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Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad
IMPACTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDING
RESEARCH
of
Impacts of
Sugarcane Breeding Research
Ayub Agricultural Research
Institute (AARI), Faisalabad
1 2 3MOHAMMAD ISHAQ JAVED , ABID MAHMOOD , NAEEM AHMAD ,4 5
MUHAMMAD IJAZ TABASSUM & IFTIKHAR NABI
1. Agricultural Economist, AARI, Faisalabad2. Director General Agricultural Research, AARI, Faisalabad3. Director Sugarcane Research Ins�tute, AARI, Faisalabad4. Assistant Botanist (Gene�cs) Sugarcane Research Ins�tute, AARI, Faisalabad5. Assistant Research Officer (Economics) , Agricultural Economic Sec�on, AARI, Faisalabad
2018
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PREAMBLE Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad is the premier research organization of the
Punjab Province. It was established in 1962 after the bifurcation of research and education working
under the former Punjab Agricultural College and Research Institute Lyallpur, now called Faisalabad.
The main campus of AARI is located at Faisalabad, whereas the ecological specific research institutes,
stations, sub-stations, testing centers, service laboratories and research farms are located throughout the
province. Its mission is to develop new varieties of crops, technologies for food safety and sustainable
generation of exportable surplus for economic safeguard and value addition.
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad has been at the forefront in developing sugarcane
production in the country. Research system of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad has
developed and released 24 sugarcane varieties so far for general cultivation in Punjab. This is a
continuous process keeping in view the ever changing biological scenario as well as the needs of the
sugar industry. Sugarcane varieties developed by AARI's Research System have been widely
appreciated and opted by the sugarcane growers in Punjab. The share of AARI's varieties in sugarcane
cultivation of the Province of Punjab was 92% percent during 2016-17 (CRS , 2017).b
The report in hand is the 4 of Impact Assessment Series. It documents the spread and adoption of th
AARI's sugarcane varieties and assesses the impacts of AARI's sugarcane breeding research in Punjab
from 2000-01 to 2016-17. The results of the study revealed that sugarcane breeding research has
generated enormous benefits during the whole study period. During 2016-17, economic impact of
sugarcane breeding research of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad was estimated at
Rupees 38 billion. Economic benefits averaged Rs. 15.85 billion per year across the whole study
period.
DR. ABID MAHMOOD
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CONTENTSPREAMBLE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 Global Sugarcane Scenario 1.1.1 Sugarcane Producing Regions 1.1.2 Sugarcane Production 1.1.3 Sugar Production and Consumption1.2 Sugarcane Production in Pakistan1.3 Sugarcane Production in Punjab1.4 Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad.1.5 Sources and Types of Data.1.6 Objectives of the Study.1.7 Organization of the Report
CHAPTER 2: ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUGARCANE2.1 Origin of Sugarcane 2.2 Botanical Classification of Sugarcane2.3 Saccharum Species 2.3.1 Saccharum officinarum L 2.3.2 Saccharum spontaneum L 2.3.3 Saccharum barberi Jesw 2.3.4 Saccharum sinense 2.3.5 Saccharum robustum Brandes & Jesw. ex Grassl 2.3.6 Saccharum edule Hassk 2.4 Saccharum Complex
CHAPTER 3: SUGARCANE BREEDING RESEARCH3.1 Cane Breeding History 3.1.1 Cane Breeding Research in Indo-Pak Subcontinent 3.1.2 Cane Breeding Research in Punjab3.2 Procedure for Varietal Development at AARI, Faisalabad
CHAPTER 4: ADOPTION OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES4.1 Adoption of AARI's Sugarcane Varieties in Punjab
CHAPTER 5: IMPACTS OF AARI'S SUGARCANE BREEDING RESEARCH5.1 Estimation of Benefits from Sugarcane Breeding Research5.2 Impacts of Sugarcane Breeding Research of AARI, Faisalabad 5.2.1 Additional Sugarcane Produced in Punjab 5.2.2 Economic Impacts of AARI's Sugarcane Breeding Research in Punjab
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS6.1 Summary6.2 Conclusions
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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TABLES1.1: Production Share of Sugarcane by Region
1.2: Global Sugarcane Production (2001-2016)
1.3: Top 10 Sugarcane Producing Countries of the World
1.4: Global Production and Consumption of Sugar (from 2007-08 to 2016-17)
1.5: Top 10 Sugar Producing Countries of the World (2016-17)
1.6: Top 10 Sugar Consuming Countries of the World (2016-17)
1.7: Global Per Capita Sugar Consumption (2009-2015)
1.8: Per Capita Consumption of Sugar in Pakistan
1.9: Sugarcane Production in Punjab by District (2016-17)
2.1. Salient Characteristics of Members of 'Saccharum complex’
3.1: Characteristics of Sugarcane Varieties Developed at AARI, Faisalabad
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1.1: Production Share of Sugarcane by Region
1.2: Top 10 Sugarcane Producing Countries of the World
1.3: Sugarcane Area, Production and Yield in Pakistan
1.4: Province Wise Area and Production of Sugarcane in Pakistan
1.5: Sugarcane Area, Production and Yield in Punjab
1.6: District Wise Sugarcane Yield in Punjab (Kilogram/Hectare)
2.1: Origin and Migration of S. officinarum (After Brandes, 1958)
3.1: Diagrammatical procedure to evolve sugarcane variety at AARI, Faisalabad.
4.1: Share of AARI's Sugarcane Varieties in Punjab
4.2: Share of AARI's Varieties in Punjab's Sugarcane Cultivation
5.1: Additional Sugarcane Produced attributable to AARI's Sugarcane Breeding Research in Punjab
5.2: Additional Sugarcane Produced in Punjab due to adoption of AARI's Sugarcane Varieties
5.3: Economic Benefits of AARI's Sugarcane Breeding Research in Punjab
5.4: Economic Benefits of HSF 240 in Punjab
5.5: Economic Benefits of SPF 234 in Punjab
FIGURES
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I: Sugarcane Area, Production and Yield in Pakistan (1947-2017)
II: Sugarcane Area, Production and Yield in Punjab (1947-2017)
III: Share of AARI's Sugarcane Varieties in Punjab (2000-01 to 2016-17)
IV: Percent Share of AARI's Sugarcane Varieties in Punjab (2000-01 to 2016-17)
V: Additional Sugarcane Produced in Punjab due to AARI's Sugarcane Varieties (2000-01 to 2016-17)
VI: Economic Impacts of AARI's Sugarcane Breeding Research (2000-01 to 2016-17)
APPENDICES
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We owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to large number of people who have contributed a lot for
completing this manuscript. Crop Reporting Service (CRS), Lahore has provided basic data on the
varietal distribution of sugarcane in Punjab from 2000-01 to 2016-17. We express our appreciation to
Mr. Muhammad Anwar Baig, Director (CRS), for his kind cooperation and Mr. Azaz Ahmad, Statistical
Officer (CRS) for his time and effort in arranging the data on varietal distribution of sugarcane in Punjab
since 2000-01. We are highly indebted to Malik Kareem Bakhsh, Ex. Director, Sugarcane Research
Institute, Faisalabad for his valuable suggestions and guidance. The authors are grateful to Dr. Sarfaraz
Hasan and Dr. Asghar Ali of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; Dr. Irfan Ahmad Baig and Dr.
Muhammad Nasir Nadeem of Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Agriculture University (MNSAU) Multan, for
making many valuable suggestions regarding economic analysis. The authors are highly indebted to Dr.
Muhammad Yaseen and Dr. Mahmood-ul-Hasan of SRI, Faisalabad for providing data on varietal trials
and best available information on sugarcane breeding research. Thanks are also extended to
Ch.Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Senior Librarian, AARI, Faisalabad for reference material he provided
for this manuscript. We are extremely grateful to Mr. Muhammad Rafique Dogar and Mr. Qurban Ali for
managing design and graphics. Finally, we would also like to express gratitude to Mr. Muhammad
Shoaib Kamran, Assistant Research Officer (Economics) for his excellent assistance in data processing.
AUTHORS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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Sugarcane is an important cash crop of many
agricultural countries including Pakistan. It is a
versatile crop and a rich source of food, fiber,
fuels, chemicals and fertilizers. Every part of
sugarcane plant from top to bottom is utilized in
one form or the other, directly by mankind or the
industry. The crop is of immense economic
importance for the prosperity of the people. Its
importance can be judged from the fact that
sugarcane is cultivated in nearly 115 countries of
the world and produces three forth of the total
sugar in the world.
1.1. Global Sugarcane Scenario1.1.1. Sugarcane Producing Regions
Sugarcane is a worldwide crop and has attained
importance due to its status of a cash crop for
farmers, a sweetener for consumers, strong base
for agro-industrial chemicals and value added
products and renewable energy resources.
Sugarcane, though a tropical plant, is cultivated
in both the tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is
grown in countries within latitudes 37º North
and 32º South of equator. Sugarcane is also being
grown in extreme climates and in areas most
unlikely for its production. Africa and Asia have
relatively higher proportion of sugarcane grown 0 0in 25 -35 latitudes, while sugarcane area in
America and Oceania mostly fall in latitude 0 0
ranges of 20 -25 . This wide spread cultivation is
due to morphological and genetic changes in
sugarcane that occurred because of inter-
breeding among various varieties. Europe has
negligible area under sugarcane. According to
FAO (2016), Americas produces 52.3% of the
world sugarcane followed by Asia (39.9%),
Africa (5.7%) and Oceania (2.2%).
1.1.2. Sugarcane Production
Enhancement in area and production is observed
horizontally as well as vertically during the last
one and a half decade in the world (Table 1.2).
Area increased from 19.59 million hectares to
26.77 million hectares during the mentioned
period. Similarly, production increased from
1258 million tons to 1891 million tons during the
same span of time. Brazil, India, China, Thailand,
Pakistan, Mexico, Colombia and Indonesia were
the main sugarcane producing countries. Brazil stoccupied 1 position in sugarcane production
ndwith 769 million tons while India at 2 position
with 348 million tons followed by China with 123
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION
Source: (FAO, 2016)
Europe
Oceania
Africa
Asia
Americas
Percentage
0
2.2
5.7
39.9
52.3
Table 1.1: Production Share of Sugarcane by Region
Production share of sugarcaneby region
Fig. 1.1: Production Share of Sugarcane by Region
Europe 0%
Oceania 2.2%
Africa 5.7%
Asia 39.9%Americas 52.3%
Europe Oceania Africa Asia Americas
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(Source: FAO, 2016)
768,678,382
348,448,000
122,663,940
87,468,496
65,450,704
56,446,821
36,951,213
34,403,004
33,533,403
29,926,210
Sugarcane Production
(Tons)Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Country
Brazil
India
China
Thailand
Pakistan
Mexico
Colombia
Australia
Guatemala
United States
Table1.3: Top 10 Sugarcane Producing Countries of the World
Table: 1.2: Global Sugarcane Production (2001-2016)
Year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
19.59
20.25
20.55
20.11
19.67
20.56
22.74
24.14
23.72
23.68
25.54
26.06
26.91
27.05
26.66
26.77
Area(Million Hectares)
1258
1327
1372
1333
1306
1417
1605
1721
1678
1683
1794
1831
1902
1885
1887
1891
Production(Million Tons)
(Source: FAO, 2016)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
768,678,382
348,448,000
122,663,940
87,468,496
65,450,704
56,446,821
36,951,213
34,403,004
33,533,403
29,926,210
Production(In Tons)
Brazil
India
China
Thailand
Pakistan
Mexico
Colombia
Australia
Guatemala
United States
Country
Fig. 1.2: Top 10 Sugarcane Producing Countries of the World
million tons, Thailand with 87 million tons,
Pakistan with 65 million tons, Mexico with 56
million tons, Colombia with 37 million tons,
Australia with 34 million tons, Guatemala with
33.5 million tons and United States with 30
million tons (Table 1.3)
1.1.3. Sugar Production and Consumption
Sugar is a universal sweetening agent and chief thsource of sugar in the world. At present, 3/4 of
the total sugar is produced from sugarcane
whereas remaining sugar comes from sugar beet.
