imyb 2011 graphite

7/27/2019 IMYB 2011 Graphite

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Indian MineralsYearbook 2011(Part- II)

50

th

Edition

GRAPHITE

(ADVANCE RELEASE)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF MINES

INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES

Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines,

NAGPUR 440 102

PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471

PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648

E-MAIL :[email protected]: www.ibm.gov.in

October 2012


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GRAPHITE

44 Graphite

Graphite, also known as plumbago or black

lead, is a variety of naturally occurring

carbon. It crystallises in hexagonal system and

has a lamellar form, a grey- to-black metallic lustre

and greasy feel. Natural graphite is divisible into

two commercial varieties: (i) crystalline (flaky)

graphite and (ii) amorphous graphite. Both flaky

and amorphous varieties of graphite are produced

in the country . The qual i ty of graphi te i s

dependent upon its physical qualities as well as

carbon content. In addition to natural graphite,

synthetic or artificial graphite is manufactured ona large-scale in electric furnaces, using anthracite

or petroleum coke as raw feed. The latter is known

as Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC).

RESOURCES

Graphite occurrences are reported from

various s tates but the deposits of economic

importance are loca ted in Andhra Pradesh,

Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Rajasthan

and Tamil Nadu.

As per the UNFC system, the total resources

of graphite as on 1.4.2010 are placed at about

174.85 million tonnes, comprising 8.03 million

tonnes in the reserves category and 166.82 million

tonnes under remaining resources category.

Resources conta ining +40% fixed carbon

constitute about 1.11 million tonnes and resources

analysing 10-40% fixed carbon 22.69 million

tonnes. Balance resources of 151.05 million

tonnes fall under 'others', 'unclassified' and 'not-

known' grades. Arunachal Pradesh accounts for

42% of total resources, followed by Jammu &

Kashmir (36%), Jharkhand (7%), Tamil Nadu &

Odisha (5% each). However, in terms of reserves,

Tamil Nadu has leading share of about 45%

followed by Odisha (41%) and Jharkhand (14%)

(Table-1).

EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENTExploration work has not been reported fromGSI or State Directorates of Geology & Mining

during 2010-11.

PRODUCTION STOCKS &

PRICESProduction of graphite at about 115 thousand

tonnes in 2010-11 decreased by 8% as compared

to the preceding year due to less demand and

temporary closure of mines in Odisha. The output

of graphite is reported in terms of run-of-mine

(r.o.m.) which contains varying carbon content.

In all, there were 20 reporting mines in

2010-11 as against 32 in the previous year. Eight

principal producers accounted for 97% of the total

output during the year. The share of public sector

in the total output was 43% in 2010-11 as

compared to 41% in the previous year.

About 87% of the total production in 2010-11

accrued from five mines, each producing more

than 5 ,000 tonnes annual ly , whi le 10%was contributed by three mines, each in the

production range of 3,000 to 5,000 tonnes per

annum. The remaining 3% output was reported

by 12 mines, each producing below 2,000 tonnes

annually.

Tamil Nadu was the leading s ta te

contributing a major share of about 44% of

the total output during 2010-11 followed by

Jharkhandand Odisha contributing 39% and 17%,

respectively (Tables - 2 to 5).

Mine-head stock at the end of the year 2010-11

was 75 thousand tonnes as against 70 thousand

tonnes at the beginning of the year (Table - 6).

The average daily employment of labour

during 2010-11 was 219 against 454 in the

preceding year. Domestic prices of graphite are

furnished in the General Review on 'Prices'.


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GRAPHITE

Table1:Reserves

/ResourcesofGraphiteason1.4

.2010

(ByGrades/States)

(Intonnes)

Reserves

Remaining

resources

Grade/State

Total

Proved

Probable

Total

Feasibility

Pre-feasibility

Measured

Indicated

Inferred

Reconnaissance

Total

resources

STD111

(A)

STD

211

STD331

STD332

STD333

STD334

(B)

(A+B)

STD121

STD122

STD221

STD222

AllIndia:Total

3685172

2266174

2080518

8031864

1021

73

1409511

3078665

224859

6603670

19736371

135662532

1668

17781174849645

By

Grades

+40%

F.C.

