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IKINYARWANDA

IMYANDIKO MFASHANYIGISHO

INDIMI N’UBUVANGANZO

Igitabo Cy’umwarimu

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ABATEGUYE IGITABO

- MAHORO Kedy Noel

- HINGABUGABO Gaspard

- MUGENGANA Miche

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ISHAKIRO

ABATEGUYE IGITABO iiiISHAKIRO 1IRIBURIRO 3INSHOZA 4INGERI Z’UBUVANGANZO NYARWANDA 6UMWANDIKO KU BIDUKIKIJE 10UBUTINDE N’AMASAKU MU MAGAMBO MAREMARE 12UMWANDIKO KUMUCO N’AMATEKA Y’U RWANDA 15UBUTINDE N’AMASAKU MU NTERURO 17IBITEKEREZO BY’INGABO 19IYIGAMAJWI (INYANDIKO NYEJWI) 20INSIGAMIGANI 28IYIGAMVUGO 29IBYIVUGO 36IZINA MBONERA GAKONDO 37IMIGANI MIGUFI 39NTERA 42INSHOBERAMAHANGA 45URWENYA NA BYENDAGUSETSA 47IZINANTERA 49IKINAMICO 51UMWANDIKO KU BURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE 54IGISANTERA 55IKOMORAZINA 56INKURU ISHUSHANYIJE 67INDANGAHANTU 76UMWANDIKO KURI SIDA 77IMIGEREKA 79INYANDIKO Z’UBUTEGETSI 81IYIGANTERURO 87

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IKINYARWANDA : IMYANDIKO MFASHANYIGISHO - IGItABO CY’UMWARIMU

ISESENGURANTERURO 93UMWANDIKO KU GUKUNDA UMURIMO 96UMUVUGO 97ISUZUMABUMENYI 101IKESHA MVUGO 104INYANDIKO Y’IKINYAMAKURU 107IMBATA Y’UMWANDIKO 108IHANGAMWANDIKO 109IHINAMWANDIKO 110INDIRIMBO 111INYANDIKOMVUGO 112IBIGANIRO MPAKA 113UMUGEREKA 115IBITABO N’INYANDIKO BYIFASHISHIJWE 120

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IRIBURIRO

Iki gitabo cyateguwe hakurikijwe urutonde rw’ibyigwa, integanyanyisho y’ikinyarwanda mu mashami y’indimi yo muri Gashyantare 2010 iteganya mu mashuri y’indimi, umwaka wa kane mu rwego rwo kunganira abarimu mu gutanga uburezi bufite ireme

no kubaka ejo heza h’igihugu cyacu.

Ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda ku mwenegihugu ni igikoresho kibumbatiye umuco, ni inkingi ya mwamba abanyarwanda bishingikiriza mugusabana, no mumibereho yabo ya buri munsi, birakwiye ko twiteza imbere hato tutabura ibyiza ngo tube ba rwenerikije, tukaba twakurikizaho guta umuco duca kubakurambere, ngo ngaho turajyana n’igihe, ni muri iyo nzira hateguwe iki gitabo mugufasha mwarimu, nawe afasha abanyeshuri abaha ubumenyi buzira ibihuhwe.

Iki gitabo kigizwe n’ibice bitatu by’ingenzi, aribyo: - Ikibonezamvugo,

- Imyandiko

- N’ubuvanganzo Iki gitabo kandi ni ikusansa ry’inyigo n’imyandiko by’akozwe na bamwe mu bashakashatsi (abacengerandi) n’amazu ntangazabitabo, basesengura ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda, mu mizo ya mbere kugeza ubu.

Ibyigwa biri muri iki gitabo bizajya bifasha umunyeshuri kwiyungura ubumenyi uko azajya

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INSHOZA

N’imvugo cyangwa inyandiko umuntu akoresha kuburyo abo abwira bamutega amatwi, bishobora kuba byarabayeho cyangwa bitarabayeho, bishobora kwandikwa cyangwa gushushanywa bikaba bikubiyamo inyigisho.

AMOKO Y’INKURU

Habaho amoko y’inkuru abiri:

- Inkuru ngufi

- Inkuru ndende

Icyitonderwa: Umunyeshuri ugeze mu mwaka wa kane mu ishami ry’indimi ategurirwa kwiga inkuru ngufi, naho inkuru ndende akazayiga ageze mu wa gatanu nkuko integanya nyigisho y’ikinyarwana ibiteganya.

1. INKURU NGUFI

Inkuru ngufi igizwe n’ibice bibiri by’ingenzi:

- Gusetsa

- Kwigisha

UTURANGO TW’INKURU NGUFI

- Abanyarubuga bakeya

- Ibikorwa Bikeya

- Insabiko Idatsitse

- Insanganyamatsiko

- Isoni igihe babeshya

- Irabangutse

- Ikunze gukinwa

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Urugero: Umwami na Samandari

Icyitonderwa: Mwarimu agomba guha abanyeshuri urugero rw’inkuru ngufi yanditse akabatoza kuyikina murwego rwo kureba niba bya bice byo gusetsa no kwigisha bikubiyemo.

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INGERI Z’UBUVANGANZO NYARWANDA

Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bugabyemo ibice bibiri: - ubuvanganzo nyamvugo

- ubuvanganzo nyandiko

A) UBUVANGANZO NYAMVUGO

Ni ibihangano byahererekanwaga mu Rwanda no hambere, hakoreshejwa imvugo bafata mu mutwe, cyangwa babikora umugenda (mu mutwe) kuko ntaterambere ryo kwandika ryariho.

Umuryango runaka washoboraga kwiharira ingeri iyi n’iyi y’ubuvanganzo bityo bikaba nk’umurage, nubwo bamwe mubacengeye inganzo nyarwanda batayivugaho rumwe.

Ubuvanganzo nyamvugo nabwo bugabanyijemo ibice bibiri:

- ubuvanganzo nyamvugo bwa nyabami

- ubuvanganzo nyamvugo bwa rubanda

1. UBUVANGANZO NYAMVUGO NYABAMI

Bugizwe n’izi ngeri:

- Ubwiru: yari amabanga y’i bwami agasobanura amabwiriza yagenderwagaho ku birori byaberaga ibwami.

- Ibisigo: byari ibisingizo by’umwami n’ingoma ye, ku bikorwa byiza yagezaho iyi ngeri n’iyo yaribumbatiye amateka y’u Rwanda cyane byadutse kungoma ya RUGANZU NDOLI.

- Ubucurabwenge: bwavugaga ku bisekuru by’abami n’abagabekazi.

- Ibitekerezo by’ingabo: yari imivugo yahamaga n’abatekereza b’i bwami bagendeye ku byo abavuzi b’amacumu bavuze mugihe cy’imyiyereko bavuye ku rugerero.

- Indirimbo z’ingabo: zarataga ubutwari bw’ingabo

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- Amakuru yo kurugamba: Ni amakuru yatangwa i Bwami avuga uko urugamba rwagenze bikavugwa n’umuvuzi w’amacumu.

- Amazina y’inka: Byari ibisingizo by’inka, aha turakwibutsa ko atari burinka yitwaga izina ahubwo ibyo bisingizo byavugirwaga ku nka z’inyambo.

Iyi ngeri yari yuje ubuhanga bukurayo ako amabanga yise inka izina ariwe umwisi, yahisigiraga abazamukomokaho.

- Ibyivugo: Ingabo nazo zagiraga ibyivugo birata ubutwari bwazo.

Icyitonderwa: Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo nyabami zararindwaga, zikubahwa cyane kuko si umunetse wese wajya muri iyo nganzo.

2. UBUVANGANZO NYAMVUGO BWO MURI RUBANDA

Bugizwe n’izi ngeri:

- Ibyivugo: iyi ngeri yabonekaga kumpande zose nk’uko twabibonye.

- Imigani miremire: ni nkuru zakorwaga murwego rwo gusobanura imbogamizi ku muco n’imibereho ya buri munsi y’abanyarwanda yabaga ikubiyemo inyigisho zo guhindura rubanda.

- Imigani migufi: yahinduraga umuntu cyangwa ikamushishikariza bitewe n’igikorwa yagezeho cyashoboraga no kumucikira bakubwira.

Urugero:

- iyihuse yabyaye ibihumye

- witonze akama ishashi

- Ibisakuzo: wari umukino wo gutyaza ubwenge bigafasha umwana gutekereza vuba kandi neza.

Urugero:

- sogokuru aryoha aboze? Umuneke

- Indirimbo: indirimbo zakunze kuboneka:

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* Indirimbo zishikariza abantu gukora: Umurunga w’iminsi

* Indirimbo z’urukundo: Ihorere munyarwana

* Ibihozo: zaririmbirwaga abana babikiriye ngo basinzire

Zimwe muri izo ndirimbo yashyizwe mu byuma byamuzika aho iterambere riziye.

-Inanga: - Bivuga igikoresho gakondo cya muzika

- Igihangano ubwacyo

Inanga zimwe zivuga ku bami, ugasanga ari gitekerezo

Urugero: Igitekerezo cya Rwanyonga na Rwabugiri (Inanga).

Muri ubu buvanganzo nyamvugo, uko ibihe bijyenda biha ibindi ubuvanganzo nyabami burimo bugenda bucumbagira, kuburyo ubusizi nyarwanda bugizwe nibi bice :

- ubusizi bw’ubu cyangwa bushya

- ubusizi bw’ahise (bwahozeho na mbere)

- utuvugo twabana (amaho tu).

B) UBUVANGANZO NYANDIKO

Mbere y’ubukoroni ubuvanganzo nyamvugo nibwo bwari inyingi ishyigikiye ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda, bikagaragarira mu bitaramo, mu matorero nk’amashuri y’isumbuye y’icyo gihe.

Aho abazungu baziye byarahindutse dutangira kwiga kwandika, gusoma no kubara.

Ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda rutangira gukorwaho inyigo yinshyi, n’ibihangano bimwe by’ubuvanganzo nyamvugo byariho byaranditswe. Handitswe ibitabo byinshi muguteza imbere ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda hubakwa amashuri ya leta n’ay’abapadiri(seminari). kuburyo abayizemo mumizo ya mbere banditse inyigo nyinshi mu Kinyarwanda.

Twavuga nka:

1. Alegisi KAGAME:

- Indyoheshabirayi

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- Isoko y’amajyambere

Ibyo bikaba imivugo yakusanyijwe

2. Msgr Bigirumwami Aloyz

- Ibirari by’insigamigani

3. RUGAMBA Sipiriyani:

- Umusengangoro (1979)

Handitswe kandi inyigo nyinshyi ku iyigarutonde, ku nkoranyamagambo, ku iyigamajwi, iyigamvugo n’ibindi. Kugeza magingaya ubushakashatsi burakomeje mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda.

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UMWANDIKO KU BIDUKIKIJE

Ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda

Kamanzi n’umwarimu mwiza.

Adukundishaibyiza bitatse urwanda

By’umwihariko yatwigishije ko icyanya

Cy’ibirunga ari iwabo w’ingagi, zimwe

Muzi sigaye hake ku isi.

Hazimereye neza cyane kuburyo

Umuryango wa susa wibarutse

Impanga. Zabatijwe mpamo na

Byishimo

Sebuhoro yasabye ko twasura ibyo

Byiza bitatse u Rwanda. Murebwayire we

Yifuza ko twajya mu bungera zuba

Kureba uturwa turi mu Kivu. Kamanzi

yatwemereye kuzadukodeshereza

imodokaebyiri za rutagengwa kuko arizo

twakwirwagamo.

Natashye mfite amashyushyu yo

kubwira inshuti zanjye Ufitinema

na Jabo ibintu byiza twize.

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Umwitozo:

Ca akarongo ku magambo agaragaza ugutinda n’ukubanguku mu mivugirwe yayo ari muri izi nteruro:

- Natashye mfite amashyushyu yo kubwira Ufitinema ibyo nize.

- Inkuru yabaye impamo ko Bwiza yiarutse impanga ku manywa y’ihangu.

- Karangwa yaguze inkoko, ageze i we ayiha ibishunga ku nkoko, irangije irabimena, aje ata ubwenge dore ko yari ahugiye mu bwenge bw’ibitoki bye.

Icyitonerwa: Mwarimu agomba gufasha abanyeshuri kumenya neza bimwe mu byiza bitatse u Rwanda inyamaswa cyangwa ibindi byiza nyaburanga yewe n’igihugu muri rusange ari nako asesengura umwandiko.

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UBUTINDE N’AMASAKU MU MAGAMBO MAREMARE

INSHOZA Y’UBUTINDE

Iyo tuvuga amagambo ntituyavuga kimwe. Hari aho usanga tuyatindaho, ahandi tukayavuga mu buryo bubangutse. Uku gutinda cyangwa kubangutse gushingiye ku nyajwi zigize imigemo y’ayo magambo.

Ingero z’amagambo atifitemo ubutinde : Umugabo, umugore, inka, isi, inde ?

Ingero z’amagambo yifitemo ubutinde : Uweera, umwaana, neeza, ubwuuzu .

Icyitonderwa : inyajwi itinda yandikwa inshuro ebyiri na ho inyajwi itebuka cyangwa ibanguka yandikwa inshuro imwe.

INSHOZA Y’UMUGEMO

Ni ijwi cyangwa itsinda ry’amajwi asohokera icyarimwe iyo tuvuga ijambo. Mu kinyarwanda, umugemo ushobora kuba ugizwe n’inyajwi yonyine, ingombajwi n’inyajwi cyangwa igihekane n’inyajwi.

IMPUGUKIRWA :

- Umugemo ugizwe n’inyajwi gusa uboneka mu ntangiriro y’ijambo.

- Inyajwi ni yo shingiro ry’umugemo iteka kuko yonyine ishobora kurema umugemo kandi nta mugemo udashojwe n’inyajwi.

- Ubutinde n’ububanguke bw’inyajwi na byo bigaragarira mu mugemo.

Ingero :

- umugabo : u-mu-ga-bo

- umushwi : u-mu-shwi

- uweera : u-wee-ra

- umwaana : u-mwaa-na

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- ubwuuzu :u-bwuu-zu

Icyitonderwa : Mu kinyarwanda, hari amagambo menshi agizwe n’imigemo yose ibangutse ariko nta magambo yihariye imigemo itinda gusa.

UBUTINDE N’AMASAKU

Ijambo irya ari ryo ryose rigira ubutinde ryaremanywe, iyo bidakurikijwe, usoma aba ashyomye cyangwa akavuga ijambo ritabaho. Mu kinyarwanda amagambo ashobora guhuza imiterere ariko ntahuze ibisobanuro kuko abadahuje ubutinde n’amasaku. Inyajwi ibanguka ifite inyajwi nyejuru yandikishwa inyuguti imwe n’akagofero kamwe : â, î, ê, ô, û.

Ingero :

1. Inda :-Inda (igice cy’umubiri)

- Indâ (udukoko duterwa n’umwanda)

2. Inkoko:-inkokô (itungo rigufi)

- Inkooko (igikoresho cyo mu rugo)

Isaku nyejuru rirangwa n’akagofero gashyirwa hejuru y’inyajwi. Isaku nyesi ryo nta kamenyetso kariranga, inyajwi ikomeza kwandikwa uko isanzwe.

Uretse uwo mumaro wo gutandukanya amagambo yanditse kimwe, amasaku n’ubutinde binadufasha kumenya amagambo uko avugwa.

Ingero:umugorê, umutîma, ntrâuka, imbûgitâ, inda, umugabo, umuuntu, umuganda, umwâana, inêezâ.

Integuza: Mbere y’uko ugera ku isaku nyejuru ry’ukuri, uvuga ijambo abanza kuzamuka ku nyajwi ibanziriza iriho isaku ry’ukuri. Kubera ko buri gihe isaku nyejuru riba rifite iry’integuza, iryo ry’integuza byabaye ngombwa ko ritandikwa uretse muhundwanota gusa.

Ingero:

- Aho kwandika umugôrê, handikwa umugorê.

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- Aho kwandika ûmwâana, handika umwâana

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MUHUNDWANOTA

Ni uturongo tubiri duciye hejuru y’ijambo twerekana imivugirwe y’amajwi ari muri iryo jambo. Isaku nyesi ritebutsa ryerekanwa n’akarongo ka gufi gaciye hejuru y’inyajwi gakurikije umurongo wo hasi. Isaku nyejuru ritebutsa rigaragazwa n’akarongo kagufi gatambitse hejuru y’inyajwi gakurikije umurongo wo hejuru. Isaku ry’integuza ryandikwa nk’isaku nyejuru. Isaku ritinda ryo rigaragazwa n’akarongo karekare gashyirwa hejuru y’ubutinde bitewe n’uko rivugitse.

Ingero: _ _ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ -- _ _ _ _ --\_ _

Inda inda umugabo umugorê inkooko inâama

Amagambo yifashishwa mu kumenya amasaku.

_ _ _ _ _ _ -- _--_ _ -\_ _ _ _ /- _ - - -

Umugabo umugorê umusôre umwâana umwaâmi imbêehe

Umuvure umuherwê umutîma ubwêenge umwaâse injâangwê

Ikigega imigozî umukôzi ubwîiru umweêmbe inêezâ

_/ -- _ _ _ _ _

Reerô umugaanda

Nguukô umukaambwe

Saavê ubugiingo

Uburyo bwo kwifashisha ibicumbi.

Umwâana gorê gorê gabo mwâana mwaâmi

Wâa muhemû inô gusa wâa mutwaâre

Ntâa mukirê tujyê imbere ntâa musaâza

Gaanda reerô gabo mwâana mwâana

Geenda rwiizâ iki jwâanga jwâanga

Geenda uraarê jya murî ubu bwâato

Mwâana sôre Geenda gabo mwâana gabo sôre Mwâana

Sêeru gâru kira mfîizi iki mênya bôose

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UMWANDIKO KUMUCO N’AMATEKA Y’U RWANDA

Umubano mubantu

Umubano mwiza mu bantu, ayo

Magambo bayavuga kenshi kandi ni cyo

cyifuzo cya buri wese. nyamara kandi

wabireba ugasanga, bitaragerwaho neza

kuko ngo ahari abantu hanuka

urunturuntu. Uko bimeze kose ariko,

hari bamwe bagerageza kubanira neza

bagenzi babo. Umugabo Gasore

aherutse kugira ikibazo biteye agahinda.

We n’umugore we bararwaye bararemba

Batinda mu bitaro. Utwana twabo ni duto

Ariko twasigaye mu rugo twonyine.

Umukecuru Veronika;umuturanyi wabo

Yahabaye intwari cyane n’ubwo ashaje bwose.

Yabyukaga kare agashaka udukwi,

Agateguraingemu igizwe n’igikoma

n’igitoki cyoroshye, akabagemurira.

Agahungu ke kabucura yagasabaga

gusanga babana ngo abamare irungu.

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Bakinaga udukino twinshi nko

Guhererekanya agati batanguranwa,

Guterera udupira hejuru bakadusama

N’utundi twinshi. bakoraga kandi

N’uturimo two mu rugo rwabo, nko

Gusukura udukweto twabo. byaratinze

Gasore ava mu bitaro. yashimiye

Veronika, amugabira inyana

Nziza maze umubano wabo urakomera

Icyitonderwa: Hano mwarimu afasha abanyeshuri kumva umwandiko, abereka tumwe mu turango tw’ umuco n’amateka by’u Rwanda yibanda ku ngingo zivugwa mu mwandiko. Nibyiza kubaha izindi ngero zarekana umuco n’amateka by’u Rwanda mu isesengura ry’mwandiko.

Umwitozo: Vuga interuro igaragaramo amagambo atinda muri izi zikurikira:

- Ahari abaantu hanuuka uruunturuuntu.

- Umuhuunde ahuunganye icumu rivumera.

- Umugore ni mutima w’urugo.