During 2016-17, global sugar production was
recorded 171.5 million tons. Brazil was the
leading country in this regard with 39.15 million
tons followed by India with 22.2 million tons,
European Union with 16.50 million tons.
Thailand with 10.03 million tons, China with 9.30
million tons, USA with 8.14 million tons, Mexico
with 6.31 million tons, Russia with 6.20 million
tons, Pakistan with 6.14 million tons and
Australia with 5.10 million tons. These ten
countries produced 73% sugar of the world.
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Table 1.6 shows data of top 10 sugar consuming
countries of the world for the year 2016-17. India st
occupies 1 position in the list of sugar
consuming countries with 25.50 million tons
followed by European Union with18.70 million
tons, China with 15.60 million tons, USA with
11.0 million tons, Brazil with10.55 million tons,
Indonesia with 6.77 million tons, Russia with 6.0
million tons, Pakistan with 5.10 million tons,
Mexico with 4.77 million tons and Egypt with
2.95 million tons.
Data in Table 1.7 represent global per capita
consumption of sugar from 2009 to 2015. In
2015, global per capita consumption of sugar was
23 kg/year. Highest per capita consumption of
sugar was recorded in South America (45.2
kg/year) followed by Central America, Oceania,
Europe, North America, Asia and Africa with
40.1, 38.3, 35.1, 34.3, 18.1 and 16.1 kg/year,
respectively.
Per capita consumption of sugar in Pakistan is 25
kg/year which is slightly above world average
(23kg/year). Data in Table 1.8 reflect that per
Table1.5: Top 10 Sugar Producing Countries of the World (2016-17)
(Source: USDA, 2017)
39.15
22.20
16.50
10.03
9.30
8.14
6.31
6.20
6.14
5.10
SugarProductionSr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Country
Brazil
India
European Union
Thailand
China
United States
Mexico
Russia
Pakistan
Australia
(Million Tons)
Table 1.4: Global Production and Consumption of Sugar (from 2007-08 to 2016-17)
(Source: USDA, 2017)
163,536
143,888
153,517
161,642
170,967
177,486
175,703
177,462
164,703
171,472
150,855
152,487
153,776
156,103
160,202
164,509
167,486
167,872
169,229
171,623
Production Consumption
43,650
31,561
29,849
30,558
31,611
43,978
45,515
48,776
44,048
39,034
Ending StockYear
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
(000 Tons)
Table 1.7: Global Per Capita Sugar Consumption (2009-2015)
34.3
33.3
39.5
47.7
16.9
15.3
39.7
22.3
2009World Regions
Europe
North America
Central America
South America
Asia
Africa
Oceania
World Average
35.6
32.9
38.6
50.0
16.6
15.0
39.3
22.5
2010
35.5
32.4
39.5
49.8
16.2
14.7
36.2
21.7
2011
36.2
32.5
39.4
48.9
17.0
15.2
36.6
22.7
2012
36.7
33.9
39.5
48.0
17.2
16.0
35.8
22.8
2013
36.9
33.3
40.5
45.9
17.6
15.5
37.3
22.9
2014
35.1
34.3
40.1
45.2
18.1
16.1
38.3
23.0
2015
(Source: www.indiansugar.com)
(Kilograms / Year)
(Source: USDA, 2017)
25.50
18.70
15.60
11.00
10.55
6.77
6.00
5.10
4.77
2.95
Sugar Consumption
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Country
India
European Union
China
United States
Brazil
Indonesia
Russia
Pakistan
Mexico
Egypt
(Million Tons)
Table1.6: Top 10 Sugar Consuming Countries
of the World (2016-17)
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capita consumption of sugar in the country
increased over time. Per capita consumption of
sugar was 21.77 kg/ year in the year 2000-01 and
25.10 kg/year in 2015-16.
1.2. Sugarcane Production in PakistanBeing an important and high value cash crop of
Pakistan, sugarcane plays an important role in
the uplift of socioeconomic conditions of the
sugarcane growing families. It accounts for
3.4% in agriculture’s value addition and 0.7% in
overall GDP of Pakistan. It has been growing in
this region from the time immemorial and is
attributed to the mighty river Indus and its
tributaries. The region known as Indus
civilization historically had the knowledge of
sugarcane production and the extraction of brown
sugar cakes. In Pakistan, sugarcane cultivation is
confined in parts of coastal area and plains of river
Indus and adjoining rivers in Sindh, Punjab and
Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa.
At the time of independence, sugarcane was
cultivated on 189.4 thousand hectares which
increased to 1217 thousand hectares in 2016-17,
showing six fold increase in sugarcane cultivation
(Appendix I). In 1947, total sugarcane production
in the country was 5.5 million tons with an
average yield of 29.19 tons/hectare. During 2016-
17, total sugarcane production was recorded
73.60 million tons with an average yield of 60.43
tons/hectare. Simultaneously sugar industry has
also developed at fast rate in the country. At the
time of independence, there were only two sugar
mills in Pakistan. Today there are 90 sugar mills
operating in Pakistan. After textile, sugar industry
in Pakistan is the largest agro based industry with
annual crushing capacity of over 6.1 million tons
(PSMA, 2016).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140P
rod
uc�
on
(M
illio
n T
on
s)
Are
a (1
0,00
0 H
ec)
/ Yi
eld
(To
n/H
ec)
Years
Area (10,000 Hectares) Yield (Tons/Ha) Produc�on (Million Tons)
Fig 1.3: Sugarcane Area, Production and Yield in Pakistan
Table 1.8: Per Capita Consumption
of Sugar in Pakistan
(Source: USDA, 2017)
Year
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
Consumption
21.77
22.71
23.86
25.92
25.83
25.06
24.29
25.82b
(Kilograms/Capita)
Year
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
Consumption
21.34
24.12
23.12
24.57
24.00
24.00
24.00
25.10
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Sugarcane is cultivated in the four provinces of
Pakistan. Punjab is the main producer of
sugarcane followed by Sindh, KPK and
Balochistan. During 2014-15 share of Punjab in
area under sugarcane cultivation was 62%, while
in production 65% (GOP , 2015).a
Punjab 62%
Sindh 28%
KPK 10%
Balochistan 0%
Area
Punjab 65%
Sindh 27%
KPK 8%
Balochistan 0%
Produc�on
Fig 1.4: Province-wise Area and Production of Sugarcane in Pakistan
1.3. Sugarcane Production in Punjab Punjab is the main sugarcane producing
province of the country. At the time of
independence, sugarcane was cultivated on133
thousand hectares in Punjab. Total production of
sugarcane was estimated at 3,972 million tons
with an average of 29.73 tons/hectare. During
2016-17, sugarcane was cultivated on 777.78
thousand hectares. Its production accounted for
49.6 million tons with an average of 63.78
tons/hectare. It means during 70 years (1947-
2017) area under sugarcane has increased 5.8
times and its production has increased 12.5 times
while its average has almost doubled during this
period (Appendix II).
Fig 1.5: Sugarcane, Area, Production and Yield in Punjab
05101520253035404550
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pro
du
c�o
n (
Mill
ion
To
ns)
Are
a (1
0,0
00
He
c) /
Yie
dl (
Ton
s/H
ec)
Years
Area 10,000 Hectares Yield Tons/Hec Produc�on Million Tons
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In Punjab, sugarcane is cultivated in 33 districts.
District wise area (000 hectares), production
(000 tons) and yield (Kgs/hectare) of sugarcane
in Punjab for the crop year 2016-17 is presented
in Table 1.9. It is depicted from the Table that
Rahim Yar Khan (R.Y. Khan) is leading
sugarcane growing district of the Province with
156.21 thousand hectares followed by
Faisalabad with 108.86 thousand hectares,
Sargodha with 59.08 thousand hectares,
Muzafar Garh with 53.01 thousand hectares,
Jhang with 49.78 thousand hectares, Chiniot
with 42.90 thousand hectares, T.T. Singh with
38.85 thousand hectares, Rajanpur with 29.95
thousand hectares, Bahawalpur with 25.49
thousand hectares and Bhakkar with 25.09
thousand hectares. During the crop year 2016-17,
highest average yield of sugarcane (93,339
kgs/hectare) was recorded in District Rajanpur
followed by Rahim Yar Khan with 78766
kgs /hec ta re , Bahawalpur wi th 68 ,252
kgs/hectare, Muzafar Garh with 66,868
kgs/hectare, Khanewal with 66,499 kgs/hectare,
Dera Ghazi Khan with 65,116 kgs/hectare,
Bhakkar with 65,669 kgs/hectare, Lodhran with
64,931 kgs/hectare, Toba Tek Singh with 62,349
kgs/hectare and Jhang with 61,150 kgs/hectare.
Table 1.9: SUGARCANE PRODUCTION IN PUNJAB BY DISTRICT (2016-17)
Source: (CRS , 2017)a
Bahawalnagar
Bahawalpur
Bhakkar
Chiniot
D.G.Khan
Faisalabad
Gujranwala
Gujrat
Hafizabad
Jhang
Jhelum
Kasur
Khanewal
Khushab
Lahore
Layyah
Lodhran
Name of DistrictProduction
000 Tons
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Area 000 Hectares
Av. Yield (Kgs/Hec)
14.57
25.49
25.09
42.90
8.09
108.86
1.62
2.02
6.47
49.78
0.40
30.35
6.48
8.09
0.40
13.76
4.45
843.83
1740.07
1647.66
2393.62
579.73
6245.07
62.56
99..84
305.76
3043.78
14.18
1576.03
457.49
400.12
20.57
821.07
289.04
57,922
68,252
65,669
55,800
65,116
57,368
38,645
49,344
47,223
61,150
35,048
51,927
66,499
49,436
50,820
59,674
64,931
M.B.Din
Mianwali
Multan
Muzafar Garh
Nankana Sahib
Narowal
Okara
Pakpattan
Ranjanpur
Sahiwal
Sargodha
Sheikhupura
Sialkot
T.T. Singh
Vehari
R.Y.Khan
Name of DistrictProduction
000 TonsSr. No.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Area 000 Hectares
Av. Yield (Kgs/Hec)
24.69
2.83
6.07
53.01
13.36
1.21
12.54
1.62
29.95
5.26
59.08
2.43
1.21
38.85
19.83
156.21
1206.70
144.48
328.64
3544.90
749.27
40.31
597.79
87.64
2795.16
278.03
3171.54
123.84
38.97
2422.22
1194.27
12303.82
48,883
51,004
54,140
66,868
56,077
33,203
52,757
54,140
93,339
52,849
53,679
51,004
32,097
62,349
60,227
78,766
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90001-100000
70001-80000
60001-70000
50001-60000
40001-50000
30001-40000
Fig 1.6: District Wise Sugarcane Yield in Punjab (Kilograms/Hectare)
1.4. Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), FaisalabadAyub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad
was established in 1962 after the bifurcation of
research and education working under the former
Punjab Agricultural Research Institute, Lyallpur.
Punjab Agricultural Research Institute, Lyallpur
was established in 1906. Research efforts for
sugarcane varietal yield improvement dates back
to 1934 with the establishment of Sugarcane
Research Station Faisalabad (then Lyallpur). The
research was supervised by the Sugarcane
Specialist, Lyallpur, under the administrative
control of the Deputy Director of Agriculture,
Lyallpur. After independence, sugarcane
research, as a permanent component of the
Department of Agriculture, worked under the
Punjab Agricultural College and Research
Institute, Lyallpur. In 1962, Sugarcane Research
Station became a component of Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute, Faisalabad. In 1977,
Sugarcane Research Station was upgraded to
Sugarcane Research Institute.
Research System of AARI, Faisalabad has
released 24 sugarcane varieties so far for general
cultivation in Punjab including CoL 29, CoL 54,
BL 4, Triton, CP 72-2086, CP 77-400, SPF 213,
CPF 237, HSF 240, CPF 247, CPF 248 and CPF
249. This is a continuous process keeping in view
the ever changing biological scenario as well as
the needs of the sugar industry. Sugarcane
varieties developed by AARI's Research System
have been widely appreciated and opted by the
sugarcane growers in Punjab and other provinces
of the country. During 2016-17, share of AARI's
varieties in sugarcane cultivation of Punjab was
92%.
