Importance of livestock and the technological and policy challenges facing the development

of livestock in Africa

Michael Blϋmmel, Phil Toye, Okeyo Mwai, Ian Wright, Tom Randolph and Steve Staal

Global feed and food congress, Sun City, South Africa 10-12 April 2013

Outline of Presentation

Importance of livestock and opportunities from livestock (livestock revolution)

Constraints to increasing livestock and productivity: technical, institutional and political

Key feed technological interventions

ILRI Framework for increasing animal sourced food (ASF) availability through increasing livestock productivity

using value approaches

Number of livestock keepers in Sub Saharan Africa living on less

than US $ 2 per day

Regions/sub-region Number of livestock keepers

Sub-Saharan Africa 319 908 000

Central Africa 29 815 000

Western Africa 132 742 000

East Africa 104 816 000

Southern Africa 52 534 000

Herrero et al. (2012)

Predicted global increase in meat and milk demand till 2050 (“livestock

revolution”)

2000 2050

Meat production (million t/y) 229 465

Milk production (million t/y) 580 1043

Note: essentially all increased demand from low and

middle income countries

(Delgado et al., 1999; FAO, 2006)

Contraction, convergence and ceiling values in animal sourced food (ASF)

1. 90 g/d of meat (max 50% red meat)

or

2. 20 g protein/d achieved either by:

• 33 kg lean meat/year• 45 kg fish/year• 60 kg eggs/year• 230 kg milk/year

Global meat consumption pattern

(Adopted from McMichael et al. 2007)

Country/category Gram per dayDeveloped countries 224

Developing countries 47

Africa 31

Latin America 147

Severe productivity gaps in livestockproductivity: Meat

Biomass is calculated as inventory x average live weight. Output is given as carcass weight.

Source: (Steinfeld et al. 2006)

Africa Latin America South Asia Industrialized Countries

0.0600000000000001

0.0800000000000001

0.03

0.17

0.0600000000000001

0.11

0.0400000000000001

0.2

(kg output/kg biomass/yr)

1980 2005

Severe productivity gaps in livestock productivity: Milk

Source: (Steinfeld et al 2006)

Africa Latin America South Asia Industrialized Countries

4111021

517

4226

397

1380904

6350

(kg/cow/yr)

1980 2005

Key constraints: Institutional, Policy

Small holder livestock producers often rely on informal markets (IM), not supported by institutions and policies

• Standards, regulations & market information generally ignore IM• IM driven by demand for low cost products• Long term constructive engagement with IM required

Small holder face problems in meeting increasing quality standards for high end domestic and export ASF markets

• Export markets monopolized by specialized commercial producers• Little participation by small holders

Policy and investment attention generally focused on export markets, even though export quotas are generally not met because of limited quality supply capacity

• Domestic markets receive little attention, despite being larger then

export markets

Key constraints: Institutional, Policy Weakening support by government extension services for example in animal health and nutrition without adequate compensation by private sector efforts

• Animal health policies focused on diseases of trade • Little attention to endemic diseases of production that limit small holder

competitiveness • Inadequate enforcement of feed quality standards, larger producers are

less effected by this

In some regions and for some products there is strong competition from import of ASF, often with the implicit support of the same donor governments who are investing in rural livestock development

• Regional livestock trade is constrained by bureaucratic procedures, border transactions costs and tariff even with regional economic blocks.

  General underfunding of livestock research and development, including human resources

Support for Livestock Research Area of Research East Africa Southern Africa West Africa Sub-Saharan Africa

Crops 43.0 49.5 45.9 45.5

Livestock 22.0 20.7 17.5 19.9

Natural Resources 9.5 10.9 7.1 8.8

Forestry 7.6 3.2 6.9 6.4

Socio Economics 5.5 2.9 6.9 5.5

Fisheries 5.2 3.1 6.6 5.3

Off farm Postharvest 2.6 6.4 6.1 4.8

Others 4.6 3.3 3.0 3.7

Beintema and Stads (2006)

Key constraints: Animal Health Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: most important cattle disease in

Africa • Activity: vaccine development and diagnostics

East Cost fever: major livestock constraint in East, Central and Southern

Africa• Activity: vaccine development

African Swine Fever: increasing importance in Africa with spread to Europe

• Activity: understand transmission dynamics, develop bio-security protocols and improved diagnostic assays

Peste de Petits Ruminants: viral disease that causes high losses in small

ruminants• Activity: develop thermostable vaccines and assess best institutional deliver

pathways

Porcine Cysticercosis: increasing heath problems were pigs are important

• Activity: develop pen-side diagnosis

Key constraints: Animal Breeding & Genetics

Inefficient multiplication and delivery of appropriate livestock genetics:

• Activity: Community-based breeding programs to identify and deliver improved future parents, develop & use of emerging genomic & reproductive tools (nuclear transfers, transgenic, in-vitro embryo production etc.)