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UBUTINDE N’AMASAKU MU NTERURO

Hari amagambo amwe n’amwe ahindura amasaku kamere y’andi magambo mu nteruro. Ayo magambo akunze kuba ari ibyungo “na” na“nka” n’ibinyazina ngenera bifite ibicumbi-a.

Amategeko:

1. Iyo ijambo rikurikiye icyungo ridafite isaku nyejuru muri kamere yaryo, amasaku yaryo ntahinduka. Ibyo ariko bishoboka iyo iryo jambo ridatangiwe n’inyajwi.

Ingero:

- nahuuye na Mugabo

- yaazanye na Mugeni

2. Iyo ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi kandi rikaba rikurikira icyungo cyangwa ikinyazina ngenera, iyo nyajwi ifata isaku nyejuru.

Ingero:

- Umugabo n’ûmugorê.

- Abâana b’âbahuûngu.

3. Iyo icyungo gikurikiwe n’ijambo rifite isaku nyejuru ku mugemo wa mbere, amasaku yaryo ntahinduka.

Ingero:

- Nka sêerugarukiramfîizi.

- Avuga nka Nkûbito.

4. Iyo icyungo gikurikiwe n’ijambo rifite isaku nyejuru ku mugemo wa kabiri, iryo saku ryimukira ku mugemo wa mbere.

Ingero:

- Ageenda nka kamâana.

- Saavê ituwe nka kîbuungo.

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5. Iyo icyungo gikurikiwe n’ijambo rifite isaku nyejuru ni bura ku mugemo wa gatatu, iryo jambo rigira isaku nyejuru no ku nyajwi yaryo hejueru.

Ingero:

- Butâre na Gîtarâma.

- Butâre na Kîgalî.

6. Iyo icyungo gikurikiranye n’ijambo ritangiwe n’inyajwi kandi rifite isaku nyejuru ku mugemo wa kabiri muri kamere yaryo, ya nyajwi iritangira igira ubutinde kandi ikagira n’isaku.

- Akundana n’âabâana.

- Akunda amâazi nk’îifi.

- Yajyanye ihenê n’îinkâ.

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IBITEKEREZO BY’INGABO

Mu Rwanda hambere, abami barimikwaga bakanahabwa inshingano bazubahirizaga mugihe cy’ingoma buri mwami yagiraga abamufasha mu buyobozi bwa politike harimo abatwaren’abandi.

Umwami wese yakoraga uko ashoboye akagera kubyo ingirakamaro ku gihugu cye n’abantu dore ko yitwaga SEBANTU.

Kwagura u Rwanda cyari igikorwa cyigaragaza ubudahangarwa bw’igihugu bityo ubukungu bukiyongera. niyompamva bateguraga ibitero kubaturanyi babtsinda bakigarurira aho batuye. Ingabo zajyaga kurugamba zikesa imihigo bamwe muribo nibo batoranywaga kuvuga uko urugamba rwagenze abo nibo bitwaga abavuzi b’amacumu.

Kuvuga amacumu ni ukuvuga uko batabaye kuva batangiye kugeza basoza bibanda kubikorwa by’akataraboneka.

Abatekereza b’i bwami baheraga ku byo abavuzi b’amacumu bavuze bagahimba Ibitekerezo By’ingabo. Iyo utekereje usanga kwari ukurata ubutwari bw’ingabo no kubaka amateka y’umwami uri ku ngoma.

Umwitozo:

Vuga ijwi (inyajwi cyangwa ingombajwi) igaruka kenshi muri iyi nteruro:

-Abatekereza b’i bwami baheraga ku byo abavuzi b’amacumu bavuze bagahimba ibitekerezo by’ingabo.

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IYIGAMAJWI (INYANDIKO NYEJWI)

Umuteguro w’isomo

Ibice by’isomo n’integuro Igihe Ibikorwa

by’umwarimuIbikorwa by’umunyeshuri imfashanyigisho

IhamyantegoImyitozo

1. dukurikije imiterere y’amasaku ikinyarwanda gifite inyajwi zingahe?

2. dukurikije aho zivugirwa n’ko zivugwa, izi nyajwi zitandukaniye he?-(i)na(u)-(e)na(o)-(i)na(i)

3. byagenda bite ingombajwi zose ziramutse zihuje umwanya wo kuvugirwamo?

4. Andika aya magambo mu nyandiko nyejwi:arareba, isinde, ingurube, inzozi

5. garagaza imigemo y’ayo magambo:-urunyâanyâ, -umusâavê

Kwandika ibibazo by’ihamyanteko ku kibaho

Gusaba abanyeshuri gukosora imyitozo mu makayi yabo

Gusaba abanyeshuri gakosora ku kibaho umwe umwe

Kwanika no gukosora ibibazo by’ihamyantego mu makaye yabo

Gukosora ku kibaho umwe umwe

Igenagaciro

Inyandiko nyejwi ni inyandiko ishingiye ku iyigamajwi.

Iyigamajwi ni ubuhanga bwiga amajwi yose ashoboka mu rurimi runaka ariko ntiyite ku mumaro w’ayo majwi. Ayo majwi ashyirwa mu matsinda hakurikijwe umwanya n’uburyo avugirwamo.

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Dufashe amagambo abiri umuriro n’umuriro, ayo magambo tukayandika mudusodeko ari two turanga inyandiko nyejwi, ubwo tuba tugaragaje imivugirwe yayo.

Urugero: (umuriro), (umurimo)

Mu rwego rw’imigemo rusanzwe ayo magambo ateye atya:

- u-mu-ri-ro

- u-mu-ri-mo

Aya magambo ataniye ku migemo yanyuma ari yo (ro)na(mo).

Iyo migemo ibiri ihuriye kuri(o)igatandukanira kuri(r)na(m), adashobora gusesengurwamo andi aya majwi atandukanya iyi migemo, iyo tuyashyize mu rwego rw’iyigamvugo yitwa amajwi shingiro, akandi hagati y’udukoni tubirituberamiye iburyo ari two turanga iyigamvugo. /r/, /m/. dufata izindi ngero ku nyajwi n’iyerera.

Urugero :-kurima : ku-ri-ma (ri) iyi migemo (ri)na(re)itandukaniye ku majwi(i)na(e)na yo azitwa amajwi shingiro niyandikwa muri twa dusodeko.

- kurema : ku-re-ma (re) dukoni tubiri.

- yacu : ya-cu (ya)iyi migemo (ya)na(wa)itandukaniye kunyerera (y)na(w).

- wacu : wa-cu (wa)

Isesengura ry’amajwi y’ikinyarwanda

INYAJWI

Inyajwi ni amajwi asohoka mu ntangamajwi atagize ikiyabangamira mu mivugirwe yayo. zisesengurwa ukurikijwe aho zivugirwa, ukozivugwa n’imikorere y’iminwa.

Aho zivugirwa

(i) na (e)zivugwa ururimi rwihese maze isonga ikishinga imbere y’amenyoy’epfo na houmugongo warwo ukegera urusengero rw’akanwa. kubera izo mpamvu, izo nyajwi bazita iz’imbere cyangwa inyarusenge.

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(a) ivugwa ururimi rurambaraye mu kanwa kandi inzasaya zombi zibumbuye neza, maze igasohokera mu kanwa. kubera iyo mpamvu yitwa inyajwi yo hagati cyangwa impagati.

(o) na (u) zivugwa ururimi rwitaruyerukegera inyuma y’ishinya y’amenyo yo hepfo, umugongo warwo ukiheta werekera mu nkanka. kubera iyo mpamva zitwa inyajwi z’inyuma cyangwa inyankanka.

Uko zivugwa (urwego rw’iyatu)

Ukurikije uko zivugwa (urwego rw’iyatu), inyajwi zigabanyijemo ibice bitatu:

- Hari inyajwi z’imfunge (i) na (u), zivugwa naho akanwa kajya kwifunga gahoro. ni yo mpamvu bazita inyajwi z’imfunge cyangwa inyajwi zo mu rwego rwa mbere.

- Inyajwi z’impinayatu: (e)na(o), zivugwa akanwa gafunguye buhoro. ni yo mpamvu bazita impinayatu cyangwa izo mu rwego rwa kabiri.

- Inyatu(a), ivuga akanwa gafunguye birambuye. ni yo mpamvu bayita inyatu cyangwa iyo mu rwego rwa kabiri.

Imikorere y’akanwa

Dukurikije imikorere y’iminwa yombi, inyajwi zigabanyijemo ibice bibiri:

- Inyajwi z’imbumbure :(i), (e)na(a), zivugwa iminwa yombi yitaruye ikegere inyuma ariko ntiyibumbe.

- Inyajwi z’imbumbe:(o)na(u), zivugwa iminwa yombi yikweze, ijya imbere kandi ikibumba buho.

IMBONERAHAMWE Y’IMIVUGIRWE Y’INYAJWI

Aho zivugirwa Imbere/inyarusenge Hagati/impagati Inyuma/inyankanka

Uko zivugwa Ibanguka Inimbitse ibanguka inimbitse ibanguka inimbitse

Imfunge (i) (ii) (u) (uu)

Impinayatu (e) (ee) (o) (oo)

inyatu (a) (aa)

Mu gitabo cya Bizimana Simoni et alii (2OO3) bavuga ko iyo uteze amatwi witonze neza umuntu uvuga Ikinyarwanda, wumva asa n’uririmba ibyo avuga ku manota yo hasi. Amajwi

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amwe aba magufi andi akaba maremare, amwe akavugirwa hasi andi akavugirwa hejuru, wumva kandi amwe amanuka andi azamuka, ubundi buyo ukayumva hejuru cyangwa hasi atigita. ngo iyo miririmbire ituma habaho ukudahinduka kw’amanota muri muzika, ibi ngo biba ku nyajwi gusa ntibishobora kuba ku ngombajwi mu rusobe rw’amajwi rusanzwe.

Iyo usesenguye ushobora kubona ubujyejuru n’uburebure bw’inyajwi, bivuze ko inyajwi ishobora kuba ngufi cyangwa ndende. Aha niho tubona ikinyabumwe cy’uburebure bw’inyajwi cyitwa Akabangutso naho icy’ubujyejyejuru kicyitwa Isakû. Amasaku rero ni ikintu utakwihimbira uko ubonye kandi afitanye isano n’amajwi usanzwe twandika.

Urugero rw’amasaku yerekanywe n’abashakashatsi hamwe n’uturango twayo;dushingiye ku nyajwi “A” :

1. Isaku ndegeko:à

2. Isaku ryo hagati:a

3. Isaku ryo hejuru:á

4. Isaku rizamuka:ǎ

5. Isaku rimanuka:â

Herekanywe kandi amasaku y’inyunge afatiye ku nyajwi “A” :

1. Isaku rirerire ryo hasi:àà

2. Isaku rirerire ryo hagati :aa

3. Isaku rirerire ryo hejuru :áá

4. Amasaku azamuka :àá

5. Amasaku amanuka :áà

Bakomeza bavuga ko amasaku y’Ikinyarwanda ashingiye ku rusobe rw’impuzamahanga, kandsi hagakurikizwa urugaga rw’indimi ziri mu muryango umwe mu gusanisha ayo masaku.

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INGOMBAJWI

Mu isesengira z’ingombajwi hibandwa ku bice bikurikira:imikorere y’akanwa, imikorere y’imvumba z’amajwi, aho zivugirwa n’uko zivugwa

Imikorere y’akanwa:dukurikije imikorere y’akanwa, ingombajwi zigabanyijemo inyamazuru n’inyankanka.

Inyamazuru:iyo zivugwa umwuka uva mu bihaha uca mu kanwa no mu mazuru. Inyamazuru ni (ŋ), (m), na(ŋ). hari na(n) iboneka gusa mu bihekane:ng(ŋg), mw((mŋ), nw(nŋw), nyw(ŋw)cyangwa(ŋŋw).

Inyakanwa:iyo zivugwa umwuka uca mu kanwa gusa. Ingombajwi zinyakanwa ni :(p), (b), (k), (g), (v), (z), (∫), (∫), (z), (h) na (r).

Imikorere y’imvumba z’amajwi

Dukurikije imyirangirire y’imvumba y’amajwi, zigabanyijemo amoko abiri:inkatuzi n’indagi.

Inkatuzi:iyo zivuga umwuka uca, ukanyeganyeza imvumba z’amajwi ku buryoimyirangirire yazo yumvikana. ni yo mpamvu izo ngombajwi bazita indangira.

Izo ngombajwi ni izi:(n) , (m), (η), (g), (d), (v), (z), (b), (3), (r).

Indagi:iyo zihita ntago umwuka uhita neza mungoto, bityo ntunyeganyeze cyane imvumba z’amajwi, ku buryo imyirangirire yazo itumvikana ku buryo buhagije. ni yo mpamvu izo ngombajwi bazita intarangira. Izo ngombajwi ni izi(p), (t), (s), (k), (∫), (k), (f), (h).

Uko zivugwa

Dukurikije uko zivugwa, ingombajwi zirimo amoko atatu:Impatu, Inkubyi n’Inkomeza(intakomwa). Impatu:iyo zivugwa babanza gufungwa intangamajwi (imyanya bakoresha bavuga), maze umwuka ugasohoka ubanje kunigwa ku buryo ijwi risohoka risa n’irituritse. Izo ngombajwini izi:inyamazuru zose(m), (n), (ŋ), (ŋ)inyakanwa(p), (b), (t), (d), (k), (g).

Inkubyi:iyo zivugwa bageranya intangamajwi ariko ntibayifunge, bityo umwuka ugasohoka utabanje kunigwa ariko ugasa n’uwikubye ku ntangamajwi. Izo ni iz:(f), (v),

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(s), (z), (3) ikomeza (intakomwa):iyo zivugwa umwuka usohoka mu ntangamajwi hatagize ikiwubangamira(r), (h), (k), (∫).

Aho zivugirwa :

Dukurikije aho zivugirwa ingombajwi zigabanyijemo amoko ane: Inyamunwa, Inyesongashinya (inyamenyo), Inyarusenge, Inyankanka.

Inyamunwa:-iyo zivuga umunwa ugira uruhare runini mu misohokere yazo. Inyamunwa zigabanyijemo amatsinda abiri:inkomanyaminwa, n’inyamwinyo.

-inkonyaminwa:iyo zivuga isonga y’ururimi ikora ku menyo:izo ni izi (p), (b), (m).

-inyamwinyo:iyo zivuga, umunwa hepfo ukoma ku menyo yo haruguru. Izo ni (f), (v).

Inyesongashinya:iyo zivugwa isonga y’ururimi ikora ku menya n’ishinya byo haruguru. Izo ni izi: (t), (n), (s), (z), (r).

Inyarusenge:iyo zivugwa zisohokera mu rusenge rw’akanwa. Inyarusenge zigabanyijemo amatsinda atatu

-iz’imbere :iyo z’ivugwa, isonga y’ururimiikora ku gice kimbere cy’urusenge rw’akanwa, inyuma buhoro y’ishinya y’amenyo yo haruguru. Izo ni izi: (k), (n).

-izo hagati: iyo z’ivugwa, ururimi ruritere, rukegera igice cyo hagaticy’urusenge rw’akanwa maze ingombajwi zikaba ariho zisohokera. ni izi (∫), (3).

-inyankanka :iyo zivugwa, ururimi ruritera maze igice cyarwo cy’inyuma kigakora ku gice cy’inyuma cy’urusenge rw’akanwa. Izo ni :(k), (g).

-inyamaraka :iyo ivugwa isohokera mu munwa, ntivugire mu kanwa ahubwo isa n’isohokera mu muvumba z’amajwi rwagati. Iyo ngombajwi ni (h).

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IMBONERAHAMWE Y’IMIVUGIRWE Y’INGOMBAJWI

Aho zivugirwa

Inyamunwa Inyeson-gashinya (inyamenyo)

inyarusenge Inyamarak-a

uko zivugwa Inkoma-nyamin-wa

Inyamwinyo Imbere hagati inyuma

Inyamazuru (m) (n) (n)

Inyankanka (p), (v), (b)

(t), (d)

Inkubyi (f), (v) (s), (z) (3)

Inkomeza (r) (k) (∫) (h)

Impugukirwa:

- ingombajwi uko zikurikirana ari ebyiri mu kazu, iy’imbere iba ari indagi na ho iy’inyuma ikaba inkatuzi.

- Inyamazuru zose ziba ari nkatuzi.

- Ingombajwi ziri zonyine mu kazu uretse (o na(r)ni ndagi.

- Ingombajwi (o, hari abayita inkubyi y’imbere.

- Ingombajwi (o nayo hari abayita inkubyi y’inyarusenge yo

hagati, ikaba ari indagi ivugirwa hamwe na(o y’inkatuzi.

- Ijwi(b)hari n’abaryandika gutya (v).

- Ingombajwi (b)ntigaragara mu majwi asanzwe y’inyarwanda kuko

Ikoreshwa mu irema ry’ibihekane gusa. mu mwanya wayo muri ano

majwi isimburwa na (b).

- Hari ingombajwi (o iboneka mu irema ry’ibihekane gusa ari na yo

mpamvu itagaragara mu mbonerahamwe y’amajwi asanzwe

(y’ikinyarwanda).

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Inyerera

Ni amajwi usanga imivugirwe yayo iri hagati y’inyajwi z’imfunge n’ingombajwi zitwa inkubyi. dukurikije aho zivugirwa, dusanga ziteye gutya.

Tuzifashe nk’aho ari inyajwi

(y)ivugirwa imbere nk’inyajwi (i), inyerera (w)ivugirwa inyuma nk’ijwi (u).

Tuzifashe nk’aho ari ingombajwi

(y)ivugirwa mu rusenge rw’akanwa , ni inyerera y’inyarusenge, (w) ivugirwa mu nkaka, ni inyerera y’inyankanka .

Icyitonderwa:inyerera (y) ishobora kwandikwa (j), dukurikije itonde nyejwi mpuzamahanga.

Umugemo

Umugemo ni ijwi cyangwa itsinda ry’amajwi risohokera rimwe iyo tuvuga :mu kinyarwanda, imigemo ishobora mu buryo butatu :inyajwi, ingombajwi n’inyajwi cyangwa igihekane k’ingombajwi n’inyajwi. biraboneka ko inyajwi ari ryo shingiro ry’umugemo kandi ko ntamugemo utarimo inyajwi ubaho mu kinyarwanda.

Ingero : umuriro :u-mu-ri-ro

Abasore : a-ba-so-re

Ihene : i-he-ne

Inzozi : i-nzo-zi

Icyitonderwa: Inyajwi itinda igaragazwa mu nyaniko n’inyajwi ebyiri.

Ingero:Imana: i-ma-na Amahoro:a-ma-ho-ro

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INSIGAMIGANI

INSHOZA:

N’ibyabaye akenshi bifatwa nk’amateka ntibyoroshye kumenya neza ababihimbye. nubwo hakunzwe kwerekana igihe byabereye

AMOKO Y’INSIGAMIGANI

Insigamigani Nyirizina

N’ibyabaye bigakorwa n’umuntu uzwi, wabaye ho mu mateka ibikorwa bye rubanda bakemera kubikurikiza, akenshi usanga bivuga ku mateka y’ u Rwanda

Urugero:

- Amagambo yageza iwa Ndabaga

- Kuruha uwa Kavuna (Kavuna ka Ryankuma)

- Habe na Mba

- Amagambo yahariwe Nankana

- Yagiye Burundu

Insigamugani Nyitiriro

Ni ibyo rubanda rufatiraho/ruheraho bitewe n’ikibaye rukabigira iciro ry’umugani

Urugero:

- Gikeri ati “mutahe na ntashya” kita mpurira he n’ibiguruka

- Mpyisi ati” ko kuvuga ari ugutaruka nkaburiya Musheru ipfana iki na Mutamu?”