Rajanpur
Rahim Yar Khan
Bhakhar, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang, Lodhran, Khanewal,
Vehari, Muzaffargarh, Dera Ghazi Khan, BahawalpurSargodha, Mianwali, Faisalabad, Chiniot, Sheikhupura,
Jhelum, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala
Nankana Sahib, Lahore, Kasur, Okara, Sahiwal, PakpattanMultan, Layyah, BahawalnagarKhushab, Gujrat, MB Din, Hafizabad
Chakwal, Rawalpindi, AttockData not found
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1.5. Sources and Types of Data Basic data used in this report include variety
wise area of sugarcane in Punjab; additional
yield gain of sugarcane varieties and average
annual prices of sugarcane in Punjab. Data on
varietal distribution of sugarcane crop in Punjab
from 2000-01 to 2016-17 were obtained from the
Directorate of Crop Reporting Service,
Government of Punjab, Lahore. Average price of
sugarcane is the support price of sugarcane
announced by Government of Pakistan for the
Province of Punjab in that particular year. Net
yield gain attributable to an individual sugarcane
variety is the difference between the yield of that
variety and check variety in the breeder's trials.
Data for varietal yield trials for sugarcane
varieties were provided by Sugarcane Research
Institute, AARI, Faisalabad.
1.6. Objectives of the StudyThe study in hand has been devised to:
= Assess the spread and adoption of AARI's
sugarcane varieties in Punjab from 2000-01
to 2016-17.
= Estimate additional sugarcane produced
attributable to the adoption of AARI's
sugarcane varieties in Punjab from 2000-01
to 2016-17.
= Estimate the economic benefits generated by
Sugarcane Breeding Research of AARI,
Faisalabad from 2000-01 to 2016-17.
= Provide feedback to sugarcane scientists
about the acceptance/rejection of their
sugarcane varieties.
1.7. Organization of the ReportIncluding the introduction, report has six
chapters. Chapter 2 describes the origin and
botanical classification of sugarcane. Chapter 3
sheds light over the history of breeding research
and procedure for varietal development at
AARI, Faisalabad. Chapter 4 describes adoption
and spread of AARI's sugarcane varieties in
Punjab. Chapter 5 elaborates the impacts of
sugarcane breeding research of AARI,
Faisalabad. Chapter 6 is devoted to the summary
and conclusions of the study. References and
appendices are given at the end.
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CHAPTER
2 ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION
2.1. Origin of Sugarcane No one knows exactly how old sugarcane is. The
sugarcane has been known from the earliest
times and is referred to in historical records
going back into remote days of ancient
civilization. However, the original home of
Saccharum officinarum L remained in dispute
until the work of Brandes (1958). Brandes
(1958) exhaustively surveyed the evidence and
concluded that New Guinea is the undoubted
home of the Saccharum officinarum. Brandes
postulated that Saccharum officinarum was
originated in the South Pacific area probably in
the island of New Guinea and was disbursed by
three routes in different epochs. First track of
migration of S. officinarum from New Guinea
started approximately in the year 8000 BC to the
Solomon Island, the New Hebrids and New
Caledonia. Second track of migration of
sugarcane began about 6000 BC and reached
Borneo, Philippines, Java, Malaya and Burma to
India. The third track of migration of sugarcane
was between 500 to1100 AD and reached from
Fiji to Tonga, Tahiti, the Marquesas and Hawaiian
Island. The migrations of sugarcane described by
Brandes (1958) are illustrated in Fig 2.1./
Fig. 2.1 Origin and migration of S. officinarum (After Brandes, 1958)
Westward dispersal of sugarcane took place
from India. Alexander the Great carried it to
Europe on his return from India in 325 BC but
even earlier than that there had been chance of
introduction to Persia, Arabia, and Egypt
(Barnes, 1965). The Persians, followed by the
Greeks, discovered the famous "reeds that
produce honey without bees" in India between
the 6th and 4th centuries BC. The Arabs
conquered Persia and found sugarcane being
grown by 500 AD; they adopted and then spread
sugarcane agriculture. Blackburn (1984) is of the
view that the Islamic conquests of the period 600
AD to 800 AD gave impetus to the westward
movement of S. officinarum by the second route.
Its cultivation spread from India to Iran, then to
Syr ia and eventua l ly to severa l o ther
Mediterranean countries. It was introduced to
Egypt in 710 A.D and continued its westward
journey across Northern Africa reaching
Origin of Saccharum officinarum, derived from S. robustum, which occurred 8000 to 15000 BC
First migration of S. officinarum, beginning about 8000 BC
Second migration, beginning about 6000 BC
Third migration, about AD 500 to 1100
Satellite centres of diversity along tracks of migration
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Morocco, then, crossing the Mediterranean to
Southern Spain by 755 A.D and to Sicily in 950
AD. During the Muslim agricultural revolution,
Arab entrepreneurs adopted the techniques of
sugar production from India and then refined and
transformed them into a large-scale industry.
Arabs set up the first large scale sugar mills,
refineries, factories and plantation. Arabs
controlled the European sugar trade. From the thbeginning of the 15 century to the middle of the
th17 century, international trade in sugar was
dominated by Portuguese. The Portuguese
introduced sugarcane in Brazil during the 1530s.
The cultivation of the cane continued its
westward movement: first to Madeira and Sao
Thome, islands off the Atlantic coast of Africa;
then to Fernando Po and Angola and finally across
the ocean to Brazil (Blackburn, 1984). At present
sugarcane is cultivated in 115 countries of the
world.
2.2. Botanical Classification of SugarcaneSugarcane is a perennial grass and belongs to the
genus Saccharum (Linneus, 1753). The genus
Saccharum has its origin from the following
family ancestors:
Family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
Sub-family: Panicoideae
Tribe: Andropogoneae
Sub-tribe: Saccharineae
Group: Saccharastrae
Genus: Saccharum
Besides genus Saccharum, which come under
tribe Andropogoneae, there are nine other genera
namely Miscanthus, Erianthus, Narenga,
Sclerostachya, Miscanthidium, Eccoilopus,
Erichrysis and Imperata (Malik, 2009).
2.3. Saccharum SpeciesAs a result of evolutionary process during natural
course of crosses amongst various genera of
Saccharum, different species were developed.
Generally six species have been recognized
which include: S. officinarum, S. spontaneum, S.
sinense, S. barberi, S. robustum and S. edule. Of
these, S. officinarum, S. sinense, and S. barberi,
are cultivated, while S. spontaneum,S. robustum
and S. edule are wild forms. The brief description
of these six species is given below.
2.3.1. Saccharum officinarum L
This species is used primarily for sugar
production and is often known as the “noble”
cane. No clone of Saccharum officinarum has
been found to grow in the wild. The species in
general has thick, soft, juicy stem with low fiber
having high sucrose contents. The canes have
poor tillering, shallow root system and broad
leaves with self-trashing habit. It lacks resistance,
hardiness and has high individual stalk weight. It
produces good yield of cane and sugar under
optimum conditions, therefore are good for
milling purposes in sugar industry. Being donor
of sucrose genes, the species has been extensively
used as best breeding stock. The species generally
transmits '2n' gametes in inter specific crosses
with S. spontaneum and S. barberi, and normal 'n'
gametes in inter specific crosses. The species in
general is considered to have 2n = 80
chromosomes (Vijaylakshmi, 1967). Many
taxonomists and cytogeneticists have accepted 10
basic chromosome number of this species and
described it as an octaploid or of higher ploidy
level (Roach and Daniels, 1987). Jagathesan and
Ratnambal (1967) are of the view that the species
Saccharum officinarum L is not a simple
ployploid, some varieties have shown variable
number of 68 to 99.
2.3.2. Saccharum spontaneum L
It is the wild ancestor of present day sugarcane
and well known for its large variability alongwith
ecological adaptability (Panje, 1964). The species
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is widely distributed over a large geographical 0 o
area in a latitude range of 8 S to 40 N (Mukerjee,
1957). It extends from tropical and sub- tropical
Africa, through the Indian Sub-Continent, South-
East Asia, Malaya, China, Taiwan, Japan,
Indonesian Archipelago, Philippines and New
Guinea (Panje and Babu, 1960). It is highly
adaptable, resistant to diseases, cold and drought.
The specie forms a complex group of wild canes
and has a wide indigenous range from dwarf
bushy types with narrow leaves and thin stalks to
erect broad leafed and thick tall stem. Stalks are
hard pithy or often hollow in center (Malik,
2009). The species has contributed vigor,
h a r d n e s s , t i l l e r i n g a n d r e s i s t a n c e t o
environmental stress and diseases and pest
tolerance to commercial varieties (Naidu and
Sreenivasan, 1987).The species has been
extensively used in nobalization in Saccharum
officinarum and Saccharum robustum. It is rich in
g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o
morphological adaptation and taxonomic
differences in different habitats. The chromosome
numbers vary from 2n=40 to 128. The basic
chromosome number of this species is considered
to be 8 (Chopra, 2014). On the basis of
chromosomes numbers, Panje and Babu (1960)
recognized three sectors of geographic
distribution:
1. The Western Sector (Africa-cum-
Mediterranean region) with chromosome
numbers ranging from 2n = 112 to 128
2. The Eastern Sector (South Asia-cum-
Pacific region) with a range of 2n = 80
to112 chromosomes.
3. The central sector (Indian Subcontinent
with) 2n = 40 to 80 chromosomes.
2.3.3. Saccharum barberi Jesw
Saccharum barberi has its origin in North India
and is commonly known as Indian canes. The
species is named after the name of well-known
breeder C. A. Barber. Barber (1916, 1917, and
1922) made extensive studies of the species and
recognized five groups, based on morphology of
stem, leaf and root. These groups are Sunnabile,
Mungo, Nargori, Saretha and Pansahi (Chopra,
2014). Pansahi group was later on placed under
Saccharum sinense by Jeswiet (1925). Babu
(1990) reviewed these groups and recognized
seven groups: Saccharum barberi, Mungo,
Narenga, Saretha, Katha, Sunnabile and Dhaulu.
These canes are thin stemmed, hard with high
fiber and have vigorous root system. They are
tolerant to extreme temperatures, drought and
water logging. Flowering in these species is
generally sparse and late. Flowers show wide
diversity in fertility ranging from normal seed
setting in Katha to complete sterility in Mungo
group (Ethirajan, 1987).
2.3.4. Saccharum sinense
Saccharum sinense includes Chinese and
Japanese canes, being cultivated in Chinese and
Indian semi- t ropical areas s ince long.
Parthasarathi (1946) was of the view that the
species was originated as natural hybrid between
indigenous forms of Saccharum spontaneum and
Saccharum officinarum. Grassl (1964) postulated
that this species was developed in China-Japan
area by introgression between Saccharum
officinarum and tetraploid Miscanthus. These
canes are hard, thin and fibrous, tall with
relatively broader leaves and used for fodder. The
stems have high fiber content and yield poor
quality juice. Uba, the best known clone of
Saccharum sinense, is thick, soft and sweet and
has been cultivated in China from pre-historic
times.
2.3.5. Saccharum robustum Brandes & Jesw.
ex Grassl
Brandes and Jeswiet were the first to record this
species in 1928 in New Guinea and Melanesia
(Stevenson, 1965). Ten clones were collected and
were named Saccharum robustum by Brandes in
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Species/Genera
Adapted from Krishnamurthy (1987)
S.officinarum
S.barberi
S.sinense
S.spontaneum
S.robustum
Erianthus
Miscanthus
Narenga
Sclerostachya
High sucrose, high juice quality, low fiber content, early maturity, high stalk weight
Tolerance to abiotic stresses, tolerance to disease, deep root system, high sucrose,
good tillering abilityCold tolerant, immune to mosaic, poor juice quality
Resistance to diseases, resistant to drought, resistant to stem borer, high fiber content and high biomass production
Improved yield, resistance to water-logging, resistance to diseases, extremely vigorous, hard, woody and sometime hollow stem
Resistance to nematodes and root parasites and good yield and fiber, insect resistant, lower nutrient requirement
Resistance to diseases, high yield, resistance to cold
Resistance to almost all diseases, pests and root parasites
Tolerance to drought, resistance to water-logging
Characteristics
1929. In 1946, Grassl gave a botanical
description of the species and divided it into two
S. robustum proper, typified by 28 NG 251, and
S. robustum f. sanguineum typified by 28 NG
219. Both forms are indigenous to New Guinea
and neighboring islands of New Britain and the
New Hebrides (Blackburn, 1984). The species
occurs in wild but has a much restricted
geographical area. It is confined to New Guinea,
Indonesia and somewhat extended to part of
Philippines. Roach and Daniel (1987) are of the
view that the species has very diverse population
of plants derived from introgression of
Saccharum spontaneum with the genera
Erianthus, Arrundinaceum and Miscanthus in
New Guinea. The growth of canes is vigorous.