58050

88770

67950

214770

78

11

48157

604891

-

951

237190

-

899000

1113770

10-40%

F.C.

3621687

598758

1988468

6208913

862

37

477760

2361072

178703

2226024

10512356

636497

16478649

22687562

Others

5435

-

23452

28887

75

00

18750

-

-

3300501

3297811

-

6624562

6653449

Unclassified

-

1549549

648

1550197

-

860223

112702

6320

5882

4467502

62107720

67560349

69110546

Not-known

-

29097

-

29097

6

25

4621

-

39836

1070312

1221512

72918315

75255221

75284318

By

States

AndhraPradesh

-

-

-

-

-

-

1135

-

124759

301306

-

427200

427200

ArunachalPradesh

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

72758257

72758257

72758257

Gujarat

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2520805

835000

-

3355805

3355805

Jammu&Kashmir

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1059520

61681035

62740555

62740555

Jharkhand

382036

72670

645823

1100529

470

73

236783

1666551

2750

1855192

6798641

1203350

11810340

12910869

Karnataka

727

20820

1312

22859

75

00

18750

-

-

18200

-

-

44450

67309

Kerala

-

-

-

-

-

8300

17762

134900

1088550

335818

-

1585330

1585330

MadhyaPradesh

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1006660

-

1006660

1006660

Maharashtra

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1160000

-

1160000

1160000

Odisha

495296

2172684

622933

3290913

-

1106192

1224811

11179

98665

2923002

19890

5383739

8674652

Rajasthan

-

-

-

-

476

00

-

165920

-

250000

1450034

-

1913554

1913554

TamilNadu

2807113

-

810450

3617563

-

39486

2486

65330

647500

3866390

-

4621192

8238755

Uttarakhand

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

10700

-

-

-

10700

10700

Figuresroundedoff.


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GRAPHITE

Table 3 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 to 2010-11(By States)

(Qty in tonnes; value in `000)

2 0 0 8 - 0 9 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 20 10- 11 (P)State

Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value

India 117767 46618 124 625 53830 114836 47098 Jharkhand 1 4 4 0 5 5 2 6 7 2 67 1 4 9 5 1 8 44 5 3 6 1 50 3 0

Odisha 4 2 9 2 5 2 1 8 2 8 4 61 9 2 1 8 6 36 20 2 0 1 8 4 5 6

Tamil Nadu 6 0 4 3 7 1 9 5 2 3 5 17 1 9 2 5 6 76 50 0 9 9 2 36 1 2

Table 4 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 and 2010-11(By Sectors/States/Districts)

(Qty in tonnes; value in ` 000)

2 0 0 9 - 1 0 20 10 -11 (P)State/Dis t r ic t

No. of Quant i ty Value No. of Quant i ty Valuemines mines

India 3 2 124 625 53830 2 0 114836 47098

Public sector 1 5 0 76 4 2 5 3 8 2 1 49 2 9 9 2 3 1 7 8

Private sector 3 1 7 3 86 1 2 8 4 4 8 1 9 65 5 3 7 2 3 9 2 0

J h a r k h a n d 9 26714 9 5 1 8 8 44536 15030Latehar 1 3 5 5 0 9 5 9 1 1 4 1 0 3 8 1

Palamau 8 2 3 16 4 8 5 5 9 7 43 1 2 6 1 4 6 4 9

O d i s h a 2 1 46192 18636 1 0 20201 8 4 5 6

Bargarh 4 1 1 9 3 4 7 9 1 * *

Bolangir 1 0 2 9 94 4 1 2 2 4 5 5 2 7 5 1 6 5

Nuapada 4 1 0 37 3 3 9 4 6 1 11 5 2 4 4 3 2 1

Rayagada 3 4 6 8 2 1 9 6 6 3 8 4 0 2 3 9 7 0

Tamil Nadu 2 51719 25676 2 50099 23612

Madurai 1 9 5 5 2 9 4 1 8 0 0 4 3 4

Sivagangai 1 5 0 76 4 2 5 3 8 2 1 49 2 9 9 2 3 1 7 8

Table 2 : Principal Producers of Graphite2010-11

Location of mineName & address of producer

State District

Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd, Tamil Sivagangai31, Kamarajar Salai, NaduChepauk, Chennai-600 005,Tamil Nadu.

