n line with the decisions of the International TechnicalConfer ence, held in Leipzig, Germany, in 1996, the Global Plan

of Action (GPA) for the conservation and sustainable utilization ofplant genetic r esour ces for food and agriculture will beimplemented thr ough a participatory pr ocess involving allstakeholders. A regional meeting to discuss the implementation ofthe GPA in Latin America and the Caribbean was held inSeptember at CIA T’s Headquarters in Cali, Colombia. Themeeting was sponsored by F AO, the CGIAR System-wide GeneticResour ces Pr ogramme (SGRP) and IICA, and or ganized by IPGRIand CIAT, in collaboration with the Colombian Government.

Building upon the country-driven participatory process followedto formulate the GPA, the meeting aimed at r eaching consensusaround the priorities and mode of implementation of the GPA inthe r egion (see box with GPA priority ar eas). Specific aims of themeeting included identifying opportunities to implement the GPA,including potential sour ces of funding; str engthening theinvolvement of all stakeholders in national and internationalprogrammes; and pr omoting implementation thr oughcoor dination and cooperation among the various or ganizationsinvolved.

Participants included representatives form national pr ogrammes,PGR r esearch networks, the independent sector (academicinstitutions, NGOs, private sector) and observers fro minternational or ganizations.

Priority activities defined at the r egional level included surveyingand inventorying plant genetic r esour ces; sustaining existing exsitu collections; expanding the characterization, evaluation andnumber of core collections to facilitate use; building strongnational pr ogrammes; pr omoting networks for plant geneticresour ces; and expanding and impr oving education and training.

Based on the above priorities, areas for collaborative pr ojects at theregional level were selected and coor dination assigned to a specificsubr egion. Str engthening national PGR systems (including

VVVVVolume 4, No. 1, English, November 1998olume 4, No. 1, English, November 1998olume 4, No. 1, English, November 1998olume 4, No. 1, English, November 1998olume 4, No. 1, English, November 1998

Implementing the GPImplementing the GPImplementing the GPImplementing the GPImplementing the GPA in LatinA in LatinA in LatinA in LatinA in LatinAmerica and the CaribbeanAmerica and the CaribbeanAmerica and the CaribbeanAmerica and the CaribbeanAmerica and the Caribbean

Implementing the GPAin Latin America andthe Caribbean.......... 1

Using GIS technologyto assess cultivatedplant diversity ......... 4

Assisting Andean rootsand tubers genebanks................................. 5

Multi-crop passportdescriptors .............. 6

On-line directory ofgermplasm collections................................. 7

New trainingopportunities database................................. 8

Opportunities fortraining.................... 8

Access IPGRI-Americaslibrary through theweb........................... 9

IPGRI in the web .... 9

Useful websites ....... 9

Readings on PGR .. 10

ContentsContentsContentsContentsContents

legislation about access,intellectual pr operty rights andfarmers’ rights) will becoor dinated by the AndeanZone. Training on the variouspriority activities, including aneeds assessment, will beleaded by the Southern Cone.The Caribbean subr egion willcoor dinate documentation andinformation on PGR, includingharmonization andconnectivity of various databases. Characterization,evaluation, inventories andcollection maintenance will beunder the leadership ofMesoamerica.

Given the need to str engthencoor dination among countriesto promote implementation ofthe GPA in the r egion,participants agr eed to establisha regional integration

The Newsletter for the AmericasNewsletter for the AmericasNewsletter for the AmericasNewsletter for the AmericasNewsletter for the Americas

is published by the IPGRI Ameri-

cas Gr oup. It highlights activities

on plant genetic r esources

conducted by IPGRI and its

partners in the r egion. It is also

published in Spanish as BoletínBoletínBoletínBoletínBoletín

de las Américas. de las Américas. de las Américas. de las Américas. de las Américas. Its contents may

be reproduced with cr edit to the

sourc e.