Many tillers are formed. Some clones grow to a
height of 10 m. The Stalks are thick, tall and
erect. Stalks are hard and tough with high fiber,
pithy in the center with low quality juice.
2.3.6 Saccharum edule Hassk
Saccharum edule is very similar to Saccharum
robustum in general characteristics. Brandes et
al (1939) was of the view that Saccharum edule
was a mutated form of Saccharum robustum.
Grassl (1967) stated that the species originated
from introgression of Saccharum robustum. At
present the species is regarded as product of
introgression of S. officinarum or S. robustum
with other genera (Roach and Daniel, 1987).
Since, it has swollen and aborted inflorescence, it
is of little importance for breeding work.
2.4. Saccharum Complex
The cultivated and wild species of Saccharum
viz. S. officinarum, S.barberi, S. sinense,
S.spontaneum and S.robustum together with
related genera which hybridize with sugarcane
such as Saccharum erianthus, Saccharum
miscanthus, Saccharum narenga and Saccharum
sclerestachya comprise the basic genetic
resources of sugarcane. These genera form a
closely related inter breeding group and were
named as Saccharin Complex by Mukherjee,
(1957) and later extended by Daniels et al.,
(1975).
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Table 2.1: Salient Characteristics of Members of “Saccharum Complex”
Plant breeding is the art and science of changing
and improving the genetic patterns of crop plants
in relation to their economic use, or the
application of genetic principles for improving
plants in relation to their economic use. Plant
breeding was first practiced when man learned to
select the better plants; thus selection became
the earliest method of plant breeding. With the
discovery of sex in plants, hybridization was
added to his breeding technique. As the breeder's
knowledge of genetics and related plant sciences
progressed, plant breeding became less of an art
and more of a science. Modern plant breeding is
based on a thorough understanding and use of
genetics principles (Poehlman, 1987). Plant
breeding is accomplished through many
different techniques ranging from simply
selecting plants with desirable characteristics for
propagation to more complex molecular
techniques.
3.1. Cane Breeding HistorySugarcane has been under vegetative cultivation since prehistoric times. Its improvement during the pre-historic era mainly depended upon variety substitution (Ethirajan, 1987). Brandes and Sartoris, (1936) are of the view that wide varieties of sugarcane in the native gardens of New Guinea were probably themselves products of natural introgression of the local Saccharum species and related genera. The inflorescence of sugarcane was regarded as an unwanted appendage of the stalk. The possibility of breeding in sugarcane was first recorded in 1858 when fertile seed of sugarcane was obtained in Barbados. The seed germination potential was established simultaneously in Java and Barbados by 1886. In 1888, sugarcane researchers in Java produced cane seedlings by cross pollination for the first time (Kakade, 1985). This was a real
landmark in sugarcane improvement and triggered breeding programs all over the world.
3.1.1 Cane Breeding Research in Indo-Pak Subcontinent Research in cane breeding in Indo-Pak Subcontinent s tar ted in 1912 with the establishment of Sugarcane Research Station at Coimbatore with the primary objective of ameliorating the sub-tropical indigenous sugarcane through crosses with the thick, high yielding tropical canes. Dr. Barber was appointed as the pioneer sugarcane breeder. The first deliberate inter-specific cross between S. officinarum (Vellai) with S. spontaneum (Coimbatore) brought unexpected rich rewards in the emergence of the famous sugarcane hybrid Co 205 (Ethirajan, 1987). Co 205 sugarcane variety was released in 1918 and became an immediate success and replaced the indigenous cultivars especially Katha in large areas in the sub-tropical region. The variety brought about revolution in sugar production in India (Venkatraman, 1927; Dutt, 1947). Subsequent varieties from Coimbatore like Co 213, Co 281, and Co 290 etc. became popular commercial sugarcane varieties in many countries. With the success of these new hybrid cane varieties, the work was further intensified. Varieties from Coimbatore spread not only in India but also in other sugarcane growing countries of the world. The above mentioned breeding approach was universally accepted and led to similar efforts in other parts of the world including USA, Hawaii, Mauritius and Australia (Ethirajan, 1987).
3.1.2. Cane Breeding Research in PunjabThe research work on sugarcane development was started as early as 1902 at the Lyalpur Agricultural Farm. The experiments covered varietal, manorial, cultural and irrigational aspects of the crop. Katha local was the first cane
CHAPTER
3 SUGARCANE BREEDING RESEARCH
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variety of sugarcane to be grown at the farm. In the year 1903-04, two Poona varieties and Tareru of Sialkot were added and compared with Katha. In the year 1909-10, two new varieties of sugarcane namely Dhaullu and Kahu were also tried. Later on two varieties, Suretha and Kansar, were introduced but Katha remained the premier sugarcane variety of the Punjab. The Coimbatore varieties were introduced in the year 1918, which became prominent by the year 1925. The variety, Co. 205 proved superior and out yielded all other varieties till 1930-31. The variety was given out to the farmers for general cultivation in Punjab. Co 205 was replaced by Co 285 in 1932-33.Sugarcane varietal yield improvement research in Punjab started in 1934 with the establishment of Sugarcane Research Station at Lyallpur (now Faisalabad). For a number of years, it functioned as a scheme of the Imperial Council of Agriculture Research. The research was supervised by the Sugarcane Specialist, Lyallpur, under the administrative control of the Deputy Director of Agriculture, Lyallpur with a meager provision of budget and staff up to 1945-46. The station was gradually strengthened with staff and funds. After independence sugarcane research, as a permanent component of the Department of Agriculture, worked under the Punjab Agricultural College and Research Institute, Lyallpur. In 1962, Sugarcane Research Stat ion became a component of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad. In 1977, Sugarcane Research Station was upgraded to Sugarcane Research Institute.Till independence, the breeding work was confined to variety testing for “Coimbatore canes” for the western part of the Punjab. One good variety Co 312 was released during 1934-35 for general cultivation in Punjab and remained top yielder and the most popular variety till 1954. Later on, three well known commercial varieties like CoL 29, CoL 44 and CoL 54 were evolved from Coimbatore fuzz and were approved for commercial cultivation in Punjab.During 1952-53, experiments on true seed
production were taken up under artificial conditions of light at Faisalabad and also at the same time under natural conditions in Murree Hills. The work at Faisalabad was abandoned after 4-5 years of testing when some varieties showed promise of producing viable fuzz in Murree Hills. A cane flower station was established in Murree Hills during 1953-54. Some varieties gave sporadic flowering, fuzz was not obtained in desired varieties and arrows developed were subjected to extreme climatic vagaries. As such cane fuzz was not much viable. However, two varieties L 116 and L 118 were developed from open pollinated fuzz. Therefore, main reliance has been on fuzz imported from cane breeding stations abroad (Malik, 2009).The fuzz imported form Barbados (West Indies) during 1952-53 helped to produce two commercial varieties viz. BL 4 (1968) and BL 19 (1967). BL 4 became very popular sugarcane variety due to high yield potential and high sugar contents. This variety later became the most favorite variety of lower Sindh and shared 95 % area of total cane cultivation. The other lot of Barbados fuzz received during 1976-80 gave two commercial varieties BF 162 and BF 129. Variety BF 162 widely spread in Southern Punjab and raised the sugar recovery level of sugar industry considerably. The variety BF 129 was approved in Sindh. Similarly, the fuzz imported from Canal Point and Louisiana (USA) started during 1980. This is now the main source of cane variety selection program and has helped release varieties by the name CPF. Sugarcane varieties CPF 237, CPF 243, CPF 246, CPF 247, CPF 248, and CPF 249 were developed from fuzz of Canal Point. Meanwhile, some fuzz was also received from Sao Paulo (Brazil) and the varieties developed have been named as SPF. So, varieties SPF 213, SPF 234 and SPF 245 belong to the fuzz collected from Sao Paulo.Sugarcane varieties had been collected from different local and exotic sources. The varieties were evaluated for their adaptability while testing their performance in various selection stages at the research station and out field trials. Variety,
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Triton was approved in 1983 and got popularity among the sugarcane growers of the province. Co 1148, though not approved due to low sugar contents, but it got popularity due to better ratooning and spread in vast area of the province. Cane varieties from Canal Point (USA) CP 43-33, CP 72-2086, CP 77-400 and from Coimbatore (India) CoJ 84 were got approved for commercial cultivation in some specific areas.
Sugarcane Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad
has a glorious history. It has been at the forefront
in developing sugarcane in the area. It has
developed 24 sugarcane varieties so far. The
varieties developed and released by the
Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad have
been widely opted by the sugarcane growers in
Punjab and other provinces of the country.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Sr No
CoL 29
CoL 44
CoL 54
BL 19
BL 4
L 116
L 118
Triton
BF 162
CP 43-33
CP 72-2086
CP 77-400
CoJ 84
SPF 213
CPF 237
HSF 240
SPF 234
SPF 245
HSF 242
CPF 243
CPF 246
CPF 247
CPF 248
CPF 249
Variety
1954
1954
1963
1966
1968
1973
1975
1983
1990
1996
1996
1996
2000
2000
2000
2002
2002
2004
2006
2006
2011
2011
2013
2016
Year of Approval
69
74
74
84
84
74
82
84
89
79
84
89
89
89
94
94
99
99
101.1
101.1
104
104
119
115
Potential yield tons/ha
10.10
8.93
9.63
9.49
10.34
10.81
8.23
10.10
10.35
11.69
12.35
11.90
9.80
10.50
12.50
12.50
11.60
11.00
12.50
12.55
12.15
12.25
12.45
12.46
Sugar Recovery % Parentage
Table 3.1: Characteristics of Sugarcane Varieties Developed at AARI, Faisalabad
-
-
-
-
PoJ 2878
CoL 29
S 230
Co 270 x Eros (Direct Introduction)
Co 1001
CP 62-374 x CP 63-588 (Direct Introduction)
(Direct Introduction)
CP 66-315 x CP 71-5400 (Direct Introduction)
(Direct Introduction)
SP 70-1006
86. P-19 x CP 70-1133
CP 43-33 x S. 95 – HS-102
SP 71- 8210 x SP 71 - 6180
G 6888
SPH- 89-2085
LCP 81-10 x CP- 80-1827
US 90-1093 x CP- 81-14257
P 87 -1628 x CP 84-1198
CP 89-879 x CP 90-956
CP 87-1628 x CP 84-1198
3.2 Procedure for Varietal Development at AARI, FaisalabadFollowing procedure is being followed at Sugarcane Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad for the development of new sugarcane varieties.
Step I: Collection of FuzzSugarcane true seeds (fuzz) are collected from both indigenous (Sugarcane Breeding Sub-Station, Murree) and exotic sources (America, West Indies, South Africa, Brazil, Mauritius, Sri Lanka etc.).
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Step II: Sowing of FuzzFuzz is sown on raised beds. The seed beds are kept moist at favorable temperature (25°C) and germination completes within 4-10 days. Each cross is numbered. After 6-8 weeks, nursery is ready for singling.
Step III: Singling of SeedlingsSeedlings are shifted in small earthen pots or polythene bags. Every individual seedling is given due importance because no one knows which would become a variety in future. Each seedling is kept in this form for about 3 months.
Step IV: Shifting of seedlings in fieldWell-developed seedlings from these pots or bags are transplanted in the field along with check varieties. All the cultural and agronomic measures are kept alike during the crop season. Seedlings from each cross are demarcated.
Step V: Seedling selectionFirst stage of selection is started in September next year. Robust and phenotypically superior plants are selected keeping in view, the quality parameters as well as tillering, stalk diameter, inter-nodal length, absence of aerial roots, pith and free of diseases and insect pests. Brix percentage is also recorded with refractometer from top, middle and bottom and its average is computed. Selected superior plants are promoted to Nursery-I for further study and evaluation. Selection number is allotted to the plants accordingly. Each selected clone is planted in single row along with checks in Nursery-1.
