Improving air quality in EuropeEU ambient air quality

legislationpresent and future

Brussels, 30 March 2009

Clean Air and Transport Unit

Part of Air and Climate Change Directorate

Implementation of Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution Air quality directives Fuel quality Transport Vehicle emission standards Climate change (CO2 in cars, aviation) VOC emissions from paints, petrol storage Noise Directive, Strategy on Urban Environment

Contents

How EU air quality legislation works The situation of the air quality in EUROPE Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution New air quality directive Emissions from vehicles Air Quality and Climate Change links

How EU air quality legislation works

Mobile Sources

Stationary sources

National emissions

ceilings

IPPC LCP’s

RoadNon-road Fuels Quality

Framework Directive

1St Daughter

2nd Daughter

3rd Daughter

Exchange Information

4th Daughter

Immission(concentration) Emissions

Incineration VOC’s

How EU air quality legislation works

How EU air quality legislation works

Transport emissions of air pollutants for EEA 31 (acidifying substances, ozone precursors and particulates), 1990-2005

Is all this sufficient?

……Unfortunately not

Percentage of urban population resident in areas for days per year with PM10 concentration exceeding daily limit value, EEA member countries, 1996-2006

The situation of the air quality in EUROPE

36th highest 24-hour mean PM10 concentration observed at urban background stations, EEA member countries, 1997-2006

The situation of the air quality in EUROPE

The situation of the air quality in EUROPE

Percentage of population exposed to NO2 annual concentrations in urban areas, EEA member countries, 1996-2006

Annual mean NO2 concentration observed at urban background stations, EEA member countries, 1996-2005

The situation of the air quality in EUROPE

The situation of the air quality in EUROPE

Percentage of urban population resident in areas where pollutant concentrations are higher than selected limit/target values, EEA member countries, 1996-2006

48 47

41

29

16

84

2 1 1 0 0 0 00

10

20

30

40

50

60

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

2006

2007

Annual Questionnaire 461 – First Findings Percentage of zones in exceedance 2006-2007

The situation of the air quality in EUROPE

HOT SPOTSNew findings support that the adverse health effects due to air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, etc) close to major roads are larger than those of general

pollution in the urban area.

ENTEC developed a study for the Commission 9% EU population live closer than 200m from a major road (3 mil Veh/y) 45.000.000 of

inhabitant involved 25% EU population live closer than 500m from a major road

Hot spots affect more people than we thoughtCompliance with the LV in the hot spots is becoming a priority

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/hot_spots.htm

The situation of the air quality in EUROPE

Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

2002: 6th Environmental Action Programme

‘achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts

on and risks to human health and the environment’; (Art 7.1. of 6th EAP)

The objectives of the Strategy

Compared with the situation in 2000, the Strategy sets specific long-term objectives (for 2020):

47% reduction in loss of life expectancy as a result of exposure to particulate matter;

10 % reduction in acute mortalities from exposure to ozone; reduction in excess acid deposition of 74% in forest areas and 39% on

freshwater surface; 43% reduction in areas or ecosystems exposed to eutrophication

Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

To achieve these objectives:

SO2 emissions -82% NOx emissions -60%, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) -51% ammonia -27% and primary PM2.5 (particles emitted directly into the air) -59%

compared with the year 2000.

Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

Changes in loss of life expectancy in the EU in 2000 and in the interim objective in 2020

2000 Strategy in 2020

Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

New air quality directive

Main Contents:• most of existing legislation be merged into a single

directive (except for the fourth daughter directive)• New air quality objectives for PM2.5 (fine particles) • possibility for time extensions of three years (PM10) or

up to five years (NO2, benzene)• possibility to discount natural sources of pollution and

resuspension attributable to winter sanding-salting of roads when assessing compliance against limit values

DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC OFTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe

EU AQ Directive - How does it work

‘ambient air’ shall mean outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding workplaces as defined by Directive 89/654/EEC

‘pollutant’ shall mean any substance present in ambient air and likely to have harmful effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole

‘level’ shall mean the concentration of a pollutant in ambient air ‘assessment’ shall mean any method used to measure, calculate,

predict or estimate levels; ‘limit value’ shall mean a level fixed on the basis of scientific

knowledge, with the aim of avoiding, preventing or reducing harmful effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole, to be attained within a given period and not to be exceeded once attained;