For contributions and further

information, please contact

Newsletter for the Americas,

IPGRI Americas Gr oup, A A 6713,

Cali, Colombia. Phone: (57-2)

445-0048/9; Fax: (57-2) 445-0096;

Email: ciat-ipgri@cgiar. org; Web

addr ess: http://www .cgiar. org/

ipgri.

The International Plant Genetic

Resour ces Institute (IPGRI) is an

autonomous international

scientific or ganization, supported

by the Consultative Gr oup on

International Agricultural Re-

search (CGIAR). IPGRI’s mandate

is to advance the conservation and

use of plant genetic r esour ces for

the benefit of pr esent and future

generations. It operates thr ough

three programmes: (1) the Plant

Genetic Resour ces Pr ogramme, (2)

the CGIAR Genetic Resources

Support Programme and (3) the

International Network for the

Impr ovement of Banana and

Plantain (INIBAP). The interna-

tional status of IPGRI is conf erredunder an Establishment Agre e-ment which, by January 1998, hadbeen signed by 47 countries.

Newsletter for the AmericasNewsletter for the AmericasNewsletter for the AmericasNewsletter for the AmericasNewsletter for the AmericasVVVVVolume 4, No. 1, Englisholume 4, No. 1, Englisholume 4, No. 1, Englisholume 4, No. 1, Englisholume 4, No. 1, English

2

mechanism composed byrepresentatives from the foursubr egions. During its firstyear, the coor dinationmechanism will be based in theSouthern Cone.

Several potential sour ces offunds were identified at thenational, r egional andinternational levels, althoughlack of new and additionalfunds was identified as themain constraint to implementthe GPA.

Sponsors and participantsexpr essed satisfaction with theresults of the meeting. Forinformation on theproceedings, please contact<m.baena@cgiar. org>

In situ conservation and development1. Surveying and inventorying plant genetic r esour ces for food and agriculture

2. Supporting on-farm management and impr ovement of plant genetic r esour ces for food andagriculture

3. Assisting farmers in disaster situations to r estore agricultural systems

4. Promoting in si tu conservation of wild crop relatives and wild plants for food pr oduction

Ex situ conservation5. Sustaining existing ex situ collections

6. Regenerating thr eatened ex situ accessions

7. Supporting planned and tar geted collecting of plant genetic r esour ces for food and agriculture8. Expanding ex situ conservation activities

Utilization of plant genetic r esourc es9. Expanding the characterization, evaluation and number of core collections to facilitate use

10. Incr easing genetic enhancement and base-broadening ef forts

11. Promoting sustainable agriculture through diversification of crop pr oduction and br oaderdiversity in crops

12. Promoting development and commer cialization of under -utilized cr ops and species

13. Supporting seed pr oduction and distribution

14. Developing new markets for local varieties and “diversity-rich” pr oducts

Institutions and capacity building15. Building str ong national pr ogrammes

16. Promoting networks for plant genetic r esour ces for food and agriculture

17. Constructing compr ehensive information systems for plant genetic r esour ces for food andagriculture

18. Developing monitoring and early warning systems for loss of plant genetic r esour ces for foodand agriculture

19. Expanding and impr oving education and training

20. Promoting public awar eness of the value of plant genetic r esour ces for food and agricultureconservation and use

For copies of the full text of the Global Plan of Action, please contact FAO at<icppgr@fao.org>

The 20The 20The 20The 20The 20activities of theactivities of theactivities of theactivities of theactivities of the

Global Plan Global Plan Global Plan Global Plan Global Planof Actionof Actionof Actionof Actionof Action

3

maps allow plant collectors tocharacterize envir onments overwide ar eas to an extentpreviously not possible. Bycorr elating genetic andphysical data in a spatialcontext, GIS technology has thepotential to become a valuabletool for locating, conservingand managing cultivated plantdiversity in developingcountries.