Step VI: Nursery-IIn next autumn, clones are selected keeping in view the desirable characters, such as growth vigor, erectness, resistance to frost, lodging, insect pests and diseases and high in brix percentage. After comparing the quantitative and qualitative characters, selected clones are promoted to Nursery-II and planted in two rows by following the augmented design.
Step VII: Nursery-IISame selection procedure is adopted next year for Nursery-II and selected clones are promoted to Nursery-III. Selected clones from Nursery-II are planted in three rows laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications in Nursery-III.
Step VIII: Nursery-III (Preliminary varietal trial)Next year observations pertaining to germination percentage, number of tillers per plant, number of canes per hectare, brix percentage at three stages, cane yield in tons per hectare and CCS percentage are recorded. A thorough pathological study against major diseases (red rot along-with artificial inoculation, whip smut, red stripe pokkah boeng and sugarcane rust) is made. Similarly entomological studies against major insect pests, especially the borers, are also made. By making coordination on data taken, the selected lines are promoted to semifinal varietal trial. Plantation at this stage is made in plots in 3-5 repeats in next year spring.
Step IX: Semi-final Varietal TrialsData on same aspects are collected while for quality evaluation, analysis of cane juice is carried out in laboratory from October to March on monthly basis. Selected elite lines are promoted to final varietal trial and planting is made in spring of same year.
Step X: Final Varietal TrialsNext year same procedure is adopted but analysis of cane juice is carried out in laboratory from October to March on fortnightly basis. Early, medium and late maturing varieties are got identified. Selected advance lines are used for National Uniform Varietal Yield Trials (NUVYT), Zonal Trials in different localities, Taxonomic, Agronomic (drought resistance, ratooning ability, fertilizers, planting dates, planting geometry, intercropping etc.) and other relevant studies in coming years of a variety is found successful the case of variety is submitted for approval. It takes 10-12 years for variety evolution.
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Fig. 3.1 Diagrammatical procedure to evolve sugarcane variety at AARI, Faisalabad.
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According to Lantican et al. (2005), varietal
releases may be good indicators of research
productivity but they are not necessarily good
indicators of research impacts. If sugarcane
breeding research of AARI, Faisalabad delivers
tangible benefits then varieties released must be
opted by the farmers and be planted in their
fields. This chapter reviews the evidence of the
spread and adoption of AARI's sugarcane
varieties in Punjab from 2000-01 to 2016-17.
4.1: Adoption of AARI's Sugarcane Varieties in PunjabData in Appendix III and Appendix IV present
share of AARI’s sugarcane varieties in Punjab
from 2000-01 to 2016-17. During 2000-01, area
under sugarcane crop in Punjab was 615.5
thousand hectares and AARI's sugarcane
varieties were planted over 41.54% of that area.
BF 162 was found to be the most planted variety
and was cultivated over 9.09% of Punjab's
sugarcane area. However, CoL 54, BL 4, Triton
and CP 43-33 covered 6.32, 5.22, 4.24, and
3.79%, respectively of Punjab's sugarcane area.
Same trend was witnessed in the following years.
During 2001-02, out of 656.81 thousand hectares
of total sugarcane cultivation of Punjab, 48.50%
sugarcane area was occupied by AARI's
sugarcane varieties. Once again, BF 162 was
planted over maximum (11.4%) sugarcane area of
the province. Area under CP 43-33, CoL 54 and
BL 4 was 6.0, 5.6 and 4.70 %, respectively of the
total sugarcane area of Punjab. During the year
2002-03, area under sugarcane crop in Punjab
was 735.31 thousand hectares, out of which
51.34% was under AARI's sugarcane varieties.
BF 162 maintained its popularity as it was
cultivated on 10.30% of Punjab's sugarcane area.
Area under CoL 54, CP 43-33, CP 77-400, BL 4,
and Triton was 4.02, 5.57, 3.16, 4.12 and 5.0%,
respectively of the total sugarcane area of Punjab.
Two sugarcane varieties CP 72-2086 and L 118
CHAPTER
4ADOPTION OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES
Fig 4.1: Share of AARI's Sugarcane Varieties in Punjab
0102030405060708090
100
Years
Are
a (P
erc
en
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)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Are
a (P
erc
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)
Years
SPF 234 HSF 240 CP 77-400 CPF 237 HSF 242
Fig 4.2: Share of AARI's Varie�es in Punjab's Sugarcane Cul�va�on
succeeded in attracting sugarcane growers of
Punjab and were planted over 3.27 and 3.88%,
respectively of sugarcane area of the Punjab.
In 2003-04, AARI's sugarcane varieties covered
54.83% sugarcane area in Punjab. BF 162 was
still the largest opted variety as it was cultivated
over 12.53% sugarcane area in Punjab. CP 43-33
was cultivated on 6.76% sugarcane area as
compared to 5.57% in the last year. Other
prominent varieties viz. CP 77-400, CP 72-2086,
and CoL 54 were planted on 5.60, 4.90, and
4.00%, respectively sugarcane area of the
province. However, popularity of Triton
continued to decline as it occupied 3.92% of the
sugarcane area of the province compared to
5.00% in the previous year. During crop year
2004-05, sugarcane in Punjab was planted over
644.7 thousand hectares while 57.41% area was
under AARI's cane varieties. BF 162 continued
to top the popularity charts as it was planted over
12.21% of the sugarcane area. CP 77-400 gained
momentum in this year and was planted over
8.20% of Punjab's sugarcane area. A newly
approved variety SPF 234 started getting
attraction of the sugarcane growers and was
planted on 7.18% of the area. The share of CoL
54, CP 43-33, and Triton in Punjab's sugarcane
cultivation was recorded 3.13, 2.28, and 1.81%,
respectively. The ascending trend of AARI's
varietal dominance continued in the year 2005-06
as AARI's sugarcane varieties were cultivated on
66.79% of the total sugarcane area. BF162 was
still the choice of majority of sugarcane farmers
and was planted over 10.68% sugarcane area of
Punjab. SPF 234 increased its share from 7.18%
in 2004-05 to 9.64% in 2005-06 whereas share of
CP 77-400 decreased to 5.44% in Punjab's
sugarcane cultivation. CoJ 84 performed well and
was grown over 5.76% sugarcane area of Punjab.
During 2006-07, area under sugarcane in Punjab
was estimated at 711.8 thousand hectares. Share
of AARI's sugarcane varieties in Punjab's
cultivation was 71.04%. An unapproved line SPF
238 dominated the sugarcane fields by covering
17.51% of the area followed by SPF 234 covering
10.28%. BF 162 markedly lost its popularity
amongst sugarcane growers as its share decreased
from 10.68 to 8.93%. Similarly, the share of CP
77-400, CoJ 84 and CoL 54 was reduced this year
as compared to the previous year and was
recorded 3.52, 2.84 and 2.73%, respectively.
Crop year 2007-08 witnessed the same trend.
Share of AARI's varieties in Punjab's sugarcane
cultivation was 78.08%. Share of SPF 238
decreased to 16.29% while cultivation of SPF 234
increased to 19.47% in the total sugarcane area of
Punjab. BF 162 was planted over 9.05%
sugarcane area. HSF 240 and CP 77-400 were
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cultivated over 5.72 and 4.55%, respectively of
sugarcane area in the province. In 2008-09,
sugarcane was cultivated over 666.5 thousand
hectares in Punjab, out of which 79.36% area
was planted with AARI's sugarcane varieties.
SPF 234 showed complete supremacy over all
other sugarcane varieties by covering 22.34% of
the area in Punjab. HSF 240 became the second
most cultivated sugarcane variety in Punjab. Its
share increased from 5.72% in 2007-08 to
14.15% in 2008-09. Share of SPF 238 decreased
sharply from 16.29 to 7.35%. The share of BF
162 was further decreased and was cultivated
over 5.77% sugarcane area only. However, CP
77-400 maintained its share at 5.59%.
In the next couple of years, AARI's sugarcane
variet ies occupied 82.49 and 86.81%,
respectively of the total sugarcane area in
Punjab. SPF 234 variety followed the same
trend. Its share in Punjab's sugarcane cultivation
was recorded 24.08% in 2009-10 and 27.94% in
2010-11. HSF 240 also gained popularity among
sugarcane farmers. Its share in total sugarcane
area of Punjab was 16.81% in 2009-10 and
20.23% in 2010-11. SPF 234 and HSF 240
showed complete supremacy over all other
sugarcane varieties in 2011-12. In Punjab,
sugarcane was cultivated over 761.2 thousand
hectares and SPF 234 and HSF 240 jointly
covered 50.82% of that area. Share of AARI's
sugarcane varieties in Punjab's total sugarcane
area was found to be 83.64%. Share of CP 77-
400 and BF 162 was recorded 7.02 and 2.29%,
respectively in the total sugarcane area of
Punjab.
During 2012-13, sugarcane in Punjab was
planted over 767.7 thousand hectares and share
of AARI's sugarcane varieties in that area was
recorded 89.62%. Once again, HSF 240
dominated all other sugarcane varieties. Its share
was recorded 33.95% in the total sugarcane
cultivation of the province while SPF 234
maintained its share at 25.31%. Share of CP 77-
400 was recorded 7.27% while 3.85% sugarcane
area was covered by CP 43-33. The crop year
2013-14 witnessed the same trend as out of a total
area of 756.8 thousand hectares, 92.57%
sugarcane area of the province was under AARI's
varieties. HSF 240 remained the first choice of
majority of the sugarcane growers of Punjab. Its
share in total sugarcane cultivation was 33.96%.
Like previous year, SPF 234 maintained its
popularity among sugarcane growers as its
cultivation was recorded 31.23% of the total
sugarcane area. Share of CP 77-400 was reduced
to 6.26% while CP 43-33 was able to maintain its
share at 2.94% in the total sugarcane cultivation
of the Province.
AARI's sugarcane varieties showed complete
dominance in 2014-15 and were planted over
94.42% of sugarcane area of Punjab. Once again,
HSF 240 and SPF 234 dominated the sugarcane
fields as they jointly accounted for 72.09% of the
sugarcane area of the province. Share of CP 43-33
in Punjab's total sugarcane cultivation was
estimated at 2.96%. During 2015-16 and 2016-
17, plantation of sugarcane in Punjab was 705.38
and 777.78 thousand hectares, respectively. The
contribution of AARI's varieties in Punjab's
sugarcane cultivation was 92.44% in 2015-16 and
91.69% in the year 2016-17. HSF 240 and SPF
234 were the most popular sugarcane varieties in
the province. Share of HSF 240 in the crop years
2015-16 and 2016-17 was 36.0% and 32.14%,
respectively while share of SPF 234 was 35.26%
in the first year and 34.54% in the second year.
The analysis undertaken in study revealed that
sugarcane varieties developed by AARI's
research system were widely adopted by the
sugarcane growers of Punjab. During the whole
study period, AARI's sugarcane varieties covered
41.54 to 94.42% sugarcane area of the province.
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Benefits associated with sugarcane breeding
research may be categorized as yield benefits
and non-yield benefits. Yield benefits measure
the value of additional sugarcane produced
attributable to sugarcane breeding research.
Non-Yield benefits do not show up in the form of
increased sugarcane yields and include:
improvement in cane quality, improvement in
sugar contents, improvement in quantity and
quality of by-products, reduction in the usage of
chemicals to control insects/pests and diseases
and reduction in crop growth cycle. Non-yield
benefits could be very important and sometimes
they actually exceed the value of yield benefits
(Lantican et. al 2005). This study is devised to
estimate only the yield benefits attributed to
sugarcane breeding research of Ayub
Agricultural Research Institute from 2000-01 to
2016-17.