Icyitonderwa: Mwarimu agomba guhitamo ingero z’insigamugani agasobanurira abanyeshuri inkomoko yazo, abaha umukoro wo gushaka izindi ngero z’insigamugani n’inkomoko yazo, nibyiza kwifashisha ibitabo birimo urutonde rw’insigamugani.

Umwitozo: Ni ayahe magambo asa n’ahuje imivugirwe muri aya akurikira:-umuhinzi, impyisi, umuhanzi.

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IYIGAMVUGO

INSHOZA:

Iyigamvugo ni urwego rw’iyigandimi rusesengura imitandukanire y’amajwi. Iyo mitandukanire ishingiye ku bufasha bwayo bwo gutandukanya amagambo y’ururimi, ubwo bufasha ayo majwi afite butuma yitwa « amajwi shingiro»

Ijwi shingiro rero ni ijwi rituma ingingo y’ijambo ihinduka ubwayo nta ngingo ubwayo ribumbatiye ku buryo bubangutse twavuga ko ijwi shingiro ari akanyabumwe gato cyane k’ijambo gashobora gutandukanya iryo jambo n’andi byenda gusa kandi ubwako nta ngingo kabumbatiye.

Mu isesengura ry’amajwi shingiro bakoresha uburyo bwitwa « goragoza». Igoragoza ni isimburanya ry’amagambo yenda gusa ugirango umenye ibice byayo bihuye n’ibibusana. Igoragoza rishingiye ku rero magambo

Ingero : kubana:/b/ ≠ /m/ kumira:/i/≠/a/

Kumara kumara

Gusara:/a/ ≠ /u/ gusara:/r/ ≠ /s/

Gusara gusara

Dore ukuntu inyajwi zose zishobora gutandukanira mu ijambo rime Kurira

a

e

o

u

gusara:/r/ ≠ /b/ ivî:/i/ ≠ /ú/

ivû

naraje:/w/ ≠ /y/

yaraje

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ariya magambo yose atandukanyijwi n’uduce duto cyane ari two twitwa amajwi shingiro. Mu isesengura ry’amajwi shingiro hifashishwa uturongo ebyiri tuberamye//ari natwo turabga inyandiko nyemvugo mu gihe inyandiko nyejwi yo irangwa n’udusodeko

[ ].

Mu nyandiko nyemvugo, inyajwi zose uko ari 5 n’ubutinde bwazo zirakoreshwa. Aho nyandiko nyemvugo itandukaniro n’inyandiko nyejwi amasaku yose yaba nyesi, nyejuru n’integuza arandika. Isaku nyesi ryandikishwa aka kamenyetso kajya hejuru y’inyajwi. Isaku nyejuru ryandikishwa aka n’integuza nay o yandikwa nk’isaku nyejuru. mu nyandiko nyemvugo yo handikwa isaku nyejuru gusa ryandikishwa aka kamenyetso ‘

Ingero : nyejwi [ivi] nyemvugo/ivi/

[isihá] / isihá /

Amajwi shingiro

Amajwi shingiro arimo ubwoko butatu :

a :inyajwi 5:/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/

b :ingombajwi 18:/b/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /h/, /z/, /k/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /t/, /v/, /z/, /∫/, /k/, /f/,

c :inyerera 2:/w/, /y/

Dore inyandiko isanzwe nyejwi na nyemvugo y’inyajwi ingombajwi n’inyerera z’ikinyarwanda.

Inyandiko isanzwe Inyandiko nyejwi Inyandiko nyamvugo

A [a] /a/

B [b] /b/

C [t∫] /t∫/

D [d] /d/

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E [e] /e/

F [f] /f/

G [g] /g/

H [h] /h/

I [i] /i/

J [3] /3/

K [k] /k/

L - -

M [m] /m/

N [n] /n/

O [o] /o/

P [p] /p/

R [r] /r/

S [s] /s/

T [t] /t/

U [u] /u/

V [v] /v/

W [w] /w/

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Y [y] /y/

Z [z] /z/

Ny [f] /f/

Shy [] //

Sh [∫] /∫/

Impugukirwa : inyandiko nyejwi y’ingombajwi zikurikira igomba kwitonderwa :

[p], [t], [k], [g].

a. [p]na[t] iyo zivugwa wumva zihekanye n’ingombajwi y’inkomeza [h] kubera iyo mpamvu inyandiko nyejwi yazo iba iteye itya : [ph], [th]

ingero : isanzwe amasaku nyemvugo nyejwi

ipera ipeêra ipeêra iphèérà

ipasi ipaâsi ipaâsi iphàási

itara itâra itâra ithárà

itabi itaâbi itaâbi ithàábi

b. [k] :iyo ikurikiwe n’inyajwi[a]wumva buri gihe iheramye n’inkomeza[h]kubera iyo mpamvu inyandiko nyejwi yayo igomba kuba iteye itya :[kh] .

ingero : isanzwe amasaku nyemvugo nyejwi

ikara ikâra /ikára/ [ikhárà]

ikama ikàma /ikáma/ [ikhámà]

c. [k]na[g]:iyo zikurikiwe n’inyajwi [i]na[e] wumva buri gihe zihekanye n’inyerera

[y]inyandiko nyejwi yazo igomba kuba iteye itya:[ky], [gy].

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Ingero: isanzwe amasaku nyemvugo nyejw

Ikigega ikigega /ikigega/ [ikyigyègà]

Igi igî /igi/ [igyi]

Kera keéra /keéra/ [ikyèérà]

D. [k] na [g]:iyo zikurikiwe n’inyajwi [u]na[o] wumva buri gihe zihekanya n’inyerera [w]. Inyandiko nyejwi yazo igomba kube iteye itya :[kw], [gw]

Ingero: isanzwe amasaku nyemvugo nyejwi

Kogosha kogosha /kóogo∫a/ [kwóògwoò∫a]

Kugura kugura /kugura/ [kwùguùrà]

Ibihekane

Dore ibihekane by’amajwi shingiro tubigereranyije n’inyandiko isanzwe.

Ingombajwi+ingombajwi

Inyandiko isanzwe inyandiko nyejwi nyemvugo

mb, nd, ng [mb], [nd], [ηg] /mb/, /nd/, /ng/

mpa, nt, nk [mph], [nth], [ηkh] /mp/, /nt/, /nk/

mv, nz, nj [mv], [ nz], [ nj] /mv/, /nz/, /n3/

mf, ns, nsh [mf], [ns], [n∫] /mf/, /ns/, /n∫/

mf, ts, c [pf], [ts], [t∫] /pf/, /ts/, /t∫/

ingombajwi inyerere-w-

my, nny [mf], [nf] /m, y/, /ny/

by, jy [bgy], [gy] /by/, /gy/

py, ty, cy [pky], [tky], [ky] /py/, /ty/, /sy/

sy, ry [sky], [rgy] /sy/, /ry/

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ingombajwi inyerere-w-

mw, nw, nyw [mη], [nηw], [ηw] /mw/, /nw/, /pw/

bw, dw, gw [bg], [dgw], [gw] /bw/, /dw/, /gw/

tw, kw [tkw], [kw] /tw/, /kw/

zw, jw [zgw], [3gw] /zw/, /3w/

fw, sw, shw [fkh], [skw], [∫kw] /fw/, /sw/, /∫w/

rw, shyw, hw [rgw], [fkw], [hw] /rw/, /fw/, /hw/

Ingombajwi+ingombajwi+inyerera -y-

Mby, ndy, njy [mbgy], [ndgy], [ ηgy] /mby/, /ndy/, /ngy/

Mpy, nty, ncy [mpky], [ntky], [ηky] /mpy/, /nty/, /nky/

Mvy, nsy, phy [mvgy], [nsky], [pfky] /mvy/, /nsy/, /pfy/

Ingombajwi+ingombajwi+inyerera -w-

Mbw, ndw, ngw [mbg], [ndgw], [ηgw] /mpw/, /ntw/, /nkw/

Mpw, ntw, nkw [mpηk], [ntkw], [ηkw] /mpw/, /ntw/, /nkw/

Mvw, nzw, nkw, [mvg], [nzgw], [n3gw] /mvw/, /nzw/, /n3w/

Nsw, nshw [nskw], [n∫w] /nsw/, /n∫w/

Tswcw [tskw], [t∫kw] /tsw/, /t∫w/

Ingombajwi+ingombajwi+inyerera

Mywbyw [mfηw], [bgygw] /myw/, /byw/

Ingombajwi+ingombajwi+inyerera+inyerera

Mbyw [mbgygw] /mbyww/

Bizimana S et alii bavuga ko iyigandimi ari ubumenyi bw’amajwi akoehw n’abantu kugira ngo batandukanye ibivugwa, ayo majwi aba ari urusobe rwagenwe.

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Icenshura riganisha ku nyemvugo

Iyigamvugo ricenshura amajwi y’iyigamajwi, rigafata asobora kurema amagambo ashoboraguhindura inyito, kuzibusanya cyangwa gutuma zitakara. Amajwi y’indimi nyinshi arasa, ariko buri rurimi rukagira uburyo bwarwo bwo kugena inyemvugo(inyajwi), bivuze ko inyemvugo y’ururimi “A” bitaba ngombwa ko iba mu rurimi “B”.

Urugero: inyemvugo/L/ yo mu gifaransa nta gaciro ifite mu Kinyarwanda, amagambo /Lira/ na /Rira/aratandukanye ariko akumvikana kimwe mu Kinyarwanda, ava ku mbundo/Kurira/.

Inyemvugo mu nteruro ishobora guteza urujijo(ambiguité) igihe inyajwi yatakaye, iyo interuro ebyiri ari imvugwa kimwe

Urugero:

1. /iyufite/

a. /iyi/+/ufite/

b. /iyô/+/ufite/

2. /intwarashima/

a. /intwari+ashima/

b. /intwaro+ashima/

Icyitonderwa :

Ibyo twavuga kuri urwo rusobe rw’amajwi ni byinshi reka duhinire aha.

Umwitozo :

wavuga iki kuri iyi mirongo ?

Ndi intwari rudasumbwa, ndi nyamugenda mu z’imbere, umpiga muhigana ubukana nkamwivuna, abe nkabatatanya bagata intwaro, ndi intwazabafoozi !

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IBYIVUGO

INSHOZA

Ni igihangano kirata ubutwari bw’umuntu kugiti cye aho yivuga agaragaza amazina y’abantu yivuganye ku rugamba n’ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa yahakoreye (ibigwi n’ibirindiro).

AMOKO Y’IBYIVUGO

Habaho amoko atatu y’ibyivugo ariyo:

- ibyivugo by’amahomvu

- ibyivugo by’iningwa

- ibyivugo by’imyato

Bizimana simon yagaragaje ubwoko bwa kane bw’ibyivugo yise ibyivugo bihurutuye

Icyitonderwa: kuntera y’umwaka wa kane umwarimu agomba kwigisha amoko abiri yambere gusa.

Ibyivugo by’amahomvu

Ni utuvugo tw’abana, tujyanye n’ibyo bakunda mu kigero baba barimo, kanditugusha kubyo barya tuba tugufi cyane.

Urugero: Ndi rukamatamushogoro iwacu iyo bataseye sinseka !

Ibyivugo by’iningwa

Ni ibyivugo bigufi bigira imikarago mikeya, uwivuga agaragaza ibigwi (amazina y’abantu yivuganye ku rugamba) n’ibirindiro (ibikorwa ndashyikirwa yagaragaje nko kwimira…)

Urugero : Ikivugo cya Rwabugiri: inkataza kurekera

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IZINA MBONERA GAKONDO

Yitwa kandi amazina y’urusobe, izina ry’urusobe ni izina rimwe ariko rigizwe n’amagambo arenze rimwe (rifite uturemajambo turenze dutatu tw’ibanze )

AMWE MU MOKO Y’AMAZINA Y’URUSOBE

Amazina y’urujyano nshinga (amazina y’inyunge)

Aya mazina agizwe n’ibice bibiri:

-izina nkomora nshinga n’icyuzuzo cyayo

Ingero:

Inshinga Icyuzuzo Izina ry’inyunge

Gutega Urugori Umutegarugori

Kugira Neza Umugiraneza

Icyuzuzo cy’izina ry’inyunge gishobora kuba :

a) izina urugero : umujyanama

b) ikinyazina urugero : ubwirakabiri

c) inshinga itondaguye, urugero : indirakarame

d) igisantera, urugero : umugabo gito

e) ingera, urugero : umugiranabi

Amazina y’akabimbura

Agizwe n’akaremajambo nterurajambo kihariye gakurikiwe n’izina ryoroheje.

- Akabimbura Nsuzuguzi : urugero : za magabo

- Akabimbura Nyanteko : urugero : rwagakoco

- Akabimbura Nyifuzo : urugero : nyagutsinda

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Amazina y’imisuma

Umusuma ni akaremajambo kongerwa kw’ijambo rishobora kubaho ritagafite .

Urugero : umusuma –kazi :inkoko –inkokokazi

Amazina y’akabimbura Sano

Agizwe n’ibice bibiri :

- Igice cya mbere kigizwe n’uturemajambo dufite amasano

- Igice cya kabiri gisa n’icyuzuzo

Akabimbura-ka : gakora ku mazina yerekana igitsina gore

Urugero: Mukakabera

Mukadata

Mukarundo

Amazina mpindurarwego

Ihindurarwego ni uburyo bwo gukoresha amagambo mu rwego rutari urwayo, ihindurarwego rituma interuro zimwe zihinduka amazi bwite

Urugero: Nayigiziki; Niwemugeni; Nsegumuremyi

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IMIGANI MIGUFI

Bayita kandi imigenurano, kugenura: ni ugufata ikintu ugakurizaho ikindi ubona nk’inka ishaje uti ijigija ntishoka isibo,

-Inka utazi iruta iyo utunze yewe no ku muntu bikaba uko

Ingero Z’imigani Y’imigenurano

- Inka imwe itashye iruta ijana riragurwa

- Inka ya Nkororonko igira inkomoko

- Inka zitukwamo nkuru

- Intasi y’impyisi yabira make

- Inyana y’insindirano ironka ntitsimba

- Inyana y’umugiranabi ntiyugama Izuba

- Inyana ni iyamweru

- Ubonye nyina ashaje agirango inka za Se zapfuye ubusa

- Umusanzu muzima ni uramukije inka

Imigani y’imigenurano yaciwe n’abakurambere, ariko ntidushobora kumenya izina ry’uwaciye

Umugani uyu n’yu

Kugenura bivuga iki?

Kugenura byumvikana iyo ushubije ikibazo giteye gitya” kuki naka bamwise gutya”” bamwise” ntimirangeza, kubera ko se yari amaze kubyara abana benshi

Kugenura rero ni ukugenekereza ku kintu cyabayeho. baca umugani ngo “umugani ugana akariho” baca umugani bafite icyo bahereyeho, aribyo kugenura.

Urugero: Mu Rwanda abantu bahoze banga umugayo. Ariko aho amafaranga yadukiye, abantu, barahemutse, barakabya. Ibyo byatumye baca umugani ngo” urumiya rwamize

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inshuti.” bagenuriye kubuhemu bwaturutse ku mafaranga. kugirango ushobore gusobanukirwa n’umugani ni ngombwa kumenya inkomoko n’icyo bawuciriye.

Umugani wumvikana kuburyo bubiri: uburyo bwa mbere n’uburyo bwa kamere yawo, mu mvugo iboneye. Uburyo bwa kabiri n’uburyo bw’imvugo y’amare ishushanya icyo bawuciriyeho, aribyo byitwa kugenura. Urugero:” inkoko iyo ivuye mu magi arabora.” mu mvugo iboneye, itamo amarenga, birumvikana

Ko iyo inkoko itarariye amagi adashobora kuvamo imishwi. Ahubwo arabona. Ariko mumvugo y’amarenga

Ugomba kwibaza uti” uyu mugani bawuciye bagenura iki?bagenura umubyeyiupfuye agasiga abana bakiri bato. Abo bana bakagira imibereho mibi, aribyo bishushanya kubora kw’amagi.

INKOMOKO Y’IMIGANI Y’IMIGENURANO

Imigani y’imigenurano ishobora gukomoka:

-Ku mateka:

Urugero:” nzashira ingurugunzu nkiri ingagi” wakomotse kuri ngagi warutuye ingurugunzu mu kingogo muru kibirira na gatumba namuhororo, ubu ni mukarere ka Ngororero.

Ngagi yari yararanzwe no kuba inyangamugayo idasanzwe. nta muntu wigeze amwumvaho ijambo ribi.

Rimwe umuntu yashatse kumucumuza ngo amwandurize ikamba ry’ubumanzi, amushinga umushunda w’icumu ku kirenge nkana, ngo avuge nabi, atega isaro. ngagi yarashinyirijearamubwira ati” shingura, nzashi ingurugunzu nkiri ngagi.” gushira ingurugunzu ni ugupfa, kuko upfuye atongeye kugaragara ahantu yari atuye. Uyu mugani niwo wacira umuntu ushaka kuguhemuza,” nzakomera kubutungane bwange, noye kubuvirira, nta soni nterwa nibyo nakoze kugeza ubu.”

-UMUGANI MUREMURE:

Urugero:” Ubugiraneza bw’inkware bwayigonze ijosi”. wakomotse ku mugani muremure w’inkware n’inzoka.

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Igihe kimwe, umusozi warahiye. Inkware yari kuri uwo musozi irigurukira ngo ihunge umuriro.

Inzoka irayihamagara iti” nyamuneka nkware, ntunsige muri aka kaga, reba ukuntu wangurukana nanjye.” inkware yemeye kuyihungisha, nibwo iyibwiye iti” ngaho izingire ku ijosi ryange tugende.” inkware yaragurutse igurukana iyo nzoka, irayikiza. bigeze kuwundi musozi inkware yasabye inzoka kujya hasi ngo nayo yigendere, iranga irayirahira, iti” sinkurekura nakugeze ku ngusho” ubwo inzoka yanize inkware irayica izira ubugiraneza bwayo.

Umuntu iyo ahemukiwe n’uwo yagiriye neza, akunze guca uwo mugani.

AKAMARO K’IMIGANI Y’IMIGENURANO

Abakurambere igihe bahimbaga imigani, bari bafite intego. yuziko ntashyanga na rimwe ritagira imigani. kandi imigani yose ifite icyo ihuriyeho, ivuga ukuri kandi yigisha.

IMWE MU MIGANI Y’IMIGENURANO

- Igitunga umurwayi kimenwa n’umurwaza.

- Ihwa riri kuwundi rirahandurika.

- Ijambo rigukunze riguma mu nda.

- Amacumu y’inda ntashira igorora.

- Amagambo abwirwa benshi akumva bene yo.

- Ibihe bigurwa inkwi ntibigurwa inka.

- Amagambo atavunaguwe ntakwirwa mu ruhago.

- Amata asabwa aho ari.

Umwitozo: Ijambo riciyehoakarongo rirerekana iki muri uyu mugani mugufi?

- Ihene mbi ntawuyizirikaho iye nziza.

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NTERA

INSHOZA

Ntera ni ijambo rigaragira izina, rikerekana imimerere, ingano n’imiterere yaryo. Ntera yegerana n’izina ifutura cyangwa bigahuzwa n’inshinga«kuba».

UTURANGO TWA NTERA

Ntera yisanisha n’izina birikumwe igafata indanganteko yaryo ho indangasano.

Ingero:

- iyi nzu ifite ibyumba bigari

- umusore munini kandi mugufi

- umwiza ni umukobwa mutomuto kandi ufite umusatsi muremure

Ntera igaragaza indanganteko y’izina igaragiye

Ingero :

- iryinyo rinini

- indirimbo nshya

Mu nteruro, ntera yisanisha n’izina igaragiye, ikinjira mu nteko y’amasano izina igaragiye ririmo, bityo ntera ikaba ari ijambo rishobora kwinjira mu nteko zose z’amasano.