In a collaborative ef fort, theIPGRI Americas Group, CIAT,USDA and national partnersare exploring new uses of GISto locate and conserve geneticdiversity. A project i sunderway to develop a GISmodel that will pr edict the

distribution of genetic diversityof cultivated species andindicate ar eas with a high riskof genetic er osion. Usingcultivated peanut landraces asa test case, genetic diversityinformation r ecovered fro mplant explorations in Ecuadorand Guatemala is beingcorr elated with digitalinformation on climate,elevation, communications,land use and othersocioeconomic variables.To ensure statisticallysignificant sampling, a 100-kmsquare grid is superimposed ona map of the tar get country andthe plant collectors attempt tocollect the diversity of thedesired crop pr esent in each

4

Using GIS technology to assess cultivatedUsing GIS technology to assess cultivatedUsing GIS technology to assess cultivatedUsing GIS technology to assess cultivatedUsing GIS technology to assess cultivatedplant diversityplant diversityplant diversityplant diversityplant diversity

or untold generations,traditional farmers have

developed landrace cropvarieties for specificcharacteristics and to ensurefood security. This pr ocess hasresulted in materials highlyadapted to local climaticconditions, soils, diseases,pests, cultural practices anduses. Plant br eeders also valuelandraces as sour ces of genesfor pr oducing new varieties.

Landrace germplasm is mostvaluable when it is obtaineddi rectly from the peoples whohave developed them,concurr ently with informationsuch as gr owing conditions,pests and local uses. Unlikewild plant species, theoccurr ence and distribution ofcultivated crop diversity islargely dependent upon farmerprefer ences. Ther efore ,socioeconomic and culturaldata are crucial elements fordeveloping a methodology totarget maximum geneticdiversity in landraces, togetherwith physical data from amultitude of sour ces, mostlyavailable in map format.

Geographic InformationSystem (GIS) technology makesit possible to integrate multiplesets of spatial data to analyzeand interpret many types ofinformation simultaneously.Topographic, climatic, soil,vegetation, hydrographic,demographic and land use

grid cell (see map). Thevariables showing the gr eatestcorr elation with thedistribution of the cr op’sdiversity are identified thr oughstatistical analyses and mapsare generated showing geneticdiversity hotspots as well asareas at high risk of geneticerosion.

Applying GIS technology togenetic diversity pr oblems hasimpr oved the ways in which

plant-collecting trips areplanned and conducted. TheGIS-oriented samplingmethodology modifies thecollecting strategy and imposesa more rigor ous and systematicappr oach to the fieldwork. Theresulting model is beingdesigned to pr edict theoccurr ence of high levels ofgenetic diversity and risk ofgenetic er osion. If successful, itwill be a valuable tool forplanning both collecting

missions and in s i tuconservation ef forts, as well asfor identifying envir onmentsmost suitable for theintroduction of new varietiesand for the multiplication andcharacterization of existingcollections. The model will betested using other cr ops andcountries until a final version isproduced that can be used inalmost any country to pr edictthe distribution of geneticdiversity for almost any crop.

5

For further information contact David Williams <d.williams@cgiar. org>

Achira, maca, arracacha, ahipa,mashua, mauka, oca, yaconand ulluco. This researchproject, known as the RTAProgram and coor dinated bythe International Potato Center(CIP), has a network offourteen ex situ genebanksspread across Peru, Bolivia andEcuador. Major efforts of theproject have focused ongermplasm conservation toincr ease availability of thesecrops, r emove thr eats of geneticerosion and br oaden ongoingresearc h.

At the r equest of the RTAProgram’s Steering Committeeand as part of the IPGRI-Americas Gr oup’s continuingefforts to assist genebanks inthe r egion to impr ove theirdocumentation practices, thedocumentation status of theRTA Program’s collections wasassessed. Factors evaluatedincluded genebank pr ocedure s,descriptors, data or ganizationand standar dization, ha rdwareand software tools used todocument the collections, as

Assisting Andean root and tuberAssisting Andean root and tuberAssisting Andean root and tuberAssisting Andean root and tuberAssisting Andean root and tubergenebanksgenebanksgenebanksgenebanksgenebanks

t least 25 species of rootand tuber cr ops are native

to South America. Apart fro mthe seven species of cultivatedpotatoes, there are other lesserknown species native to theAndes, commonly r eferred toas Andean Root and T uberCrops (AR TC). They aremainly gr own by indigenouspeople who use them forsubsistence or as cash cr ops.