EU AQ Directive - How does it work

Assessment (monitor, model, estimate) throughout the territory Minimum requirements (# stations...) vs.

proper understanding Inform public, Commission & Member States Develop air quality plan where necessary

good understanding, abatement measures Implementation

Planning and fast timing essential: some measures take several years to implement

Legal sanctions after limits in force Commission vs. Member State before ECJ

Limit valuesPollutant Concentratio

nAveraging

period Legal naturePermitted exceedences each year

Fine articles (PM2.5)

25 µg/m3*** 1 year Target value enters into force 1.1.2010Limit value enters into force 1.1.2015

n/a

         

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

350 µg/m3 1 hour Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 24

125 µg/m3 24 hours Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 3

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

200 µg/m3 1 hour Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010 18

40 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010* n/a

PM10 50 µg/m3 24 hours Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005** 35

40 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005** n/a

Lead (Pb) 0.5 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 (or 1.1.2010 in the immediate vicinity of specific, notified industrial sources; and a 1.0 µg/m3 limit value applies from 1.1.2005 to 31.12.2009)

n/a

Carbon monoxide (CO)

10 mg/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean

Limit value enters into force 1.1.2005 n/a

Benzene 5 µg/m3 1 year Limit value enters into force 1.1.2010** n/a

Ozone 120 µg/m3 Maximum daily 8 hour mean

Target value enters into force 1.1.2010 25 days averaged over 3

years

Limit values NO2 ANNUAL LIMIT VALUE

6058

5654

5250

4846

4442

20

40

60

01/0

1/00

01/0

7/00

01/0

1/01

01/0

7/01

01/0

1/02

01/0

7/02

01/0

1/03

01/0

7/03

01/0

1/04

01/0

7/04

01/0

1/05

01/0

7/05

01/0

1/06

01/0

7/06

01/0

1/07

01/0

7/07

01/0

1/08

01/0

7/08

01/0

1/09

01/0

7/09

01/0

1/10

01/0

7/10

01/0

1/11

01/0

7/11

01/0

1/12

01/0

7/12

01/0

1/13

01/0

7/13

01/0

1/14

01/0

7/14

01/0

1/15

01/0

7/15

01/0

1/16

01/0

7/16

g/

m3

2010

Zoning

‘zone’ shall mean part of the territory of a Member State, as delimited by that Member State for the purposes of air quality assessment and management;

‘agglomeration’ shall mean a zone that is a conurbation witha population in excess of 250 000 inhabitants

Assessment Assessment criteriaMember States shall assess ambient air quality with respect to the pollutants referred to in Article 5 in all their zones and agglomerations

In all zones and agglomerations where the level of pollutants referred to in exceeds the upper assessment threshold established for those pollutants, fixedmeasurements shall be used to assess the ambient air quality. Fixed measurements may be supplemented by modelling and/or indicative measurements to provide adequate information on the spatial distribution of the ambient air quality.

In all zones and agglomerations where the level of pollutants referred to in isbelow the upper assessment threshold established for those pollutants, a combination of fixed measurements and modelling techniques and/or indicative measurements may be used to assess the ambient air quality.

In all zones and agglomerations where the level of pollutants is below the lower assessment threshold, modelling techniques or objective-estimation techniques or both shall be sufficient for the assessment of the ambient air quality.

Limit values

Lower assessment threshold 26 g/m3

Upper assessment threshold 32 g/m3

NO2 ANNUAL LIMIT VALUE

6058

5654

5250

4846

4442

20

40

60

01/0

1/00

01/0

7/00

01/0

1/01

01/0

7/01

01/0

1/02

01/0

7/02

01/0

1/03

01/0

7/03

01/0

1/04

01/0

7/04

01/0

1/05

01/0

7/05

01/0

1/06

01/0

7/06

01/0

1/07

01/0

7/07

01/0

1/08

01/0

7/08

01/0

1/09

01/0

7/09

01/0

1/10

01/0

7/10

01/0

1/11

01/0

7/11

01/0

1/12

01/0

7/12

01/0

1/13

01/0

7/13

01/0

1/14

01/0

7/14

01/0

1/15

01/0

7/15

01/0

1/16

01/0

7/16

g/

m3

2010

Assessment

Sampling points

1. The location of sampling points for the measurement of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter (PM10, PM2,5), lead, benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air shall be determined using the criteria listed in Annex III.

