implementation of modern computer science … · implementation of modern computer science and...

IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING

Abdrakhmanova Zhazira - Al-farabi Kazakh National University Aisultanova Karlygash - Al-farabi Kazakh National University

Chaltikenova Lyazat - Zhetysu State University named after I. Zhansugurov Satkenova Zhaina - Al-farabi Kazakh National University

Abstract

In t his pa per we s et a g oal: t o b ring language teaching methodology in accordance with t he development of modern information technology. In t he c lassroom l anguage b y means o f t he I nternet c an s olve a v ariety o f teaching tasks: develop the skills and reading skills, u sing m aterials o f t he g lobal n etwork; improve writing skills s tudents; replenish the vocabulary of s tudents; t o s hape s tudents' sustained m otivation f or l anguage l earning. Students m ay p articipate i n t he t est, q uizzes, competitions, c ontests, c onducted ov er the Internet, chat with peers from other countries, participate in chat rooms, video conferencing, etc. S tudents c an obt ain i nformation on t he issue, on w hich w ork i s c urrently i n t he project. Th is m ay b e t he j oint w ork o f Kazakhstan's s tudents and their foreign peers in one or m ore c ountries.This paper al so reviews lingua-cultural s tatus o f K azakh idioms. Th e au thor g ives t he an alysis o f idioms usage samples by s tudents in the oral speech and w riting. B ased on de tection of mistaken ap plications t he au thor co ncludes that cognitive an alysis o f i dioms d iscursive environment i s v ital f or t he d etermination o f exact meaning of an idiom and situation of its applicability. Th e co gnitive s tudy o f phraseologisms i mplies u sage o f f ramed analysis m ethods an d p rototype s emantics analysis. For the correct application of idioms knowledge o f i ts i nternal f orm i s r equired. Based o n t he d ata o f t he m odern onomasiological theory the author extracts the

core a nd pe riphery i n t he phra seological concept’s f ield structure. The cognitive study of i dioms m aterials m ust b e co nducted i n close co nnection w ith t he n atural l anguage environment, cr eated t hem. D iscursive environment is a reflection in human minds of internal and ex ternal p erception o f i ts l iving space an d t heir i nterpretation b y m eans o f linguistic knowledge. Background knowledge is required for unde rstanding of a m any of phraseological units. The author says that the modern K azakh youth l acks l inguistic intuition, a nd poor a wareness of m any concepts of the national culture inhibits to its representatives to realize lingua-cultural status of t he i diomatic p lethora o f t he n ative language.

Key words: phrazeologisms, s peech culture, l inguacultural s tatus, language environment, kazakh.

1. Introduction To d ate, the l anguage t eaching em erging trends, c orresponding t o t he c urrent l evel of technological prog ress. T he effectiveness of the us e of i nformation technology i n t he classroom of language is no l onger i n d oubt. Scientists note that the greater the perception of t he s ystems i nvolved i n t he t raining, t he better and s tronger t he m aterial t o d igest. Active i s t he i ntroduction of i nformation technologies in educational process multiplies didactic capabilities t o p rovide v isibility, audio a nd v ideo s upport, a nd control, w hich generally contributes to the teaching level.

Abdrakhmanova Zh et al, International Journal of Computer Technology & Applications,Vol 7(4),582-589

IJCTA | July-August 2016 Available [email protected]

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Graphics, a nimation, phot o, v ideo, s ound, i n addition to t he t ext i n the i nteractive m ode, create an integrated information environment, in which students take on new opportunities. Computer technology can modify the style of training: different skills in all kinds of speech activity, s tudents acq uire at t he s ame time. The s tructure of t he prog ram doe s not give relax and en courages learners t o t hink, analyze, dra w c onclusions and form ulate rules. W e b elieve t hat there ar e more encouraged to search and deliberate cognitive assessment b y students o f t heir o wn r esults, and de ployment i n t he s tudy of t heir strategies. Th e p ractice o f l anguage t eaching further de parts fro m t he t raditional m ethod, both t he s ubconscious a nd, t o a l arge e xtent, passive way of acquiring knowledge. Computer prog rams a llow you t o m ake t he learning process: - Cognitive ( the l atest d ata an d i nformation from the Internet); - Fun (originality of jobs); - Entertaining ( games, ch arades, cr ossword puzzles); - Flexible ( in t he p rogram may b e a f ew blocks that can change, add, etc.); - Diverse (de pending on t he g oals a nd objectives, s uch a s for bus iness or for business letters, etc.) - Creative ( use t he l atest ad vances i n computer technology) In general, information technology has greatly enriched t he ed ucational p rocess, f ill i t with new meaning. Linguapragmatic p otential o f the s teady language u nits w hich ar e co nsidered a s a kernel o f t he l iterary l anguage i s s hown i n various t he discursive characteristics o f h is carriers. I n l anguage c onsciousness of t hose who co rrectly u ses p hraseological u nits i n oral a nd w ritten l anguage, i n t he form of frames i nformation on s ituations of surrounding reality collects. Good knowledge