Nine r oot and tuber crops areincluded in the CollaborativeProgram on the Biodiversity ofAndean Root and T uber Cr ops:

lant genetic r esour ces areconserved to be used.

Knowing their attributes is keyto assessing the br eedingpotential of the materialsconserved. Characterizationprovides that information.

In order to of fer consistentcoding schemes for commonpassport descriptors for allcrops, IPGRI and FAO havedeveloped a list of multi-croppassport descriptors. Thesedescriptors aim to becompatible with future IPGRIcrop descriptor lists and withthose used for the FA O W orldInformation and Early W arningSystem (WIEWS) on plantgenetic r esour ces. This list canbe obtained from IPGRI’sInternet site at http://w w w.cgiar. org/ipgri/doc/download.htm. This list hasbeen adopted by several crop

working gr oups in Eur ope asthe basis to develop centralcrop databases.

The list should not be r egardedas a minimum descriptor list,since many additional passportdescriptors are essential for thedescription of cr ops and needto be recor ded. Instead, itprovides an initial set ofcommon passport descriptorsat the multi-crop level, whichin the future could beexpanded to include additionalmulti-crop descriptors. For

Multi-crop passport descriptorsMulti-crop passport descriptorsMulti-crop passport descriptorsMulti-crop passport descriptorsMulti-crop passport descriptors

6

well as identification oftraining needs and ar eas forimpr ovement.

Data for the evaluation wasgathered via questionnairefrom all conservation sites inEcuador, Peru and Bolivia, andcomplemented by visits to ninegenebanks. Recommendationsfor priority action includedstandar dization of descriptors,centralization of passport andcharacterization data in asingle integrated

documentation system,training genebank staff indocumentation procedure s,and acquisition of appr opriatedocumentation software andhardware .

To help addr ess these issues,CIP conducted a workshop tostandar dize crop descriptorsand enhance thedocumentation skills of thegenebank curators. ThepcGRIN documentationsoftware (see pr evious issue of

our newsletter) was also madeavailable for adoption by theRTA Program genebanks.Training on the use of pcGRINand technical assistance tomigrate data from existingdatabases has also beenprovided by IPGRI to RTAgenebank staff .

For further information, pleasecontact Tito Franco<t.franco@cgnet.com>. Copiesof the full r eport are alsoavailable from T. Franco.

On-line directory of germplasm collectionsOn-line directory of germplasm collectionsOn-line directory of germplasm collectionsOn-line directory of germplasm collectionsOn-line directory of germplasm collections

example, descriptors dealingwith the use of germplasm arecurr ently not included, buttheir suitability for inclusion atthe multi-crop level is beinginvestigated. Future expansioncould r esult in the

7

Sear ches can be defined ongermplasm characteristics suchas taxon, type of material,country of origin, number ofaccessions, and/or holdinglocation including name insti-tute, city and country. Exten-sive help is available for on-line users.

For comments or additionalinformation, please contact T.Hazekamp, Germplasm Docu-mentation<t.hazekamp@cgiar. org>.

development of morespecialized lists of commondescriptors at the crop grouplevel.

For more information about thelist, please contact T.

Hazekamp, GermplasmDocumentation<t.hazekamp@cgiar. org>. Forword and adobe versions of thelist in English and Spanish,please contact <ciat-ipgri@cgiar. org>.

ince 1980, IPGRI haspublished dir ectories of

germplasm collections forvarious gr oups of crops. Thedi rectories pr ovide summaryinformation on ex situgermplasm collections world-wide. The databases, whichare used to maintain the dataand currently hold informationon almost 15, 000 taxa, are nowavailable for on-line sear chingon the Internet at http://w w w.cgiar. org/ipgri/doc/dbintr o.htm.

