased refused.   Shortly thereafter, the deceased fell 

  3

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to the ground.  He then saw the Appellant firing two shots at 

the head of the deceased.  The Appellant then left on foot to 

the police station.

[10] There are some discrepancies between  this  witness’  viva 

voce evidence and what is contained in the two statements 

he made to the police.

[11] In his first statement it is stated that he accompanied the Appellant to the police station but in his evidence in court, he stated that Appellant went alone, on foot, to the police station.

[12] Furthermore, it is stated in this statement that he never saw the shooting because he was seated inside the motor vehicle. However, during his testimony in court, he stated that he alighted and saw the shooting incident.

[13] Hendler J dealt with these contradictions in his judgment and 

came to the conclusion that it does not cause any doubt to 

the veracity of the witness.  I am of the view that these strong 

credibility findings cannot be faulted.   More so, because of 

the improbability that exists that this witness, as a friend to 

the Appellant, and being on good terms, has no reason to 

falsely implicate the Appellant.

[14] It   is   also   apparent   from   the   second   statement   that   the 

Appellant told this witness after the shooting, that he “cannot 

do otherwise, he (deceased) damaged my car”.  This witness 

also confirmed this.

  4

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[15] Victor Mashaba  is a friend and colleague of Appellant. His 

evidence   corroborates   the  viva   voce  evidence   of  John 

Chauke, that they were standing outside the motor vehicles 

when the shooting  incident occurred.   He however did not 

see the shooting incident.

[16] Sergeant   Stephens   Legodi  testified   that   he   attended   the 

scene and found the body of the deceased and three spent 

cartridges next   to   it.    He did  not   find  any  fire­arm on  the 

deceased nor  in   the motor  vehicle of   the deceased.    The 

Appellant also never reported to him that the deceased had a 

fire­arm.

[17] The   version  of   the   Appellant   with   regard   to   the   shooting 

incident is that he and the deceased had discussions.   The 

deceased threatened to assault him and the deceased then 

went   to   the   driver’s   side   of   his   (the   deceased’s)   motor 

vehicle.     The   Appellant   went   to   the   passenger   side   of 

deceased motor vehicle, in order to speak to the passenger 

and   to   ask   him   to   intervene.     He   then   realized   that   the 

deceased had again alighted from his motor vehicle and that 

he was armed with a fire­arm.

[18] Appellant testified that when the deceased:­

“was just about to reach the boot on the other side, 

as I realised that he was having a fire­arm I shot at 

  5

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him because he was just close to me.”

[19] Apparently, after the deceased fell to the ground, he shot the 

deceased  in  the head for   the second time because as he 

testified:­ 

“I thought he was stretching his arm to reach the fire­

arm, I did not know at that stage that he was dead.”

[20] The following is the further evidence of Appellant during his 

evidence in chief:­

“ADV MOLOELANG:   When did you realise for the 

first time that you had struck him on the head?

ACCUSED:  At the position where he was I aimed at the head by then when I fired the shot.ADV MOLOELANG:  But my question is when did you for the first time realise that you had shot him on the head?ACCUSED:  After he fell to the ground.ADV MOLOELANG:  So, when he stretch for the gun when he was on the ground there, at that time you knew that you had shot him on the head?ACCUSED:  Yes, I knew that my Lord.

[21] Although conceding that he fired a third shot, he stated that it 

was fired unintentionally or accidentally.

[22] It   is   contended   by  Mrs   Zwiegelaar,   on   behalf   of   the 

Appellant,   that   the  trial   judge erred  in  failing to appreciate 

that Nico, who was apparently with the Appellant and whom 

the Appellant initially indicated that he will call as a witness, 

“could have shed some  light not only on the question 

whether the deceased had a fire­arm or not but also 

  6

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about the shooting incident as such.”

It   was   submitted  by  her   that   the   trial   judge   hindered   the 

Appellant to adduce the evidence of  Nico by giving him the 

assurance that he accepted that  the Appellant went to the 

police station.