K. K. Poddar, Jharkhand PalamauPoddar Niket,Bariaju Road, Ranchi,Jharkhand.

Orissa Manganese & Minerals Jharkhand Palamau(P) Ltd,2/1 A, Sarat Bose Road,Kolkata,West Bengal

Pramod Kumar Agrawal, Odisha Nuapara

Shantikunj, Farm Road,Sambalpur,Odisha.

Singhania Commercial Co., Jharkhand Palamau

M. S. Singhania,Jail Road, Daltonganj,

Palamau,

Jharkhand.

T.P. Minerals Pvt. Ltd, Odisha Rayagada

Hospital Road, Sambalpur,

Odisha

Sunandan Pradhan, Odisha Rayagada

Pradhan Industries,

Telanga Bazar, Cuttack -9,

Odisha.

Suresh Kumar Bajaj, Jharkhand Palamau

Opp. Shivajee maidan,Daltonganj, Palamau,

Jharkhand.(Contd.)

Table - 2 :(Concld.)

Name & address of Location of mineproducer

State District

* Only labour employment reported during the year.


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GRAPHITE

Table 6 : Mine-head Stocks of Graphite, 2010-11(P)

(By States)

(In tonnes)

State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year

India 69666 75283

Jharkhand 6 1 6 1 8 2 6 0

Odisha 3 0 3 31 31 5 0 3

Tamil Nadu 3 3 1 74 35 5 2 0

MINING & MARKETINGGraphite mines are mostly small and opencast

barring a few underground mines. Water seepage

beyond 6 m depth is the main problem faced by

almost all mine owners in Odisha.

Active mining centres of graphite are in

Latehar and Palamau districts in Jharkhand;

Bargarh, Nuapada , Rayagada and Bolangirdistricts in Odisha and Madurai and Sivaganga

districts in Tamil Nadu. In Jharkhand, mining

activities are concentrated mostly around Sokara

village in Palamau district. It is a disseminated

deposit of flaky graphite containing 5 to 20% F.C.

In Odisha, areas in and around Bolangir are the

chief mining centres where several graphite

grades are produced. At Bolangir, a few opencast

workings are deeper than 45 m from surface and

the r.o.m. from such mines generally contains 10

to 20% F.C. Sargipalli underground mine in

Sambalpur di strict, operated by M/s T. P. Mineral

Industries (TPMI), produced graphite, analysing

up to 40% F.C. in the past.

Dangachacha mine, also owned by TPMI, is a

promising opencast mine in which the r.o.m.

contains 40% F.C. The ore from the mine is

partially beneficiated in a 3,000-tpy plant. Theremaining output is sold to other beneficiation

plants nearby. Graphite of Bolangir and Sambalpur

districts is utilised mostly by the graphite crucible

industry while graphite worked earlier from

Kalahandi district used to be despatched to

foundry units. The technological changes in

recent years have considerably reduced the use

of graphite as a lubricant. However, recycled

graphite is being used in producing clay-bonded

graphite crucibles.

Table 5 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 & 2010-11(P)

(By Frequency Groups)(Qty in tonnes)

No.of Production for Percentage In Cumulative

Product ion mines the group total production percentage

group

2009-10 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 2 0 1 0 - 1 1

India 3 2 2 0 1 246 25 114836 10 0 10 0

Up to 500 1 4 9 1 0 9 7 3 0 5 0 . 8 8 0 . 2 6 0 . 8 8 0 . 2 6

5 0 1- 1 00 0 3 2 2 5 0 2 1 4 9 0 2 . 0 0 1 . 3 0 2 . 8 8 1 . 5 6

1 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 0 4 1 5 8 6 3 1 4 1 0 4 . 7 0 1 . 2 3 7 . 5 8 2 . 7 9