OPEN curr ently containsinformation on over 370training events off ered in LatinAmerica and worldwide.Course pr ofiles on specifictopics are pr ovided uponrequest. Selected courses thatappeal a wider audience areadvertised in this page and byemail. Contributions to OPENare also welcome. Forinformation r equests andcontributions to OPEN, pleasecontact ciat-ipgri@cgiar. org.

Second international courseon in vi tro propagation ofplant species. Cuba, June,1999. Contact: Lic. OrlandoGregorio Chaviano, Centrode Información Científica,Instituto de Biotecnología delas Plantas, Carr etera aCamajuani Km. 5.5, SantaClara, V illa Clara, Cuba.Email: orlando@ibp.edu.cu

W ageningen, TheNetherlands. T el. +31 317490111; Fax: +31 317 418552,Email: iac@iac.agro.nl; Website: http://www/iac-agro.nl/

MSc/Postgraduate diplomain seed science andtechnology. University ofAber deen in collaborationwith the Of ficial Seed T estingStation (OSTS) for Scotland,Edinbur gh. Contact: Dr.Alison A. Powell, SeniorLecture r, University ofAber deen, department ofAgriculture, MacRobertBuiolding, Aber deen AB245UA, Scotland, UK. T el: +44(0) 1224-274122; Fax: +44 (0)1224-273731; Email:agric@abdn.ac.uk ora.a.powell@abdn.ac.uk; Website: http://www .abdn.ac.uk

train people in all aspects ofplant genetic r esourc es,information on trainingopportunities is as important asthe training itself.

The Americas Off ice receives,on a regular basis, informationon a variety of training eventsoff ered within and outside theregion on plant geneticresour ces and r elated fields.This information has beenorganized in a database —OPEN— to facilitatedissemination and assess thetraining available to the r egion.

8

Opportunities for trainingOpportunities for trainingOpportunities for trainingOpportunities for trainingOpportunities for training

International courses onplant conservation techniques,botanic gar den education,botanic gar den managementand herbarium techniques.Off ered by The Royal BotanicGardens, Kew. For dates andother details contact: TheEducation Section, RoyalBotanic Gar dens, Kew,Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB,United Kingdom. Fax: +44(0)181 332 5640; T el: +44 (0)181332 5638; We b si te: http://gri ffin.rbgkew. org.uk/education

International courses onapplied plant br eeding andproduction and technologyof seeds. W ageningen,Netherlands. Contact:International AgriculturalCentre (IAC), P .O. Box 88,Lawickse Allee 11, 6700 A B

New trainingNew trainingNew trainingNew trainingNew trainingopportunitiesopportunitiesopportunitiesopportunitiesopportunitiesdatabasedatabasedatabasedatabasedatabase

echnical skills andscientific knowledge are

essential to designing andimplementing ef fective geneticresour ces pr ogrammes, thepillars of a global conservationstrategy. As no singleinstitution has the capacity to

eing Internet a universe of information, it issometimes dif ficult or time consuming to

navigate to find interesting and r elevant sites.Here are some sites useful for the plant geneticresour ces community:

General information on botany and cropsGeneral information on botany and cropsGeneral information on botany and cropsGeneral information on botany and cropsGeneral information on botany and cropshttp://www .hort.pur due.edu/newc rop/default.htmlhttp://www .scs.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.htmlhttp://www .gene.com/ae/RC/botany .html

FFFFFAO statistics databasesAO statistics databasesAO statistics databasesAO statistics databasesAO statistics databaseshttp://apps.fao.or g/cgi-bin/nph-db.pl