Ingero :

- umukobwa mu gufi(nt. 1)

- abakobwa bagufi(nt. 2)

- imyenda migufi(nt. 3)

Ntera iyo ifashe indomo ihinduka izina.

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Ingero:

- nta mwiza nk’umubi wumva

- umuto ni we waje

- abarebare bajye inyuma

- akunda kandi no gufatanya n’abandi bahanzi, abakuru n’abato

UTUREMAJAMBO TWA NTERA

Nteraigira uturemajambo tubiri:indangasano n’igicumbi

Indangasano

Indangasano(RS) ni igice cya ntera gihinduka bitewe n’izina bijyanye.

Indangasano ya ntera isa n’indanganteko y’izina igaragiye.

Urugero:umuhanzi mushya yasohoye indirimbo nziza.

Igicumbi

Igicumbi(c) ni igice kidahinduka narimwe.

Urugero:

- umusore munini

- abasore banini

UMUMARO WA NTERA

Ntera igira umumaro w’imfutuzi y’izina igaragiye.

Urugero:

- umukobwa munini

Ntera idasanishije igira igicumbi cya ntera ariko indangasano yayo ntiyisanisha

n’indanganteko y’izinabijyanye.

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Urugero:

- nta mubyeyi gito ubaho

- sinkunda ibigori gusa.

Umwitozo : Ca akarongo kuri ntera ziboneka muri iki gika :

Igihe cy’impshyi gikunze kuba kibi, kuko aborozi b’amatungo maremare babura ubwatsi, byongeye amazi nayo aba ari make. Ku rundi ruhande ni igihe cyiza ku bubatsi na ba mukerarugendo basura ahantu nyaburanga.

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INSHOBERAMAHANGA

Inshoberamahanga ni iki?

Ikintu gishobeye umuntu kiba kimunaniye. Iyo umuntu avuze ko ibintu byamushobeye aba yabuze uko abigenza, aba yabuze uko abisobanura. Imvugo wumva ntuyisobanukirwe iba igushobeye. Inshobera mahanga yiswe ityo kubera ko umunyamahanga aba atzi umuco w’u Rwanda, ntashobora kumva inshoberamahanga zishingiye k’umuco. Aba atazi amateka y’u Rwanda, ntashobora kumva inshoberamahanga zishingiye ku mateka. hari inshoberamahanga zikomoka kumigani miremireumunyamahanga aba atazi. Inshoberamahanga nyinshizagiye zihimbwa bataramye ibwami cyangwa ubutware, rubanda bazumva bakazifata, nabo bakazikwiza.

Inkomoko y’inshoberamahanga

Kugira ngo usobanukirwe n’inshoberamahanga’ugomba kumenya aho yakomotse. Inshoberamahanga zifite inkomoko zinyuranye :zimwe zikomoka ku muco, izindi zikomoko ku mateka, izindi zikomoka ku migani miremire. reka turebe ingero.

Inshoberamahanga ikomoka ku muco

Kurya amenyo

Kugirango usobanukirwe n’inshoberamahanga ugomba kuba uzi umuco w’abanyarwanda werekeye kuri iyo mvugo. Umwana iyo atangira kumera amenyo, abakurambere bateganyije ko se na nyinabagomba kuba bari kumwe, kugirango bafatanye kwishimira ko umwana wabo yameze amenyo. Iyo umugore yabaga ari iwabo, bitewe no kwahukana cyangwa se indi mpamvu, yagombaga gusubira iw’umugabo we, kugira ngo” barye amenyo” y’umwana wabo.

Inshoberamahanga ikomoka kumateka

Kwihadika amatugunguru

Ku ngoma ya Ruganzu I Bwimba, umugabo witwaga nkurukumbi, wari nyirarume w’umwami ruganzu, bamutegetse gutabarira ingoma aramga. yarirwaje maze aravuga ngo yazanye amagara. m’ubyukuri yarembye amatugunguru arayihadika. Amatugunguru ni

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utubuto dutukura nk’amaraso. kuzana amagara n’indwara ituma amaraso asohoka akaza imusozi. Ubwo nkurukumbi yerekanaga amaraso y’amaturugunguru yemeza ko ari amraso yo kuzana amagara.

Inshoberamahanga ikomoka ku mugani muremure

Urumve mutima muke wo murutiba

Imbwa yishe ibyana by’ingwe irabirya. Imbwa yagiye kuraguza kumupfumu igira ayibwira itsinzi y’ukuntu yazakira uburakari bw’ingwe. Ingwe nayo yagiye kuraguza kuri uwo mupfumu, imbwa yumvise ingwe ije igira ubwoba ko yafashwe umupfumu yabwiye imbwa ngo nibe igiye mu mutiba. Ingwe iba irahasesekaye, ibaza umupfumu “ukambwiras ukuntu nazafata imbwa yamariye abanaumupfumu yarayibwiye ati” umupfumu yarayibwiye ati” imbwa ikunda amayezi nuyitegera ku mayezi uzayifata.” umupfumu ati” urumve mutima muke wo murutiba.”

Umuntu babwira ntiyumve imbuzi, bamuvugiraho ayo magambo.

Zimwe munshoberamahanga

Kurya isataburenge

Kurya aka

Gukubita igihwereye

Gukubita mpyisi inkoni

Gukubita urubangu

Gukubita ubusa nka sakabaka

Gukura ubwatsi

Gupfa agasoni

Gupfa agakeno

Gupfa uruhenu

Kurara butunda

Kumureba kujisho

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URWENYA NA BYENDAGUSETSA

INSHOZA

Ni amagambo cyangwa imvugo yandikwa cyangwa ntiyandikwe umuntu atega amatwi cyane ari muruhame (abantu benshi) maze yaryoherwa bigatuma asesekaza amarangamutima ye, aseka.

AMOKO Y’URWENYA

1. Urwenya rw’amagambo: rushingiye ku mikizi(kuvuga uburimi, kudedemanga…)

2. Urwenya rw’ingiro (film): iyo bakina barwana umwe akubita undi urushyi cyangwa umugeri bisetsa abantu ushobora kandi gukoresha amrenga, amafiyeri umuringa, gutemba (umusinzi)

3. Urwenya rwo gusubiramo: Hari igihe uvuga ukagenda uganisha ku ijambo wavuze kera

4. Urwenya rw’ingeso: Hari igihe umuntu agira ingeso zikamwokama kiburyo zagusetsa. muri ururwenya hari igihe abanyarwanda bagera muruhando rw’ibikorwa wowe ubireba ugaseka.

Icyitonderwa: kugirango wandike ikinamico isekeje ugomba kugira umurongo mbonera usekeje(plan) scénalian ikinamico n’ubuhanzi bukunze kwitabirwa na buri wese uko zandikwa nuko ziyoborwa no gutangizwa.

- inyobozi (didascalia): uko azaba yifashe, ameze

- imvugano (dialogue):babiri baganira

- imvugano (umuntu yivugisha) : monologue

Icyitonderwa: Mwarimu agomba gutanga ingero kuri buri bwoko bw’urwenyaakanashishikariza abanyeshuri guhimba, byaba byiza bakanarukina muburyo bwa firime.

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Umwitozo :

- Himba urwenya ugendeye ku mwifatire y’igisambo kijya kwiba amaturo kwa padiri.

- Vuga ubwoko bwiri jambo riciyeho akarongo : Umwiza arahenda

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IZINANTERA

INSHOZA

Izina ntera ni ijambo riteye nk’izina, bigatandukanywa n’uko ridashingirwaho n’isanishantego, ahubwo risobanura ijambo riherekeje cyangwa risimbuye. byongeye kandi rishobora gukoreshwa mu nteko nyinshi. rivuga ubwoko, akarere cyangwa igihugu ikivugwa kibamo. hagati y’izina ntera n’ijambo risobanurwa hajya ikinyazina ngenera, inshinga ni cyangwa si.

Ingero:

- umwenda w’umutirano ntumara imbeho.

- yambaye ishati y’umutuku.

- ibikorwa bya kijyambere biteza igihugu imbere.

- Amata y’inka akuza abana.

- Intara y’amajyepfo.

- Igihe cy’akanda.

- Akarima k’igikoni.

- Amaterasi y’indinganire.

- Akarere ka Bugesera gaherereye mu ntara y’uburasirazuba.

- Uduce tw’igihugu cyacu.

2. Vuga ubwoko bw’amagambo aciyeho akarongo.

a. Umubyeyi gito ntakunda abana.

b. Mu Rwanda hakorera imiryango mpuzamahanga.

c. Ikinyarwanda ni ingobyi y’umuco nyarwanda.

3. Ca akarongo ku izina ntera

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a. Umwana w’umuhungu afite uburenganzira n’ubw’umwana

w’umukobwa

b. Abana b’abanyarwanda, dutahiriza umugozi umwe.

c. Imyenda y’amabara atandukanye ntameserwa mu kintu kimwe.

d. Amata y’inka akuza abana.

e. Inzu y’inka bayita ikiraro.

4. Tanga ingero eshatu z’izina ntera.

5. Vuga ubwoko n’umumaro bw’amagambo aciyeho akarongo.

a. Ibikoresho by’ishuri bigo mba gufatwa neza.

b. imyenda y’umutuku ikundwa na benshi.

c. Intara y’uburasirazuba yeza ibitoki.

d. Amasuka y’amaramba ntagikoreshwa.

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IKINAMICO

INSHOZA:

1. Bavugako umuhanzi yitegereza imico yabantu mubuzima bwabo agakuramo umukino yerekana uko bifata (abana nabandi )imyitwarire bikababitandukanye n’umuco(selon Munyakazi)

2. Gukinawiganye imyifatire, imico, ibikorwa runaka binyuze mu ruhame cyangwa ibikoresho bya kijyambere nk’insakaza majwi(radio), inyerekana mashusho (selon Gasimba)yatangiye 1981.

Ntawe uvuga ikinamico ryanitse ahera mu mutwe bikandikwa, atiza abanyarubuga amagambo agaragaza uko bazakina, aho bazakinira n’igihe(didascalie)bigakorwa n’umukinnyi . bitabaye ibyo ntaho byaba bitandukaniye n’umupira w’amaguru cyangwa indi mikino irangaza abantu(spectacles)muri iki gihe ikinamico ibanza kwandikwa nyuma igakinwa

Uwandika ikinamico isetsa agomba:

- Gutoranya abanyarubuga basekeje

- kubagenera umwanya wabo mu abandi babasetsa

- Gutegura imiteguro, imyambaro, ijyanye n’inyobozi

- kubagenera uturango dusekeje

- gusura ahantu hazwi ko bakunda gutera urwenya cyane

Urugero : mu kabari, aho urungano ruteraniye:

- mu bukwe

- mu banyeshuri

- mu bashumba

- mu basirikare

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UBUHANZI BW’IKINAMICO N’UKO ZUBAKWA

Ni iki kigaragaza ko umuntu runaka yaba ari umukinnyi mwiza w’ikinamico?

- Nuko ibyo akina abayivuyemo agafata umwanya w’icyo kintu, niba ari inyamaswa nawe abayo nkumunyarubuga.

Umukinnyi:ni wawundi uvugwa kandi akina ukamubwira cyangwa ukamwumva(urugero padiri)

. Umunyarubuga: uyu abaho mu bitekerezo

Didascalia: Nyobozi: urutonde umukinnyi akora atanga uko bazakina, imyambarire

- Agakino (scene): Ni umutego urangwa n’isohoka cyangwa iyinjira ry’umunyarubuga.

AMOKO Y’IKINAMICO

Niki gishobora kuba cyangwa gituma umuntu aseka mu ikinamico?

- iyo abantu bavuga cg bakora bagihuriyeho

- igihe ukina akanguye imbamutima

Mu buhanzi bw’ikinamico hagomba kubamo umwuka utembera mu bice

3. ukina, abakinirwan’abakinwa. (abanyarubuga)

Hari igihe umuhanzi aba yaragennye haba kw’abanyarubuga akabaha umwuka hagati yabo utuma izo nzego zumvikana. naho abakina akabaha ishusho y’banyarubuga babaho mubitekerezo.

Aha niho abakina bibona mu banyarubuga ndetse no mubakinirwa. kugirango uwo mwuka utembere neza ugomba kuba wagaragajwe n’abakina.

Iyo turebye nk’abandi nko mu mikino ya Olympic hari umwinjirizo batangiza mbere y’umukino. Bashobora gukubita inzogera gatatu (pi pi pi), nko mu Rwanda batangira bati” mbacire umugani “ibyo babikora mu rwego rwo kwibutsa no gukura abakinirwa mu isi isanzwe bajyana mu iyindi si yuwo mukino.

Uwandika ikinamico isetsa agomba:

- gutoranya abanyarubuga basekeje

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- kubagenera umwanya wabo mu bandi babasetsa

- gutoranya imiteguro, imyambaro ijyanye n’inyobozi

- kubagenera uturango dusetsa

- gusura ahantu hazwiho ko bakunda gutera urwenya cyane(urugero:mu kabari, aho urungano rungano ruteranira :mu bukwe, abanyeshuri n’abasirikare …. . )

Urugero rw’ikinamico: “Impeke ikenya” yanditswe na MUKESHIMANA Fayina 2002

Icyitonderwa: Mwarimu aha abanyeshuri urugero yabayeho ikandikwa, ikanakinwa, mbere aha abanyeshuri umwitozo woguhimba ikinamico.

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UMWANDIKO KU BURINGANIRE N’UBWUZUZANYE

Umuryango

Uwera ni umwana wabyirutse neza . yari ateye ubwuzu. yavukiye mu muryango wubahanaga, ukundana kandi urangwa n’urugwiro. se w’Uwera yitwaga Kamali, nyina akitwaugo Mutimutuje. mu rugo rwabo, harangwagamo n’ubufatanye mu mirimo yose :kwasa inkwi, guteka n’ibindi . uko kuzuzanya ni ko kwatumye batera imbere, noneho abatari babashyigikiye batangira kubagarukira no kubagisha inama. nguwo umuryango Uwera yakuriyemo, avamo umwari w’intangarugero uzi gushyira mugaciro. Ibyo byose abikesha uburere yakuye ku babyeyi.

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IGISANTERA

Inshoza:

Igisantera ni ijambo rigaragira izina, rikarivugaho imiterere, imimerere nka ntera ariko rikaba ridafite igicumbi cya ntera kandi rikaba ritisanisha n’izina biri kumwe.

Ingero:

- umugabo mbwa aseka imbohe.

- Umuco nyarwanda ntuzacika.

- Imikino mpuzamahanga irashimisha.

- Umutima muhanano ntiwuzura igituza.

- Umuriro utazima imana izawuturina.

- Amazi masabano ntamara inyota.

- Amata ashyushye abana barayakunda.

- Mu ishuri batwigishije uburere mboneragihugu.

- Kanyana amaze kurya, bamuhaye amazi bugezi.

- Yagiye kwiga imbyino nyarwanda.

Umwitozo: Vuga inkomoko y’amazina aciyeho akarongo:

- Kanyana amaze kurya bamuhaye amazi bugezi.

- Yagiye kwiga imbyino nyarwanda.

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IKOMORAZINA

INSHOZA Y’IKOMORAZINA

Ikomorazina ni igice cy’ikibonezamvugo gisuzuma inkomoko y’amazina. mu kinyarwana amazina menshi akomoka ku nshinga. hari ubwoko bubiri bw’ikomorazina:ikomorazina mvazina n’ikomorazina mvanshinga.

Ikomorazina mvazina

Ikomorazina mvazina ni ihimba ry’amagamborifatiye ku bicumbi by’andi mazina asanzwe mu rurimi. rishingiye ku ihindagurika ry’indangazina amazinayari asanganywe.

Urugero:umugabo: mugabo

Ingabo : ngabo

Imvura : samvura

Hari ikomorazina ripfobya:ryongera ku ngingo isanzwe cyangwa ku gicumbi cy’izina indi ngingo igaya.

(ubunini bukabije, ubuto bukabije, ubwinshi bukabije…)

urugero:ihene, agahene, igihene, uduhene, uruhene, ubuhene…

hari n’inkomorazina rihimba amagambo cyangwa amazina mashya, ridashingiye ku masano y’ingenzi ayo mazina afitanye n’ayo akomokaho.

Ingero : umugano: urgano

Ibuye : urubuye

Ikirenge : uburenge

Uburiri : ikiriri

Ikomorazina mvanshinga

Ikomorazina mvanshinga rero ni ihimba ry’amazina mashya ufatiye ku mizi y’inshinga isanzwe mu rurimi. rikoresha indanganteko, ingereka n’akaremajambo kitwa umusozo.

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Hari inzira zitandukanye z’ikomorazina mvanshinga:

Umusozo –yi

Umusozo –yi wiyomeka inyuma y’umuzi w’inshinga ukabyara izina rivuga umuntu cyangwa ikintu kandi kikabumbatira ingingo isa n’inshinga rikomokaho.

Ingero: gukora: umukozi : u-mu-kor-yi : r+t=z

Kudoda: umudozi : u-mu-dod-yi : r+t=z

Guhinga : umuhinzi : u-mu-hing-yi : g+y=z

Guhaha : umuhashyi : u-mu-hah-yi : h+y=shy

Kubuha : umuboshyi : u-mu-boh-yi : h+y=shy

Guteta : umutesi : u-mu-tet-yi : t+y=s

Kubaza : umubaji : u-mu-baz-yi : z+y=j

Impugukirwa : umusozo –yi ushobora gukorana n’imizi ifatanye n’ingereka. Ingereka ni akaremajambo kaba hagati y’umuzi n’umusozo.

Ikomorazina rishingiye ku musozo –yi rijyana n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.

1. d+y=z : umudozi : u-mu-dod-yi

2. g+y=z : umubazi : u-mu-baz-yi

3. h+y=shy : umuhashyi : u-mu-hah-yi

4. t+y=s : umutesi : u-mu-tet-yi

5. k+y=ts : umutetsi : u-mu-tet-yi

6. r+y=z : inkazi: i-n-kar-yi

7. z+y=j : umubaji : u-mu-baz-yi

8. n+y=nny: umukinnyi : u-mu-kin-yi

Ikomorazina mvanshinga ku musozo –yi, ntirikoreshwa ku bicumbi by’inshinga biherwa n’inyajwi. Ibyo icumbi bigira umusozo –i aho kuba –yi

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Ingero : umusyi : u-mu-se-i e – y/-j

Umunywi: u-mu-nyo-i o – w/-j

Umuryi : u-mu-ri-I I – y/-j

Umunnyi: u-mu-ne- I e – y/-j

Umusozo –i

Uyu musozo ukoreshwa ku bicumbi biherwa n’inyajwi, ni ukuvuga ku mazina akomoka ku nshinga z’imigemo ibiri zifite ubutinde ku ndanganshinga ku cyangwa gu. uyu musozo na wo ukoreshwa amategeko y’igenamajwi.

1. e-y/-j : umusyi : e – y/-j

2. e-y/-j, n+y=nny : umunnyi : e – y/-j

3. i-y/-j: Umuryi : I – y/-j

4. o-w/-j: Umunywi : o – w/-j

Ikomorazina rishingiye ku musozo –i riboneka no mu nshinga zisanzwe ariko nkeya.

Urugero: umuhigi: u-mu-hig-i

Umusozo –e

Ikomorazina rishingiye ku musozo –e, ribyara amazina y’ingeri nyinshi:

1. umubumbe :u-mu-bumb-e

2. ubuhinge :u-bu-hing-e

3. amadahe :a-ma-dah-e

4. umuneke :u-mu-nek-e

5. inteme : i-n-tem-e

6. ubukire : u-bu-kir-e

7. uburere : u-bu-rer-e

8. amakare :a-ma-kar-e

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9. umuhate : u-mu-hat-e

Ikomorazina mvanshinga rishingiye ku musozi –e, rishobora no gufata ingereka :-ir-, -w-, -an-cyangwa cyangwa urujyano rw’ingereka-ir-w-.