5.1. Estimation of Benefits from Sugarcane Breeding Research The methodology used to estimate the economic
implications of Ayub Agricultural Research
Institute's sugarcane breeding research follows a
rich literature in welfare economics of
agricultural research initiated by Shultz (1953)
and further strengthened by Ayer and Schuh
(1972), Akino and Hayami (1975), Huffiman
and Evenson (1993), Byerlee and Moya (1993),
Alston et al (1995), Heisey et al (2002) and
Lantican et al (2005). The gross annual benefits
generated by sugarcane breeding research of
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute were
estimated by using Simple Economic Surplus
Model. Lantican et al. (2005) used this model to
assess the impacts of international wheat
breeding research in the developing world from
1988 to 2002.
Following Lantican et al. (2005), annual benefits
generated by a sugarcane variety “i” are
estimated by using Economic Surplus Model of
the following form:
β t = A tY tP ti i i i
where
β t is the value of additional sugarcane i
produced attributable to the sugarcane
variety' i ' in year t
A t is the area planted to the sugarcane i
variety 'i' in year t
P t is the price of sugarcane in year ti
Y t is net yield gain attributable to the i
sugarcane variety 'i'. Net yield gain attributable to
an individual sugarcane variety is the difference
between the yields of variety “i” over check
variety in the breeder's trials. Using relative yield
performance data from sugarcane variety trials is
implicitly assumed that actual producer yields are
equivalent to sugarcane variety trials yields in the
breeder's experiments. Barkley et al. (2008)
argued that although the absolute level of
producer yie ld may be over s ta ted by
experimental yield data, the relative yields
between varieties are likely to be similar in both
experimental and producer fields. Brennan
(1984) concluded that the only reliable sources of
relative yields are variety trials.
5.2. Impacts of Sugarcane Breeding Research of AARI, Faisalabad
5.2.1. Additional Sugarcane Produced in
Punjab
Additional sugarcane produced in Punjab
attributable to Ayub Agricultural Research
Institute's breeding research from 2000-01 to
CHAPTER
5IMPACTS OF AARI'S SUGARCANE BREEDING RESEARCH
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2016-17 is presented in Appendix V. Data in
Appendix V depict that during 2000-01, 2160
thousand tons additional sugarcane was
produced in Punjab due to the plantation of
AARI's sugarcane varieties. Additional
sugarcane produced due to BF 162 was
estimated at 332.32 thousand tons. Variety CoL
54 and BL 4 contributed 399.67 thousand tons
and 330.03 thousand tons, respectively to the
additional sugarcane produced attributable to
AARI's sugarcane varieties. Contribution of
Triton and CP 43-33 was 171.33 thousand tons
and 106.50 thousand tons, respectively toward
additional yield gains.
During 2001-02, 2022.50 thousand tons
additional sugarcane was produced attributable
to AARI's sugarcane breeding research in
Punjab. Additional sugarcane produced due to
BF 162 was estimated at 444.75 thousand tons.
The plantation of CoL 54 contributed 377.93
thousand tons. Contribution of BL 4 in additional
sugarcane yield declined from 330.03 thousand
tons in 2000-01 to 317.10 thousand tons in 2001-
02. There was a marked improvement in the
additional sugarcane yield gain of CP 77-400 as
its share in additional yield gain was increased
from 53.02 thousand tons to 246.10 thousand tons
in 2001-02. Contribution of Triton towards
additional gain was 228.53 thousand tons.
Punjab's farmers harvested 2278 thousand tons
additional sugarcane by planting AARI's
sugarcane varieties in 2002-03. Additional
sugarcane attributed to BF 162 was 450.04
thousand tons and to BL 4 was 311.32 thousand
tons. Contribution of CoL 54 was reduced to
303.62 thousand tons in this year. CP 77-400,
Triton, and CP 43-33 added 290 thousand tons,
241 thousand tons and 187 thousand tons,
respectively in the additional sugarcane attributed
to the adoption of AARI’s sugarcane varieties.
During the crop year 2003-04, additional
sugarcane produced in the province due to
adoption of AARI's sugarcane varieties was
2246.49 thousand tons. BF 162 was the main
contributor with 527.70 thousand tons towards
the additional sugarcane produced in the
province. CP 77-400 added 495.89 thousand
tons additional sugarcane. CoL 54 and BL 4
followed the same declining trends and
produced 291.40 thousand tons and 233.04
thousand tons additional sugarcane, respectively.
Contribution of CP 43-33 was 218.85 thousand
tons and of Triton 182.46 thousand tons. In 2004-
05, 2525 thousand tons additional sugarcane was
produced in Punjab due to the plantation of
AARI's sugarcane varieties. The share of variety
SPF 234 in additional gain remained 637.76
thousand tons. CP 77-400 contributed 660.11
thousand tons towards additional yield gain.
Contribution of BF 162 was decreased from
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Pro
du
c�o
n (
000
to
ns)
Years
Fig 5.1: Additional Sugarcane Produced Attributable to AARI's Sugarcane Breeding Research in Punjab
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500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Pro
du
c�o
n (
000
to
ns)
Years
SPF234 HSF-240 COL-54
Fig 5.2: Additional Sugarcane Produced in Punjab due to Adoption of AARI's Sugarcane Varieties
527.70 thousand tons to 467.54 thousand tons.
Additional sugarcane produced due to the
varietal yield improvement research of AARI in
2005-06 was 3386 thousand tons. SPF 234 was
at the top of the chart with additional yield gain
of 830.09 thousand tons. CP 77-400, BF 162 and
CoL 54 added 424.57, 396.62 and 332.65
thousand tons of sugarcane, respectively. CoL 29
added 327.99 thousand tons additional
sugarcane . Sugarcane var ie ty CoJ 84
contributed 319.03 thousand tons in additional
gain during 2005-06.
During crop year 2006-07, 4215 thousand tons
additional sugarcane was produced in the
province. Share of SPF 238 in additional
sugarcane produced in Punjab increased to
1280.37 thousand tons. SPF 234 contributed
1009.05 thousand tons toward additional
sugarcane produced in the province. The share of
BF 162 in additional yield gain decreased from
396.62 thousand tons in 2005-06 to 377.64
thousand tons in 2006-07. Share of CP 77-400 in
addition yield gain was estimated at 312.87
thousand tons. There was a sharp decline in the
contribution made by CoL 54 from 332.65
thousand tons in 2005-06 to 199.59 thousand tons
in 2006-07. CoJ 84 produced 179.23 thousand
tons additional sugarcane during this year. In
2007-08, additional sugarcane produced due to
the adoption of AARI's sugarcane varieties was
5796 thousand tons. SPF 234 increased its share
in additional gain to 2218.79 thousand tons. In
this year, SPF 238 produced 1384.30 thousand
tons and HSF 240 produced 517.54 thousand tons
additional sugarcane in the province. Similarly,
CP 77-400 added 470.06 thousand tons sugarcane
as additional gain. Moreover, plantation of BF
162 and CoL 29 added 444.70 and 145.50
thousand tons, respectively in additional yield
gain. Sugarcane growers of Punjab reaped
additional 5219 thousand tons sugarcane by
planting AARI's sugarcane varieties during 2008-
09. Planting of SPF 234 produced 2051 thousand
tons additional sugarcane during this year. HSF
240 contributed 1031.98 thousand tons, SPF 238,
503.42 thousand tons and CP 77-400, 465.51
thousand tons in additional yield gain. The share
of CoL 54 was estimated at 199.17 thousand tons
in additional sugarcane produced in the province.
During 2009-10, additional sugarcane produced
in Punjab attributable to Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute's sugarcane breeding research
was 5082 thousand tons. Additional sugarcane
produced due to SPF 234 was 2014.75 thousand
tons as compared to 2050.99 thousand tons
during the last year. The share of HSF 240 and
SPF 238 in additional yield gain increased to
1116.98 thousand tons and 537.09 thousand tons,
respectively. Additional yield gain attributed to
CP 77-400 was 454.39 thousand tons and CP 43-
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33, 134.15 thousand tons. Additional gain of BF
162 decreased to 116.58 thousand tons. In 2010-
11, additional sugarcane of 6182.52 thousand
tons was produced in the province due to AARI's
sugarcane improvement research. SPF 234
added 2586.73 thousand tons and HSF 240
added 1487.53 thousand tons in additional yield
gain. The contribution of SPF 238 and CP 77-
400 towards additional yield gain was estimated
at 586.14 thousand tons and 510.50 thousand
tons, respectively. Additional sugarcane
produced due to the plantation of BF 162 was
160.81 thousand tons. Contribution of BL 4 and
CoJ 84 was 116.81 thousand tons and 71.33
thousand tons, respectively.
During the crop year 2011-12, additional 6457
thousand tons of sugarcane was harvested in
Punjab due to the plantation of AARI's
sugarcane varieties. Contribution made by SPF
234 increased to 2653.63 thousand tons as
compared to the last year's contribution of
2586.78 thousand tons. CP 77-400 retained its
contribution at 667.18 thousand tons whereas
HSF 242 and BL 4 added 135.65 thousand tons
and 116.40 thousand tons sugarcane ,
respectively. BF 162 added 103.36 thousand
tons in additional sugarcane produced in Punjab
during 2011-12. During 2012-13 additional
sugarcane produced attributable to AARI's
sugarcane varieties was estimated at 7519
thousand tons. Share of SPF 234 increased from
2653.63 thousand tons in 2011-12 to 2796.51
thousand tons in 2012-13. Similarly, HSF 240
added 2842.25 thousand tons, CP 77-400 added
697.51 thousand tons and HSF 242 added 142.43
thousand tons sugarcane in additional yield gain.
During the crop year 2013-14, extra sugarcane
produced in Punjab attributable to AARI's
sugarcane breeding research was 7978 thousand
tons. The highest contributing variety towards
additional yield gain was SPF 234; its
contribution was 3255.71 thousand tons. HSF
240 added 2811.26 thousand tons while CP 77-
400 added 591.37 thousand tons additional
sugarcane. Additional yield gain attributed to
HSF-242 decreased this year as compared to the
last year and was recorded 128.87 thousand tons.
During the crop year 2014-15, additional
sugarcane produced in Punjab attributable to
AARI's sugarcane breeding research was 7730
thousand tons. Contribution of SPF 234 was
estimated at 3428.53 thousand tons. HSF 240
added 2882.09 thousand tons while CP 77-400
added 470.06 thousand tons additional sugarcane.
Additional yield gain attributed to HSF-242
increased this year as compared to the last year
and was recorded 284.86 thousand tons.
Additional yield gain of SPF 245 was 140.24
thousand tons.
In 2015-16, additional 7572 thousand tons
sugarcane was produced in the province due to the
plantation of AARI's sugarcane varieties. SPF
234 added 3406.23 thousand tons and HSF 240
added 2762.56 thousand tons in additional yield
gain. The contribution of CP 77-400 and HSF 242
was estimated at 409.41 thousand tons and 250.95
thousand tons, respectively. Additional sugarcane
produced due to the cultivation of SPF 245 was
203.11 thousand tons. The contribution of CPF
237 and CPF 243 during this year was 186.30
thousand tons and 142.36 thousand tons,
respectively. During the crop year 2016-17,
additional 8401 thousand tons sugarcane was
harvested due to the plantation of AARI's
sugarcane varieties in Punjab. Contribution made
by SPF 234 was increased to 3768.60 thousand
tons as compared to the last year's contribution of
3406.23 thousand tons. HSF 240 retained its
contribution at 2784.70 thousand tons whereas
CP 77-400 and HSF 242 added 586.31 thousand
tons and 386.60 thousand tons, respectively.
Variety CPF 237 added 281.43 thousand tons
while SPF 245 attributed 265.97 thousand tons
more in additional sugarcane produced in Punjab
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In 2003-04, total economic benefits attributed to
AARI's sugarcane breeding research were Rs.
2.36 billion. Share of BF 162 reduced to Rs.
554.09 million. CP 77-400 added sugarcane of
worth Rs. 520.68 million. Value of additional
sugarcane produced in Punjab due to CoL 54 was
Rs. 305.97 million, due to CP 43-33 Rs. 229.79
million and due to Triton Rs.191.59 million. The
economic benefits at tr ibutable to Ayub
Agricultural Research Institute's sugarcane
varietal yield improvement in Punjab during
2004-05 and 2005-06 were Rs. 2.65 billion and
Rs. 3.8 billion, respectively. The highest
contribution was recorded by CP 77-400 in 2004-
05 with Rs. 693.11 million followed by SPF 234
with Rs. 669.65 million. During 2005-06, SPF
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Be
nefi
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s. B
illio
n)
Years
during 2016-17. The contribution of CPF 243
was recorded at 149.30 thousand tons.