speaking semantic components of value of the phraseological u nit d efine i ts linguacultural status. A t t he s ame t ime t he i ncorrect understanding t he na tive s peaker of v alue of its s et ex pressions p revents it t o i nform correctly t he t hought t o t he l istening. I n t he present article we talk about the linguacultural status of phra seological uni ts i n v arious discourses. Th e K azakh p hraseological u nits are f irst o f a ll mental u nits. The phraseological un its pe culiar onl y t o t his or that n ational cu lture make an i nexhaustible stock of ri chness of l anguage and knowledge of i ts l iterary n orms p lays i n co mmunication an i mportant r ole f or ad equate p erception b y the a ddressee a nd us e by t he sender of huge pragmatical p otential o f such l anguage u nits. Ability b y m eans o f p hraseological u nits figuratively and expressively to introduce the ideas d efines l inguacultural s tatus o f t he subject. U nfortunately, t he s peech of our contemporaries b ecame too poor, i t do esn't have enough figurativeness because in it there are no proverbs, sayings, phraseological units. Often a t expression of t houghts t he unreasonable, i nappropriate us e of s teady turns i s o bserved. S ometimes car riers, especially youth, unde rstanding a general meaning of the phraseological unit, use it with violation of l iterary norm s. T he re asons of such scarcity of the speech of the speaking are covered, fi rst of a ll, in i nsufficiently high level o f t he s tandard o f s peech i n f amily education and communication. Besides, today to t he a dvanced pos itions of t he communicative ar ena t here i s a g eneration which isn't reading fiction[1]. 2. Methods. The development of education in our days are organically connected with an increase in the level o f i ts i nformation c apacity. This characteristic largely determines the direction of the evolution of the education and future of the entire society.



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For t he m ost s uccessful o rientation i n t he global i nformation space i s n ecessary t o master t he s tudents i nformation cu lture, as well as co mputer-media cu lture as a p riority in t he search for i nformation more and more given to the Internet. As an information system, the Internet offers its u sers a v ariety o f i nformation a nd resources. Th e b asic s et o f s ervices may include: -E-mail (e-mail); -teleconferences (usenet); -videoconferences; -The ability to publish their own information, to c reate y our ow n hom e pa ge (hom epage) and placing it on the Web-server; -Access to information resources: -reference directories (Y ahoo ! , InfoSeek / UltraSmart, LookSmart, Galaxy); -search system ( Alta V ista, H otBob, Open Text, WebCrawler, Excite); -communication network (Chat). These r esources c an b e ac tively u sed i n t he classroom. The analysis of us e of phra seological units in written a nd ora l s peech of s tudents philologists forces to doubt a time sufficiency of level of their lingvocultural status.

For e xample, t he correct v ersion of mistakenly used phraseological unit in the Ar ana oz balasin kanattiga kaktirmay, tobesinen kus s hibinin us hirmay o siredi offe r (" Each mother r aises t he ch ild, ( letters.) w ithout allowing to bring down with summer, without allowing ne ither a fl y, nor a bi rd t o fl y b y over t he he ad") s ounds so: "kanattiga kaktyrmau, t umsiktiga s hokittirmau" ( letters. "having w ings not t o allow to br ing dow n, having a beak not to a llow to peck"). [2]The prototype situation which formed the basis of

formation of t his phra seological uni t, i s connected w ith activity of bi rds. U sually owing t o s imilarity o f t he p henomena i n consciousness there is a mutually replacement of thoughts and objects, words and means are interchanged t he p osition an d the association in the available representations is evolved by motivation of e xpression. In t his regard such actions of birds as dedicated protection of the weak baby bi rds against a beak and c laws of predatory f eathery co lleagues, p romoted t hat at observing in consciousness these situations are fi xed i n a t ype of fra mes. T he re sult of unity of t hought a nd t he ob jects de termined by t hem i s included i nto t he u se. I f t his u se gains s teady ch aracter, ex pression b ecomes the p hraseological u nit. However s tability o f expressions de pends on a s fa r a s n ative speakers s trive for fi gurativeness of t he speech.