Ingero : imyigire : i-mi-ig-ir-e i-y/-j

Imibarire : i-mi-bar-ir-e

imiterere : i-mi-ter-ir-e i-e/ce-

umusozo –o

umusozo –o ni umwe mu isozo ikoreshwa cyane mu ikomorazina ry’ikinyarwanda.

Ingero: urubambo: u-ru-bamb-o

urudodo : u-ru-dod-o

urusyo : u-ru-se-o > e-y/-j

umuhigo : u-mu-hig-o

ihaho: i-ha-hir-o

indyo : i-n-ri-o r-d/n, i-y/-j

urujijo: u-ru-jij-o

ububiko: u-bu-bik-o

umukamo: u-mu-kam-o

umukino: u-mu-kin-o u-mu-kino

isaso : i-o-sas-o

umuteto: u-mu-tet-o

imbazo: i-n-baz-o n-m/-b

Mu ikomorazina mvanshinga, umusozo –o, ushobora kujyana n’ingereka zitandukanye:-an-, -ir-, -ish-, -y-… cyangwa urujyano rw’ingereka-ur-y-.

Ingero: urwebgero: u-ru-eng-ir-o > u-w/-j, i-e/ce-

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Igikoresho : i-ki-kor-ish-o > k-g/-gr, i-e/co-

Umuhahano: u-mu-hah-an-o

Umusozo –a

Ingero ikomorazina rishingiye ku musozo –a

Ikama: i-e-kam-a

Amataha: a-ma-tah-a

Amakenga: a-ma-keng-a

Ikomorazina rishingiye ku musozo –a, rishobora gukoreshwa n’ingereka –w- cyangwa urujyano rw’ingereka –ish-w-.

Urugero:amateshwa:a-ma-ta-ish-w-a >a+i=e

Umusozo-u

Amazina akomoka ku nshinga hakoreshejwe umusozo –u, si menshi cyane. Akenshi ikomorazina rishingiye ku musozo –u, rifatira ku mizi y’ibicumbi idakoreshwa yonyine.

Urugero: umweru: u-mu-er-u >u-w/-j

Impugukirwa:ki n’uko amazina y’amatirano yinjiye burundu rurimi. Abenerurimi bagera aho bakibagirwa ko ari amatirano cyangwa bakibagirwa inkomoko yayo, no ku mazina y’inkomoko bose ntibahita bamenya ko ari amazina yavuye ku yandi moko y’amagambo ngo banabone inzira y’iryo komora. ku benerurimi benshi, bene ayo mazina ni amazina nk’ayandi.

Ni ukuvuga ko ayo mazina ashobora gusesengura mu buryo bubiri:

- uburyo busanzwe: bugaragaza gusa D-RT-C

Ingero: intwari:i-n-twar-i

Umubumyi: u-mu-bumbyi

Umusyi: u-mu-syi

Umudozi: u-mu-dozi

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-uburyo bw’isesengurankomoko:ni uburyo bucukumbura inkomoko y’igicumbi cyaryo. Ikakigaragazamo igicumbi cy’inshinga rikomokaho n’umusozo cyangwa imisozo yakoreshejwe.

Ingero: umudozi: u-mu-dod-yi > d+y-z

Umukwe : u-mu-ko-e > o-w/-j

Umusyi : u-mu-se-i, e-y/-j

Uburyo bwo gushaka igicumbi hakoreshejwe inzira y’isesengurankomoko

Igihe hakoreshejwe isesengurankomoko, hari uburyo bubiri bwihariye bwo gushaka cy’izina igicumbi :

a. Integeko :ureba inshinga ijambo rikomokamo, ukayishyira mu ntegeko, ngenga ya kabiri, ugukuraho umusozi. Igiciye gisigaye kiba ari gicumbi.

Ingero :umugenzi :riva kunshinga «kugenda», integeko izaba «genda». wakuraho umusozo –a ukabona«genda», akaba ari na cyo gicumbi cy’inshinga«kugenda»n’icy’izina nkomoko riva kuri iyo nshinga ari yo «umugenzi».

Umugenzi : u-mu-gend-yi > d+y-z

b. Impitagihe: Hari inshinga ziruhiji kubonera ibicumbi, aho inzira yo gukoresha igicumbi ukoresheje integeko bidashoboka. izo nshinga ni izifite imigemo ibiri :zishyirwa mu mpitagihe. hakoreshejwe ngenga ya gatatu y’ubumwe, havanwaho indanganshinga n’umusozo –ye

(kurya :ariye ;a-ri-ye :ri ni cyo gicumbi cyo kurya, aricyo gice kiba hagatiy’indangashinga n’umusozo)

Ingero : umuryi : u-mu-ri-i(kurya) > i-y/-j

Umusyi: u-mu-se-i(gusya) > i-y/-j

Umupfu: u-mu-pfu(gupfa) > u-a/-j

Umukwe : u-mu-ko-e(gukwa) > u-w/-j

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Umwitozo

Shaka uturemajambo ukoresheje uburyo bw’isesengurankomoko werekane n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe.

a. insinzi : i-n-tsind-yi t-ø/n-s, d+y=z

b. umuvuzi(wa gihanga) : u-mu-vur-yi r+y =z

c. inkazi : i-n-kar-yi r+y =z

d. umucuranzi : u-mu-curang-yi g+y =z

e. umurinzi : u-mu-rind-yi d+y =z

f. umusazi : u-mu-sar-yi r+Y s =z

Ikomorashinga

Ikomorashinga ni ihimba ry’inshinga nsha ufatiye ku bicumbi by’andi magambo asanzwe mu rurimi. hari ubwoko bubiri bw’ikomorashinga :ikomorashinga mvazina n’ikomorashinga mvashinga.

Ikomorashinga mvazina

Ni ihimba ry’inshinga ufatiye ku bicumbi by’amazina asanzwe mu rurimi. iri komorashinga rikoresha ingereka zikurikira :

1. -h- :ingumba : i-n-gumba, kugumbaha : ku-gumba-h-a

ibiryo : i-bi-ryo, kuryoha : ku-ryo-h-a

Ikintu kibi : ki-bi, kubiha : ku-bi-h-a

2. –k- :urumuri : u-ru-muri, kumurika : ku-muri-k-a

3. –ur- :ifoto : i-ø-foto, gufotora : ku-fot-ur-a > u-o/co-

Ikomoranshinga mvanshinga

Ni ihimba ry’inshinga nshya ufatiye ku mizi y’inshinga itihagije n’imizi y’inshinga isanzwe mu rurimi. iri komoranshinga rikoresha amoko menshi ariko ayomoko yose yigabanyijemo ibice bibiri:izifata buri ngereka zifata umwanya w’imbere iyo zikoranye n’izindi ntizifata umwanya ubonetse ubonetse wese.

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Ingereka zifata umwanya w’imbere ni izi zikurikiye:

a. -am- na uk:inshinga zikoreshejwemo izi ngereka nta cyuzuzu zikeneye, ni yo mpamvu bazita ntacyuzuzo. izi ngereka zitandukanwa n’uko icyo –am- ikoze –uk-igikuraho

urugero:kwegama :ku-eg-am-a > u-w/-j

kweguka :ku-eg-uk-a > u-w/-j

ubwo rero –am- ni ngira na ho –uk- ni ngirura.

b. -k- na –ur- :izi ngereka zombi ni nyacyuzuzo. ni ukuvugako inshinga zikoreshejwemo ikenera icyuzuzu zitandukanijwe n’uko -ik- ari ngira na ho -ur-ikaba ingirura.

Urugero :kwegeka : ku-eg-ik-a > u-w/-j

Kweguka : ku-eg-ur-a > u-w/-j

Imbonerahamwe yazo

Ntacyuzuzo Nyacyuzuzo

Ingira -am- -ik-

-im- -iik-

-ar- -ar-ik-

-aar-

-ar-ar-

-aat-

Ingirura -uk- -ur-

-uuk- -iik-

-ar-uk- -an-ik-

-ur-uk-

Ingero: guhirima, kwambura, kubambika, gukamata, kugororoka, kwambara, kumanganika, kumanyuka.

Ingereka zinsubira: Ni ingereka zerekana igikorwa kibombiye mu muzi gisubirwamo. izo ngereka ni:-ag-, -aag-, -ur-ur-, -uur-.

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Ingero: Kuryagagura: ku-ri-ag-ur-a > i-y/-j

Guhondagura: ku-hond-ag-ura > k-g/-GR

Kubagurura: ku-bag-ur-ura

Kubagara: ku-bag-ar-a

Guhingagurana: ku-hing-ag-ur-an-a > k-g/-GR

Ingereka ngira: Ni ngereka zerekana ko ruhamwa akora igikorwa kinyuranyije n’ingingo ibumbiye mu muzi cyangwa mu gicumbi.

Izo ngereka ni: -ur-: guta : gutora : ku-ta-ur-a >k-g/-

GR ;a+u=o

-uk-: kubenguka : ku-beng-uk-a

-uur- : guhetuura : ku-het-uur-a > k-g/-GR

Ingereka z’intacyuzuzo

Ni ngereka zerekana ko igikorwa kibumbiye mu muzi cyangwa ihicumbi gitangirira kuri ruhamwa kikanamurangiriraho. ingereka ikunda gukoreshwa cyane ni –ik-.

Urugero: Gusomeka: ku-som-ik-a k-g/-GR, i-e/co-

Gukatika : ku-kat-ik-a k-g/-GR

Ingereka zifata umwanya ubonetse wose

Izo ngereka ni izi zikurikira: ngirana, ngirira, ngirisha na ngirura.

Ingereka girana –an-

Isobanurako abantu (ibintu)babiri basangiye ingingo ishingiye mu muzi w’inshinga.

Ingero: murakorana: mu-ra-kor-an-a

Murarebana: mu-ra-reb-an-a

Turavugana: tu-ra-vug-an-a

Twarabonanye: tu-a-ra-bon-an-a > u-w/-j

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Barakundana: ba-ra-kund-an-a

Ingereka ngirira:-ir-

Ivuga ko ruhamwa akora igikorwa kibumbiye mu muzi cyangwa igicumbi. Akagikorere undi muntu.

Urugero: Bararirimbira: ba-ra-ririmb-ir-a

Barakorera : ba-ra-kor-ir-a > i-e/-j

Barahingira: ba-ra-hing-ir-a

Ingereka ngirisha:-ish-

Ingereka –ish-

Ibumbatiye ingingo yo gukoresha undi cyangwa ikindi kintu.

Ingero: Murahingisha: mu-ra-hing-ish-a

Tuzamukoresha: tu-za-mu-kor-ish-a > i-e/-j

Guhesha: ku-ha-ish-a

ingereka –y- ikoreshwa cyangwa intima biherukwa n’ingombajwi.

Ingero: aravuza (ingoma): a-ra-vug-y-a > g+y=z

bizamukiza : bi-za-mu-kir-y-a > r+y=z

ingereka –sh-, ikorana n’imizi mvungwarimwe igizwe n’umugemo umwe ariko ntikorana na yose kuko harimo ikorana na –ish-, iyo ifite inyajwi –a- cg ari imizi –inyo-, -mo-, -sa-

ingero: guca-gucisha ku-ci-sha

kugwa-kugusha ku-gu-sha

kuva-kuvusha ku-vu-sha

ingereka ngirwa :-bw-, -w-

ivuga ko ruhamwa ikorerwaho igikorwa kibumbiye mu muzi cyangwa igicumbi. Ingereka –bw- ijyana n’imzi y’imvugarimwe ariko iyo inshinga itondaguye mu mpitagihe hakoreshwa

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ingereka –w-.

ingero :-bizaribwa : bi-za-ri-bwa ; byariwe :bi-a-ri-w-ye >bi-a-ri-w- y …e itandukanya ry’umusozo y-ø/-w

-muzahabwa: mu-za-ha-bw-a ; mwarahawe : mu-a-ra-ha-w-yeˇ

>mu-a-ra-ha-w-y…e

u-w/-j

y-ø/-w

- azakobwa: a-za-ko-bw-a ; yakowe : a-a-ko-w-ye

- ku gicamunsi agiye i Goma

- yaje mu ndege.

- yiga muri kaminuza.

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INKURU ISHUSHANYIJE

Inshoza

- Ni ingero y’ubuvanganzo ifatanya ishusho n’inyandiko, ibi biboneka mutuzu dukurikirana bigakora inkuru.

- Ni urukurikirane rw’ibishushanyo bivuga igitekerezo cyangwa inkuru, abanyembaraga bakavugira mu ruvugiro cyangwa mu dutoki.

- Ni ubugeni mbarankuru kandi ishusho bufasha hakoreshejwe urukurikirane rw’ibishushanyo byoroheje muri rusange n’inyandiko bigaragaza igikorwa mu gikorwa runaka bitewe n’amashusho imwe ku yindi bitabangamiye ingingo y’igitekerezo.

AMUGA Y’INKURUSHUSHO

Dore amwe mu muga y’ibanze yagufasha kumva no gusobanukirwa inkurushusho

N° IRYUGA INSHOZA

1 Igitabo shusho Igitabo gitangaza inkuru shusho

2 Umurambararo Uruhererekane rutambitse (urujyano) rw’amashusho “umurambararo” ushoborakugira ishusho imwe kugeza kuri atandatu.” igipande” kikagira imirambararo itatu kugeza kuri ine igerekeranye.

3 Urugo Uko umuteguro n’abanyarubuga bagaragara mu tuzu

4 Idirishya Ni imbibe z’ishusho, z’akazu mbese muri make ni umwanya wose.

5 Akazu Umwanya n’ishusho utangiriwe n’idirishya.

6 Igitabo gisetsa Ihuriro ry’inkurushusho yo muri rubanda ntoya (ifite nka 13/18cm) itangaza inkuru zuzuye z’ingimbi n’abantu bakuru ku buryo buri huriro riba rifite nk’ebyiri cyangwa se enye.

7 InyandikoIgaragazwa ry’ingingo rigize buri gishushanyo. kuburyo butari umwimerere cyangwa ubufatiyeho. ukunyura. ukugira ubuzima. ugusobanuka kw’ibishushanyo guterwa ahaninin’inyandiko.

8 Inshushanyo Ifatizo risesenguye ry’igipande ahanini rikoreshwa ikaramu y’igishushanyo.

9 Igishushanyo Igishushanyo kigeragezwa kugaragazwa n’umuteguro, n’ibintu cyangwa imyifatire izaza ku gipande.

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10 Ikata Imbata yuzuye y’inkuru, umukino ku wundi, ishusho kuyindi bigaragazwa n’umutoza abisabwe n’umushushanyi.

11 Impine/itebeza Ibitagaragajwe. umwanya urihagati y’utuzu tubiri cyangwa hagati y’utudirishya tubiri.

12 Itungura Ikintu gisekeje bitewe n’ibije mu nkuru bitunguranye.

13 inkuru itunguye Inkurushusho ivuga inkuru isekeje ku gice cy’ururpapuro cyangwa se urupapuro rwose.

14 inkuru yuzuye inkurushusho ivuga inkuru isekeje cyangwa yabaye, yuziuye kumpapuro (kuva kuri enye kugeza kuri makumyabiri bitewe n’iyo ariyo)itangazwa inshuro imwe.

15 Inkuru ikurikira/itarangiye

Ni inkurushusho ndende, nk’impapuro 32 kugeza kuri 56. Muri rusange itangazwa mu byumweru byinshi, nko ku bipande bibiri buri cyumweru. bayita na none “ikurikirana ry’inkuru”.

16 Umurongo mbonera

Uburyo inkurushusho yanditswe na Herge:ishingiye ku iyoroshyashusho no ku kumvikana kw’inkuru.

17 Kugaragaza Gushyira imirongo y’ingenzi y’inshushanyo ku rupapuro rurangiza/rwa nyuma.

18 Inyigana Amagambo yigana ibyo agaragaza. “inyigana” zigize “urusaku” mu nkurushusho.

19 Uruvugiro/agatoki Ni umwanya uba urimo ikiganiro cy’abanyarubuga b’inkurushusho

20 Igipande Ni urupapuro rwose rw’ inkurushusho.” igipande” kiba kigizwe n’imirambararo 2 cyangwa 4 igerekeranye

21 Imbata Ni uburyo butandukanye bwo kugaragazwa, umurebera ahantu hanyuranye (irambuye, iringaniye, imbata nyamunini n’izindi)bitewe n’icyo ushaka kugeraho.

22 Umukororombya Uburyo bwo kwandika butera kugaragaza amasura anyuranye wifashishije amabara atatu y’ibanze(umuhondo, umutuku, ubururu)n’umukara.

23 Imbata mbonera Uko inkuru ikurikirana, mu mpapuro zimwe. ni yo umutoza “aheraho akora” ikata” abibwirijwe n’umushushanyi.

24 Umutoza Umuntu uhimba inkuru agaha ashushanyo ikiganiro n’ikata. ushushanya yaba n’umutoza.

25 Agakino Uruhererekane rw’amashusho arimu muteguro umwe.

26 Umurambararo Uruhererekane rutambitse rugizwe n’amashusho menshi. Umurambararo ugizwe n’amashushokuva kuri imwe kugera kuri atandatu ugereranyije.” Igipande” kigizwe n’imirambararo itatu cyangwa ine igerekeraye.

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27 Igitekerezo fatizo Imbata yanditse ifatiye ku nkuru ku buryo ari yo baheraho bandika “imbata mbonera”.

28 Akazu Umwanya urimo ishusho uzitiwe n’umuzenguruko kandi kakaba kagize igipande.

AMATEGEKO AGENGA INKURU SHUSHO

Kugira ngo usobanukirwe n’inkurushusho aya mategeko ni ngmbwa. Abarimub’ubuvanganzo ariko by’umwihariko abigisha ubuvanganzo bw’abana bagomba kuyamenya kugira ngo bashobore kuyigisha neza abanyeshuri. ntibyashoboka kwigisha inkurushusho ziri mu bitabo by’igifaransa/ikinyarwanda “comprendre et s’exprime” utazi neza amategeko ayigenga.

DORE AMATEGEKO 11 Y’INKURUSHUSHO NK’UKO TWAYABONYE:

GUSOMA UVA IBUMOSO UJYA IBURYO

Ku nkurushusho yo mu bihugu by’I Burayi n’Amerika, basoma bav ibumoso bajya iburyo. bava hejuru bajya hasi. ni tegeko shingiro kugirango ushobore kuyisoma;cyakora ntago bizwi neza n’abarimu ndetse n’abanyeshuri bo mu Rwanda batamenyereye n’iyo ngeri y’inkurushusho. ni ngombwa ko bamenya iryo tegeko bagitangira kubona amasomo kuri iyo ngeri.

GUSHYIRA UDUTOKI/IMVUGIRO MU KAZU

Twitegereze akazu k’inkurushusho karimo ikiganiro hagati y’abanyarubuga babiris cyangwa batatu. urugero ni umurambararo wavuze hejuru, akazu ka kabiri k’inkuru y’igitabo “rire contre le racisme” :urupapuro rwa 4(p. 4). umurambararo wa 1(S. 1). akazu ka 2(V. 2). Hari umugenzi watunguwe no guhura n’abarinaga umutekano 2 bari ku irondo.

IMITUNGANYIRIZE Y’IGIPANDE

Buri nkurushusho ivuga inkuru. igikorwa kigaragara binyuze ku tuzu ku mashusho imwe kuyindi iahagaritswe. Mu nkurushusho, igipande ni “ikinyabumwe shingiro cy’ibara nkuru”. ishobora kugaragaza ubwayo n’inkuru itunguranye mu mpera iboneka mu kazu kanyuma(ku rupapuro).

