importance of landuse change in central europe
TRANSCRIPT
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
International LCLUC Regional Science Meeting in Central EuropeSopron, Hungary
Importance ofLanduse Change in Central Europe
Thomas WRBKA
University of Vienna
Div..Conservation Biology, Vegetation- &Landscape ecology,© Oct.2014
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Content
Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe – a (very) long story of change
Landscapes under pressure – accelerated changes in the anthropocene
Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes
Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe – a (very) long story of change
Landscapes under pressure – accelerated changes in the anthropocene
Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes
Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Das Bild kann zurzeit nicht angezeigt werden.
Willendorf / Wachau25 000 BC
Galgenberg bei Stratzing30.000 BC
Palaeolithic Hunters & Gatherers:European Megafauna was partly driven to extinction
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Neolithic Revolution
Animal husbandry, selection of varities and crop production; permanent settlement in forest clearings and on lakeshores
Rock engravings, Val camonica – Südalpen (IT)
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Bronzezeit Römer MA
Bronze age: colonisation of European mountains Alpine pastures, mining
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Middle Ages: taming of the wild, large-scale clearance oflarge forests
Franziszeischer Kataster: 1:2.880Neu Ruppersdorf (Weinviertel); 1820
large
Brüder v.Limburg (1416) “Stundenbuch des Herzogs von Berry - November”
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
European landscapes: centuries of change!
~ 5000 bis 1800 BC: clearances, first permanent settlements, fenced cropfields, „outfields“ with large pastures with transition-zones to forests; Ca 1800 v.Chr. bis 1500 BC: foundation of new
settlements, drawback of forests, large scale forest-pastures, enlargement of cropland,…
~ 1500 to1800: pre-industrial agriculture reaches maximum extent, traffic network, fragmentation and attrition of forests;
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Remnants of historic forest usage
Slash and burn, forest-pastures
Coppices and Pollarding, Charcoal production
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
One positive result: increase of regional biodiversity
Transition zones, forest– open landscape;
Gradient of land-use intensity;
Diversity of niches;
„Novel“ species: synanthropic species, weeds,ground-breeding birds;
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Another one: novel landscape elements and landscapes
Terraced cropfields and vineyards;orchards;
Refugial habitats for light-demanding,thermophilous species;
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Finally: steady state or over-use and degradation?
Watered meadows:
an example for optimizedresource utilization
Carstic landscapes:
Examples for temporal over-use, followed by anew steady-state
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16©Wrbka / univie
Landscape types with different nature value in Austria –Percentage of the whole territory
Alpine and Subalpine
Landscapes
Forested Landscapes
Agricultural Landscapes
Urbanized Landscapes
Total
Very high
13 2 2 - 17
High - 1 15 - 16Medium 3 33 9 - 45Low - - 20 1 21Very low
- - - 1 1
Total 16 36 46 2 100
Coincidence between
high nature value
and
high percentage of persistent landscape elements
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe – a (very) long story of change
Landscapes under pressure – accelerated changes in the anthropocene
Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes
Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation
100yrs of Landcover change in the Morava floodplain (Šeffer, J. & Stanová V. 1999)
Landcover change in the Machland region / Upper Austria (Hohensinner., 2002)
Loss of inundation-areas southern Germany
(Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2009)
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Landuse change in lowland region of Eastern Austria: Perforation, attrition
Fragmentation of meadows (1900-1950) Wr.Becken
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Nutztypenvielfalt KulturartenvielfaltKarlhof -1.6 -33.1Saudorf -7.9 -17Post -24.4 -2.9Edlitz an der Thaya -15.3 -11.4Zeiserlberg 17.3 -9Annatsberg -0.6 -12.1Teichhof -51 -44.2Unterlangenberg -44.4 -27.4Niederhofer -5.3 -6.3Irdning
Veränderung des Shannon Diversity Index in der "Maßnahmenlandschaft"
Diversity of Landuse andcroptypes has decreased in all
landscape samples (N=40), despite AgriEnv-payments
Ergebnisse einer österreichweiten ÖPUL-EvaluationWrbka et.al. 2005
Recent Changes in Austrian Agricultural Landscapes 1998 to2003:
ongoing decrease of landscape diversity!
