Imperialism ( 1800-1914)Imperialism ( 1800-1914)

Defined: nation to Defined: nation to dominate the dominate the

politicalpolitical

economic economic

And(social) cultural And(social) cultural affairs affairs

of another nation or of another nation or region.region.

Do Now:

1. How does this political cartoon represent imperialism in Africa?

2. Who do you think the snake represents? Why?

3. Create a title for this cartoon.

Scramble for the Colonies• Europeans entered further and further into

Africa– Medical innovations– Maxim gun (early machine gun)

• What do you think happened as these countries moved further and further?

• Berlin Conference 1884

The Berlin Conference...The Race Was On...

5. What group was not present at the Berlin Conference? Africans

6. What effect do you think the Berlin Conference had on the group not represented? Country was divided without any regard to tribal lines

• The competition for colonies in Africa was fierce. Nations met in Berlin, Germany in 1884 to lay down the rules for the division of Africa. • The Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins would be considered neutral and open to trade.

We are here to divide this magnificent African cake…

Time to Think !

The thought they were superior (Social Darwinism)

Before ImperialismThere were not really

any real boundaries in Africa before Imperialism.

Result- The Berlin conference cut up (the cake) any way they wanted

Which nations were not colonized

by 1914?

The establishing of colonies signaled a change in the way of life of the Africans. The

Europeans made efforts to change the political, social and economic lives of the

peoples they conquered.

Changes in Culture

• Lost traditions• Schools/Educational advances• Forced conversion to Christianity• Westernization• Still affects Africa today

Main Idea – Technological superiority allowed European nations to dominate non-developed areas and establish global empires. Guns, steam ships, and communications etc.

The White Man’s Burden

• Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Why did it start?

Industrial Revolution

Increased need for

Resources

Nations did not have enough

resources in their own country Forces to look

elsewhere for resources

Nations competed for

colonies

Industrial Nations

produced so many goods

that they needed new

markets

Why did it start?

Nationalism

Extreme pride in their country led

them to want more power

More colonies = More Power

Industrial Nations

competed for colonies

Why did it start?

White Man’s Burden

Westerners felt it was their duty to “civilize” the

“backwards” people of the

world

Westerners viewed anyone with different

religion & life as “backwards”

Mission = Spread Mission = Spread Christianity & the Christianity & the

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Good? or Evil?

7. What are the similarities and differences between these men?8. Who do you think would be victorious in battle? Why?

One English writer put it this way:

“Whatever happens, we have gotthe Maxim gun, and they have not.”

European Imperialism In Africa

Imperialism• Mixed motives. Imperial powers claimed economic necessity, strategic imperatives, and a

high-minded "civilizing mission." – Frequently motives were confused, so it became "the white man's burden" to convert Africans to

Christianity while at the same time enslaving them.• Competition between imperial powers.

– The scramble for Africa and later for the Pacific islands illustrates the intense competition between imperial nations.

– The United States took over the Philippines in order to be on an equal footing with other powers already in China. Japan seized Korea and Taiwan for the same reason.

• Different models of colonial rule. – In practice, the new imperialism varied considerably; including settler colonies such as Australia,

indirect rule as in British Africa, direct rule as in French Indochina, and even the private fiefdom of Leopold II in the Belgian Congo. In all cases, ultimate authority rested with the imperial state, and local rulers had little real power.

• Economic colonialism. – The purpose of the colony was to supply cheap raw commodities to the imperialist state and to be a

market for manufactured goods. – All resources, natural and human, were directed to this effort. Forests were transformed into

plantations, and workers impressed into service. – There was no effort to develop a colonial industry that might compete with the imperial state.

• Contempt for local cultures.– With few exceptions, the imperial powers regarded colonial people as their inferiors and treated

them as such. The French made an effort to convert and educate colonial peoples.– The British also employed colonials as soldiers and minor civil servants, but made little provision

for education. – This disrespect contributed to a growing nationalism in India.

World before WWI

ECONOMY POLITICS &MILITARY

SOCIETY SCIENCE &INVENTION

• NEED FOR NATURAL RESOURCES

•NEED FOR NEW MARKETS

•PLACE FOR GROWING POPULATION TO SETTLE

•PLACE TO INVEST PROFITS

•BASES FOR TRADE & NAVY SHIPS

•POWER & SECURITY OF GLOBAL EMPIRE

•SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM

•WISH TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY

•WISH TO SHARE WESTERN CIVILIZATION

•BELIEF THAT WESTERN WAYS ARE BEST

•NEW WEAPONS

•NEW MEDICINES

•IMPROVED SHIPS &RAILROADS

•IMPROVED RIFLES

CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM

•SOCIAL DARWINISM

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

•European medicine & improved nutrition increased life span of Africans. This caused an increase in population.

•Modern transportation & communications; telegraphs, railroads, steamships, and telephones

•A small minority received improved education and economic opportunities.

•European domination led to an erosion of traditional African values and destroyed many existing social relationships

•African peoples were treated a s inferior. Forced to work long hours for low pay.