As a rul e, s upervision for re sulting i n surrounding r eality at t he s ubject t here i s an encyclopedic fund of knowledge. Value of the considered p hraseological u nit i s r esult an d one of uni ts of t his fund. Features of t he cognitive an alysis w hen d etermining an internal form of phr aseological v alue t he versatility o f s cientific p aradigms o f m odern linguistics comes to light.

At t he h eart o f v alue o f t he phraseological u nit " kanattiga k aktyrmau, tumsiktiga s hokittirmau" l ies t he f ollowing sense of "kamkor bolu" - "to care of someone, to protect someone". The modern direction of research o f t he K azakh p hraseological units relies on achievements of modern linguistics. If to consider the concept "kamkor-care" as a concept, de finition of a n i nternal form of a phraseological co ncept i nvariably will be connected w ith n ational cu stoms an d traditions, i.e. with ethnoculture. [3]



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As a rul e, s upervision for re sulting i n surrounding r eality at t he s ubject t here i s an encyclopedic fund of knowledge. Value of the considered p hraseological u nit i s r esult an d one of uni ts of t his fund. Features of t he cognitive an alysis w hen d etermining an internal form of phr aseological v alue t he versatility o f s cientific p aradigms o f m odern linguistics comes to light.

At t he h eart o f value o f t he phraseological u nit " kanattiga k aktyrmau, tumsiktiga s hokittirmau" l ies t he f ollowing sense of "kamkor bolu" - "to care of someone, to protect someone". The modern direction of research o f t he K azakh p hraseological units relies on achievements of m odern linguistics. If to consider the concept "kamkor-care" as a concept, de finition of a n i nternal form of a phraseological co ncept i nvariably will be connected w ith n ational cu stoms an d traditions, i.e. with ethnoculture.

"Relevance of phra seological u nits i n many respects is based on their internal form. It is possible to find effect of influence of an internal form on r elevance, us ing t he conceptual device of cognitive l inguistics - a frame an d t he s cenario" . Frame – unit of representation of t he knowledge accumulated in m emory of t he pe rson, t heir measure a nd an i mage. Th e w orld i s d iverse an d m any-sided, a nd fra gments of s urrounding re ality remain i n m emory i n v arious i mages. I n frames t he e thnocultural o riginality o f language consciousness i s especially brightly shown. [4]

In cognitive phraseology methods of the cognitive an d cu lturological an alysis supplement each other. Their combined use is productive. Th e co gnitive an alysis o f phraseological units is carried out on material of d ictionaries, c ase t exts, i ndividual statements of l anguage pe rsons, fol klore samples, t exts o f p rinting ed itions, p aremias. It i s i ndisputable t hat d evelopment o f

knowledge of t his o cean of i nformation defines ri chness of t he s peech of n ative speakers.

Internal form of phra seological uni ts – the i mage w hich i s t he co rnerstone o f motivation - value of the phraseological unit, a cer tain s ituation, a G estalt, a p icture, figurative r eflection o f t he s ituation characterized b y the phraseological uni t. The correct unde rstanding of a n i nternal for m of the phraseological unit - pledge of i ts correct use.

3. Results. Use b y s ome girls o f t he phraseological uni t of da m-tuzi j arasu – (approx. t o l ive i n p erfect ha rmony) i n s uch context, as "Kurbim ekeuimizdin dam-tuzimiz jarasip, b askalarga u lgi b ola b ildik" ( "We lived w ith t he g irlfriend i n p erfect h armony and could be an example for others"). testifies that the author of the statement isn't informed that this phraseological unit is usually used in relation t o married co uples w hich l ife it i s possible to call harmonious, stable.