Inadequate understanding of breed characteristics, functional diversity & keepers objectives:

• Activity: breed & systems characterization for breeding objectives, development of databases

Difficulty identifying and best matching of breed types to production environments:

• Activity: definition of breeding objectives and testing of breed-production environment match, use of genomic tools to identify breed compositions and the associated phenotypic performance under diff. systems, innovative use of IT (e.g. crowd-sourcing or text messaging to relay performance data)

Key constraints: Animal Feeds Overall lack of feed quantity and quality relative to livestock population

and productivity level, aggravated by seasonality

Feed costs rising relative to income from sale of produce, fodder

biomass relative to food is getting more expensive (straw: grain price ratio)

Scarcity of land and water and increasing competition for biomass (conservation agriculture, bio-fuels)

Limited success in private investment in feed processing for ruminant livestock, lack of regulatory mechanism, often inefficient feed

and fodder markets

Valuable feed ingredients often not available domestically, exported for hard currency

Key mitigation strategies: Animal Feeds

Making better use of available feed resource on farm:•Optimize use of basal diets•Feed conservations options•Strategic allocations of feed resources•Intensification of production, reduce feed allocations to maintenance

Producing more and better feeds:• Food-Feed Crops• Specialized Forages• Agro/bio-fuel by products

Feed processing, densification, fortification and redistribution options• Optimize physical feed form (supplemented, block, pellet, mash,

animal response, labor, transport, storage etc)• Surplus to deficit feed transport• Decentralized feed processing business options

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Total Mixed Ration: Impact of ration balancing supplementation and choice of basal diet

Ingredients %

Sorghum stover 50

Bran/husks/hulls 18

Oilcakes 18

Molasses 8

Grains 4

Min./ Vit., yeast 2

Courtesy: Miracle Fodder and Feeds PVT LTD

17

Comparisons of higher and lower quality sorghum stover based total mixed

rations in dairy buffalo

Block High(52% dig)

Block Low(47% dig)

CP 17.2 % 17.1%

ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 MJ/kg 7.37 MJ/kg

DMI 19.7 kg/d 18.0 kg/d

DMI per kg LW 3.6 % 3.3 %

Milk Potential 16.6 kg/d 11.8 kg/d

Anandan et al. (2009a)

18

Actual average across herd milk yields (3.61 kg/d) and scenario-dependent ME requirements for total milk production (81.8 million t/y) in India

ME required (MJ x 109)

Milk (kg/d) Maintenance Production Total

3.61 (05/06) 1247.6 573.9 1821.5

6 (Scenario 1) 749.9 573.9 1323.8

9 (Scenario 2) 499.9 573.9 1073.8

12 (Scenario 3) 374.9 573.9 948.8

15 (Scenario 4) 299.9 573.9 873.9

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Supplementation and feed processing options of sweet sorghum bagasse

and response in sheep

Mash Pellets Block

Control

Chaffed SSBRL

Concentrate

DMI (g/kg LW) 52.5 a 55.6 a 42.1 b 41.5 b

ADG (g / d) 132.7 a 130.4 a 89.5 b 81.3 b

Processing ($/t) 5.9 7.0 5.2 1.7

Transport ($/t/100km) 6.6 5.8 5.2 13.5

Anandan et al. (2012)

Inputs & Services

Production

Processing

Marketing Consumers

Past research has focused specific aspectsof given value chains, commodities and country.

Inputs & Services

Production

Processing

Marketing Consumers

...in Country A

Inputs & Services

Production

Processing

Marketing Consumers

Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers

...in Country D

...in Country C

...in Country B

Traditional approach to increasing livestock productivity was piecemeal

A value chain approach: a set of actors, transactions, information flows, and institutions

that enable value to be delivered to the customer (Baker 2007)

Strategic CRP 3.7 Cross-cutting Platforms• Technology Generation• Market Innovation• Targeting & Impact

Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers

R4D integrated to transform selected value chains In targeted commodities and countries.

Value chain development team + research partners

GLOBAL RESEARCH PUBLIC GOODS

INTERVENTIONS TO SCALE OUT REGIONALLY

#1: Addressing the whole value chain

Major intervention with development partners

Approach: Solution-driven R4D to achieve impact

Technology development:1 Health2 Genetics3 Feeds

Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers

Commodity X in Country Y

4 Value chain development

5 Targeting: Foresight, prioritization, environmental impacts

6 Cross-cutting: gender, impact, M&E, comms, capacity building

Structure: Six integrated components

Delivering the Livestock and Fish Program

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Thank you for your attention!