•Europeans divided up Africa ignoring tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries. These divisions have led to ongoing tribal clashes

Regents Question

3. The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflected in this cartoon shows the idea that

1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help 3. Imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples

5. Based on the map, which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800’s?

1. new nations were based on old tribal boundaries 2. the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded

3. the continent was divided equally among the colonial powers 4. African unity was encouraged

2. The cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded

Regents Question

European Imperialism In Africa

Outcomes

• The Boers resisted British victory & practiced guerilla warfare

• British arrested & imprisoned Boers

• Boers finally gave up (1910)

• Orange Free State & Transvaal became part of British Africa

• Created the Union of South Africa

Cecil Rhodes vision of a English-speaking Empire

became a reality.

• Created problems Created problems between African tribesbetween African tribes

• Forced ethnic groups Forced ethnic groups into same nationinto same nation

• Destroyed African Destroyed African cultureculture

• In many parts, In many parts, segregation & class segregation & class system based on color system based on color were introduced were introduced

• Africa has yet to Africa has yet to recover recover corruption, corruption, instability, violence & instability, violence & authoritative regimes authoritative regimes are commonare common

The Congo Sparks Interest

The Congo Sparks Interest

In 1882 a treaty was signed with local chiefs of the

Congo River valley. The treaties gave King Leopold

II of Belgium personal control over the land.

________________of Belgium commissioned the explorer Henry Stanley to secure agreements from the tribes who inhabited the Congo Basin in Africa. Stanley did so through a combination

of promises, threats and trickery.

King Leopold II

Abuses of the Native Congolese People

Leopold licensed companies that

brutally exploited Africans, by

forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants.

Africans harvesting rubber in the Congo.

The system was unusually exploitative and brutal, even in Colonial Africa. Whipping was a common form of punishment for workers

who did not meet their quotas or who disobeyed the white man's rules.

The man lost his hand from ropes tied too tight by Belgian Rubber

Company soldiers. The boy

lost his hand from soldiers that wanted to claim

him as a kill.

A man who refused to go work in the rubber plantation looks at the severed foot and hand

of his 5 year old daughter.

YOU DECIDE

1. Based on the previous images, why do you think King Leopold conducted such serious

penalties on the Congolese people?

2. What do you think could be done to stop these crimes against humanity?

3. Based on this picture and what you have just learned, what do you think is King Leopold’s primary interest in the Congo?

"My yearly income is millions of guineas"

4. Create a title for this picture.

The World Demanded Changes• Much of Europe frowned upon these

atrocities, which led to the end of Leopold's rule of the basin. His financial backing eroded to the point that Leopold required loans from the Belgian government. • In 1908 Belgium took the lands for itself as the Belgian Congo. Many of the hardships of the natives were reduced and living conditions were improved.

The history of South Africa is a history of _________, ______ ___

_______ clashing over land and resources. Although the African

lands seemed empty to the Europeans, there were huge areas claimed by various ethnic groups.

Three Groups Clash over South Africa

Africans, Dutch and British

The _____ were a South African tribe that placed an emphasis on military organization and skill, as

established by their legendary leader

____________. Under Shaka’s rule, the Zulu broadened their land

claims throughout southern Africa.

Zulu Expansion

Zulu

Shaka Zulu

•How does this ABC book portray the native people in the colonies?

•How do they portray themselves?

The Dutch first came to the Cape of Good

Hope in 1652 to establish a way

station for their ships sailing between the

Dutch East Indies and home. _______(Dutch for “farmers”), were Dutch settlers who

gradually established large farms. When the British took over the Cape Colony in the

1800s, the Boers left seeking their own

state.

British Boers and Settlers in the Cape

Boers

                                            

          

Cape Town Castle

Piet Retief, helped to lead Boers to Orange Free State

In the 1830s, to escape the British, several

thousand Boers began to move north. This

movement has become known as the ____________.

The Boers soon found themselves fighting

fiercely with Zulu and other African groups whose land they were

taking.

The Great Trek

Great Trek

__________and ________were discovered in southern Africa in the 1860s and 1880s. Suddenly,

“outsiders” from all parts of the world rushed in to make their fortunes. The Boers tried to keep the

outsiders from gaining political rights. An attempt to start a rebellion against the Boers failed. The

Boers blamed the British. In 1899, the Boers took up arms against the British. This conflict was

known as__________________.

+ =

GoldDiamonds

The Boer War

9. Compare these two pictures of soldiers.Which group seems more advanced?

10. Which is the picture of British soldiers and which picture is of the Boer soldiers? How did you come to your conclusions?

In many ways the Boer War between the British and the Boers was the first modern “total” war. The Boers launched commando raids and used

guerrilla tactics against the British. The British countered by burning Boer farms and

imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps. Britain won the

war.

The Boer War

Cecil Rhodes was instrumental in assuring British dominance of southern Africa. He founded the De

Beers Mining Company, eventually controlling 90% of the world’s diamond production. After becoming

prime minister of the Cape Colony (now South Africa) in 1890, he used his influence to strengthen

British control over the region.

In 1902, the Boer republics were joined into a self-governing ______________________,

controlled by the British. Union of South Africa

Observing this photo, what are some of the positive and negative aspects of Imperialism?

Independence

• Emergence of western-educated Africans

• Founded nationalist groups to push for independence

• Achieved political independence by end of the twentieth century

Present day Africa