[23] This needs to be put in proper perspective.   Hendler J  did 

indicate that he will accept that Appellant went to the police 

station to report the incident because it was never disputed 

by the State and it appeared to be common cause.   It was 

never indicated to the trial  court that  Nico  is also going to 

testify about whether or not the deceased had a fire­arm and 

about the shooting incident as such.  The trial court allowed 

the   Appellant   the   opportunity   to   consult   with   his   legal 

representative whether to call Nico or not, by postponing the 

matter for two (2) days.  There is, with respect, no indication 

that the Appellant was prohibited or hindered to call Nico.

[24] When the trial resumed two (2) days later,  Adv Moloelang, 

who   appeared   on   behalf   of   the   Appellant,   stated   the 

following:­

“I have had a word with the accused this morning and he 

has   indicated   to   me   that   he   does   not   wish   to   call   the 

witness he intended to call him on the last time when the 

Court  adjourned,   this   matter   adjourned   for   today. 

Thanks your Honour.”

  7

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[25] It is clear that the opportunity was afforded to the Appellant to get hold of and to call his witness, Nico, but he decided otherwise.

[26] It  was also submitted on behalf  of   the Appellant   that   it   is 

reasonably  impossible that   the deceased could have been 

armed on the night in question and that his fire­arm had been 

removed in the aftermath of the shooting incident, not only to 

destroy evidence, but also because it was an unlicensed fire­

arm or  because somebody else decided  to seize  it.    This 

submission   amounts,   with   respect,   to   speculation   or 

conjecture.  

[27] It   is  clear   from  the evidence  of   the State  witnesses,  who 

were at  the scene,  that  they did not see a fire­arm  in  the 

possession of the deceased.   Sergeant Legodi was also not 

informed by anybody that the deceased had a fire­arm nor 

did he find any fire­arm on the person of the deceased or in 

his motor vehicle.  According to Legodi, whose testimony the 

court  a   quo  correctly   accepted   as   being   truthful,   the 

Appellant   never   reported   to   him   that   the   deceased   was 

armed with a  fire­arm. There  is  no evidence on  record  to 

substantiate   a   finding   that   the   deceased’s   fire­arm   was 

removed in the aftermath of the shooting incident in order to 

destroy   evidence   nor   is   there   any   room   for   the   possible 

suggestion   that   the  deceased  had  an  unlicensed   fire­arm 

and that somebody else decided to seized it.

  8

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[28] The Appellant   raised self­defence or  private defence as a 

defence.   It was submitted that,  in the absence of medical 

evidence regarding the exact nature and extent of the first 

gunshot wound sustained by the deceased in his head, and 

whether he could have been able to carry out movements 

such as searching  for  his  fire­arm,  the possibility   that   that 

could have been the position, cannot be ruled out.  Thus, so 

it was submitted, the version of the Appellant is reasonably 

possibly true.

[29] The onus on the State is to prove the guilt  of an accused 

person   beyond   reasonable   doubt   and   not   beyond   any 

shadow of a doubt.  It is also not incumbent on the State to 

close every possible avenue open to the accused person.  It 

is   true   that   the   version   of   the   accused   needs   only   be 

reasonably possibly true in order to be accepted by a court.

[30] Upon   careful   reading   of   the   evidence   tendered   by   the 

Appellant, it is clear that the reason why Appellant shot the 

deceased for the first time in the head was “because he was 

just   close   at   (him)   me”,   not   because   the   deceased   did 

anything to him.

[31] As far as the second shot, which he fired at the head of the 

deceased  is  concerned,  Appellant   testified:     “I  thought  he 

was stretching his arm to reach the fire­arm, I did not know at 

  9

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that stage he was dead”.  (My underlining.)

[32] It is clear from Appellant’s own version that he did not act in self­defence or private defence.

[33] It was further contended on behalf of the Appellant that he:­

“Was  entitled to his acquittal,  either because of the 

fact   that  he  was  not  acting  unlawfully,   but   in  self­

defence   or   because   it   is   a   case   of   putative   self­

defence and that he because he had at the relevant 

time no knowledge of the unlawfulness of his conduct 

lacked the required intention of dolus.”

[34] As far as self­defence is concerned, it is clear from Appellant’s own version, that he exceeded the bounds of self­defence.  On his own version, the Appellant formulated an intention to kill the deceased by aiming and shooting the first shot at the head of the deceased, because the deceased was close to him.