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Ongoing development: fragmentation, sealing
Figures from Austria:• Daily loss by „sealing“ ~ 20ha:
(equals 25 Soccerfields)• Road-Network: 270.000 km (~ 3 x longer
than rivercourses)• „River dis-continuum“: an obstacle every
3km• Unfragmented, remote wilderness areas:
less than 2%
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe – a (very) long story of change
Landscapes under pressure – accelerated changes in the anthropocene
Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes
Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16© Th.WRBKA / UNIVIE-CVL may 2005
1764 - 1787
1817–1861
1984
1994
2000
Landscape Ecology: detecting & monitoring changes1857 1958 1975 1991 2002
Acker
Grünland
Obstgärten
Wald
Gewässer
Brachflächen
geh.freie Kleinstr.
Kleinstr.m.Geh.
Siedlung
Sonderflächen
Verkehr 1Verkehr 2
Sonderbiotope
1%20%
= 1ha
33%
60%
32%
54%
2% 6%
49%
37%
8%
70%
15%
9%
69%
11%
11%
59%
35%3%
59%
21%
3%
81%
86%
10%
69%
36%
44%
43%
0,2% 0,5%91%
92%
7%
30%
67%
48%
28%
97%
91%10
20
31
40
50
60
70
71
81
82
9192
100
5%2%
48%
35%
10%6%
80%
100%
Abb.Südburgenland-Transform
ationderLandnutzung
imZeitraum
von1857-2002.
Auswertung
aufBasisdes
Franz.Katasters(2.Landesaufnahm
e(1857),
historischenLuftbildern
(1958-1991)sowie
eineraktuellenLandnutzungskartierung
(2002).Transform
ationsmatrix
AuflösungderBasis-G
rids10x10m
.
BeispielNaturräum
licheEinheit1
-Pinkaboden
Transformation matrix
Konservative L.
?
Trend analysis
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16© Th.WRBKA / UNIVIE-CVL may 2005
Input for change-detection analysis
Time series at two different scales:
Microscale (~ 1: 3.000)
• Historical cadastral map (~1840s) > aerial fotos (1950s– 1990s) > landsc.ecolog.field survey (2000)
Macroscale (~ 1: 30.000)
• First Land Survey (~1770) > Third Land Survey (~1870)> medium resolution Satelliteimage (30 x 30 [m]; ~1990)
• low resolution satellite images: MSS (~1970) > LandsatTM5 (~1990) > Landsat TM7 (60 x 80 [m]; ~2000)
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16 © Th.WRBKA / UNIVIE-CVL may 2005
Macroscale (Satellite,..) Microscale (Airfotos,..)
Landscape change: Micro- vs. Macrostructure
Forest: conservative landscape structure
Small biotopes / microstructure: gains and losses!
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Transformation = directional land-use change
Landscape Unit: Pinka Valley Bottom 1857 1958 1975 1991 2002
Acker
Grünland
Obstgärten
Wald
Gewässer
Brachflächen
geh.freie Kleinstr.
Kleinstr.m.Geh.
Siedlung
Sonderflächen
Verkehr 1Verkehr 2
Sonderbiotope
1%20%
= 1ha
33%
60%
32%
54%
2% 6%
49%
37%
8%
70%
15%
9%
69%
11%
11%
59%
35%3%
59%
21%
3%
81%
86%
10%
69%
36%
44%
43%
0,2% 0,5%91%
92%
7%
30%
67%
48%
28%
97%
91%10
20
31
40
50
60
70
71
81
82
9192
100
5%2%
48%
35%
10%6%
80%
100%
Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im
Zeitraum von 1857-2002.
Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahm
e (1857), historischen Luftbildern (1958-1991) sow
ie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002). Transform
ationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-G
rids 10x10m.
Beispiel Naturräum
liche Einheit 1 - Pinkaboden
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Oscillation= non-linear landuse change
Landscape Unit: Hilly areas “Riedelland” 1857 1958 1975 1991 2002
Acker52% 31% 35% 37% 35%
10
Grünland 11% 22% 10% 9% 6%20
Gewässer50
Kleinstr.m.Geh.71
Siedlung81
Verkehr 191
Verkehr 292
Obstgärten31 8% 15% 10% 10% 10%
Weingärten31 9% 8% 9% 11% 11%
Wald40 16% 19% 20% 23% 23%
Brachflächen60 9% 4% 6%
geh.freie Kleinstr.70
Sonderflächen82
Sonderbiotope100
10% 20% 35%
Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im
Zeitraum von 1857-2002.
Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahm
e (1857), historischen Luftbildern (1958-1991) sow
ie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002). Transform
ationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-G
rids 10x10m.
Beispiel Brachflächen in der Naturräum
liche Einheit 3 - Riedelflanke
= 1ha
Planetary boundaries (Stockholm ResilienceCentre, 2009).
Defining planetaryboundaries establishesa “safe operating spacefor humanity”, wherewe have the best chanceof continuing to developand thrive for manygenerations to come(Stockholm ResilienceCentre, 2009).
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4 5
R2 = 0.75
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 1 2 3 4 5
R2 = 0.57
Gradient of land-use intensity
Quelle: BD1 – Grundlagen der Biodiversität in der Kulturlandschaft
Vascular plants Bryophytes
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Land use intensity is correlated withBiodiversity!
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Land use intensity is correlated with landscapestructure!
Negative corelation betweenboundary complexity and „degree ofnaturalness“ can be assessed
Relationship between land use intensity / hemerobiotic state and boundary complexity(Moser et al 2002):
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000 R2 = 0.51
Land use intensity (Avg-Hemeroby)
Bou
ndar
y co
mpl
exity
(SU
M-N
SC
P)
alpine pasture
conserved landscape structurebut intensive land use
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000 R2 = 0.51
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000 R2 = 0.51
Land use intensity (Avg-Hemeroby)
Bou
ndar
y co
mpl
exity
(SU
M-N
SC
P)
alpine pasture alpine pasture
conserved landscape structurebut intensive land useconserved landscape structurebut intensive land use
Scatterdiagramm of land use intensity (Hemerobiotic state) and landscape complexity (NSCP = Number of ShapeCharacterstic Points) ; r²=0,51, p<0,01
Cropland and vineyards:
rectangular, low NPSC
Natural inland salt marshes:
irregular, high NPSC
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16 © Th.WRBKA / UNIVIE-CVL may 2005
semi-natural landscape intensive agriculture
increasing human influence
Landscape structure captures “frozen” energycascades and matterflows (“landscape ecology”)
The excessive use of fossil energy creates simple geometry in agricultural landscapes (“fractal geometry”)
Landscape elements, landscape types, regions, etc. are part of a hierarchical system (“hierarchy theory”)
Landscape structure - linking pattern & process
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Modelling land-use intensity (regression model)
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Landuse and landscapes in Central Europe – a (very) long story of change
Landscapes under pressure – accelerated changes in the anthropocene
Quantity or quality? - how to document landuse and landscape changes
Outlook: the supportive role of RS & GIS in land evaluation, landscape planning and mitigation
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Protecting „old-fashioned“ slowly changing agricultural landscapes
>>> RS can help to detect and monitor
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
>>> RS can help to optimally situate EI
Constructing and maintaining „ecological infrastructure“, eg.migration corridors
© Th.WRBKA / univie-cvl The Importance of Landuse Change in Central Europe NASA-Wks Sopron / 2014 10 16
Bringing it „down to earth“
And don´t forget: it´s done by them – the people out there!