improvement and sustainable use of plant genetic resources in somalia

8/9/2019 Improvement and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources in Somalia

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Presented To: Horn Relief ToT; Training of Trainers

September 28th

to October 2nd

2009

Improvement and Sustainable Use of Plant

Genetic Resources in Somalia


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Introduction to agriculture research in Somalia

Objectives of the study

Materials used and crops reviewed

Results

Summary and recommendation

Outline


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Introduction

Independence

day

1960 20091970 1980 1990 2000

Somali Universities

CARS establishment

First graduates

from SNU

BIG BANG

NGO era

Wyoming team

IDRC (Bonka)

Fertilizer use


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Review of previous seed and PGR programmers implemented

in Somalia

Identification and recommendations for the area of collection

Recommendations and introduction of suitable varieties for

varietal trials and commercial production

Guidelines to describe germ plasm to be collected and varietal

trials to be undertaken

Objectives


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Pre-war (1980-1990) FAO for irrigated crops

University of Wyoming for dry land crops

IDRC for sorghum research

CIMMYT website for CIMMYT trials conducted at CARS

Individuals previously engaged in agric. research in Somalia

Post-war (1990-present)

International and local NGO currently working in Somalia

Materials


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Sorghum

Maize

Grain legumes : Cowpeas and Mungbeans

Oil Crops: Sesame, Groundnut, Safflower, Sunflower and

Soybean

Fruits and Vegetables

Crops Reviewed


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Pre-war (1980-1990)

Local germplasm collection and evaluation

Damania and Rao 1979 - Bay and Bakool (69)

Prasada Rao et al. 1987 - Southern regions (252)

Testing of exotic varieties

Post-war (1990-2007)


Manzelli et al., 2002 - North West (53)


Sorghum


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Sorghum Germplasm Collection - 1987


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The 1979 collection was evaluated in 1981 and 1982

No genotypic variation

Narrow genetic base

The 1987 collection was evaluated in Der 1987. Genotypic

variations were observed. 27 best performing landraces were

selected

Sorghum Local Germplasm Evaluation


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Local landraces Days to 50%

flowering

Plant height (cm) Yield (kg/ha)

SS242 53 175 1734

SS223 53 190 1600SS162 52 170 1510

SS228 56 170 1479

SS231 55 190 1463

Performance ofLocal Landraces in Der 1987


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Significant genotypic variation exist among the local

landraces. Selection of superior lines is possible

The local landraces posses the following characteristics:

Good grain and fodder qualities, early maturing, ratooning ability, high

tolerance to stress conditions, tolerance to insects and diseases, and

perform well in both Gu and Der growing conditions

The best performing local landraces can form the basis for a

varietal trial to be conducted by the Program

Summary and Recommendation


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Over 50 variety evaluation trials were conducted at Bonka

The trials experienced extreme condition of soil heterogeniety

Inconsistency of the results

High experimental errors

Selection of superior lines-impossible

Exotic Germplasm Evaluation (1980-1985)


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1986 was marked a new era for the trials

at Bonka

Fertilization was introduced and

management practices were improved

Experimental errors were reduced

Better results were obtained

Exotic Germplasm Evaluation (1986-1989)


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Summary


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Summary


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17 trials were conducted in 1986. Only 2 trials produced varieties that

significantly out-yielded the local landrace

16 trials were conducted in 1987, only 3 trials produced varieties that

significantly out-yielded the local landrace

25 hybrids were tested in ISHAT trial, 11 hybrids significantly out-yielded

the local

A total of 12 varieties and 6 hybrids (?) were chosen for future seed

intervention strategies. The percent yield increase over the local ranged

from 38% to 72%



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48 local accession in the north west-CINS

Genotypic differences were observed among the different accessions

Exotic germplasm evaluation

Save the children Hiraan 6 varieties

CARE/I

CRI

SAT promoted 3 varieties in Bay and Bakool Regions CINS introduced varieties in Bay and Bakool Regions

CINS conducted local landrace evaluation - Bakool

Post War Sorghum Research (1990-Present)


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Summary

Results on varietal evaluations were inconclusive


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Pre-war (1980-1990)

Local germplasm collection and

evaluation

Development of synthetics and

composite varieties

Testing of exotic varieties CIMMYT

Post-war (1990-2007)


Maize


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Pre-war (1980-1990)

Early years, yellow maize varieties

were identified

Identification of tuxpeno maize

varieties

Development and release of Afgoi

composite

Somtux release - 1979

Isoma release - 1983

Maize


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Exotic Varieties from CIMMYT: Low Land Tropical, Late

Maturing, White Grain Varieties EVT12

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

COTAX

POZA

R

SAN

AN

STAROS

ALAJU

ACRO

SS

GUANCA

CHEC

K

35 to 49% higher yield compared to the check


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Quality Protein Maize - QPM

38 to 50% higher yield compared to the check

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Y.F

DENT

H

HEO2

AMAR

MEZ

TRO

BUOOL

CHEC

K


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Varieties Maturity Performance Source

WS102 M H.Y. Western seed

WS103 M H.Y.

WSQ103 M QPMCK1R04002 M R-stem borer CIMMYT

CK1R04003 M R-stem borer CIMMYT

New Potential Varieties


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Varieties Maturity Performance Source

ECA-EE6 E H.Y. CIMMYT

ECA-EE13 E H.Y.