[35] He realised for the first time that he shot the deceased in the 

head after the deceased fell to the ground and that is before 

he fired the second shot, also in the head of the deceased. 

Under   these   circumstances,   there   is   no   doubt   that   the 

Appellant   intentionally   shot   the   deceased.     He   fired   the 

second shot to the head of the deceased because he did not 

know   at   that   stage   that   the   deceased   had   died,   thereby 

clearly indicating that he wanted to kill the deceased.

[36] With   regard   to   putative   self­defence,  Snyman  in  Criminal 

Law, Fourth Edition on page 101 states the following:­

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“No ground of justification can exist in the absence of 

objective   factors,   and   for   this   reason   X’s   conduct 

remains unlawful if she subjectively thinks that there 

is a ground for  justification whereas in fact there  is 

none.  A so­called “putative ground of justification” is 

therefore in fact no ground of justification.”

[37] Jonathan Burchell in Principles of Criminal Law, Third Edition 

on page 243 states as follows:­

“A distinction must be drawn between private defence 

as a defence excluding unlawfulness, which is judged 

objectively,   and   ‘putative’   or   ‘supposed’   private 

defence   which   relates   to   the   mental   state   of   the 

accused.

Where   the   accused   raises   the   defence   of   private 

defence,   the   judicial   inquiry   commences   with   an 

examination of the unlawfulness or the lawfulness of 

the accused’s conduct.  If the conduct is lawful, then 

an acquittal results.   If the conduct is unlawful then 

the   inquiry   might   not   end   there.     Provided   a 

foundation is laid for ‘putative’ private defence, then 

the court proceeds to examine whether the accused 

genuinely, albeit mistakenly, believed that he or she 

was   acting   in   lawful   private   defence   (where   the 

charge  requires  intention   to  be proved)  or  whether 

this   belief   was   also   held   on   reasonable   grounds 

(where negligence is sufficient for liability).”

  11

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[38] In S v De Oliviera 1993 (2) SACR 59 (A) on page 63 h – 64 

a,  Smalberger JA  drew a clear distinction between private 

defence   as   a   defence   excluding   unlawfulness,   which   is 

judged   objectively,   and   “putative”   or   “supposed”   private 

defence, which relates  to  the mental  state of   the accused 

when he states as follows:­

“From a juristic point of view the difference between these 

two defences is significant.   A person who acts in private 

defence  acts   lawfully,  provided his  conduct  satisfies   the 

requirements laid down for such a defence and does not 

exceed its limits.  The test for private defence is objective 

– would a reasonable man in the position of the accused 

have acted in the same way (S v Ntuli 1975 (1) SA 429 

(A)  at  436E).     In  putative  private  defence  it   is  not 

lawfulness that is in issue but culpability (‘skuld’).   If 

an accused honestly believes his life or property to be 

in  danger,  but  objectively  viewed  they are not,   the 

defensive   steps   he   takes   cannot   constitute   private 

defence.  If in those circumstances he kills someone 

his conduct is unlawful.  His erroneous belief that his 

life or property was  in danger may well  (depending 

upon   the   precise   circumstances)   exclude  dolus  in 

which case liability for the person’s death based on 

intention will also be excluded;   at worst for him he 

can then be convicted of culpable homicide.”

See: S v Joshua 2003 (1) SACR 1.  

[39] Upon a careful analysis of the evidence of the Appellant it 

emerges   that   there   was   no   foundation   laid   for   “putative” 

  12

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private defence.

[40] The evidence is clear.   The Appellant shot the deceased in 

the head for the first time because the deceased was close 

to him.  He aimed to shoot the deceased in the head.  He did 

so,  not  because  he  genuinely,  albeit  mistakenly,   believed 

that he was acting in lawful private defence, but because the 

deceased was near to him.

[41] The second shot was also aimed and directed at the head of 

the deceased, when the deceased was lying on the ground 

already shot in his head.  The second shot to the head of the 

deceased was because he “thought” he was stretching his 

arm  to   reach   the   fire­arm,  not   that   the  deceased actually 

stretched his fire­arm to get hold of it.   This shot was fired 

because he did not know at that stage that the deceased is 

dead.