More de eply t o study e tymology of phraseological unit, it is necessary to pay, first of all, attention to its internal form. Only then it w ill b e p ossible t o u nderstand s pecific features and ways of development of sense of the phraseological unit.

That i n t he K azakh m entality t he woman costs one step below than the man, is shown i n t he e xpressions c onnected with gender re presentations in a l anguage pi cture of t he w orld of c arriers of t he K azakh language: na shar ki si (l etters.: ba d pe rson), tesik m onshak (l etters.: be ad ful l of hol es), шүйкебас (letters.: c onfused, s mall he ad), tomen etek (letters.: in long dresses), etc. [5]

It i s o bvious t hat t he i nternal s emantic and s tylistic ex pressivity o f t hese n ames comprises i nformation on hous ehold culture and s ystem of t hinking of t he na tion, a n originality o f m ental co nsciousness i n perception of world around.



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So., i n t he offe r from w ritten w ork of the s tudent o f " Uzin et ekti k urdastar aulada bulbul a nshini kut etin" (l etters.: In t he yard contemporaries w ith l ong d resses m et t he sweet-voiced s inger) t he u nderstanding i s shown b y t he s ubject of t hat t he phraseological unit concerns to women, girls. However o wing t o weakness o f l inguistic intuition o r i ts ab sence i t, h aving r eplaced a component, I g ave t o e xpression of " tomen etek" - "in d resses" o ther i mage – "in l ong dresses". Besides, i t b ecomes clear t hat t he author o f t he s tatement d oesn't k now at al l that the w ord " kurdastar" ( "contemporaries") use only i n re lation to men, young men, and the w ord " kurbi" ( "girlfriend") – only i n relation t o g irls. Th e ch aracteristic y oung people of fri endship of t wo g irls a s " uzengi dos" (uzengi – a stirrup; letters.: "friends on a stirrup, fri ends w ho c onstantly t ogether (earlier – always t ogether r iding") speaks about t he l ow l evel of t heir ba ckground knowledge as guys usually rode, Dzhigits and in r elation to g irls s uch ex pression w asn't used. Such u se d eprives p hraseological u nits of their linguacultural status. [6]

The h abitual s ubjects an d t he phenomena ar e r eflected in h uman consciousness a s a re sult of t heir know ledge of language and speech situations. In semantic structure of a s et e xpression al locate t wo aspects – semiologic and semantic. According to s emiologic t o as pect the l anguage s ystem and s ystem o f t hinking ar e s imilar t o linguacognitive t o f eatures. Th at is "the subject – activity – a p hraseological prototype" i s a subject, s ensual, usual condition of pri mary unde rstanding. I n semantic as pect t he informative cy cle " the phraseological uni t-activity-a subject" as sign linguacognitive as a result of an appertseption of e xperience a nd s upervision w ill t ransform former " old know ledge" t o "new". Ri ch t he dictionary s tructure of l anguage w ouldn't be

what, i t c an't co mprehensively r eflect al l fields o f t he co ncepts w hich ar e av ailable i n it. C oncepts i n t he m ajority will b e transformed in the form of idioms as a result of change of semantics of words.

According to the modern onomasiology theory, t he s tructure of a fi eld o f a phraseological concept consists of a ke rnel and t he pe riphery. Com munication w ith a kernel of a concept is defined by the value of idea of a semantic element. Here also value of the periphery doesn't remain unaddressed. On a peripheral site the phraseological concept is based, as a r ule, o n cultural and p ragmatical concepts. Th erefore t he an alysis o f a phraseological concept r elies o n l anguage semantics o f i ts l inguacultural o f f eatures: history, cu lture, l ife, e tc. Th e co gnitive analysis i s d irected o n co mprehensive disclosure of a s emantic ba ckground of s et expressions bot h i n-depth a nd produ ctive study of phraseological semantics.

Cognitive s tudying o f p hraseological materials is carried out in the discursive space which cr eated p hraseological u nits i .e. i n indissoluble co mmunication with t he natural language en vironment. Th e discursive environment – display i n c onsciousness of internal and external perception the person of the vital space and its interpretation by means of language knowledge. Therefore studying of process of t ransformation of c ombinations of words t o s et phr ases, t heir i nterpretation, preservations and ex pressions i ntellectual information f alls w ithin t he s cope of t he cognitive analysis.