IPGRI in the webIPGRI in the webIPGRI in the webIPGRI in the webIPGRI in the webhttp://wwwhttp://wwwhttp://wwwhttp://wwwhttp://www .cgiar.cgiar.cgiar.cgiar.cgiar .org/ipgri/.org/ipgri/.org/ipgri/.org/ipgri/.org/ipgri/

Useful websitesUseful websitesUseful websitesUseful websitesUseful websites

For over a year now, IPGRI is usingInternet as an information outlet.IPGRI’s web site pr ovides access toinformation on the Institute and itsthree programmes. The site alsoincludes the institutional strategy, ahome page for each thematic or r egionalgroup and information such as trainingmaterials, publications andbibliographic r esourc es.

romoting an information dissemination andexchange culture within the plant genetic

resour ces community is one of the main goals ofinformation activities within IPGRI. T owardsthis objective, the Americas Gr oup has focusedits dissemination activities during the last twoyears in integrating its plant genetic r esourceslibrary into CIA T’s catalog database (CATAL) tomake it accessible to partners in the r egion andworldwide. Around 3000 r ecor ds, including grayliterature, have been entered into CATA L and canbe accessed by contacting CIAT’s InformationUnit’s Services website (http://w w w.ciat.cgiar. org/frames/fra_inf.htm).

For further information and bibliographicsear ches, please contact Dimary Libre ros<d.libre ros@cgiar. org>

9

Germplasm collections databasesGermplasm collections databasesGermplasm collections databasesGermplasm collections databasesGermplasm collections databaseshttp://www .ars-grin.gov/npgs/http://iopi.csu.edu.au/iopi/dpd/iopi-dpdbydatabase.htmlhttp://plants.usda.gov/plants/plntmenu.html

VVVVVirtual librariesirtual librariesirtual librariesirtual librariesirtual librarieshttp://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/gateway .htmlhttp://www .nalusda.gov/ref/index.htmlhttp://www .envir olink.or g/pubs/index.html

Intellectual property rightsIntellectual property rightsIntellectual property rightsIntellectual property rightsIntellectual property rightshttp://www .rafi.ca/espanol/

Access IPGRI-Americas library through the webAccess IPGRI-Americas library through the webAccess IPGRI-Americas library through the webAccess IPGRI-Americas library through the webAccess IPGRI-Americas library through the web

native and deciduous fr uits ofcommon use in Guatemala,conducted by pr ofessionals andtechnicians from PROFRUTA.Results of theses work bystudents from Universidad deSan Carlos and Universidaddel V alle de Guatemala are alsoincluded.

10

Maxted, N., B.V. Ford-Lloyd.J.G. Hawkes. 1997. PlantPlantPlantPlantPlantgenetic conservation: The genetic conservation: The genetic conservation: The genetic conservation: The genetic conservation: The inininininsitusitusitusitusitu approach approach approach approach approach. Chapman andHall. London, UK. 446 p.

Practical and theore ti calinformation on techniques of insitu conservation of plantgenetic r esour ces. On-farmand botanical conservation arediscussed and case studiespresented. A practical modelfor the in si tu conservation ofgenetic r esour ces is intr oduced.Some r emarks about the futureof this practice are included.

Ashmore, Sarah E. 1997. StatusStatusStatusStatusStatusreport on the developmentreport on the developmentreport on the developmentreport on the developmentreport on the development

RRRRReadings on PGReadings on PGReadings on PGReadings on PGReadings on PGR

ReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceFlores Paytan, Salvador(Consultor). 1997. Cultivo deCultivo deCultivo deCultivo deCultivo defrutales nativos Amazónicos:frutales nativos Amazónicos:frutales nativos Amazónicos:frutales nativos Amazónicos:frutales nativos Amazónicos:manual para el extensionistamanual para el extensionistamanual para el extensionistamanual para el extensionistamanual para el extensionista.Secr etaría Pro T empore, Tratadode Cooperación Amazónica.Lima, Perú. 307 p.