5.2.2 Economic Impacts of AARI's
Sugarcane Breeding Research in Punjab
In this study, Simple Economic Surplus model
has been used to estimate the economic benefits
attributable to the adoption of AARI's Sugarcane
varieties in Punjab from 2000-01 to 2016-17.
Results of the Economic Surplus Model are
presented in Appendix VI.
It is apparent from Appendix VI that economic
benefits of AARI's sugarcane breeding research
in Punjab were estimated at Rs. 1.9 billion
during 2000-01. The value of additional
sugarcane produced attributable to CoL 54, BF
162 and BL 4 was Rs. 349.71 million, 290.78
million and Rs. 288.77 million, respectively. In
the year 2001-02, farmers of Punjab were able to
harvest additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 2.12
billion by planting AARI's sugarcane varieties.
BF 162 contributed Rs. 466.99 million toward
economic impacts. The economic benefits of
CoL 54 and BL 4 were Rs. 396.82 million and Rs.
332.96 million, respectively. Share of CP 77-400
in economic benefits was estimated at Rs. 258.41
million. Value of additional sugarcane produced
due to adoption of AARI's sugarcane varieties in
2002-03 was Rs. 2.39 billion, out of which Rs.
472.54 million were added by BF 162 and Rs.
326.89 million by BL 4. Contribution of CoL 54
and L 118 in economic benefits amounted to Rs.
318.80 million and Rs. 308.02 million,
respectively.
Fig 5.3: Economic Benefits of AARI's Sugarcane Breeding Research in Punjab
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234 was the largest contributing variety whose
share increased from Rs. 669.65 million in 2004-
05 to Rs. 933.86 million in the year 2005-06. The
share of BF 162 was estimated at Rs. 490.91
million in 2004-05 and Rs. 446.20 million in
2005-06. The shares of CoL 54 and CoL 29 in
additional benefits increased to Rs. 374.23
million and Rs. 368.99 million in 2005-06 from
Rs. 217.69 and Rs. 139.06 million, repectively in
2004-05.
During 2006-07, farmers of Punjab harvested
additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 6.32 billion by
planting AARI's sugarcane varieties. Variety,
SPF 238 added Rs. 1920.56 million while SPF
234 added Rs 1513.57 million in economic
benefits. Value of additional sugarcane produced
due to CP 77-400 was Rs. 469.30 million, due to
CoL 54 Rs.299.38 million, due to HSF 240 Rs.
272.27 million and due to BF 162 Rs. 566.45
million. In 2007-08, total economic benefits
attributable to AARI's sugarcane varieties were
estimated at Rs. 8.69 billion. Once again the
main contributing variety was SPF 234 with Rs.
3328.18 million as additional benefits.
Additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 2076.45
million, Rs. 776.31 million and Rs. 705.09
million was added by SPF 238, HSF 240 and CP
77-400, respectively. Share of BF 162 was Rs.
667.05 million in the total economic benefits.
Economic benefits attributable to CoL 29 were
Rs. 218.25 million and CPF 237, Rs. 273.51
million.
Value of additional sugarcane produced due to
AARI's sugarcane varieties in 2008-09 was
Rs. 10.44 billion. Variety SPF 234 remained the
highest contributor among all the AARI's
sugarcane varieties. Its economic impact was
estimated at Rs. 4101.97 million. Economic
impact of HSF 240 was Rs. 2063.95 million and
SPF 238, Rs.1006.84 million. Contribution of CP
77-400 was Rs. 931.03 million while BF 162
added sugarcane of worth Rs. 456.72 million.
Share of CoL 54 in additional benefits was Rs.
398.34 million and CPF 237 was Rs. 405.1
million. Value of additional sugarcane produced
due to the plantation of BL 4 was Rs.332.56
million. During 2009-10, sugarcane growers of
Punjab reaped additional sugarcane of worth Rs.
12.70 billion by adopting sugarcane varieties
developed by AARI's research system. Economic
benefits of SPF 234 and HSF 240 were Rs.
5036.87 million and Rs. 2792.44 million,
respectively. SPF 238 and CP 77-400 added
additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 1342.73
million and Rs. 1135.98 million, respectively.
Variety CoJ 84 contributed Rs. 424.78 million in
additional benefits. Economic impact of CP 43-
33, BL 4 and BF 162 was found to be Rs. 335.37
million, Rs. 302.43 million and Rs. 291.46
million, respectively.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Ben
efit
(Rs.
Mill
ion
)
Years
Fig 5.4: Economic Benefits of HSF 240 in Punjab
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In 2010-11, total economic benefits attributable
to AARI's sugarcane breeding research were Rs.
19.32 billion. Share of SPF 234 increased
considerably from Rs. 5036.87 million in 2009-
10 to Rs. 8083.52 million in 2010-11 while share
of HSF 240 also increased significantly from Rs.
2792.44 million in 2009-10 to Rs. 4648.53
million in 2010-11. Value of additional
sugarcane produced attributed to SPF 238, CP
77-400 and BF 162 was Rs. 1831.70 million, Rs.
1595.30 million and Rs. 502.54 million,
respectively. Economic impacts attributable to
AARI's sugarcane breeding research during
2011-12 were Rs. 24.21 billion. Contribution of
SPF 234 in economic impacts was estimated at
Rs. 9951.1 million. HSF 240 contributed Rs.
7968.92 million in additional benefits. Similarly,
CP 77-400, SPF 238 and HSF 242 produced
additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 2501.94
million, Rs. 545.61 million and Rs. 508.68
million, respectively. Share of BL 4 and BF 162
in economic benefits was Rs. 436.49 million and
Rs. 387.61 million, respectively. Value of
additional sugarcane produced attributable to
CPF 237 was Rs. 445.93 million. Economic
impacts of CoL 29, CoJ 84 and CoL 54 was
estimated at Rs. 296.19 million, Rs. 255.40
million and Rs.233.89 million, respectively.
In 2012-13, economic benefits attributed to
AARI's sugarcane varieties were of worth Rs.
31.96 billion. HSF 240 was the highest
contributor towards economic benefits with Rs.
12079.56 million. SPF 234 added Rs. 11885.16
million and CP 77-400 added Rs. 2964.42 million
in economic benefits. HSF-242 added additional
sugarcane of worth Rs. 605.33 million in Punjab.
Farmers of Punjab reaped additional sugarcane of
worth Rs. 573.27 million and Rs. 565.36 million
by planting AARI's sugarcane varieties CP 43-33
and CoL 29, respectively. The value of economic
impact of SPF 238 and SPF 213 was Rs. 477.02
million, and Rs. 328.84 million, respectively
during this year.
During the crop year 2013-14, economic benefits
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Be
nefi
t (R
s. M
illio
n)
Years Fig 5.5: Economic Benefits of SPF 234 in Punjab
generated due to the adoption of AARI's
sugarcane varieties in Punjab were Rs. 33.91
billion. SPF 234 contributed Rs. 13836.76
million while HSF 240 contributed Rs. 11948
million in economic benefits. Contribution of CP
77-400 and CPF 238 was Rs. 2513.31 million and
1590.06 million respectively. Sugarcane variety
HSF 242 added additional sugarcane of worth Rs.
548 million in the province. Farmers of Punjab
reaped additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 488.54
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million and Rs. 431.91 million by planting CPF
237 and CP 43-33, respectively. Additional gain
of SPF238 and SPF 245 was of worth Rs.
1590.06 mil l ion and Rs. 370 mil l ion,
respectively. Variety SPF 213 added Rs. 361.73
million while SPF 246 added Rs. 313.02 million
in economic impacts of AARI's sugarcane
breeding research. In 2014-15, additional
benefits attributable to AARI's sugarcane
varieties were of worth Rs. 34.78 billion. SPF
234 was the highest contributor towards
economic benefits with Rs. 15428.38 million.
HSF 240 added Rs. 12969.42 million and CP 77-
400 added 2115.28 million in economic benefits.
HSF 242 and CPF 237 added additional
sugarcane of worth of Rs. 1281.87 million and
Rs. 552.95 million, respectively in Punjab.
Farmers of Punjab reaped additional sugarcane
of worth Rs. 437.49 million, Rs. 432.37 million
and Rs. 348.18 million by planting AARI's
sugarcane varieties CPF 243, CP 43-33, and SPF
213, respectively. The value of economic impact
of CoL 29 was Rs. 74.83 million during this year.
During 2015-16, additional benefits attributable
to AARI's sugarcane varieties were of worth Rs.
34.08 billion. Variety SPF 234 contributed Rs.
15328.04 million in economic benefits. HSF 240
added sugarcane of worth Rs. 12431.52 million.
CP 77-400 added Rs. 1842.33 million in
economic benefits. HSF 242 and SPF 245 added
additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 1129.27
million and Rs. 913.98 million, respectively.
Farmers of Punjab were able to harvest
additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 838.35
million, Rs. 640.61 million and Rs. 307.65
million by planting AARI's sugarcane varieties
CPF-237, CPF-243, and CP 43-33, respectively.
In 2016-17, additional benefits attributed to
AARI's sugarcane varieties were of worth Rs.
37.80 billion. SPF 234 remained the highest
contributor among all the AARI's sugarcane
varieties. Its economic impact on Punjab's
economy was estimated at Rs. 16958.68 million
which was highest during the whole study period.
HSF 240 added Rs. 12531.13 million and CP 77-
400 added 2638.41 million in economic benefits.
HSF 242 and CPF 237 added additional
sugarcane of worth Rs. 1739.69 million and Rs.
1266.44 million, respectively in Punjab.
Sugarcane growers of Punjab harvested
additional sugarcane of worth Rs. 671.86 million,
Rs. 243.73 million and Rs. 241.13 million by
planting AARI's sugarcane varieties CPF-243,
SPF-213 and CP 43-33, respectively.
The analysis undertaken in this study revealed
that sugarcane breeding research of Ayub
Agricultural Research Institute continued to
generate enormous benefits throughout the whole
study period. Additional sugarcane produced in
Punjab attributable to AARI's research system
was estimated at 5104 thousand tons annually.
Economic impact of AARI's sugarcane breeding
research in Punjab averaged Rs. 15.84 billion
annually from 2001-01 to 2016-17.
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6.1: Summary Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI),
Faisalabad established in 1962 after the
bifurcation of research and education working
under the former Punjab Agricultural Research
Institute. Research efforts for sugarcane varietal
yield improvement dates back to 1934 with the
establishment of Sugarcane Research Station
Faisalabad (then Lyallpur). So for AARI,
Faisalabad has released 24 sugarcane varieties.
Sugarcane varieties developed by AARI's
Research System have been widely adopted by
the sugarcane growers in Punjab and other
provinces of the country. The study in hand has
been devised to assess the spread, adoption and
impacts of AARI's sugarcane varieties in Punjab
from 2000-01 to 2016-17.
The results of the study revealed that AARI,
Faisalabad has clearly been the leading
organization working in sugarcane yield
improvement research in Punjab. The sugarcane
varieties developed by AARI's research system
covered 92% sugarcane cultivation of Punjab in
the last year of analysis. Varietal yield
improvement research of Ayub Agricultural
Research Institute, Faisalabad continued to
generate enormous benefits thought the whole
study period.
6.2. Conclusions1. Share of AARI's sugarcane varieties in
Punjab's sugarcane cultivation remained
between 41.5 to 94.4 percent throughout the
whole study period.
2. SPF 234 ruled over the sugarcane fields of
Punjab from 2004-05 to 2016-17. Its share in
sugarcane cultivation of Punjab remained
between 7% and 35.26% during these years.
3. HSF 240 gained popularity among sugarcane
growers during 2006-07. Its share in Punjab's
total sugarcane cultivation was 2.35 % in
2006-07 and 32.14% in 2016-17.
4. Additional sugarcane produced due to the
adoption of AARI's sugarcane varieties
remained between 2022.5 thousand tons and
8401 thousand tons annually during the whole
study period. On an average, sugarcane
growers of Punjab harvested additional 5104
thousand tons sugarcane annually by
adoption of AARI's sugarcane varieties.