[42] In my view,  Hendler J  correctly rejected the version of the 

Appellant   that   he   was   acting   in   self­defence   (private 

defence).    Putative self­defence  (private defence)   is  not  a 

defence, especially if no basis or foundation is laid, such as 

in this case.

[43] It is clear from the evidence of the State witnesses that there is no room for any suggestion that Appellant acted in self­defence (private defence).  

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[44] No possibility exists on the evidence tendered that Appellant 

exceeded the bounds of self­defence, because the Appellant 

never acted in self­defence.   On the evidence tendered on 

behalf of the State, which was accepted by the trial court, the 

Appellant   was   the   aggressor   who   gunned   down   the 

deceased   because   the   deceased   damaged   his   car,   by 

colliding   with   it   and   on   top   of   it   refused   to   go   with   the 

Appellant to report the matter at the police station.

[45] It is for the abovementioned reasons that the appeal against conviction should fail.

C. Sentence:

[46] Sentence is entirely in the discretion of the trial court.  Unless 

it   can   be   proved   that   the   trial   court   did   not   exercise   its 

discretion   judiciously   or   that   the   sentence   imposed   is 

shockingly  severe or  excessive,  a court  of  appeal  will  not 

lightly interfere with the exercise of its discretion by the trial 

court.

[47] Although conceding that a direct term of imprisonment is the 

only appropriate sentence, it was submitted on behalf of the 

Appellant, that the sentence of thirty (30) years imprisonment 

is shockingly severe and inappropriate.

[48] Hendler J, quite correctly in my view, found that this is a case 

of   so­called   “road   rage”.     It   was   not   premeditated   but 

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happened at the spur of the moment.

[49] I can only echo the words of Borchers J in S v Sehlako 1999 

(1)   SACR   (W)   67   at   page   71   i­j   where   she   states   the 

following:­

“As far as the offence is concerned, the murder can 

on the facts before me, only be attributed to what has 

come to be called ‘road rage’.   It was obviously not 

premeditated.   It arose directly from the fact that the 

accused believed that the deceased was responsible 

for   the   collision   which   occurred   between   their 

respective vehicles.  It was however, a cold blooded 

and   wholly   unnecessary   killing.     This   country   is 

suffering from an epidemic of violence which cannot 

be tolerated.”

and on page 72 b­c:­

“Society however is outraged when a crime of this nature 

is committed. Each and every person who drives a vehicle 

can expect to be involved in a collision at some or other 

time.  It is wholly unacceptable that such a person, even if 

he is the cause of such collision, can be executed on the 

scene  by   the  other  driver.     In  my view,  even where  an 

accused’s   personal   circumstances   are   extremely 

favourable,   as   they  are   in   this   case,   they  must  yield   to 

society’s legitimate demand that its members be entitled to 

drive the roads without risk.   I would in my view fail to 

send  the necessary deterrent  message   to  all  members  of 

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society if I imposed any sentence other than one of long 

term imprisonment.”

[50] The facts of this case are similar to that in the Sehlako­case, 

supra.  So too, are the personal circumstances more or less 

similar.

[51] In his judgment on sentence, Hendler J stated:­  

“Because a person like you deserves no mercy.”

     

Without   any   stretch   of   the   imagination,   this   indicates   the 

basis why a sentence of thirty (30) years was imposed.   In 

the mind of the trial judge, the Appellant was not deserving of 

any mercy.  

[52] This is in my view a serious misdirection.  Mercy is an element to be considered in the impositioning of a suitable sentence.

[53] As a result of this misdirection, this court is entitled to interfere with the sentence imposed which in my view is harsh and extremely excessive.

[54] Having   regard   to   the   personal   circumstances   of   the 

Appellant, the seriousness of  the crime and the interest of 

society, I am of the view that a sentence of twenty (20) years 

will be appropriate under the circumstances of this case.

[55] Consequently, I make the following order:­

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[i] The appeal against conviction fails.

[ii] The appeal against sentence is upheld.

[iii] The sentence is set aside and substituted with the following sentence:­

“Twenty (20) years imprisonment.”

[iv] This sentence runs from 24 February 2000.

R D  HENDRICKSJUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT

I agree.

A A  LANDMANJUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT

I agree.

SAMKELO GURA

JUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT 

Attorneys for the Appellant:   H J Groenewald Attorney.

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