2 0 0 1 - 3 0 0 0 2 - 4 0 3 2 - 3 . 2 4 - 10 .8 2 2 . 7 9

3 0 0 1 - 4 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 1 9 2 6 8 7 2 8 . 1 8 5 . 9 8 19 .0 0 8 . 7 7

4 0 0 1 - 5 0 0 0 2 1 9 5 4 3 4 9 1 0 7 . 6 6 4 . 2 8 26 .6 6 13 .0 5

Above 5001 4 5 9 1 3 9 6 9 9 8 49 73 .3 4 86 .9 5 1 0 0 1 0 0


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GRAPHITE

BENEFICIATIONGraphite occurs generally admixed with the country

rocks and hence, it requires beneficiation for obtaining

desired grade for various end-uses. Processes for

graphite beneficiation depend upon nature and

association of gangue minerals present. The common

processes adopted are washing, sorting, tabling, acid

leaching and froth flotation. Amongst these, froth

flotation process is used widely as it helps in producing

a fairly high-grade graphite concentrate. Sometimes,

beneficiated concentrate is further enriched by chemical

treatment (acid leaching, chlorination, etc.) to obtain a

very high-grade concentrate containing 98 to 99% F.C.

The r.o.m., on an average, containing about 10%

F.C. has to be invariably beneficiated before marketing.

Indigenously fabricated equipment is used generally

to upgrade the r.o.m. to produce marketable grade

graphite which contains normally 70 to 80% F.C. About

92% F.C. product has been obtained by many producers

after repeated cycles of beneficiation. Few plant owners

claimed to have obtained product containing as high as

95% F.C.

Beneficiation plants in Odisha seem to have been

designed for treating +10% F.C. graphite (r.o.m.). In

practice, it is seen that lower grade graphite having

+5% F.C. is blended with higher grades to meet the

requirements of beneficiation plant; i.e., +10% F.C. Thus,

low grade ore analysing +5% F.C. is also used.

Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd (TAMIN) produced

flaky graphite from a mine in Sivaganga area,

Sivaganga district in Tamil Nadu. The beneficiation

plant located adjacent to the mine site is designed to

produce 9,240 tpy of natural graphite concentrate

containing 96% F.C. with 92% recovery from r.o.m. A

list of important beneficiation plants in the country

is given below:

Beneficiation Plants in India

Andhra Pradesh

Srinivasa Graphite Crucible Industries, P. O.

Amadalavalsa, Srikakulam.

Jharkhand

Chhota Nagpur Graphite Industries, Daltonganj.

Carbon and Graphite Products, Daltonganj.

New Chemicals and Metals Products Private Ltd,

Hazaribag Road, Ranchi.

Parijat Mining Industries (India) Private Ltd, Ranchi.

Carbon and Graphite Industries, Repala, Palamau.

Gujarat

Harikrupa Minerals, Chhota Udepur, Vadodara.Farmsons Minerals Industries, Devgadhbaria,

Panchmahals.

India Minerals, Kellanpur, District Vadodara.

M. S. Patel, Muthai, Jatpur Road, Vadodara.

Odisha

Agrawal Graphite Industries, Sambalpur.

Gandhamardhan Graphite Udyog, Sambalpur.

G. R. Graphite Industries, Sambalpur.

National Carbon Products, Sambalpur.

Lakshminarayan Makhanlal Company, Sambalpur.

Graphite International, Sambalpur.

Laxminaryan Girdharilal, Sambalpur.

G. P. Minerals Industries, Sargipalli, Sambalpur.

T. P. Minerals Private Limited, Sambalpur.

Indesmin Graphite, Titlagarh.

Pioneer Graphite, Titlagarh.

Trinath Pradhan, Patnagarh, Bolangir.

B. K. Agrawal, Padmapur Diamond Graphite Industries,Kartabanji.

Raimata Graphite Industries, Patnagarh, Bolangir.

Misrilal Dharamchand Jain, Bolangir.

Pradhan Industries, Rayagada.