4. Discussion. According to methods of the an alysis o f p hraseological co ncepts it i s necessary t o r econsider p rimary i nformation and s emantic s tructure o f a co ncept. I n general secondary derivative names – result of linguacreative o f t hinking. Th e i ndividual perception of the person m eans re presents i n his co nsciousness an i mage o f surrounding



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reality i n t he discursive description for t he second t ime. Th at a t t he ch aracteristic o f fragments o f r eality t he s ubjective p arty prevails, t here a re s udden une xpected imaginations. For example,

Suga s uienu – to l ean, hope for w ater (hopelessness), tobesine shai kaynatu – to boil a teapot on the head (to swear), esektin myin jegen – ate donkey brains (silly, mad), etc.

"The co ncepts w hich ar e co ncealed in depths o f l anguage s emantics l inguacreative are r ealized i n t he f orm o f p hraseological units. H owever onl y know ing t heir phraseological v alue w on't co nfuse co ncepts to which they belong"..

For example: ¨ J aman t uyenein j abuinday – (letters.:

as if body cloth of a bad camel) old, worn-out, torn. (concept "camel" or concept "old"?).

¨ Auzi kuygen urip ishedi – (letters.: the one w ho burne d a m outh, bl ows be fore drinking) t he one w ho w as c omprehended before b y d isappointment, f ailure, b ecomes careful ( a c oncept " food" or a c oncept "care"?).

¨ J uregi k araiu– (letters.: h eart blackened) to get hungry (a concept "courage" or a concept "hunger"?)

Actually t he s emantiс-cognitive analysis o f value o f t he g iven ex amples demands to start differentiation of the sources connected w ith obj ects. F or t his purpo se t he phraseological unit discursive needs to define. Special attention s hould be pa id on s ense of separate components o f t he p hraseological unit. For unde rstanding of m ental units certainly background knowledge is necessary.

The camel is covered with a body cloth in two cases. The first of them – that a camel didn't cat ch a co ld b ecause l ungs o f a c amel usually qui ckly a re e xposed t o ov ercooling. (When there is no opportunity to keep a camel in t he s helter b ecause of i ts hi gh g rowth or humps or w hen in the shelter there is a lot of

cattle). Th e s econd c ase – to p rotect a newborn co lt f rom a malefice. ( If i t was talked of a camel of especially valuable breed, the ep ithet o f j aman-bad w ouldn't be us ed). Here t he w ord j abu he lps to ope n v alue of expression – to c lose, cover. This expression concerns t o the p erson w ho be haves i n a n unseemly w ay, di sturbs s omeone or m akes impartial acts. Features of semantic shades of expression of J aman t uyenein j abuinday jalpildap – to b ehave s o t hat t o at tract attention as a body c loth old i t i s possible t o define only at the discursive description.

The t hird expression o f j uregi k araiu – (letters.: heart blackened) to get hungry most of s tudents i nterprets as t he ch aracteristic o f courage. Apparently t hey c onfuse t o t he similar k ani k araiu-model (l etters.: b lood turned bl ack). K azakhs ha ve j urek l exeme - heart o ften r eplaced a lexeme an as kazan-stomach. To K primer: "Juregi sazu, j uregi aynu ( feels s ick), j uregi k ijildau ( to t est heartburn)", etc.

Thus the semantic-cognitive analysis of phraseological u nits i s car ried o ut i n t wo directions: b y m eans of c arrying out reconstruction of v erbalization of phraseological m eans o f t he ch osen co ncept; definition by means of keywords of semantics of t he p hraseological u nit an d i ts u se in a discursive context. This directions don't stand apart, on the contrary, supplement each other. [3]

If t o c oncretize t hought, t he l anguage consciousness i n t he d iscursive en vironment has t o b e o n t he f irst p lace. B ecause, t he deeper and m ultilateral l anguage consciousness o f co mmunicants, t he s impler to t hem to car ry o ut co mmunicative ac tivity. Unreasonable us e of the phra seological u nit of t ai s haptirim j er – so i n t he K azakh language i s ch aracterized d istance w hich t he two-year-old foa l - in t he co ntext o f "Tai shaptirim j erden bi r kus hik s higa k eldi"



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(letters can gallop.: At distance to which it is possible t o hop on a t wo-year-old foa l, t he puppy s eemed) b ears i n h imself t he informative co ntents ab solutely al ien t o language c onsciousness. M isunderstanding speaking an et hnic u nit o f measure o f distance o f " tai s haptirim j er" p revents i t t o realize in the speech of linguacultural status.