Turebe akazu kanyuma mu nkuru Echange. PP. 4-5 y’igitabo shusho “rire contre le racisme” itungura ry’impera risobanura inkuru yose ariko by’umwihariko amakuba umugenzi

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umugenze w’umuzungu yahuye na yo:umusore w’umwirabura yamusabye kwishyura mu mwanya we no kwibaza ibitutsi ahura na byo kubera ibara ry’uruhu rwe gusa:iyo ni yo nkuru y’ikigipande.

Bimwe mu bitabo shusho bihuriza hamwe ibipande bigenda byigenga bidahuye. urugero ni nka bulle na bill. n°14:” ras le bill”.

AGATOKI/ URUVUGIRO

Gafasha kwandika amagambo n’imimerere y’imbere y’abanyarubuga. kuzuriza ibyamenyeshejwe n’umwanya w’ibarankuru nk’uko byumvikanye. hari uburyo bwinshi n’imitere n’ibivugwa mu tuzu bisobanura imimerer tubonamo abanyarubuga bavugwa mu kazu. ni ngombwa ko urwo rusobekerane rw’udutoki rumenywa n’abarimu.

INYIGANA

Inyigana ni:” amagambo afite amajwi yigana ibyo ahagarariye cyangwa se yumvikanisha amajwi y’umwimerere, bitewe n’urusaku ruvuga ibidafite aho bihuriye n’inkurushusho”.

Ku ruhande rwe, Jean-bernard Schneider aravuga ko:” umushushanyi akora umurimo asobanuye mu miterere, mu ngano, mu ibara ry’inyuguti n’imimerere y’inyigana hitawe ku kigenderewe. ubushushanyi bwita kurwego rw’amajwi ndetse no ku tundi turango nko ku kugenda buhoro cyangwa ukwihuta kw’impinduka, uburanguruke bw’ijwi.

Tugendeye ku nyigana hakozwe inshinga zatanze amazina bigera no ku nteruro.

Ingero:

N° INYIGANA INSHINGA AMAZINA INTERURO1 Bee! guhebeba Ihene Ihene irahebeba2 Paa! Gupacuka Urugi Urugi rurpacuka3 Hubu!hubu! Guhubuka Ishami Ishami rirahubuka4 Gulu!Gulu! Kugulugura Idendo Idendo iragurugura5 Huu! Guhuha Umuyaga Umuyaga urahuha6 Wu!wu! Kumoka Imbwa Imbwa iramoka7 Nyawu! Kunyawuza Injangwe Injangwe iranyawuza8 Miau!miau! Guhirita Injangwe Injangwe irahirita9 Guugu! Kuguza Inuma Inuma iraguguza10 Vuum! Kuvumera Imoteri Imoteri y’indege/imodoka

iravumera

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ABANYARUBUGA

“Tintin” ,” asterix” ,” cedric” ,” titeuf” ,” quick et hupke”. n’abandi ni abanyarubuga b’inkurushusho bavuga ibyo bakoze mu nkuru. tubabona cyane mu bikorwa kandi nibo bahaye amazina y’inkurikirane zamamaye ziranakundwa n’abasomyi.

Hamwe n’abarimu ndetse n’abanyeshuri twabonye abanyarubuga bari mu byiciro bitatu.

1) Abanyarubuga b’ibanze:ukubaho kw’aba banyarubuga ni ingenzi mu migendekere itunganye y’inkuru. intwari muri bo. aba ari abanyamwete n’abanyakuri(Alix, Tarzan). bakoresha ubutabera (luckyluke. Ri, hochet). muri bo bamwe basuye Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba cyangwa Aziya (tantin). abandi bafite ububasha buasanzwe(asterix)cyangwa se ni mbogamizi zitibona mu muryango mugari wacu(gaston lagaffe. L’agent 212).

2) Abanyarubuga bungirije:ukubaho kwabo ntabwo aringombwa kugirango inkuru yumvikane. ni” intangagaciro” z’umunyarubuga w’ibanze baherekeza bamushyira mu mwanya ukwiye kubera imyifatire. imyifatire cyangwa amagambo bagaragaza. ntiboneye nk’iy’intwari. ahubwo akenshi imiterere yabo iratandukanye rwose:

- Asterix yari muto, afite ubwenge, ari inshakura

- Obelix we yari mukuru ari munini, ntabwenge yari afite, ariko yifitemo ubumuntu kandi yegeranaga n’abandi banyarubuga.

Umuntu yakora irindi gereranya hagati ya tintin na kapiteni haddock.

3) Inteberezi/indeberezi:baba bari mu murongo inkuru igenderamo ukubaho kwabo kurema isi yose y’inkuru dusoma. mu bitabo shusho bya tintin. dufitemo indorerezi nyinshi:rastappopoulus, seraphin lampion, la castafrore, le general alcazar, les dupond-dupont n’ab

ISANO Y’INYANDIKO N’ISHUSHO

Ni uguhuza ishusho n’inyandiko bituma igitekerezo cyo mu nkurushusho cyumvikana neza bamwe mubashakashatsi basanze umusomye yumva ako kanya urusange rw’ibyanditswe bishushanyije nyuma agasoma inyandiko asubiramo amashusho arebamo ibijyanye n’inyandiko. nicyo gituma hariho iyuzuzanya hagati y’inyandiko n’amashusho.

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ISHUSHO

Ishusho ifite utumenyetso twinshi tw’ingenzi:

“gutanga ubuzima n’impinduka ku gishushanyo, kudahumeka guteganya urusaku kugaragaza ijambo nyakuri no kuvuga igihe hifashishijwe ibara nkuru rikozwe muri ako kanya”.

Duhereye aho umwanditsi w’inkuru yita kungingo eshatu za ngombwa:

. Ahitamo urugo

. Ahitamo imbata/imbonerahamwe

. Ahitamo irebero

Izi nshoza rimwe na rimwe zagiye zisa n’aho zikomerera abanyeshuri n’abarimu baje mu mahugurwa yabanje kuzumva. ariko byabaye ngombwa ko bazifata/bazimenya neza mu gihe k’imyimenyerezo kandi baba batumva imikorere y’inkurushusho no kudashobora kwandika inkurushusho zinoze igihe nikigera.

Ni ukuvuga agaciro kangombwa kagenerwa iki gice cy’iyi nyandiko.

UGUHITAMO URUGO

Akenshi akazu karazitiwe :idirishya ni urubibi rw’inyuma y’ishusho igasobanura ahazaza hayo. umwanya ni igice kigaragaramo ishusho noneho umwanya w’inyuma akaba igice ishusho itageramo/yasigajwe.

UGUHITAMO IMBATA

Hariho imbata zinyuranye zigaragaza agaciro k’ibikorwa cyangwa k’imbamutima z’abanyarubuga kandi:” kugaragaza insubira amakuba cyangwa ibisekeje bya buri gakino hakurikijwe urujyano rw’inkuru”.

Dore imbata z’ingenzi, ibisobanuro bigaragaza byakuwe kwa B. Duc. L’art de la B. D. no kwa JB. Clés pourla B. D.

1. IMBONERAHAMWE IRAMBUYE/RUSANGE

Yerekana umuteguro, ikirere, uruvunganzoka rw’abanyarubuga mu rusange rugari bose hamwe ni mbata nshushanya y’ingenzi.

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2. IMBONERAHAMWE IRINGANIYE

Ishyira kure itsinda ry’abanyarubuga rigereranyije ugenerwa cyangwa abagenerwa igikorwa. Iyi mbata ifite agaciro mbarankuru.

3. IMBONERAHAMWE YEGEREYE/YA HAFI

Ishyira umusomyi “mu mwanya” ikamuha kuba mu garereranzamba k’inkuru:ni umutangabuhamya utaziguye w’igikorwa.

4. IMBONERAHAMWE NYAMUNINI

Igaragaza ku buryo bugaragaza ibimenyetso byo mu isura n’ibyuyumvo byose byavuzwe. itsindagira iyisubiramo ry’inkuru ifite agaciro nyamakuba n’agaciro nyakuvuga.

5. IMBONERAHAMWE NYAMUNINI BIRENGEJE

Itsindagira akamaro k’ibintu byari byasuzuguwe amaso arangarira akururwa n’ibimenyetso byihariye byo mu isura cyangwa n’ubuto bw’icyo ubona. iyi mbata ifite agaciro nyakuvuga cyangwa nshakashatsi.

UGUHITAMO IREBERO

Irebero ni uburyo bunyuranye bwo kwerekana ikintu:

. Kureba mu butambike (irebero mbonabyose)

. Kureba mu buvejuru (irebero mvejuru)

. kureba mu buvakuzimu(irebero mvakuzimu)

1. IREBERO MBONABYOSE (ku rwego rw’impanga)

Twibona kenshi mu nkurushusho. umusomyi yishyira ku rwego rwegereye ikintu kugira ngo akitegereze. ni imboni “isanzwe kandi ifite intego ku bintu binyuranye by’ubuzima”.

2. IREBERO MVEJURU

Ryerekana agakino urebera ahirengeye icyo ubona: ku butumburuke umusozi ku gisenge cy’inzu. irebero mvejuru rifite imimaro ibiri:

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- gushushanya imbata imwe ku muteguro urambuye, ikirere, uruvunganzoka rw’abantu ubona mu mpande zirambuye.

- guha ishusho agaciro mbamutima mu buryo abanyarubuga tubona duturutse hejuru baba banijwe mu buto cyangwa bahonyowe. imvejuru itubya icyo ubona.

3. IREBERO MVAKUZIMU

Ryerekana agakino uhereye ku rwego ruri hasi cyane ugereranyije n’icyo ubona. imvakuzimu ifite umumaro ngenekereje:isobanura ibikuru/ibinini imbaraga cyangwa ubwami bw’abanyarubuga babonerwa muri iryo rebero

IKATA

Tuzi ko inkurushusho igizwe n’urukurikirane rw’amashusho ikeshankuru ritera gusomwa neza. ni cyo gisobanura uguhitamo kw’imbata z’inyuranye ingo n’amarebero ku mwanditsi hamwe n’ibyo byose. umwanditsi ashaka uko yaha umusomyi ikizere ku nkuru ye n’ubuzima bwo kugira icyusa.

IMPINDUKA/ IHINDAGURIKA

Mu nkurushusho uburyo bumwe na bumwe busaba gusubiramo cyangwa se guteganya impinduka:

. Ikururana ry’umuvuduko:ukwimuka guterwa n’ibimenyetso binyuranye:umuvuduko wihuta (cedric6. p. 5. s. 4. v. l), ibicu (asterix gladiateur. p. 10. s. 4. v. l). ivumbi(cedric6. p. 40. s. 2. v. l), n’ikirari inziga mu mazi(cedric6. p. 28. s. 3. v. l). inzira mu kirere(cedric9. p. 35. s. 3. v. l), imikuku impaname(cedric6. p. 24. s. 3. v. l), (calvin et hobbes8. P. 27. s. 3. v. l) n’ibiturika bigaragazwa cyane n’inyigaywa zumvikanyweho zirimo inyenyeri nyinshi z’amabara anyuranye.

. effet stoboscopique: igizwe no kugabagabanya ihindagurika ry’ikintu/ruhamwa mu ishusho ubwaryo. igaragara mu inkurushusho zisekeje nka asterix le gladiateur, p23, s. 4. v. 2.

. guhuza impinduka:dufite amashusho abiri (cyangwa menshi) akurikiranye yombi kandi ahekeranye ku buryo uyabonera icyarimwe. ishusho yambere yerkana ihinduka ry’ikintu mu ntangiriro. iya kabiri mu mpera z’impinduka(Tintin, object lune. p. 2. s. I. v. 3

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UMUTEGURO

Umuteguro ufite uruhare runini mu nkurushusho kuko werekana umwibariro w’inkuru abanyarubuga bajyenda batera imbere. kubona umuteguro unoze bisaba akazi kanoze k’ubushakashatsi.

Uko umushushanyi ajyenda atera imbere mu gutangaza ibitabo bigaragara ko harikiyongera mu mutegurowe. (urugero ni herge). ibyo bigaterwa n’umurimo ukorewe hamwe. dore icyo herge abivugaho:

“bamwe mubo dukorana bazashyiraho imiterere ihuye n’ikirere. inyubako cyangwa imodoka (…. ) ni ngombwa kwitwararika ko igishushanyo kituremereye kidatsindagirwamo ibintu bito bito byinshi cyane”.

Ku bashushanyi bamwe, umuteguro ufite umumaro w’ingenzi, iyo usomye ibitabo bya schuiten na peeters. nka les cites obscures.” la route d’armilria”. Casterman 1988. pp. 26, 27, tubona ko inyandiko arifatizo igaragaza muri buri yose mu nkuru

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INDANGAHANTU

Ni amagambo yerekana ahantu, ni ijambo ribanziriza irindi rikavuga ahȏ umuntu cyangwa ikintu giherereye, cyangwa ahabera ikintu runaka, rihora riremye urujyano rubera inshinga ruhamwa cyangwa icyuzuzo nziguro.

Indangahantu ziboneka mu buryo butatu(3) :

a) ’Ku’ (mu nteko ya 17)

b) ’M(mu nteko ya 18)

c) ‘i’(mu nteko ya 19)

Indangahantu ‘ku’ na ‘mu’ zigira impindurantego iyo zikurikiwe n’amazina adafite indomo cyangwa ibinyazina bimwe na bimwe. Ku ihinduka ‘kuri’, Mu igahinduka ‘muri’.

Ingero :

- Ari kurȋ Huye

- Sinagenda murȋ kamyo

Ku binyazina njyenga n’ibindi :

Ingero :

- Ni mutȏ kurȋ jye

- Umwȇ muirȋ mwe naazȇ

Izindi ngero :

- Yagiye i Kigali

- Tuvuye ku murenge

- Bagiye mu nzu

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UMWANDIKO KURI SIDA

Nabo Ni Abacu

Muri iki gihe muziko urubyiruko

Ahanini rwugarijwe nicyorezo

Cya sida. Sida ni indwara mbi kandi

Yandurira mu busambanyi, mu nshinge

N’inzembe bidasukuye kimwe n’uko

Umubyeyi ashobora kuyanduza umwana

We mu gihe cyo kumubyara

Ikibabaje nuko urwo rubyiruko

Rudakurikiza inama rugirwa rukazifata nk’umukino.

Mufate ingamba murugarijwe kuko

Nta mishanga mu bishira.

SIDA nta muti igira nta, rukingoumuti usigaye n’ukwifata

Ubudahemuka, byananirana ugakoresha agakingirizo.

Aho mwari muziko n’abanduye ari abacu?

Baracintwe bagwa mu kaga ariko ntitugomba kubatererana,

Tubabe hafi, tubafashe kugera kubigo ndera buzima

Aho bafatira imiti igabanya ubukana

Bw’iyondwara, maze ubuzima bukomeze

Turasaba abnduye kudakomeza kwanduzanya no kwanduza

Abatarandura, muhashye icyo cyago,

Igihugu kibatezeho byinshi

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Icyitonerwa: Nyuma yo gusanisha, kumva umwandiko no gusesengura, mwarimu afasha abanyeshuri kugaragaza no kuvuga izindi ngaruka za SIDA zitandukanye zitavuzwe mu mwandiko, haba ku murwayi ubwe, mu muryango akomokamo, mu muryango mugari, no ku gihugu muri rusange.

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IMIGEREKA

Inshoza

Ingera cyangwa imigereka ni ijambo (cyangwa urujyano rw’amagambo) ubusanzwe ridasesengurika, risobanura izina, ntera, inshinga cyangwa indi ngera. ni ijambo ry’umvikanisha ipima rifatiye ku buryo, ku gihe, ku nshuro cyangwa ahantu.

Amoko y’ingera

Ingera z’uburyo

Ingero:

- Igihug cyacu gitera imbere kizatera imbere vuba.

- Musome bucece.

- Ukora cyane ubona ibihembo bishimishije.

Izindi ngera z’uburyo ni izi zikurikira:buhoro, bwangu, hamana…. .

Ingera z’igihe

Ingero:

- Abana bo hambere bagiraga ikinyabupfura.

- Imikorere y’ubu itandukanye n’iya kera.

Izindi ngero z’igihe ni izi zikurikira:none, kare, ni mugoroba, nimunsi, nijoro, ejo, ejobundi.

Ingera y’inshuro

Ingero:

- Dukoze gatatu.

- Yangiriye neza kenshi.

- Yasibye inshuro ebyiri.

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Ingera z’ahantu

Ingero:

- Kalisa atuye hakurya y’umugezi.

- Twahuriye harugu y’isoko.

- Hakurya no hakuno ya nyabugogo hari imyaka.

Izindingeran’izi: ejuru, epfo, hambavu, iruhande, hano, hanyuma, hanze, hepfo, harya, hasi, imbere, ikambere, hagati, hino. Ibi kandi Bizimana S, abivugaho kuri paji ya 218.

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INYANDIKO Z’UBUTEGETSI

INSHOZA

Ni inyandiko zikoreshwa mu nzego z’ubuyobozi ku mpamvu cyangwa igitekerezo runaka. Zimwe muri izo nyandiko n’izi:

1. IBARUWA

- Ni umwandiko ukubiyemo ubutumwa umuntu aba ashaka kugeza ku wundi.

- Ni inyandiko ikubiyemo ubutumwa.

- Ni imwe mu nzira nyandiko ikoreshwa mu guhana amakuru.

- Ni inyandiko umuntu itangwa itsinda ryandikira undi muntu cyangwa abandi benshi hari icyo ashaka kubabwira cyangwa kubasaba.

AMOKO Y’IBARUWA

*Ibaruwa Y’ubutegetsi:Iyi nta mategeko ikurikiza mu iyandikwa

*Ibaruwa Y’ubucuruzi:igira amategeko n’ibice by’ingenzi bigenderwaho mu iyandikwa twavuga nk’igihe(itariki)uwanditse na aderesi ze, uwo yandikiwe n’aho abarizwa hano bashyiraho umwirondoro, impamvu, igihimba n’umwanzuro.

Irangwa ni iki?

- Uwanditse ibaruwa(aho abarizwa)

- Itariki yandikiweho

- Impamvu

- Umukono wa nyirayo

- Uwo yagenewe n’ibimuranga

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Yandikwa ite?

Muri ibyo byose tubonye biyiranga buri kimwe gifite aho kiba kiri igira kandi ibice bitatu by’ingenzi intango, igihimba, n’umwanzuro.

URUGERO:

Amazina y’uwanditse aho ibariwa yandikiwe

N’aho aherereje5

uwo yandikiwe n’umurimo

akora

binyujijwe:

Impamvu:

Intangiriro

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Igihimba---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Umwanzuro-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bimenyeshejwe

Amazina yombi n’umukono

- Uwandika ibaruwa yandikirwa mu izina ry’akazi akora umurimo akora ntabwo yandikirwa mu mazina ye bwite

- Nta marangamutima abamo cyangwa indangamukanya

- Muri binyujijwe usinyirwa n’aho ushaka kwimukirwa niba usabayo umwanya w’akazi ubwo bakabanza kukwemerera ko umwaya ahari.

- Muri bimenyeshejwe:usinyirwa n’aho wari usazwe ubarizwa/ukora

- Si buri gihe ko ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igira binyujijwe cyangwa bimenyeshejwe

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Icyitonderwa: Mwarimu afasha abanyeshuri gushaka urugero rw’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ijyanye n’ibyo yamaze kuvuga ikandikwa mu makaye y’abanyeshuri.

2. IMPAPURO ZUZUZWA (Ibyemezo)

- Icyemezo cyo kuvuka.

- Icyemezo kiranga umuntu.

