Imperialism

Imperialism1Building Overseas EmpiresCh. 12 Sec. 12Vocabulary FocusImperialism: domination by one country of the political, economic, and cultural life of another country or regionProtectorate: country with its own government but under the control of an outside powerSphere of Influence: area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges3Causes of Imperialism1. Economics:Industrial Revolution created needs/desires that caused want for overseas expansionwant for rubber, petroleum, manganese, palm oilHoped for new markets to sale manufactured goodsBankers invested for profits

42. Political and Military motives:Ships needed ports around the world to take on coal and suppliesNationalism played a role- when one country moved into an area, other Euro countries countered to prevent expansion

53. Humanitarian and Religious GoalsMissionaries, doctors, & colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread the blessings of Western culture4. Social DarwinismWesterners embraced ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittestWest was superior than other weaker races6Spread of Western ImperialismWeakness of non-western statesOttoman Turks, Mughal India, Qing China in declineSlave trade weakened West AfricaWestern AdvantagesStrong economies, well-organized governments, powerful militaries, superior technology/medicine

7Resisting Imperialism:Africans and Asians especially tried to resist Western expansionWestern-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to expel imperialistFacing Criticisms at homeSmall group of anti-imperialists emerged Moving toward greater democracy at home, but imposing undemocratic rule on other peoples8Forms of Imperial Rule1. Direct rule - France Send officials and soldiers to administer their colonies2. Indirect Rule Great BritainUsed sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers to rule, and encouraged the children to attend British schools- could still use force if necessary

93. Protectorate:Local rulers left in place but were expected to follow the advice of Euro advisorsCosts less to run than a colony, usually did not require large commitment of military forces4. Sphere of Influence:Area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privilegesCarved these spheres in China & other areas to prevent conflict among themselves10Partition of AfricaCh. 12 Sec. 211Vocabulary FocusPaternalistic: the system of governing a country as a father would a child Westerners saw Africans as children in need of guidanceElite: upper class12Africa early 1800sNorth Africa:Sahara and fertile land along MediterraneanRemained under declining Ottoman rule (Muslims)West Africa:Usman dan Fodio called for social and religious reforms based on the sharia (Islamic law)Literacy increased, local wars quieted, trade improvedInspired other Islamic reform movements13East Africa:Islam was very influential where in port cities there was profitable tradeSlaves were often the cargo, but ivory and copper were exchanged for cloth and firearmsSouthern Africa:Zulus led by Shaka ruled much of the southSet off mass migrations and wars- Boer Wars14Sierra Leone1787 British organized this colony in West Africa for former slaves to liveLater more freed blacks from US settled in nearby Liberia- 1847 it had become an independent republic15European Contact1500-1700 Europeans traded on coast but did not move interior1800s with medical advancements and steamboat- that changedSome wanted to map the interior- did not understand the people they metCatholic and Protestant missionaries followed16Livingstone Blazes a TrailCrisscrossed Africa for 30 yearsWrote about people he met- more sympathy/ less biasTo end slave trade- open interior to Christianity and trade1869- Henry Stanley tracked him down Dr. Livingstone, I presume?17Scramble for Colonies1884 Berlin ConferenceNo Africans were invited to the conferenceRecognized King Leopolds claim to the Congo- called for free trade along the Congo and Niger riversAgreed Euro power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had an established government with an officeRace to colonize Africa had begun18European ColoniesBelgians under King Leopold exploited the riches of the CongoBrutalized the villagers and forced them to workLeopold was forced to turn his colony over to the Belgium governmentbetter treatment, still exploitedFrance extended its influence along Mediterranean into Tunisia, as well as West and Central Africa19Britains land was scattered but was more heavily populated than FrancesWest and East Africa, Egypt, and SudanIn south Africa, Britain clashed with the Boers (decedents of Dutch settlers)- forcing the Boers to move northLate 1800s: Boers found gold and diamondsled to conflict with Britain- who won but at great cost (Boer War)Led to Union of South Africa- racial segregation20Portuguese: Angola and MozambiqueItaly: Libya and into the hornGermany: eastern and southern lands- Cameroons and Togo

21African Resist ImperialismFrench fought Samori Toure who led AlgeriansBritish battled Zulus in southern Africa and Asante in the westGermans fought against the Yao and Herero Ethiopia succeeded in resisting Euro colonization under Menelik IIModernized Ethiopia and defeated ItaliansOnly independent nation besides Liberia22African Elite emergeSome Western-educated Africans admired western ways and rejected their own cultureOthers valued their African traditions and condemned Western societiesBy 1900s African leaders were forging nationalist movements to pursue self-determination and independence2324

Germany StrengthensChapt. 10 Sec. 225Vocabulary FocusKulturkampfBismarcks Battle for Civilization in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church