In l inguistics t here i s a co ncept "linguistic i ntuition". It m eans ab ility o f native speakers adequately to use the concepts which developed i n language co nsciousness and r epresentations i n a co mmunicative discourse. U nfortunately, i t i s i mpossible t o call l inguistic i ntuition o f modern y outh satisfactory. At h er r epresentatives t he level of i mplicit know ledge of v alue of phraseological u nits d ecreases. D efinition o f linguacultural o f t he s tatus o f car riers o f t he Kazakh l anguage, know ledge of e lements of national cu lture b y t hem b ecomes an important probl em of m odern K azakhstan society. [7] 5. Conclusion

Mastering co mmunication an d intercultural co mpetence i s i mpossible without t he p ractice o f co mmunication an d the use of I nternet resources in the classroom language in this sense is simply irreplaceable: virtual onl ine environment a llows you t o g o beyond t he t emporal a nd s patial fra mework, providing i ts u sers w ith t he ab ility o f an authentic d ialogue w ith r eal i nterlocutors o n topical for bo th t hreads. H owever, w e must not f orget t hat t he I nternet - is onl y a n auxiliary m eans of t raining, a nd for best results, you need to competently integrate i ts use in the lesson process.

In general, t he d evelopment o f information technology has a huge impact on the proc esses i n t he s phere of e ducation, bringing n ew i n t he traditional t eaching methods, t ransforming a nd i mproving t he basic concepts of training.

Now linguacultural aspect is the actual and de manded di rection for s tudying. Language i s t he t ool o f cr eation, development, s torage (i n t he form of t exts) cultures, and i ts p art b ecause b y m eans o f language t he r eal, o bjectively ex isting w orks of m aterial an d s piritual cu lture ar e cr eated. Language an d cu lture are interconnected: 1 ) in co mmunicative p rocesses; 2 ) i n ontogenesis ( formation o f language ab ilities of t he pe rson); 3) i n a ph ylogeny (form ation of the patrimonial, public person).

So, the phraseological units displaying standard s ituations a nd re presentations s tart carrying out a ro le of s ymbols, s tandards, culture stereotypes. Any phraseological unit is a ke eper of c ultural i nformation. B ut i f w e hear the phrase like "language remembers and keeps secrets...", have to understand that it no more t han a m etaphor. Th e p hraseological component of l anguage not onl y re produces elements an d l ines o f cu ltural-national outlook, but a lso form s them. A nd e ach phraseological u nit i f i t co ntains a cultural connotation, makes t he c ontribution t o the overall mosaic picture of national culture. References: 1. A.N. r ams as pects o f t he t heory o f

phraseology. / Ra ms A.N., D obrovolsky D. O . M .: 2008. 655 pa ges. DOI:10.1080/09588221.2011.639786

2. Kenesbaev S. Kazak tilinin frazeologyasi. Almaty: 1977.711 b . doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093882947

3. Smagulova G . K azak frazeologyasi lyngvistykslik p aradigmalarda. A lmaty: 2010.280 b. doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2006.08.003

4. Ter-Minasova S.G. Y azyk a nd c ross-cultural communication: Studies. grant. — M.: Word/Slovo, 2000. — 624 pa ges. doi.org/10.5128/LV22.03



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5. Maslova of V .A. Lingvoculturology: Studies. a g rant for t he s tudent. hi gher studies. i nstitutions. — M.: P rod. Academy center, 2001. — 208 pages.

6. Kozhakhmetova H.K., Zhaysakova R. E ., Kozhakhmetova Sh. O . K azakh-Russian phraseological d ictionary. — Almaty: Mektep, 1988. — 224 p ages. DOI: 10.1075/hcp.28

7. According t o E rmakova V .A. Conceptualization of oppos ition " the — the s tranger" i n a p aremic p icture o f t he world (on m aterial of t he Rus sian and English l anguages): D is.... e dging. phi l. sciences. — Karaganda, 2010. — Page 27. DOI: 10.1515/cogl.2010.001



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http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hcp.28�

http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2010.001�

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