ICYEMEZO CYO KUVUKA Nº 15526

Je …. . . . …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . Secrétaire Exécutif

Jyewe umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa

du……………………………………………………………………………………………………. . . . …………………. atteste par la présente que

wa nemeje ko uyu

le(la) nommé (e)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . …………………………. . . . . .

kanaka (nyiranaka)

fils(fille) de………………………………………. et de ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . . . . . . . ……………………. . .

mwene na secteur de ………………………………………. est né (e) à ……………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………………………………………………….

Umurenge wa yavukiye

le…………………………………………………………20……………………………………………………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………. .

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kuwa

Délivre à…………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . le …………. . ……………………

Gitangiwe kuwa

Pour acquit : …......Frw le Secrétaire Exécutif (nom, prénom)

Nakiriye umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa (amazina)

Le receveur du secteur (nom, prénom) signature

Uwakiriye amafaranga mu Murenge (amazina) umukono

Signature

Umukono

N.B:Biffer les mentions inutiles Cachet du secteur

Siba ibitali ngomwa Kashe y’umurenge

Umwitozo

-Uzuza icyo cyemezo nk’uko bikwiye

-Ni ryari umuntu akenera icyemezo nk’icyo ?

ICYEMEZO KIRANGA UMUNTU

NO16934

Je soussigné..............................……………………………………………………………Secrétaire Exécutif du secteur

Jyewe umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’umurenge

du……………………………………………………………….atteste par la présente que l’identité

wa nemeje ko indangamuntu

Complète du (de la) nommé(e) ……………………………………………………………

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……………………....…….est la suivante

Y’uwitwa

ali iyi

Izina.............................

Prénoms …………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………. . .

Amazina y’idini

Nom du père ……………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Izina rya se

Nom de la mère…. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………………………………………. . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Izina rya nyina

Date

naissance………………………………………………………………………………. . . . . . . .

Igihe yavukiye

Lieu de naissance…………………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aho yavukiye

District d’origine ……………………………………………………………………. . . . . .

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. . . . .

Akarere avukamo………………………………………………………………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ubwenegihugu

Profession : …………………………………………………………………………………

Umwuga

Province d’origine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Intara avukamo

Province de résidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Intara atuyemo

Pour acquit :. . . . . . . . . …. . . . . . Frw Délivre à………………………le……………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nakiriye Gitangiwe kuwa

Le receveur du secteur (nom, prénom)

Le secrétaire Exécutif (nom, prénom)

Uwakiriye amafarangamu Murenge (amazina)

Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa (amazina)

Signature signature

Umukono umukono

N. B:Biffer lesmentions inutiles Cachet du secteur

Siba ibitari ngomwa Kashe y’umurenge

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Umwitozo

- Uzuza icyo cyemezo ukurikije ibikuranga byose

- Ni ryari icyemezo nk’icyo ugikenera ?

Icyitonderwa: Mwarimu afasha abanyeshuri kuzuza ibyo byemezo arinako ababwira

impamvu n’igihe biba ngombwa ko byuzuzwa.

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IYIGANTERURO

INSHOZA

Iyigabteuro ni ubumenyi busesengura imiterere y’ibice bigize interuro. ibyo bice bigize interuro ni amagambo. ni ubumenyi bwo gusesengura ayo magambo kugiringo areme interuro. ijambo ni cyo kinyabumwe cy’ifatizo gitandukanya kandi kigahuza iyiganteruro y’iyiganteruro.

Ijambo mu iyiganteruro

Ni urukurikirane rw’uturemajambo akaba aricyo kinyabumwe kinini cy’ifatizo mu iyiganteruro. ubwo buryo ni bwo buhuza iyiganteruro bikitwa isanisha ntego. kubera ko iyigantego rishobora gushingirwaho mu isanisha ry’iyiganteruro.

Urugero :abagore bahawe urubuga.

- hari utugambo tugenda tugaruka kandi dusa:-ba-

Zimwe mu ngingo zitandukanya akaremajambo n’ijambo

Ingingo ishingiye ku mwanya

Buri karemajambo kaba gafite umwanya udahinduka mu ijambo, umwanya udakunze guhinduka.

Urugero: umugore :u-mu-gore.

Mu-u-gore.

Ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo rishobora guhindura umwanya mu nteruro.

Urugero :

- abanyarwanda bose barareshya imbere y’amategeko.

- imbere y’amategeko abanyarwanda barareshya bose.

Ingingo y’isubirwamo

Gusubiramo akaremajambo mu ijambo rimwe ntago bikunda gukorwa. n’iyo bikozwe mu

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ijambo rimwe bihindura nyito y’iryo jambo.

Urugero:

- ikigori:i-ki-gori

- ikigorigori:i-ki-gori-gori

Ingingo yo kwinjiramo

Ijambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo rishobora kwinjira mu itsinda.

Urugero:

- abanyarwanda bose barareshya imbere y’amategeko.

- abanyarwanda bose ndavuga abagore n’abagabo, barareshya imbere y’amatekeko.

Naho kongera akaremajambo mu tundi bihindura inyito rusange y’ijambo.

Urugero:

- tugiye:tu-gi-ye

Tu-ir-ye

Amoko y’amagambo

Hari ubwoko bubiri bw’amagambo :

Amagambo muzi

Amagambo muzi ni afite umuzi cyangwa igicumbi ayo ni :amazina, ntera, amazina ntera, ibinyazina, inshinga, imbundo, ibinyazina, ntera…

Amagambo ahinduka n’adahinduka

Amagambo ahinduka atandukanywa hakurikijwe intêgo y’indanganteko, iyo ntego igatandukanya amazina, inshinga, ibinyazina, ntera…

Amagambo adahinduka ashyirwa mu matsinda hakurikijwe inyito n’umumaro wayo mu nteruro.

Urugero : umugereka ni ijambo ryuzuye

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Inshinga : uri mwiza cyane

SH umugera wuzuza

Aya magambo yose abyara interuro.

Interuro ni iki ?

Interuro ni igice cy’imvugo umuntu aterura akakirangiza aruhuka kikagaragaza igitekerezo cyuzuye. mu iyiganteruro, interuro ni urukurikirane rw’ibinyabumwe byigenga bihujwe n’amategeko n’isano bifitanye mu ijambo bikaba bifite umwanya ndetse n’umumarob birimo.

Urugero: hashyizweho inzego zubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu.

Ntibavuga: inzego hashyizwemo zubahiriza bw’ikiremwamuntu uburenganzira.

-yaba ihindutse interuro ikocamye cyangwa nyobyamvugo.

Amoko y’interuro

- Interurojambo: Iba igizwe n’ijambo rimwe cyangwa urujyano rw’amagambo rushingiye ku ijambo rimwe.

Urugero :

- Genda, Have, Oya,.

Interurojambo ntikuze gushyirwa m iyiganteruro risanzwe kubera ko akenshi ikunze kuba ari interuro ihinnye ihagarariye indende uvuga adashaka kuraambuura.

- Interuro nshingiro:yitwa kandi interuro yoroheje, igizwe n’amagambo abiri cyangwa menshi ahurira ku nshinga imwe.

Urugero:

- Abana bararira

- Abagabo barubaka inzu

- Interuro y’urusobe: Bizimana azita interuro z’inyunge, ni iba irimo inshinga nyinshi, buri nshinga ikaba izingiro ry’inyangingo(interuro cyangwa igice cy’interuro igizwe

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n’ibice byinshi byigenga, bishobora kuba bifitaye isano hagati yabyo).

Urugero:

- Dushatsetwatsinda Ikinyarwanda.

- Nasanze uyu munsi abanyeshuri bantegereje.

- Yasanze arwaye aramwambika umujyana kwa muganga.

Icyitonderwa : Ni byiza ko mwarimu abanza kubaza cyangwa kwibutsa abanyeshuri icyo interuro ari cyo, kwibukiranya amoko y’interuro zisanzwe babonye mu myaka yabanje hagendewe ku miterere:

- Interuro ihamya

Urugero: Tugomba kwiyunga tukaba umwe

- Interuro ibaza

Urugero: Waba uzi mudasobwa?

- Interuro itegeka

Urugero: Nzanira umweyo

- Interuro itangara

Urugero:Yoo! Burya ni wowe!!

Ibi bifasha umunyeshuri kutagira urujijo no kwibaza byinshi ku byigwa ahura na byo, bityo akifindurira iryo sano.

Nubwo izo nteruro zirangwa n’utwatuzo tuzisoza, nta tandukaniro riri hagati yazo n’izo twabonye mbere.

Ububoneramvugo bw’interuro

Interuro mboneramvugo y’ururimi niba yubatse ku buryo buhuje n’amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo. na ho interuro yubatse ku buryobunyuranye yitwa interuro nyobyamvugo cyangwa ikocamye.

Ubwemerwe bw’interuro

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Interuro yemewe ni gomba kuba ihuje n’amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo ifite inyito yumvikana.

Interuro nyobyamvugo ntishobora kwemerwa.

Zimwe mu ngingo ngenderwaho mu isesenguranteruro

Isimburana

Uburyo bw’isimburanwa bushibgiye ku bushobozi ijambo. cyangwa ikinyabumwe kiba gifite mu gusimbura ikindi kinyabumwe mu nzira y’interwahamwe.

Urugero:

- bano bagore bahawe urubuga

- uwamaliya na lusiya

- abakobwa

- abategarugori

Ariko uvuze uti:kurya bahawe urubuga. ntibishobora gusimburanwamu buryo bw’interwahamwe.

Ubutondeke

Ubutondeke ni ubushobozi ikinyabumwe kiba gifite mu kwihuza n’ibindi binyabumwe mu nzira y’urujyana.

Urugero:abagore bahawe:

- uruhare

- urubuga

- Rugari

- amahirwe

Ubushobozi bwogutandukanya ibinyabumwe

Ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza ikinyabumwe mu kindi cyangwa bwo kutakinjizamo bugaragaza

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ubwigenge bw’icyo kinyabumwe.

Urugero:ubufatanye buhoraho mu gihugu.

Reka twimure«ubufatanye».

- mu gihugu ubufatanye buhoraho.

- buhoraho ubufatanye mu gihugu.

- ubufatanye mu gihugu buhoraho.

- gihugu mu bufatanye buhoraho (iyi nteruro irakocamye).

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ISESENGURANTERURO

INYANGINGO

Ni igice cy’interuro gishobora kuba kigenga cyangwa gifitanye isano n’ibindi bice by’interuro.

Inyangingo yihagije

Inyangingo yihagije iba yigenga, ntigira n’iyindi nyangingo igenga.

Urugero: Abana bariga neza.

Inyangingo nteruro

Ni nyangingo igizwe n’interuro ubwayo.

Urugero: Abagore bakunda abana.

Ibangikanyangingo

Inyangingo nyinshi zihagije zishobora kuba zikurikiranye mu nteruro nta n’imwe igenga indi.

Urugero: Abahungu barakina umupira, abakobwa basimbuka umugozi.

Iyunganteruro

Inyangingo yihagije ishobora kuba yunze mu yindi hakoreshejwe icyungo cyangwa icyunga.

Urugero: Abanyeshuri bakubure cyangwa bahinge.

Inyangingo mpagike

Ni uburyo bwo guhagika ingingo mu yindi nyangingo.

Arahaguruka ajya kwigisha

Ubwo abana bararora (impagike)

Isesenguranteruro

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Mu gusesengura interuro, abahanga bamwe nka léonald bloomfield bemeza ko interuro igomba gusesengurwa uhereye ku duce duto tw’amagambo arimo:uturemajambo.

Interuro: Isesengurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bubiri aribwo:

- Kwita ku mumaro ijambo rifite mu nteruro.

- Kwita cyane ku nyito (ubwoko bw’ijambo mu mwanya waryo mu nteruro.

Buri nteruro fatizo iba y’ubatswe n’itsinda rya ruhamwaTS-H n’itsinda ry’inshinga TS-SH.

Urugero: Uriya mugabo arahinga amashaza.

TS-H TS-SH

Muri ubu buryo bwa mbere, amagambo y’ingenzi yubatse interuro y’ikinyarwanda, ashobora gusobanurwa n’andi bidahuje ubwoko bita imfutuzi, ayo magambo y’imfutuzi ni:

-Ikinyazina: Umwana wanjye

F

-Ntera: Abantu bake

F

-Izina: Umugabo mbwa

F

-Inshinga: Umwana ukubagana

F

-Umugereka: Yiganeza, ateye kigabo

F F

Gushushanya imiterere y’interuro mu giti:

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��

Ingero: igiti

T

TS-H TS-SH

F Zn SH TS-U

Zn

Uriya umugabo arahinga amashaza

T

TS-H TS-SH2

TS-SH1 TS-UZ

Zn F sh.mfasha SH Zn F

Umunyeshuri mwiza yari afite amanota menshi

��

Ingero: igiti

T

TS-H TS-SH

F Zn SH TS-U

Zn

Uriya umugabo arahinga amashaza

T

TS-H TS-SH2

TS-SH1 TS-UZ

Zn F sh.mfasha SH Zn F

Umunyeshuri mwiza yari afite amanota menshi

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UMWANDIKO KU GUKUNDA UMURIMO

Kunda Umurimo

Ku itariki ya mbere gicurasi, twizihiza

Umunsi w’umurimo. twazindutse kare ngo dufate imyanya aho ibirori

Byateganyijwe. abatumirwa bahageze saa tatu, ubwo

Imihango y’uwo munsi ihita itangira. umushyitsi mukuru

Yaratubwiye ati:” icyo ukora cyose ugikore vuba kandi neza” yashimye abaganga uburyo bakorana

Umurava, haba mu gitondo cyangwa nimugoroba, ntibareba hirya cyangwa hino yanavuze ko bitakiri nka mbere.

Naho kubonana na muganga byari hamana. abashizwe umutekano yabagezeho abisubiramo kabiri ngo ndashima imikorere yabo. yagaye cyane abavuga ngo:” genda uzagaruke ejo cg ejo bundi” ageze hagati mu ijambo ashima abarimu n’abanyeshuri kuko bitanga batizigamye. ibirori byarangiye niminsi dutaha twiyemeje kurushaho kunoza umurimo kuko ariwo soko y’amajyambbere. i

Icyitonderwa:Mwarimu abaza abanyeshuri kuvuga amagambo mashya kuri bo ari mu mwandiko, ayo batumva, akomeye bakayasobanura bafatanyije bose hamwe (mwarimu n’abanyeshuri)

Umwitozo : Ni iki wavuga ku rutonde rw’amagambo akurikira:

Kubonana na muganga

Byari hamana byongeye,

Hari ku manywa yihangu

Izuba rimena impanga.

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UMUVUGO

INSHOZA:

Inshoza y’umuvugo ntibyoroshye kuyisobanura bitewe nuko mu buvanganzo nyarwanda harimo ingeri zikoresha ibice byitwa umuvugo.

Umuvugo bivuga:

1. Umuzimizo (iyobaganiri)

2. Igika (mu mazina y’inka)

3. Igihangano ubwacyo gisingiza cyangwa ikintu, kinarata ubwiza bwacyo.

GUHANGA UMUVUGO

Umuvugo ni igihangano kiri mu mvugo cyangwa nyandiko cyuje” ubusizi”. uhanga umuvugo atanaga imvugo ye akayiha ubwiza bunogeye amatwi n’umutima kubera iminozanganzo inyuranye yuzuzanya n’inganzo.

Iyo minozanganzo uyisanga mu majwi, mu myubakirey’interuro ndetse no mu magambo y’indobanure aberanye n’ingingo yaturwa.

Ibintu by’ingenzi biranga umuvugo ni indego, injyana, amajwi, amagambo yabugenewe n’uburyo bwo kubaka interuro.

-INDEGO:Ni igipimo hari imivugo usanga igizwe n’imikarago ipimye. aho ni nko mu mazina y’inka hari nahandi usanga amabango asa nk’ayubatse ku buryo bw’umudanure.

Aho ni nko mu “bita nyabami”.

-INJYANA : Ahanini injyana irangwa n’ibintu bibiri ari byo iyitsamajwi ririmo urwunge rw ‘amasaku n’ururimbo, hakaba n’incecetso ikunda kugaraga igihe igihangano kiri mu mvugo .

-AMAJWI : Umuvugo uba ugizwe n’urugwiro rw’amajwi . mu kinyarwanda ubuhanzi bw’imivugo bukunda kugenda bukoresha amajwi asa :

* hari amajwi asoza umukarago cyangwa awutangira

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* hari amajwi aza hagati

Iryo subirajwi rishobora kuba ari isubirajwi, isubirangombajwi cyangwa isubirasaku.

Iminozanganzo yindi inyuranye :

- Iminozanganzo y’urujyano

Ni iminozanganzo ijyana n’uburyo bwo kubaka interuro.

. Intunga=Ni ukuburizamo amagambo asanzwe yunga interuro

. Isubi=uko interuro itangira si ko irangira

- Iminozanganzo y’imyumvire :

1. Isimbura=uburyo bwo kuzimiza ukoresheje igenekereza isimbura ahanini rigizwe n’ihwanisha n’iyitirira .

Ingero z’ihwanisha :

- kwitwikira ijoro (kugenda ijoro)

- kurya umuntu umutima (gushukashuka)

- igisenge cy’ububabare (agahinda kenshi)

- ikaramu ndende (imbunda

Ihwanisha ni uburyo bwo kugereranya ariko udakoresheje amagambo y’igereranya yabugenewe

Ingero z’iyitirira :

- Ikirahure (inzoga)

- Icupa (inzoga)

- Agacuma (inzoga)

- Umunyarwanda (u Rwanda)

- Imbunda (umusirikare)

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- Umunyururu (umuntu ufungishije umunyururu)

Mu iyitirira ijambo risimbura kubera gusangira ingingo runaka, agace kakitirirwa ikintu cyose cyangwa ikintu cyose kikitirirwa agace, ubundi igikoresho kikitirirwa icyo gikozemo. inzu bashobora kuyita amategura, amabati, amatafari cyangwa ibyondo.

2. Isubiramo cyangwa isubirajambo

- Igarukantango : Bagenda basubiramo ijambo ku ntango y’umukarago

- Isozerera : Bagenda basubiramo ijambo ku musozo w’umukarago

- Isubizamo : Basubiramo ijambo ku nteruro ikurikira indi kugira ngo habe ihuriroy’interuro zombi.

3. Ishyamiranya :-Gushyamiranya ibitekerezo bibiri :kubaka si ugusenya

- Kujyanisha amaagambo avuguruzanya :kota imbeho, gusarishwa n’ubwenge

4 . Ubukana :

Ubukana ni uburyo bwo koroshya ikintu cyangwa kugikabiriza

- Ikabiriza : Gutwika inzu ugahisha umwotse ;abanyenduga bajunika amazi bakatsa umuriro

- Inshimangira : Uyu mu gabo ni umunyamujinya, umunyamushiha, umurozi w’ibisebe, umwicanyi kabombo !

Impirike : Gukoreha amagambo avuga ibintu byoroheje kandi ushaka kuvuga ibikomeye.

Ingero :. Umuntu wapfuye ngo yasinziri

. Umuntu unakira ngo ariga abandi bari mu bizamini ; naho ureba ku rupapuro rwa mugenzi we ngo yarwaye urukebu.

-Inshushanyo : Imvugo cyangwa inyandiko isa nk’ifoto ku buryo uwo ubwira asa nk’ubyirebera, areba senema.

Urugero: Maze ubwo nyabarongo

Igakomeza ikirongo

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Ibibaye n’ibisiza

Ibirinda gusaza

Ibisanzamo isayo

Na ya saso yayo(umurage w’ingenzi)

5. Intizo: Kuvugisha umuntu cyangwa ikintu bidahari. ni ukuvuga guha ijambo udahari, uwapfuye, ikigirwamana cyangwaikinyabubasha runaka, cyangwa inshoza iyi n’iyi kugira ngo ushubore guhitisha imbumatima yawe.