Mangalam Graphite Industries, Bhubaneswar.

Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd (TAMIN), Sivaganga.

USES & SPECIFICATIONSTraditional uses of graphite are in crucibles,

foundries, pencils, etc. Now more sophisticated

applications of graphite have emerged. Examples of

such uses are in refractories, expanded graphite-based

sealing gaskets, graphitised grease, braid, brushes,

brake lining, etc. Graphite is used in bulk for producing

certain products. It is also used in a minor amounts as

a vital additive for producing other products. Foundry

Contd.


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GRAPHITE

coatings are used to prevent fusion of liquid metal

with the sand at the mould or core face. They are

applied as coating by spraying or painting in the

form of suspension or by dusting or rubbing as

dry powders. Good quality graphite which is one

of the materials for this purpose, does not peeloff in flakes. On drying, it imparts a smooth

surface to the casting.

The BIS has prescribed the following

specifications of graphite for use in various

industries :

IS: 1132-1985 (Reaffirmed 2008) - graphite for use

in graphite crucible industry;

IS:1305-1984 (Reaffirmed 2012) - graphite for use in

foundry coatings;

IS: 14852-2000 (Reaffirmed 2010) - flaky graphite

for refractory industry;

IS: 495-1967 (First Revision, Reaffirmed 2007) -

graphite flakes for lubricants;


graphite for paints; and


graphite for pencil slips.

The specifications of graphite adopted by the

industry for some uses are as follows :

Specifications of Graphite

End product Percentage Quality of the

of graphite graphite

used used

Fixed Carbon Size

(F. C.) (micron)

Mag-Carb refractories 12 87-90% 150-710

Alumina-Carb (graphitised) 8 -1 0 85% min 15 0- 50 0

alumina refractories

Clay-bonded crucibles 60-65 +80 -20 to +100

mesh.

Silicon carbide crucibles 35 80-89% +150

Expanded (or flexible) 100 90% min 250-1800

graphite foils and products (preferably

based thereon (e.g. sealing +99%)

gaskets in refineries, fuel

pumps, automobiles)

Pencils 50-60 +95- 98% 50 max

Brake-linings 1-15 98% min 75 max

Foundry 40-70% 53-75

Batteries

a) Dry cells 88% min 75 max

b) Alkaline 98% min 5-75

Brushes Usually 99% Usually

less than

53

Lubricants 98-99% 53-106

Sintered products 98-99% 5

(e.g. clog wheels)

Paint Up to 75 50-55% Amorph-

75% min ous

powder

flake

Braid used for sealing 40-50 95% min

(e.g. in ship)

Graphitised grease +99% 38 max

(used in seamless steel

tube manufacturing)

Recarburisation of steel 100 99% Microni-

sed

Colloidal graphite 100 99.9% Colloidal

(Contd.)

End product Percentage Quality of the

of graphite graphite

used used

Fixed Carbon Size

(F. C.) (micron)

(Concld.)

CONSUMPTIONReliable consumption data on beneficiated

graphite concentrates are not available. As per

the information received from various graphite

consuming units and estimates, the consumption

of various grades of graphite during 2008-09

to 2010-11 ranged from 14,400 tonnes to

15,000 tonnes. Out of total reported consumption

in 2010-11, the refractory industry accounted for

7,100 tonnes (47%), crucible industry 4,700 tonnes

(31%) and foundry indus try 1 ,000 tonnes

(7%). Industrywise consumption data are given

in Table - 7.


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GRAPHITE

Table - 7 : Reported Consumption of Graphite

2008-09 to 2010-11

(By Industries)(In tonnes)

Industry 2008-09 2009-10(R) 2010-11(P)

All Industries 14400 14600 15000

Dry cell battery 400(2) 400(3) 400(3)

Electrode 600(5) 600(5) 600(5)

Foundry(e)+ 1000(6) 1000(6) 1000(6)

Graphite products 4600(3) 4600(3) 4700(3)

(Crucible)(e) ++

Graphite products 500(1) 500(1) 500(1)

(pencil)

Refractory 6600(24) 680 0(23) 7 100(23)

Others (asbestos 700(20) 700(17) 700(17)

products,

chemicals, paint,

paper, pesticide,

pharmaceuticals,

and rubber)

Figures rounded off. Data collected on non-statutory

basis.