Social WelfarePrograms to help certain groups of people26Germany Becomes an Industrial GiantGermany possessed many of the industrial factors-behind Great BritainDisciplined and educated workforce helped the economyRapid population growth provided huge home market/workforceGovernment supported applied sciences and promoted economic development27The Iron ChancellorOtto von Bismarck became first Chancellor of the newly unified GermanempirePursued several foreign-policy goalsWanted to keep France weak while building strong links with Austria and RussiaRespected British Navy but did not compete with themDomestic policies dealt with:Sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial stateTargeted Catholic Church and the Socialists

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Campaign against the Church and SocialistsCampaign against the Church:Catholics made up about a third of the German populationBismarck distrusted Catholics- especially the clergy- whose first loyalty was to the Pope instead of the stateLaunched Kulturkampf Battle for Civilization- his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the ChurchHis moves against the Church backfired- the faithful rallied behind the Church and the Catholic party gained strength in the ReichstagBismarck admitted his mistake and worked to make peace with theChurch29Campaign against the Socialists:Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward revolutionHad laws passed that dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, and banned their meetingsHis plan backfired again- workers were unified in support of the socialist causeBismarck then set out to woo workers away from socialism- he became a pioneer in social reformWorkers benefitted from Bismarcks plan but still did not abandon socialism30Kaiser William II1888 William II succeeded his grandfather as KaiserSupremely confident and sought to put his own stamp on Germany1890- asked Otto von Bismarck to resign- There is only one master in the Reich, and that is I.

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William resisted efforts to introduce democratic reformsHis government did provide programs for social welfare, cheap transportation, excellent public school educationSpent lavish amounts of German money on German military- already the most powerful in EuropeAlso launched a campaign to expand the German Navy- won an overseas empire to rival those of Britain and FranceHis ambitious and aggressive military stance increased tensions on the eve of World War I32Japan ModernizesCh. 13 Sec. 133Japan Opens UpJuly 1853 American ships under Matthew Perry landed in Tokyo BayLetter from President Fillmore demanded Japan open its borders to tradeTreaty of Kanagawa in 1854- Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships, but not for tradeUS quickly won rights on trade, extraterritoriality, and low taxes on American importsLed to social and economic unrest34Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)Under the new emperor- Mutsuhito (took the name Meiji meaning enlightened rule) the capital moved from Kyoto to Edo and was renamed TokyoMoto: A rich country, a strong militaryStudied Western ways and adapted them to Japanese needs- invited westerners to teach JapaneseCreated a strong central government from the previous feudal orderAll citizens were equal before the law35Leaders made the economy a major priorityEncouraged Japanese to adopt western business ideasNew Constitution ended legal distinctions between classesDistinctions survived, but improved laws for the lower classesJapan modernized with amazing speedBy 1890 Japan was strong enough to force Western powers to revise the unequal treaties36Japans Growing Military StrengthAs it grew as an industrial power, its economic needs fed its imperial desiresJapan lacked many of the basic resources needed for industrializationJapan focused on Korea- at crossroads of East Asia, it was already the focus of Russia, China, and now Japan1876- Japan forced Korea to open its ports to trade1894- competition over Korea led Japan and China to the First Sino-Japanese WarJapan defeated the Chinese!37Ten years later- japan challenged Russia for territory in Korea and Manchuria- Russo-Japanese warJapan defeated Russian troops in Manchuria and its navy nearly destroyed the Russian fleetJapan made Korea a protectorate, then annexed it outrightRuled Korea for 35 years before a violence broke outMarch First Movement became a rallying symbol for Korean nationalistsBy the early 1900s- Japan was the strongest power in Asia38China and the New ImperialismCh. 12 Sec. 539Vocabulary WordsBalance of Trade: difference between how much a country imports and how much it exportstrade surplus: situation in which a country exports more than it importsTrade deficit: situation in which a country imports more than it exportsIndemnity: payment for losses in warExtraterritoriality: right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nationOpen Door Policy: American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations

40Chinese TradeRegulations had ensured China had a favorable balance of tradeStrict limits on foreign tradeEuro merchants restricted to a small areaSold them silk, porcelain, & tea for gold & silverChina= trade surplus/ Westerners= trade deficit

41Opium WarLate 1700s: British merchants traded opium for Chinese tea- popular in BritainChinese began to buy opium with silver enough to disrupt the economyChinese government outlawed opium and executed drug dealersCalled on Britain to end the trade which British refused

421839: Chinese warships clashed with British merchants- triggered Opium WarBritish gunboats bombarded Chinese coastal portsChinese easily defeated1842: Chinese forced to sign Treaty of NanjingBritain received huge indemnityBritish gained island of Hong KongChina had to open 5 ports to tradeChinese grated British citizens extraterritoriality43