Ingero:

- Nitwa urwagwa ntuye I Rwanda

- Nahuye n’urukundo rurambwira ngo…

Ibi bisobanuro bihinnye cyane tumaze gutanga ni ibigaragaza inganzo y’ihariye y’umuvugo. nyamara ubusizi ntibugaragarira mu mivugo gusa, uretse ko hano ikigamijwe Atari ugusesengura ubusizi ku buryo burambuye, ahubwo ni ukwerekana inzira umuntu anyuramo ahanga umuvugo.

Uhanga umuvugo hari ibyo agomba kwitondera:

- kujya mu nganzo:

Ujya guhanga umuvugo agomba kwiherera akiyama ibimurangaza, akitega amatwi:

. Agatega amatwi kami ye. muri kami y’umuntu harimo amateka, ibitekerezo bwite, n’imbamutima z’impagarika cyangwa z’umucuri. iyo kami, ako kuzuramutima ni ko kaba kagomba kagomba guseseka ku munwa. ni naho haturuka insanganyamatsiko ituzuye neza.

. Icya kabiri ni ukugena indigo n’injyana :injyana niyo nshingiro ry’umuvugo. umuvugo ugomba kuba wuje urusobane rw’amajwi n’ururimbo kuko ari byo bikongeza ubushashi bw’ibyishimo cyangwa agahinda mu muntu ukurikira uwo muvugo.

Gutoranya iminozanganzo iberanye n’ingingo ivugwa iyo minozanganzo nayo iza kunganira injyana dore ko nay o iba irimo injyana-mu kunyura amatwi n’umutima wa nyir’ugukurikira umuvugo.

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Muri rusange kandi umuvugo ugomba kuba ubangutse.

ISUZUMABUMENYI

1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira wifashishije ingero:

- Indengo

- Injyana

- Ihwanisha

- Iyitirira

- Ishyamiranya

- Ikabirizi

- Ishimangira

- Inshushanyo

- Intizo

2. Himba umuvugo w’imikarago makumyabiri ufite indengo y’indinganire kandi ugerageze gukoresha iminozanganzo ikwiye?

Urugero muri “bangaheza” :

“Icyo gihe hari nka saa cyenda

Aho mu micyamo ya nyarugenge

Habengerana ibicu birenga.

Imvura yarimaze guhita

Ivumbi ryimutse ku bisenge

Amazu yakeye uko angana yose

N’isi itangiye kumuka umwuka

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Wuhanya uzamuka ibicu bitamuru

Kanaumwete. maze akazuba

K’akazuyazi kabambika Kigali

Yose wayireba uturutse ahandi

Wumva n’ako kanozangendo

Ntube wamenya ko mu kwakira

Mu gitondo cy’uwa gatanu

Yahoze mu mvura y’amasasu.

Kacyiru na kicukiro na nyarugenge

Mukuru wazo ziyicariye ku nteko

Hagati y’imisozi y’ibisunzu.

Mu mpinga ya nyandungo

Indege itangira kuvumera

Itamba ku ijuru ry’i Kanombe

Irareremba ijwi rirarenga

Imaze kugenda indi irasuhuza

Inyoni ziguka ziyakira ziyiririmbira

Wararaye zumve irere ryo mu kirere

Zibesanga ari gusinda ubwuzu bw’ijuru

Ry’umurwa mukuru, hasi imodoka zitembere

Nta ntugunda nta muvuduko

Ahu ziriranyaamahoni

Ugira ngo ni ubumwe bw’umukungu.” (bangaheza rp. 11). S

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Icyitonderwa:

Mwarimu agomba gusobanura neza aha ingero abanyeshuri, abakangurira guhimba imivugo yabo bwite bakurikije uko umuvugo wubaka ashobora kubahitiramo insanganyamatsiko kuko bibafasha kandi akayibasobanurira mu buryo bwimbitse.

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IKESHA MVUGO

Inshoza

Ni uburyo bwo kunoza imvugo hakoreshejwe amagambo amagambo yabugenewe ku kintu iki n’iki. usanga ari uburyo bwo kubanana guhesha agaciro bimwe mubikoresho gakondo biranga umuco nyarwanda. k’umwami byari ukumuhaicyubahirocyirenze kumuntu nk’umuntu wari hejuru bikagaragarira

Muri amwe mu mazina bamwitaga :sebantu, nyagasani….

1. ku nka

Ntibavuga bavuga

Gushira inyuma Guhumuza inyuma

Kurangiza gukama guhumuza

Kurangiza gushitura guhaza

Gusuka kugisha

Gukama n’ingoga gukama kera

2. ku mata

Amazi asohoka mu moko mbere yuko inka ibyara inkaya

Kuyasuka mu gisabo kuyabuganiza

Kuyavana mo amavuta kwavura, gusobanura

Kubika icyansi, igisabo kukiranga

Kurangiza koza icynsi guhumuza

3. ku ngoma

Gutangira kuvuga gusuka

Kurangiza kuvuga gutunga

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Kugurwa gikoshwa

Kumanikwa kujishwa

Gufashwa hasi koswa

Kubazwa kuramvurwa

4. ku cyansi, isekuru, ingoma, igisabo, umuheto, Injishi

Ntibimanikwa birajishwa

Ntibiturwa birururutswa

Ntibimeswa birahanagurwa

Ntibisaza birakura

Ntibyikorerwa biraremerwa

5. Ku Rusyo

gutangira gusya kwanzika

kurangiza gusya kwanzura

ibuye baseraho urusyo

ibuye bashesha ingasire

6. kumavuta

Amavuta akiva mugisabo amasesanyo

Amaze amezi nk’abiri amavuta y’igisore

Amaze amezi atandatu amavuta akuze

Amavuta yisigwa ikimuri

7. K’umwami

Umurambo umugogo

Kumubyutsa kumubambura

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Kumusinziriza kumubikira

Gutembera kurambagira

Kurya gufungura, kurora

Gupfa gutanga

Uburiri igisasiro…

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INYANDIKO Y’IKINYAMAKURU

Ikinyamakuru cyandikwa gute? na bande?

Umwanditsi:buri kinyamakuru kigira umwanditsi, uyu n’uwakira inkuru zose zivuye gutaarwa zafanshwe mu majwi akazishyira mu nyandiko.

Aho Inkuru Yavuye: Ni ahantu umunyamakuru yagiye gushaka inkuru.

Igihe: Inkuru yose iba cyangwa igafatwa ku gihe runaka n’itariki yabereyeho

Mukuruzi: Ni agace kamwe mu tugize inkuru, umwanditsi aheraho yandika mu buryo bwo gukangura, cyangwa gukumbuza abasomyi cyangwa abamuteza amatwi abatera amatsiko yo gukurikira inkuru bayivuye imuzi.

Ibikoresho:Ntiwakwandika ibyo utabanje gutegura mu bitekerezo, niyo mpamvu umunyamakuru ajya gukusanya inkuru runaka yitwa ibikoresho bifata amajwi, kuko atabona umwanya wo kwandika.

Gutangaza Inkuru:inkuru yatawe ntibikunze kubaho ko itangazwa uko yakabaye kuko ishobora kuba incamugongo. niyo mpamvu abayitegura bitwararika kuvuga ibitera rubanda guhagarika umitima bagatangaza ibisanzwe.

Buri kinyamakuru cyaba kigenga cyangwa cya leta bigira uko byandika inyandiko zabyo, bikagaragarira kurupapuro rwa mbere. Mu Rwanda dufite.

- Imvaho nshya

- Ingabo

- La nouvelle releve

- New times

- Umusingi….

Icyitonderwa:mwarimu agomba gufasha abanyeshuri gucukumbura ubundi bumenyi bujyanye n’inyandiko z’ikinyamakuru ari nako abashishikariza gusoma inyandiko zabyo.

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IMBATA Y’UMWANDIKO

Ni uburyo umwandiko wubakwa, imirongo ngenderwaho, kuva ku ntango kugera aho urangirira.

Umwandiko ni imwe mu nkingi zikomeye zifasha umunyeshuri kumenya ururimi, haba mu kuruvuga, kurusoma, kurwumva neza no kurwandika.

Umwandiko ugira ibice bitatu by’ingenzi :

- Intangiriro : Igice kigizwe n’amagambo akurura umusomyi bigatuma agira amatsiko yo kumenya ibikurikira.

- Igihimba : Igice gikubiyemo ingingo zisobanuye mu mwandiko ku buryo burambuye.

- Umwanzuro : Iki gice kigaragaramo incamake y’ibyavuzwe ku mwandiko, kerekana kandi iherezo ry’ibyavuzwe mu mwandiko.

UBURYO MWARIMU YIGISHA UMWANDIKO

* Kugira iyinjizasano:ushobora gukoresha utuntu twinshi:ibibazo, amashusho…………

* kuvuga icyo bagiye kwiga

* kubarangira umwandiko

* gusima bucece bandika amagambo akomeye

* kubaza ibibazo rusange

* kubasomera ubaha urugero

* gusomesha igika ku gika no kugisobanukirwa kimwe

* ibibazo bijyanye n’iyigamwandiko ku buryo byimbitse

Icyitonerwa:Umwandiko si inyigo ushyira hariya ngo ibe ihame, ushaka kuboneka mu ngeri nyinshi z’ubuvanganzo.

Urugero:imigani, insigamigani, inkuru, …. byose byubakwa kuburyo bw’umwandiko uretse ko ukunze kuba mugufi.

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IHANGAMWANDIKO

Guhanga umwandiko si buri wese wabikora, uhanga umwandiko agomba kubanza kuwubaka cg kuwushushanya mu bwenge(ibitekerezo)hanyuma ibyo yateguye akabishyira mu nyandiko.

Ibisabwa Muguhanga Umwandiko

* Uhanga umwandi ko aba afite intego ashaka kugeraho.

* kumenya kuvuga, gusoma, kwandika no kumva urwo rurimi agiye guhimbamo

* guhitamo insanganyamatsiko

Gukora urutonde rw’ingingo (ibitekerezo azavugaho mu mwandiko agendeye ku ireme ryawo)

* kwirinda akajagari mubitekerezo

* kwita kumumaro w’ibitekerezo bituma bituma umwandiko agendera ku kigero cy’abazawusoma cg bazawumva cyane abanyeshuri.

* kubahiriza amategeko y’imyandikire

* kwita cyane kubice bitatu(3)by’ingenzi

a) INTANGO: Uhimba akoreshaimvugo ikurura umusomyi, bityo bikamutera amatsiko yo gushaka kumenya ibikurikira. ashobora gutangira abaza ikibazo

urugero: ngo sida yaba yarabonewen umuti?

b) IGIHIMBA: Aha niho uhanga ava imuzi akavuga igitekerezo kuburyo bwimbitse.

C) UMWANZURO: Muri iki gice umuhanzi asoza avuga muru make ingingo nkuruyibanze ho mu mwandiko. hari amagambo akoreshwa iyo basoza: tutavuze, byarangiye, turashoje……

Icyitonderwa : Mwarimu asobanurira abanyeshuri uko bahanga umwandiko akabaha umwitozo kwihanga mwandiko.

Nibyiza gukora igereranyaku gikwa cyabanjirije iri somo.

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IHINAMWANDIKO

Ihina Mwandiko Ni Iki?

Gukina umwandiko n’ukuvuga mu magambo makeya, igitekerezo cyangwa ingingo ziri kuvugwa muru uwo mwandiko, wibanda ku z’ingenzi

Ushobara gukora ihinamwandiko muri ubu buryo:

1. Igika ku gika: Hano ufata igitekerezo kiri muri buri gika ukakivuga mu mirongo mike ishoboka ukurikije uko ibika bikurikirana kuva kun tango kugera ku musozo

2. Ihina rusange: Aha ufata igitekerezo nyamukuru kiri kuvugwa mu mwandiko ukakivuga uhereye bku ngingo z’ingenzizigishamikiyeho ari mu magambo makeya kandi ukabisobisonura neza.

Ibikurikizwa mu guhina umwandiko

Uhina umwandiko agomba:

* kuvuga kugitekerezo kiri mu mwandiko

* nta kongeramo ibindi bitekerezo abivana hanze y’umandiko

* kumvikanisha igitekerezo muri make

* sibyiza kwandukura uterura ibiri mu mwandiko

* gukoresha imvugo yabugenewe yirinda imvugo ya gishenzi (nyandagazi)

* gukoresha imvugo yoroheje yumvwa na buri wese.

Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko iri mu mwandiko

Icyitonderwa : Mwarimu agomba guha abanyeshuri umwandiko kunsanganyamatsiko runaka, bakawuhina nyuma akabaha umwitozo.

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INDIRIMBO

Indirimbo zari zifite umwanya munini mu buvanganzo nyarwanda, zikaririmbwa mu bitaramo, aho abazungu baziye dutangira kwandika. Zimwe mu ndirimbo zaranditswe zishyirwa mu bikoresho cyangwa ibyuma bya muzika bigezweho, ibya gakondo bitangira guteshwa agaciro.

Indirimbo zabonekaga ku mpande zombi h, aba mu buvanganzo nyamvugo nyabami arizo bitaga :indirimbo zingabo. zashishikarizaga umwami, ingabo, n’indwanyi bagiye ku rugamba kugira umurava bagatsinda.

Rubanda basanzwe nabo bagiraga indirimbo zabo bwite, zikavuga ku nsanganyamatsiko zitandukanye, bakanazimurika ahantu aho ari hose cyane mu bitaramo, mu miryango yabo, zo ntizarindwaga nk’indirimbo z’ingabo .

Zimwe mu ndirimbo zibandaga ku rukundo, umurimo, kugira ubupfura, kubaha, izindi zikavugwaga ku rimwe mu mihango n’imigenzo yakorwaga, akenshi byabaga ari ibitongero.

Urugero: Mutima ukeye (RUGAMBA Sipiriyani 1979:p25-30)

Icyitonderwa: Mwarimu agomba gufasha umunyeshuri kumva impamvu bavuga indirimbo z’ingabo, n’indirimbo zo muri rubanda abaha n’ingero zifatika.

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INYANDIKOMVUGO

Inyandikomvugo ni iki?

Ni umuteguro, w’ibyabaye mu gihe runaka, inyandiko y’ibyavuzwe mu ihuriro cyangwa inama ku insanganyamatsiko yateguwe. Bishobora kwandikwa cyangwa ntiyandikwe, igakorwa cyane iyo hari ibirori runaka ;mu nama yahuje imbaga y’abantu, mu misango y’ubukwe, mu mikino (imyidagaduro)

Twavuga nko mu nama aho umukuru w’igihugu yatumiwemo, hakorwa urutonde rw’ibiri buvugwe nabari bubivuge hanyuma mugusoza ijambo nyamukuru ry’umunsi rikavugwa n’umushyitsi mukuru ariwe perezida. Iyi nyandiko ikorwa mu rwego rwo kubika bimwe mu byavugiwe aho ihuriro ryabereye, igakorwa n’ubifite mu inshingano ze, ashobora kuba umunyamakuru watumwe gutara ibyahavugiwe, umunyamabanga w’ikigo runaka, akitegura kuba yavuga muri make ibyavugiwe muri iyo nama igihe abisabwe n’uwamutumye. Iyi nyandiko kandi yifashi mu kureba uko ingengabihe yagenze ku gikorwa runaka mu gihe runaka.

Icyitonderwa : Mwarimu asobanurira abanyeshuri birushijeho, ari nako atanga izindi ngero z’ahantu hakenerwa inyandikomvugo.

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IBIGANIRO MPAKA

Ibiganirompaka ni iki?

Ni ibiganiro biba kunsanganyamatsiko runaka iba yateguwe hagati y’abantu babiri cg amatsinda abiri, buri tsinda rikagira abunganizi ku ruhande. bamwe baba bemera ibyo insanganyamatsiko ivuga abandi bahakana ibyo ivuga, bikagaragarira mu bitekerezobatanga. nyuma hakarebwa itsinda rifite amanita menshi ryabashije kwihagararaho. abatsinze bagenerwa ibihembo.

Abagize ikiganiro mpaka

Abemeza: Ni itsinda rishimangira ibyo insanganyamarsiko ivuga

Abahakana:Ni itsinda rihakana ibyo insanganyamatsiko ivuga

Abitabiriye(Audience): Ni abunganizi ku matsinda yombi ahanganye.

Ubuyobozi (Chairman): Ni utanga ijambo kuri buri muntu ushaka gutanga igitekerezo haba mu bahanganye n’abunganizi babo. ninawe utangiza ikiganiro akanagisoza.

Umwanditsi (Secretaire): Uyu agenda yandika ibitekerezo kuri buri tsinda ninawe utanga amanita, ariko yabanje gutoresha(vote)abitabiriye ikiganiro.

Kanyamasaha (Time Keeper): Agena igihe kuri buri wese ugiye gutanga ibitekerezo yakirenza akamuhagarika.

Icyitonderwa : Mwarimu agomba kugaba abanyeshuri mo amatsinda, akabaha insanganyamatsiko baganiraho bityo bakarushaho kumva neza ikiganiro mpaka, dore ko bibafasha kuri izi ngingo:

* kwitoza kuvuga

* gutinyuka

* gutyaza ubwenge

* kwihagararaho mu bitekerezo n’ibindi.

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Umwitozo :

Kora ikiganiro mpaka kuri izi nsanganyamatsiko :-Ruswa, -Gusezerana ivanga mutungo, ….

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UMUGEREKA

DUHUGUKIRWE KU MITEGURIRE N’IMYIGISHIRIZE Y’IKINYARWANDA

Kugira ngo umwarimu ategure anigishe agomba kugira:

- Integanyanyigisho.

- Imfashanyigisho.

- Ubumenyi n’ubuhanga.

- Gahunda y’umurimo.

- Ifishi y’umuteguro w’isomo.

- Ifishi ya gahuda ku isaranganyamasomo.

- Kumenya urwego rw’abanyeshuri n’ibyo bazi.

- Ingengabihe.

GUTEGURA IBYIGISHO

Mwarimu ategura ate?

-Agomba gushaka ubuhanga n’ubumenyi mu kwigisha.

-Kugira ubushobozi bwo kwigisha.

-Kwifashisha ibitabo mfashanyigisho n’inyandiko yihugura ku bumenyi.

-Ni byiza gutegura mbere ugasoma mbere y’igihe.

IFISHI Y’UMUTEGURO W’ISOMO

Buri gihe uko mwarimu yigishije ni ngombwa kugira iyi fishi. imufasha kureba umurongo agenderaho murwego rwo kumvikanisha icyigwa cy’umunsi no kureba niba byatanga umusaruro nyuma y’isomo.

IFISHI Y’ISARANGANYAMASOMO

Ikorwa na mwarimu yifashishije integanyanyigisho, akayikora buri gihembwe. ni ngombwa

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kureba umubare w’amasaaha yagenewe buri cyigwa mu cyumweru.

IMITERERE N’INTEGO RUSANGE

Ushobora guhera ku kibonezamvugo cyangwa ubuvanganzo;iyo miterere irangwa:

- Gushishikariza isomo

- Gukoresha inshinga zabugenewe

IBYIGISHO

Bitegurwa hakurikijwe amasaha yagenewe buri kigwa

INTEGO ZIHARIYE

Zirangwa:

- Inshinga zigaragaza igikorwa:gutandukanya;kugereranya;gutanga;gusoma…

- Ibikorwaby’umwarimu n’ibyumunyeshuri.

IMFASHANYIGISHO

- Igitabo cya mwarimu

- Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri byose bikaba ari iby’umwaka umwe.

Icyitonderwa: Hari zimwe mu nzitizi zikunze kuboneka mu masomo nko:

-Kwica gahunda

-Kutarangiriza amasomo ku gihe cyagenwe

Mwarimu ubwirwa ni we ugomba kwiha umurongo agenderaho mu gukumira izo nzitizi.

imyandiko mfashanyigisho - tanprints.com · 1 indimi n’ubuvanganzo ishakiro abateguye igitabo iii...

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