Figures in parentheses denote the number of uni ts in

organised sector reporting* consumption.

(*Includes actual reported consumption and/or estimates

made wherever required).

(e)+ Estimated consumption taken from Market Survey

conducted by IBM.

Excl udes consumpt ion of graphi te fo r bene fi ciat ion

purposes est ima ted a t 140,000 tonnes

approximately.

(e)++Based on the information supplied by The All India

Graphite Crucible Manufacturers Associat ion,

Ra jah mun dr y (A nd hr a Pr ad es h) an d fi el d su rv ey

to Samalko t /Ra jahmundry area by Minera l

Economi cs Division, IBM, in March, 2007 and data

received through non-statutory returns.

Table 9 : World Production of Graphite (Natural)(By Principal Countries)

(In '000 tonnes)

Country 2008 2009 2010

World : Total 2400 2200 2100

Brazil @ 81 59 84

Canada 20 7(e)

20(e)

China # 1800 1800 1800(e)

India * 118 109 99(e)

Korea, Dem. 30 30 30

P. R. of

Mexico 7 5 7

Russia 14 14 14

Ukraine(e)

8 8 8

Zimbabwe 5 2 1

Other countries 317 166 37

Source: World Mineral Production, 2006-2010@ Including beneficiated and directly shipped material.# Including flake graphite.* Crude. India's production of graphite in 2008-09,2009-10 and 2010-11 was 118 thousand tonnes,125 thousand tonnes and 115 thousand tonnes,respectively.

Table 8 : World Reserves of Graphite(Natural)

(By Principal Countries)

(In '000 tonnes)

Count ry Reserves

World : Total (rounded) 77000

Braz i l 3 6 0

C h i n a 55 0 0 0

In dia* 11 0 0 0

Madagascar 9 4 0

M e x i c o 3 1 0 0Other countries 6 4 0 0

Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2010.Figures of Canada, North Korea, Norway, Romania,Sri Lanka, Ukraine are included with Other countries.

*India 's to tal resources of graphite as per NationalMineral Inventory as on 1.4.2010 are 175 million tonnes

of which 8 million tonnes are categorised as reserves.

WORLD REVIEW

The world inferred resources of graphite arebelieved to exceed 800 million tonnes of recoverable

reserves. However, world reserves of graphite have

been placed at 77 million tonnes of which China

alone holds 55 million tonnes; i.e., over 71%, followed

by India (14%) and Mexico (4%) (Table-8).

World production of graphite was 2.1 million

tonnes in 2010. China cont inued to be

the leading producer, having a share of about

86%, followed by India (5%) and Brazil (4%)

(Table-9).


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GRAPHITE

FOREIGN TRADE

Exports

In 2010-11, exports of graphite (natural) were

1,070 tonnes as compared to 1,048 tonnes in the

previous year. Graphite (natural) was exported

mainly to UK (17%), Germany (16%), Italy (12%)

and UAE (6%). The exports of graphite (artificial)

increased to 9,507 tonnes in 2010-11 from 7,286

tonnes in the previous year. Graphite (artificial)

was exported mainly to Iran (41%), USA (16%)

and Bhutan (11%).

The exports of graphite crucibles increased

to 569 tonnes in 2010-11 from 272 tonnes in the

preceding year while those of silicon carbide

crucibles increased to 8,811 tonnes from 6,903

tonnes in the previous year . Tunis ia and

Malaysia were the main buyers of graphite

crucibles. Silicon carbide crucibles were exported

mainly to Germany, Egypt , UK, I ran and

Indonesia. Exports of graphite bricks and shapes

were at 190 tonnes in 2010-11 compared to 288

tonnes in the preceding year. Graphite bricks and

shapes were mainly exported to Brazil, Denmark,

Iraq, UAE and Argentina (Tables - 10 to 14).