2. In each zone or agglomeration where fixed measurements are the sole source ofinformation for assessing air quality, the number of sampling points for each relevant pollutant shall not be less than the minimum number of sampling points specified in Section A of Annex V.

Assessment

Reference measurement methods

1. Member States shall apply the reference measurement methods and criteria specified in Section A and Section C of Annex VI.

2. Other measurement methods may be used subject to the conditions set out in Section B of Annex VI. Demonstration of equivalence

Information

Member States shall ensure that the public as well as appropriate organisations such as environmental organisations and other organisation are informed, adequately and in good time, of the following:(a) ambient air quality in accordance with Annex XVI;(b) any postponement decisions pursuant to Article 22(1);(c) any exemptions pursuant to Article 22(2);(d) air quality plans as provided for in Article 22(1) and Article 23 and programmesreferred to in Article 17(2).The information shall be made available free of charge by means of any easily accessible

Member States shall make available to the public annual reports for all pollutants covered by this Directive

Reporting

Member States shall ensure that information on ambient air quality is made available to the Commission within the required timescale as determined by the implementing measures referred to in Article 28(2).

information shall be made available to the Commission no later than nine months after the end of each year and shall include:a) the list and delimitation of zones and agglomerations established b) the list of zones and agglomerations in which the levels of one or more pollutants are higher than the limit values plus the margin of tolerance where applicable or higher than target values or critical levels;

Ad Hoc questionnaire are provided to report this kind of information

Air Quality Plan

Where, in given zones or agglomerations, the levels of pollutants in ambient air exceed any limit value or target value, plus any relevant margin of tolerance in each case, Member States shall ensure that air quality plans are established for those zones and agglomerations in order to achieve the related limit value or target value.

In the event of exceedances of those limit values for which the attainment deadline is already expired, the air quality plans shall set out appropriate measures, so that the exceedance period can be kept as short as possible.

Air quality plan shall be communicated to the Commission without delay, but no later than two years after the end of the year the first exceedance was observed.

New Contents - Time extension

Postponement of attainment deadline3 years for PM10 (mid 2011)5 years for NO2 and Benzene (2015)

Conditions to obtain postponement•all appropriate measures have been taken at national, regional and local level to achieve compliance by the initial attainment date, i.e. 2005 or 2010•compliance will be achieved with the limit values by the new deadline, i.e. May 2011 for PM10 and 1 January 2015 at the latest for NO2 or benzene•all notifications must be accompanied by an Air Quality Plan•For PM10 there should be causality between exceedances and the occurrence of one or more of the following factors: Site specific dispersion characteristics, Adverse climatic conditions, Transboundary contributions

Limit valuelimit value plus margin of tolerance shall not be exceeded

New Contents - Time extensionNO2 ANNUAL LIMIT VALUE

TIME EXTENSION EXERCISE

6058

5654

5250

4846

4442

40

60

20

40

60

01/0

1/00

01/0

7/00

01/0

1/01

01/0

7/01

01/0

1/02

01/0

7/02

01/0

1/03

01/0

7/03

01/0

1/04

01/0

7/04

01/0

1/05

01/0

7/05

01/0

1/06

01/0

7/06

01/0

1/07

01/0

7/07

01/0

1/08

01/0

7/08

01/0

1/09

01/0

7/09

01/0

1/10

01/0

7/10

01/0

1/11

01/0

7/11

01/0

1/12

01/0

7/12

01/0

1/13

01/0

7/13

01/0

1/14

01/0

7/14

01/0

1/15

01/0

7/15

01/0

1/16

01/0

7/16

g/

m3 LV

TE-LV

Time Extension

2010 2015

New Contents - PM2.5

Standards for reducing concentrations of fine particles PM2.5

Concentration cap (limit value 2015 - target value 2010) Concentration cap of 25µg/m3 annual average to apply everywhere.