ECA-EE18 E H.Y.ECA-EE21 E H.Y

ECA-EE45 E H.Y

New Potential Varieties


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Strip trial

Mother-baby-trial

Recommended Trials


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Exotic germplasm evaluation

Save the children Hiraan 5

varieties

Ferke9449-SR and S9449-SR

produced 49% and 26% higher yield

than the local

Food and fodder quality was better

than the local

Stay-green in the field until harvest

Post War Maize Research

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

FERK

E

S9449

SINE

M

ACRO

SS

EV8323

LOCAL


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Best Management Practices

CEFA engaged in trials involving

Somtux and other local varieties

Plant spacing

Fertilizer application

Number of plants/hill

Plant spacing of 75 cm x 45 cm with

one plant/hill appear to produce

better results

Post War Maize Research


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Somtux seed purification and multiplication

Introduction of CIMMYT O.P. varieties recommended for

release in Kenya

Strip trial

Mother-baby trial

PERKE9449 from post-war studies

Summary Recommendation


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I- Mungbean

Pre-war (1980-1990)

Testing of exotic varieties AVRDC

FILSAN seed release in 1987

Grain Legumes


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Variety Days to

maturity

Seeds/pod Seed wt. Yield

(Kg/ha)

% Ashy

Stem

Blight

Filsan 60 7 60 470 23

Local 76 12 42 458 6

V3474 59 8 57 453 18

V1945 58 8 63 447 52

V1560 60 7 62 418 41

V1177 60 6 62 380 -

Agronomic Data (1981-1986) - Bonka


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FILSAN

Success story in late 80s

Recommended to the growers in 1987

Large seeds, high yielding, early

maturing, tolerance to moisture stress

Grain Legumes


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CEFA conducted 9 demonstration plots using both FILSAN and a

local variety in the Bay region. Filsan yielded 558 Kg/ha, 37% higher

yield than the local that averaged 407 Kg/ha.

Post War - Filsan


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FILSAN seed production

Introduction of new improved varieties with resistance to Ashy

Stem Blight (Macrophamicna phaseoli) from AVRDC - Taiwan

Recommendation


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II- Cowpeas

Pre-war (1980-1990) Testing of exotic varieties IITA

The local variety out-yielded the exotic varieties

Grain Legumes


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Introduction of new superior varieties from IITA - Nigeria

Recommendation


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Pre-war (1980-1990)

Local germplasm collection 73 in

Gu 1987

Testing of exotic varieties - Ethiopia

SPS1 produced the highest yield

followed by SPS2.

Oil Crops - Sesame

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

S.Ethio

SPS1

Local

SPS

B

SPS2

T85

Ethio


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Pre-war (1980-1990)

Testing of exotic varieties - ICRISAT

At CARS, the varieties NC-2,NC-6 and Florigian produced superior yield

At Bonka, the local variety out-yielded the exotic varieties

Oil Crops - Groundnut


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Pre-war (1980-1990)

Testing of exotic varieties - ICRISAT

At CARS, the varieties NC-2,NC-6 and Florigian produced superior yield

At Bonka, the local variety out-yielded the exotic varieties

Oil Crops - Safflower


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Variety Days to 50%

flowering

Plant height

(cm)

Yield (Kg/ha)

VC-152 79 56 650

VC-163 77 53 630

VC-155 81 72 600

GILA 75 41 560

RH-2 76 56 560

Partial Hull 75 55 520

Agronomic Data (1981-1986)


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Tolerance to drought deep rooting habit

Good source of cooking oil (30-40%)

The variety VC-152 produced the highest yield followed by VC-162

Supplements sesame for oil under extremely unfavorable moisture

conditions or under conditions where sesame cannot be grown

Difficulties-harvesting the thorny type



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Pre-war (1980-1990)


Testing dropped in 1985 due to:

Excessive bird damage

Extracted oil had an unacceptable quality (a dark sediment)

Oil Crops - Sunflower


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Pre-war (1980-1990)

Testing of exotic varieties USA

Over 150 varieties were introduced at CARS

Drawback-seed deterioration in storage

Oil Crops Soy Bean


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Introduced at BDARS in 1983

Prelim testing showed the potential of soybean crop

in the Bay Region agriculture

IITA is the source for new soybean varieties

Oil Crops Soy Bean


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Fruits and Vegetables

Fruits

Banana

Lime

Grapefruit

Mango

Papaya

Coconut

Vegetables

Tomato

Onion

Pepper

Watermelon

Carrots

Cucumber

Lettuce


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Tomato Improvement Program 1982

Develop varieties resistant to Leaf Curl Virus

The virus is transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)

Over 1000 new varieties were screened

Crosses were performed between Roma V.F. and resistant varieties

The local Cherry-type and wild type tomatoes were the main source for

resistance

Complete resistance was obtained when the wild type source of resistance

was used as the pollinator

Tomato


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Gu and Der are two distinct seasons. Discuss in relation to varietal

evaluation

Exploit the genetic potentiality of the local varieties

Sorghum: superior lines from the local landraces and introduced varieties

were identified for future sorghum trials

General Recommendation


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Maize: Purification and multiplication of Somtux seed. Yield potential of

Somtux can be improved by a simple mass selection breeding

New potential varieties from CIMMYT were identified which can be tested

in either strip or mother-baby trial

General Recommendation


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Grain Legumes: Filsan seed multiplication and introduction of

new varieties from AVDRC



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Thank You

improvement and sustainable use of plant genetic resources in somalia

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