Imports

Imports of graphite (natural) increasedto 14,348 tonnes in 2010-11 from 12,780 tonnes

in the preceding year . Imports of

graphite (artificial) also increased to 15,903

tonnes in 2010-11 from 13,422 tonnes in the

previous year. Graphite (natural) was mainly

from China (86%). Imports of graphite (artificial)

were mainly from China (47%), Poland (14%) and

Norway (12%).

Imports of graphite bricks and shapes were

215 tonnes in 2010-11 as against 50 tonnes in the

previous year . Imports were mainly f rom

Netherlands and China. Imports of graphite

crucibles increased to 5,743 tonnes in 2010-11

from 3,267 tonnes in the preceding year. China

was the main supplier with 94% share. Imports of

silicon carbide crucibles were 1,262 tonnes in

2010-11 as compared to 1,150 tonnes in the

previous year. Imports were mainly from UK

(23%), Germany (20%) and USA (15%) (Tables -

15 to 19).

Table 10 : Exports of Graphite (Natural)

(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11

Country

Qty Value Qty Value(t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)

All Countries 1048 81374 1070 69546

UK 203 22089 178 17280

Germany 25 3215 171 11945

Italy _ _ 126 8025

New Zealand 11 2055 32 6640

Netherlands 47 6714 33 4247

UAE 118 5746 62 3654

Paraguay _ _ 49 3254

Australia _ _ 17 2624

Japan 5 3139 58 2232

Belgium _ _ 36 1894

Other countries 639 38416 308 7751

Table 11 : Exports of Graphite (Artificial)

(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11

Country

Qty Value Qty Value

(t) (`000) (t) (`000)

All Countries 7286 373050 9507 542331

Iran 3461 86402 3896 108436

Sweden 58 16710 332 74845

Germany 501 64648 270 73874

USA 828 69701 1502 70700

Bhutan 1007 24129 1075 27693

Korea, Rep. of 6 1350 121 25112

France 26 6305 147 17392

Netherlands 11 3081 174 16452

UK 13 4281 213 15690

Indonesia 1 486 68 14686

Other countries 1374 95957 1709 97451


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GRAPHITE

Table 12 : Exports of Graphite

Bricks & Shapes

(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11

Count ryQ t y Value Q t y Value

( t ) (` 00 0) ( t ) (`000)

All Countr ies 28 8 2 4 7 0 19 0 4 11 9

Brazil 7 8 1 3 1 5

Iraq 2 5 1 4 0 3 2 2 1 2 6 3

UAE _ _ 2 0 3 9 5

Egypt 1 1 3 8 4

Bangladesh 4 0 1 1 0 5 2 4 7

Argent ina _ _ 2 0 1 8 1

Australia 1 1 6 7

Indonesia _ _ 3 9 0

Denmark _ _ 3 0 7 6

Other countries 2 2 3 9 5 7 ++ 1

Table 13 : Exports of Graphite Crucibles

(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11

CountryQty Value Qty Value

(t) (` 000) (t) (`000)

All Countries 272 10831 569 37780

Tunisia _ _ 340 27603

Malaysia _ _ 116 3986

Egypt 29 359 45 1871

Philippines 58 3539 19 1266

South Africa 7 585 6 752

Sweden _ _ 23 602

Germany 1 151 1 477

Netherlands _ _ 1 446

USA _ _ 1 339

Kenya 3 48 10 299


Table 14 : Exports of Silicon Carbide

Crucibles

(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11

CountryQty Value Qty Value

(t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)

All Countries 6903 377106 8811 434517

Iran 1254 61263 554 44853

Germany 442 37307 3141 40166

Korea, Rep. of 612 38426 308 36422

Egypt 397 28079 755 34617

USA 531 17444 331 31306

South Africa 403 21367 178 29717

UK 811 16491 575 25128

Indonesia 233 23966 531 22773

Turkey 529 23562 259 22756

France 83 13628 402 21202

Other countries 1608 95573 1777 125577

Table 15 : Imports of Graphite (Natural)

(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11

Country

Qty Value Qty Value

(t) (` 000) (t) (`000)