44Taiping Rebellion Weakens China1800s: Qing dynasty in declineIrrigation systems & canals poorly maintainedPopulation explosion created hardships for Chinas peasantsExtravagant court/ tax evasion/ widespread corruption1850-1864 Taiping RebellionHong Xiuquan called for end to Qing dynastyRebels won control of large parts of China for 14 years45Rebellion almost toppled Qing dynastyQing government survived but had to share power with regional commandersEuropeans continued pressure and Russia seized lands in the north46Conflicts with JapanWar with JapanJapan imperializing- Sino-Japanese warDisaster for China/ Japan gained TaiwanChinas defeat showed their weaknesses- Europeans began to carve out spheres of influenceLed to Open Door PolicyHundred Days of Reform1898: Guan Xu launched the reformAffected schools, military, and the bureaucracyConservatives rallied and imprisoned him- Ci Xi reasserted the throne

47Qing Dynasty FallsBoxer Uprising- 1899 a secret society known as Righteous Harmonious Fists trained in martial arts (Boxers)Their goal: drive out foreign devils1900: Boxers attacked foreigners across ChinaEurope/ Japan crushed the Boxers and rescued foreignersCi Xi originally supported them but not after their retreat48

49Aftermath of the UprisingChina had to make concessions to foreignersChinese conservatives now supported WesternizationNew Reforms: women were educated, more students sent abroad to studyChina expanded economicallyIndustry developed Business class emerged, new urban working class pressed for rights50Birth of a RepublicCi Xi died 1908: a 2 year-old boy inherited the throne- China slipped into chaos1911: uprisings spread- toppled Qing dynastyDec. 1911: Sun Yixian named president of the new Chinese RepublicFaced many problems: constantly at war with itself and foreign invaders51The British Take Over IndiaSec. 452Vocabulary TermsSati: a Hindu custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre (fire)Sepoy: Indian soldier who served in an army set up the French or English trading companiesViceroy: one who governed in India in the name of the British monarchDeforestation: the destruction of forest landPurdah: isolation of women in separate quarters53East India Company and RebellionMid-1700s Mughal empire collapsing from lack of strong rulersEarly 1600s EIC won trading rights on the outskirts of Mughal empireAs that empire declined EIC power increased Mid-1800s EIC controlled 3/5 of IndiaEIC successful by exploiting Indian diversity54EIC main goal: make moneyDid improve roads, preserve peace, & reduce banditryBy mid-1800s British had: introduced Western education, missionaries tried to convert to Christianity, worked to end slavery & caste systemBanned sati to improve womens role in the family1850s: EIC made some unpopular moves55Discontent to Rebellion1. British required sepoys to fight anywhereOverseas travel was an offense to religion2. EIC passed a law that allowed Hindu widows to remarryUndermined Hindu religion3. 1857, British issued new rifles to the sepoysTold to bite off the tips of the cartridges to load rifleTip of cartridge greased in animal fat- cow or pigSepoys that refused orders - imprisoned56Rebellion and AftermathAngry sepoys rose up against British officersSepoy Rebellion spread across northern and central IndiaMarched after Dehli (old capital) and hailed last Mughal ruler as their leaderMassacred British in some areasBritish eventually crushed the revolt and retaliated- burned villages/ killed Indians57Legacy of Rebellion1858- Parliament ended EIC rule and put India directly under British crownSent more troops to India Increased taxes to pay for troopsSlowed the reforms that offended Hindus/ Muslims but developed India for Britains economic benefit58British view of Colonial RuleParliament set up a system of colonial rule in India called the British RajA viceroy in India governed in name of the queenBritain made India the brightest jewel in the crown of their empirePolicies were designed to incorporate India into the overall British economyBritish felt they were modernizing India59Impact of Colonial RuleUnequal partnership India to Britain was a market and source of raw materialsDid improve railroad and road systemsBritish flooded Indian markets with cheaply made goods ruining their trade systemIntroduced to medical improvements and new farming methodsLed to population growth- deforestation and great famines across India60Benefits of Colonial ruleBrought some degree of peace to Indian countrysideBritish revised legal system to promote justice for Indians regardless of class or casteRailroads helped Indians move around countryTelegraph and postal system helped improve communicationsHelped to build a sense of unityUpper-classes benefited the most61Consequences of ImperialismCh. 13 Sec. 462Economic ConsequencesSuez CanalFrench entrepreneur built it to connect Mediterranean with Red Sea and the Indian Ocean1875 Ottomans could not afford to pay back the loans so the leader sold his shares to the British63

Panama CanalUS wanted to build a canal across Central America but the Columbians refused to sell the land1903 US backed Panamanians in a revolt against ColumbiaGave US rights to the land as a thank youPanama Canal opened 1914To Latin America the canal was another example of Yankee Imperialism 6465

Political DoctrineMonroe DoctrineThe American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.Roosevelt CorollaryAdded to the Monroe Doctrine- The United States claimed international police power in the Western Hemisphere66