Summary of 51 fr uits native ofthe Amazon Region, addr essedto professionals andtechnicians in the field. For allspecies, it contains informationon general botany, geographicdistribution in the Amazonbasin, envir onmentalconditions, pr opagation andhandling of the plantation, theutilization, compositionchemistry and nutrient value.It also includes a list of contactsfor several fru i ts.

1996. Memoria deMemoria deMemoria deMemoria deMemoria deinvestigaciones aplicadas eninvestigaciones aplicadas eninvestigaciones aplicadas eninvestigaciones aplicadas eninvestigaciones aplicadas enfruticultura 1994-1995fruticultura 1994-1995fruticultura 1994-1995fruticultura 1994-1995fruticultura 1994-1995.Ministerio de Agricultura,Ganadería y Alimentación;Proyecto de Desarr ollo de laFruticultura y Agr oindustria(PROFRUTA). Ciudad deGuatemala, Guatemala. 126 p.

Results of 28 r esearch pr ojectson agroindustry, citrus fru i ts,mangoes, blackberry, raspberry,grape, pineapple, as well as

Genetic ResourcesGenetic ResourcesGenetic ResourcesGenetic ResourcesGenetic ResourcesSalick, J., N. Celinese and S.Knapp. 1997. Indigenousdiversity of cassava:Generation, maintenance, useand loss among the Amuesha,Peruvian upper Amazon.Economic Botany 51(1):6-9.

Shar on, D., P .B. Cr egan, S.Mhameed, M. Kusharska, J.Hillel, E. Lahav and U. Lavi.1997. An integrated geneticlinkage map of avocado.Theor etical and AppliedGenetics 95 (5-6):91 1-921.

Spooner, D.M. and R. T.Castillo. 1997. Reexaminationof series r elationships of SouthAmerican wild potatoes(Solanaceae: Solanum sect.Petota): evidence fro mchlor oplast DNA restriction sitevariation. American Journal ofBotany 84 (5):671-685.

Vandermeer, J., D. Boucher, I.Perfecto and I. Granzow de laCerda. 1997. A Theory ofdisturbance and speciesdiversity: evidence fro mNicaragua after hurricane Joan.Biotr opica Special Issue. 28(4a):600-613.

BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity , conservation and, conservation and, conservation and, conservation and, conservation andcharacterizationcharacterizationcharacterizationcharacterizationcharacterizationGordon, R.E. Jr., J.K. Lacy, andJ.R. Streeter. 1997. Conservationunder the endangered speciesact. Envir onmentalInternational 23 (3):359-419.

11

12

International Plant Genetic Resour ces Institute (IPGRI), Americas GroupA.A. 6713, Cali, Colombia. Phone: (57-2) 445-0048/9

Fax: (57-2) 445-0096; Email: ciat-ipgri@cgiar. org;W eb addr ess: http://www .cgiar. org/ipgri

Gowdy, J.M. 1997. The value ofbiodiversity: markets, society,and ecosystems. LandEconomics 73 (1):25-41.

Henry, J.P. 1997. Integrating insitu and ex s i tu conservation.Plant T alk. No. 8:23-25.

Hong, T .D. and R.H. Ellis. 1997.Ex situ biodiversity conserva-tion by seed storage: multiplecriteria keys to estimate seed

storage behavior. Seed Scienceand T echnology 25 (1):157-161.

Phippen, W .B., S. Kr esovich,F.G. Candelas and J.R.McFerson. 1997. Molecularcharacterization can quantifyand partition variation amonggene bank holdings: a casestudy with phenotipicallysimilar accessions of Brassicaoleracea var. capitata L. (cab-bage) ‘Golden Acr e’. Theore ti-

cal and Applied Genetics 94(2):227-234.

W ood, D. and J.M. Lenne. 1997.The conservation ofagrobiodiversity on-farm:questioning the emergingparadigm. Biodiversity andConservation 6(1):109-129.

N.B. The former are not IPGRIpublications and are not there foredistributed by IPGRI