All Countries 12780 395701 14348 460015

China 11318 313333 12404 357456

Madagascar 484 26092 720 29247

Brazil 202 9955 400 20417

Germany 89 12926 119 15459

USA 119 9209 121 10545

Sri Lanka 137 6445 105 8023

UK 116 3102 33 2821

Korea, Rep. of _ _ 93 2472

Italy 23 2012 18 1515

Unspecified 8 220 100 2987



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Table 16 : Imports of Graphite (Artificial)

(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11

Country

Qty Value Qty Value

(t) (` 000) (t) (`000)

All Countries 13422 1324733 15903 1548569

China 7839 371595 7526 491808

Poland _ _ 2261 228455

USA 1037 366920 746 177767

Germany 386 123634 687 170299

Japan 254 87222 355 90258

Norway 1762 79674 1871 89105

France 522 82670 989 89025

UK 267 36994 359 65495

Netherlands 358 47673 486 55312

Unspecified _ _ 255 21973

Other countries 997 128351 368 69072

Table 17 : Imports of Graphite Bricks &

Shapes

(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11

Country

Qty Value Qty Value

(t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)

All Countries 50 1509 215 12535

Netherlands _ _ 100 4911

Austria 18 3136

USA _ _ 11 2031

China 40 1128 71 1670

Germany 5 241 12 538

Belgium _ _ 2 218

Japan 4 82 1 31

Other Countries 1 58 _ _

Table 18 : Imports of Graphite Crucibles(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11Country

Qty Value Qty Value(t) (`000) (t) (` 000)

All Countries 3267 118418 5743 142945

China 3118 113537 5394 138444

Germany 60 1069 293 2166

France 84 3714 22 1283

Austria _ _ 21 838

USA 1 31 13 214

Other countries 4 67

Table 19 : Imports of Silicon Carbide Crucibles(By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11Country

Qty Value Qty Value(t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)

All Countries 1150 48859 1262 45109

UK 258 15508 285 12875

Germany 312 12475 250 10346

USA 158 5475 185 5823

Indonesia 3 72 100 4554

Czech Rep. 60 1765 127 3315

China 261 8736 56 2168Singapore _ _ 16 1268

Japan 18 990 63 1234

Italy 54 1815 138 1184

Poland 4 232 16 819


FUTURE OUTLOOKThe graphite reserves having +40% fixed

ca rbon a re ra the r l imi ted in the coun t ry .

Detailed exploration of graphite deposits in

Odisha, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala

s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t . C o s t - e f f e c t i v e

benefic ia t ion technologies for low-grade

graphite ore need to be developed. Sil icon

carbide-graphite crucibles are being diversified

and manufactured to improve upon the use of

inferior grade material with less quantity and at

the same time ensuring longer life of crucible.

Consumption of various grades of graphite in the


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GRAPHITE

organised sector was in the range of 14,000

tonnes during the last three years. Out of the

total consumption, the refractory (45%) and

crucible industries (30%) accounted for 75% and

foundry industry for 7%. The apperent domesticdemand of graphite run of mine is estimated at

135,000 tonnes by 2011-12 and at 208,000 tonnes

by 2016-17 at 9% growth rate by the Working

Group for the 12th Plan, Planning Commission of

India.

Some important higher applications have

emerged in exfoliated graphite which are for

making sealings, gaskets, braids and brushes.

New products of synthetic graphite are graphite

fibres/ropes and graphite insulation blankets.

Carbon-composite materials are used in very high

technology areas, such as aerospace and these

advanced materials are produced in Hyderabad in

a pilot plant. On world scenario, a potential large-

volume end-use for natural graphite has emergedin heat sinks, also called spreader shield , which is

a graphite foil material conducting heat only in

two directions. It has thermal conductivity above

aluminium and almost equal to copper. These are

used for carrying away heat in laptop computers,

flat-panel displays, wireless phones, digital video

cameras, etc. The silicon carbide crucible industry

should be encouraged to increase the exports of

its products for increased margin of profits.

imyb 2011 graphite

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