Exposure reduction targetTarget to reduce national average measured urban backgroundconcentration by a variable percentage fixed in annex XIV between 2010 and 2020

Exposure concentration obligation:AEI 20 µg/m3 by 2015

Exposure concentration target:AEI 25 µg/m3 by 2010

New Contents - PM 2.5

Average exposure indicator

The AEI expressed in μg/m3 shall be based upon measurements in urban background locations in zones and agglomerations throughout the territory of a Member State.

It should be assessed as a three-calendar year running annual mean, The AEI for the reference year 2010 shall be the mean concentration of the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 for the 2015 shall be the mean concentration of the years 2013 2014 2015

Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with the PM2,5 exposure reduction target for the protection of human healthOne sampling point per million inhabitants summed over agglomerations and additional urban areas in excess of 100 000 inhabitants shall be operated for this purpose.

New Contents - PM 2.5

Measurements at rural background measurements shall be made, at rural background locations away from significant sources of air pollution

one sampling point shall be installed every 100,000 km2 each Member State shall set up at least one measuring station or may, by agreement with adjoining Member States, set up one or several common measuring stations, covering the relevant neighbouring zones, to achieve the necessary spatial resolution;

Measurement of PM2,5 must include at least the total mass concentration and concentrations of appropriate compounds to characterise its chemical composition. At least the list of chemical species given below shall be included.SO42–, Na+, NH4+ Ca2+ NO3-, K+ Cl– Mg2+, organic carbon, elemental carbon

Discount natural sources re-suspension attributable to winter sanding-salting of roads

The new AQD give the possibilities to discount natural sources like natural dust episodes (intrusion of Sahara dust) or sea spray…Member States shall provide information on concentrations and sources and the evidence demonstrating that the exceedances are attributable to natural sources.

It’s also possible to designate the zones in which the limit values for the PM10 are exceeded due to re-suspension of particulate following winter-sanding or salting of road.Member states shall provide the necessary evidence that the exceedances are due to re-suspended particulates and that reasonable measure have been taken to lower the concentrations.

New Contents - Natural sources

Emissions limits from vehicles

Following the CAFE programme the Thematic Strategy on air pollution promoted new Euro 5 and Euro 6 standards and stricter standard for heavy duty vehicles

Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 (Euro 5 and Euro 6)

Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information 2007/0295 (COD) 21.12.2007

Emissions limits from vehicles Main environmental effect of the new legislation

Light Duty vehiclesEuro 5diesel PM down to 5 mg/kmEuro 5 “1/2" in implementing legislation - PM number standard 6 x 10^11 per km from 1 September 2011Euro 6diesel NOx down to 80 mg/km from 2014

Heavy duty vehiclesEuro VINOx 400 mg/kWh (equivalent to US 2010 - more or less, differences in test procedures)PM 10 mg/kWh http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/pagesbackground/pollutant_emission/presentation_to_council_14_01_2008.pdf

emissions from light-duty vehicle

Light-duty vehicle emission standards: Diesel

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

PM (m

g/km

)

01002003004005006007008009001000

NO

x, N

Ox+

HC

(mg/

km)

PM

NOx

NOx+HC

Light-duty vehicle emission standards: Petrol

0100200300400500600700800900

100019

92

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

mg/

km

NOx+HCNOxHCNMHC

emissions from light-duty vehicle

emissions from heavy-duty vehicle

emissions from heavy-duty vehicle

CO2 -21%

Several linkages between climate change and air pollution

SO2 -32 %

NOx -12 %

PM -7 %.

from the baseline of kyoto treaty

IIASA 2006

Air - Climate Change links

Air - Climate Change links

IIASA 2006

SECTOR MINIMAL APPROACHNO TRADE OFF

MAXIMAL APPROACHMAXIMAL SYNERGY

Energy Production

Biomass replacing coalCombustion processFuel qualityCO2 Capture and storage

Wind Hydro and solar energyNuclear EnergyCombustion technologyFuel switch

Industry RelocationFuel quality

Energy conservationMaterial efficiency

Transport Fuel switch: diesel to biofuelTraffic management Fuel reformulation

Reduction of transport needFuel cellFuel switch to CNG or LPGHybrid electric carsVehicle maintenance and scrappage

Households Improved stoves Energy conservation