In order to determine the type of relationship between two organisms, first determine if each organism is being helped, hurt, or not affected.

If both animals are being helped, the relationship is mutualism.

If one organism is being helped and the other hurt, the relationship is parasitism.

If one organism is being helped and the other is unaffected, the relationship is commensalism.

Teach process first!

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Nodules on the roots of legumes contain… A. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which helps produce

ammonia and nitratesB. Denitrifying bacteria, which produces amino acidsC. Bacteria that release uric acid into the soilD. Bacteria that produce protein for absorption by

plants

2. Which processes are most directly involved in the cycling of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen between plants and animals in an ecosystem? 

A. Transpiration and excretionB. Photosynthesis and respirationC. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysisD. Decomposition and succession

AgendaWarm UpNotesRelationships WorksheetPond Succession Questions Food Web LabClean UpCool Down

Quiz Friday on Guided Notes 1-5.Bring laptops tomorrow for projects.

Guided Notes 6

The orderly, natural progression of stages that communities of

an ecosystem go through

Fast Facts…• Succession occurs in stages and each stage different species of plants and animals may be present

• Succession can take place in water and on land.

• Succession is difficult to observe because it can take a really long time (hundreds to thousands of years)• There are two main types of

succession: primary and secondary

Colonization of barren land by communities of organisms

Events Causing Primary Succession

a)Glaciersb)Volcanoes

The first species that move into a barren or disturbed area

(i.e. lichens)

Sequence of changes that takes place after an existing

community is severely disrupted in some way

Events Causing Secondary Succession

a)Forest Firesb)Hurricanesc)Building a

road

At the end of either primary or secondary succession the community becomes a climax community. This type of community is in equilibrium and with little or no change in species.

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession

Changing ecosystem from scratch (no living organisms)

Changing ecosystem from an existing ecosystem (there are living organism)

What do you think will happen to number of species in an ecosystem as succession occurs?

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit = win win (+ +)

1. Mutualism1. Mutualism

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

This little fish is

helping me by cleaning my teeth!!!

Yeah!!!

I’m eating the big fish’s food so he’s helping me

too! Yeah!!!

More Examples of Mutualism

The coral reef and the algae exist in a mutualistic relationship.

They supply food and shelter for each other.

Mutualism and Lichens!

Lichens are made up of fungi and algae. The fungi attaches the

organism to the tree and protects the algae. The algae provides food through photosynthesis.

Mutualism and flowers!

Flowers provide food for insects. Insects spread the seeds of flowers.

Both organisms benefit!

More examples of Mutualism

Clownfish hide in poisonous sea anemones which protect them from larger fish. The clownfish also clean

leftover fish and algae and aid in water circulation for the anemone.

Commensalism

One species benefits, one is unaffected = win, zero (+ 0)

2. Commensalism2. Commensalism

Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.

In this picture, Spanish moss isgrowing on the trees. The moss benefits because it has a place

to live, and the tree doesn’t care.

Commensalism continued…This bird, called an egret rides on the

back of large mammals like

elephants. The egret benefits

because it gets a place to live, and

the elephant doesn’t care

because it does not benefit or become

harmed by the relationship.

More examples of CommensalismBirds follow army ant raid across the forest

floor. As the army any colony travels, it stirs up various flying insects. As the insects flee from the

army ants, the birds catch and eat them. This does not affect the ants

but the birds are benefiting.

ParasitismOne species benefits, the other is

harmed (organism feeds off a host) = win lose (+ -)

3. Parasitism3. Parasitism

Some interactions are harmful to one species, yet beneficial to another.

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species benefits and the other species is harmed is called parasitism.

ParasitismParasitismParasites have evolved in such a way that they

harm, but usually do not kill the host species.

Tapeworms are parasites.They attach to your intestines and suck out all of your food. the tapeworm benefits, and

the host is harmed because they slowly starve to death.

One of the ways to get rid of a tapeworm is to starve yourself and then place a piece of meat in front of your mouth. The tapeworm will smell the meat and climb up

your throat and out of your mouth.

Tapeworms continued!!!

Other parasites!

A lungworm benefits while it harms the host.

This is the head of a parasite.

Parasites often grab on to the digestive tracts (intestines and

stomachs) of their hosts.

Guinea Worm-Another parasite!

NicheThe role an organism plays in the environment

III. Organisms in Ecosystems-A niche includes how the organism gets

food, finds shelter, and reproduces.-A niche also includes all of an organism’s

interactions with the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) parts of its environment.

Example: A cockroach’s niche is inside a house, eating garbage.

Woodpeckers make their nests in nopales. This doesn’t hurt or help the nopales.

Cool-DownHomework:

Quiz Friday on Guided Notes 1-5.

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. A student wanted to study the effects of

sunlight on the growth of a certain plant. He planted the plants in the same type of container and watered them at the same time every day. What is the independent variable?

A. Amount of water B. type of containerC. Type of soil D. amount of sunlight

2. A group of frogs living together near a pond would be classified as which of the following?

A. A community B. an ecosystemC. A biome D. a population

AgendaWarm UpSymbiosis WorksheetBiome Brochure Project Clean UpCool Down

Quiz Friday on Guided Notes 1-5.

Biome ChoicesTerrestrial Biomes

(6)1. rainforest2. tundra3. taiga4. desert5. temperate

deciduous forest6. grassland

Aquatic Biomes (7)

Freshwater Ecosystems (3)

1. Rivers & streams2. Ponds & lakes3. Freshwater wetlands /

swamps

Saltwater Ecosystems (4)1. Shorelines / beach2. Temperate ocean

3. Tropical oceans / coral reef

4. Estuary / salt marsh

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. A snake that eats a mousethat ate grass is a..A. Primary producerB. Primary consumerC. Secondary consumerD. Tertiary consumer

2. Which of the following correctly identifies “evaporation from plants”? A. evaporation B. transpirationC. precipitation D. condensation

AgendaWarm UpFood Web LabQuiz ReviewBiome Brochure Project Article 2Clean UpCool Down

Article 2- Due Wednesday!