5. Economic impact of AARI's sugarcane
varietal yield improvement research ranged
between Rs. 1.9 billion and R. 37.8 billion per
year from 2000-01 to 2016-17.
6. The value of additional sugarcane produced
in Punjab attributable to AARI's sugarcane
breeding research system was estimated at Rs.
15.85 billion annually throughout the study
period.
CHAPTER
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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1947-48
1948-49
1949-50
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
189.4
197.1
219.3
188.2
189.8
253.3
292.2
304.3
287.3
318.1
398.6
430.2
398.2
417.2
444.0
532.2
491.7
495.4
597.3
639.8
503.9
540.7
620.0
636.2
552.3
533.5
645.6
972.8
699.8
787.8
822.5
752.5
718.5
824.7
946.7
5,529.30
6,946.70
7,849.00
5,506.00
5,399.30
7,265.80
8,956.50
8,920.90
8,200.50
8,860.00
11,288.30
12,232.20
11,233.40
11,640.90
14,356.80
17,993.20
16,335.00
18,318.40
22,306.40
21,592.20
18,710.50
21,971.30
26,368.60
23,167.00
19,963.10
19,947.50
23,910.50
21,241.90
25,546.70
29,523.00
30,076.60
27,325.50
27,497.70
32,359.40
36,579.70
Year Area(000 hec)
Production(000 tons)
Avg. Yield(tons/hec)
29.19
35.24
35.79
29.25
28.44
28.68
30.65
29.31
28.54
27.85
28.32
28.43
28.21
27.90
32.33
33.80
33.22
36.97
37.34
33.74
37.13
40.63
42.53
36.41
36.14
37.39
37.03
31.57
36.50
37.47
36.54
36.31
38.27
39.20
38.60
Year Area(000 hec)
Production(000 tons)
Avg. Yield(tons/hec)
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
911.70
896.50
903.60
779.80
762.00
841.60
876.90
854.30
883.80
896.10
884.60
962.80
1009.00
963.10
964.50
1056.20
1155.10
1009.80
960.80
999.70
1099.60
1074.50
966.40
907.30
1028.80
1241.30
1029.40
942.80
987.60
1057.50
1128.80
1172.50
1141.00
1131.00
1217.00
32,533.50
34,287.30
32,139.60
27,856.30
29,925.80
33,028.80
36,975.70
35,493.60
35,988.70
38,864.90
38,058.90
44,427.00
47,168.40
45,229.70
41,998.40
53,104.20
55,191.10
46,332.60
43,606.30
48,041.60
52,055.80
53,419.00
47,244.10
44,665.50
54,741.60
63,920.00
50,045.40
49,372.90
55,308.50
58,396.40
63,749.90
67,460.10
62,826.00
65,482.00
73,607.00
35.70
38.20
35.60
35.70
39.60
39.20
42.20
41.50
39.70
40.70
43.00
46.10
46.70
47.00
43.50
50.30
47.80
45.90
45.40
48.10
47.30
49.70
48.90
49.20
53.20
51.50
48.60
52.40
56.00
55.20
56.50
57.50
55.00
57.90
60.40
Appendix I: Sugarcane Area, Production and Yield in Pakistan (1947-2017)
Source: (GOP & GOP , Various Issues) a b
APPENIDCES
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Appendix II: Sugarcane Area, Production and Yield in Punjab (1947-2017)
1947-48
1948-49
1949-50
1950-51
1951-52
1952-53
1953-54
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
133.60
144.50
170.00
150.10
142.90
193.00
229.50
245.20
227.40
249.30
320.90
333.50
311.20
331.90
352.90
403.50
373.10
355.30
442.40
478.00
378.40
396.20
455.70
475.90
390.90
367.40
454.10
474.30
499.80
574.60
607.00
536.60
501.40
597.50
670.20
3,971.70
5,446.00
6,409.20
4,338.50
4,064.20
5,554.70
7,034.10
6,959.90
6,361.50
6,819.70
8,738.00
9,213.50
8,325.50
8,826.40
11,135.90
13,099.90
12,247.50
12,501.50
15,956.00
15,692.80
13,827.90
16,155.20
19,734.00
16,834.00
13,774.60
13,726.90
16,617.50
14,810.00
18,267.60
21,788.30
22,095.70
19,343.90
19,413.50
23,733.00
25,021.00
Year Area(000 hec)
Production(000 tons)
Avg. Yield(tons/hec)
29.72
37.68
37.70
28.90
28.44
28.78
30.65
28.38
27.97
27.35
27.23
27.62
26.75
26.59
31.55
32.46
32.82
35.18
36.06
32.83
36.54
40.77
43.30
35.37
35.23
37.36
36.59
31.22
36.55
37.91
36.40
36.04
38.71
39.70
37.30
Year Area(000 hec)
Production(000 tons)
Avg. Yield(tons/hec)
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
628.30
613.70
626.10
510.60
487.20
535.30
529.60
501.00
525.60
536.20
536.10
596.20
656.70
605.60
604.20
685.30
780.30
672.10
615.50
656.80
735.30
709.00
644.70
625.20
711.80
827.20
666.50
607.40
672.20
761.20
767.70
756.80
710.60
705.38
777.78
20,882.40
22,835.90
20,959.00
16,755.10
18,477.70
19,406.20
19,493.70
18,682.90
19,633.40
20,026.80
20,044.80
24,510.80
28,268.00
26,880.00
24,010.20
32,110.60
33,382.80
27,081.30
26,740.00
31,803.10
33,168.60
34,023.00
33,048.00
28,968.60
37,542.00
40,306.00
32,294.70
31,324.00
37,481.00
42,893.00
42,982.00
43,704.00
41,074.30
41,968.20
49,613.00
33.20
37.20
33.50
32.80
37.90
36.30
36.80
37.30
37.40
37.30
37.40
41.10
43.00
44.40
39.70
46.90
42.80
40.30
43.40
48.40
45.10
48.00
51.30
46.30
52.70
48.70
48.50
51.60
55.80
56.30
56.00
57.70
57.82
59.49
63.78
(Source: Source: (GOP , Various Issues & CRS, 2017)a
Page 33|
Imp
ac
t A
ss
es
sm
en
t S
eri
es
4
Ap
pen
dix
III
: S
har
e of
AA
RI'
s S
uga
rcan
e V
arie
ties
in
Pu
nja
b (
2000
-01
to 2
016-
17)
(00
0 H
ecta
res)
VA
RIE
TY
SP
F 2
13
SP
F 2
34
SP
F 2
38
SP
F 2
45
CP
F 2
46
HS
F 2
40
HS
F 2
42
CP
F 2
37
CoL
54
CoL
29
BL
4
BF
162
L 1
18
CP
43-
33
C P
72-
2086
CP
77-4
00
CoJ
84
Tri
ton
CP
F 2
43
Oth
ers
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
2015
-16
2016
-17
Are
aA
rea
Are
aA
rea
Are
aA
rea
Are
aA
rea
Are
aA
rea
Are
aA
rea
Are
aA
rea
Are
aA
rea
Are
a
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
38.9
0
12.8
6
32.1
3
55.9
5
0.80
23.3
3
0.62
4.25
0.00
26.1
0
0.00
60.8
4
255.
8
615.
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
36.7
8
9.85
30.8
7
74.8
7
3.94
39.4
1
15.1
1
19.7
0
0.00
34.8
1
0.00
53.2
0
318.
54
656.
8
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
29.5
5
9.25
30.3
1
75.7
6
28.5
5
40.9
9
24.0
5
23.2
1
0.00
36.7
7
0.00
79.0
7
377.
51
735.
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
28.3
6
7.80
22.6
9
88.8
4
8.51
47.9
3
34.7
4
39.7
0
0.00
27.7
9
0.00
82.3
5
388.
71
709.
0
0.00
46.3
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
20.1
8
12.8
9
16.5
7
78.7
1
4.32
14.7
0
3.74
52.8
5
0.00
11.6
7
0.00
108.
13
370.
06
644.
7
0.00
60.2
6
12.1
4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
18.6
2
32.3
7
31.9
3
22.2
6
66.7
7
0.00
17.4
0
4.45
33.9
9
36.0
2
11.7
4
0.00
69.6
0
417.
55
625.
2
0.00
73.2
5
124.
64
0.00
0.00
16.5
9
0.00
27.9
2
19.4
2
10.1
2
15.3
8
63.5
7
0.00
10.1
2
0.00
25.0
5
20.2
3
6.07
0.00
93.2
8
505.
64
711.
8
0.81
161.
06
134.
76
0.40
0.00
47.3
1
0.81
18.6
2
4.45
14.1
6
6.43
74.8
7
4.45
16.6
3
2.79
37.6
4
3.24
12.9
9
0.00
104.
41
645.
83
827.
2
0.81
148.
88
49.0
1
0.40
0.00
94.3
3
2.87
20.6
8
19.3
8
13.3
1
16.1
9
38.4
4
5.26
5.67
0.81
37.2
7
4.05
0.40
0.00
71.1
8
528.
94
666.
5
2.06
146.
25
52.2
8
0.45
0.00
102.
10
2.87
14.2
9
7.77
6.15
11.7
8
19.6
3
0.00
29.3
8
2.06
36.3
8
19.1
8
0.45
0.00
47.9
3
501.
01
607.
4
4.05
187.
77
57.0
6
2.43
0.00
135
.97
3.24
18.2
5
8.46
9.27
11.3
7
27.0
7
5.26
12.5
9
4.45
40.8
7
8.05
0.81
0.00
46.5
6
583.
53
672.
2
2.02
192.
63
14.1
6
3.24
0.00
194.
25
8.09
12.1
4
6.07
7.69
11.3
3
17.4
0
0.00
13.3
5
3.24
53.4
2
7.69
0.40
0.00
89.4
3
636.
55
761.
2
8.09
205.
99
10.9
3
4.05
4.45
259.
80
8.50
11.3
3
4.86
12.9
5
5.67
14.5
7
5.67
29.5
4
1.62
55.8
5
3.64
3.64
0.00
36.8
3
687.
98
767.
7
8.90
236.
33
9.71
7.28
5.67
256.
97
7.69
11.7
4
4.05
6.88
4.45
8.09
2.83
22.2
6
1.21
47.3
5
3.64
0.00
3.64
25.0
9
700.
49
756.
8
8.09
248.
88
0.00
11.7
4
0.00
263.
45
17.0
0
12.5
5
0.81
1.62
0.40
2.02
0.00
21.0
4
0.81
37.6
4
2.02
0.00
11.3
3
29.9
5
670.
97
710.
6
4.86
247.
26
0.00
17.0
0
0.00
252.
52
14.9
7
19.0
2
0.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.9
7
1.62
32.7
8
4.05
0.00
16.5
9
22.2
6
648.
3
705.
38
5.67
273.
56
0.00
22.2
6
0.00
254.
54
23.0
7
28.7
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11.7
4
1.21
46.9
4
1.62
0.00
17.4
0
39.8
6
726.
6
777.
78
Sr.
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 AA
RI'
s T
otal
Pu
nja
b's
Tot
al
Page 34|
Imp
ac
t As
se
ss
me
nt S
erie
s 4
Ap
pen
dix
IV
: P
erce
nt
Sh
are
of A
AR
I's
Su
garc
ane
Var
ieti
es i
n P
un
jab
(20
00-0
1 to
201
6-17
) (%
age
)
VA
RIE
TY
SP
F 2
13
SP
F 2
34
SP
F 2
38
SP
F 2
45
CP
F 2
46
HS
F 2
40
HS
F 2
42
CP
F 2
37
CoL
54
CoL
29
BL
4
BF
162
L 1
18
CP
43-
33
CP
72-
2086
CP
77-
400
CoJ
84
Tri
ton
CP
F 2
43
Oth
ers
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
2015
-16
2016
-17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.32
2.09
5.22
9.09
0.13
3.79
0.10
0.69
0.00
4.24
0.00
9.87
41.5
4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.60
1.50
4.70
11.4
0
0.60
6.00
2.30
3.00
0.00
5.30
0.00
8.10
48.5
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.02
1.26
4.12
10.3
0
3.88
5.57
3.27
3.16
0.00
5.00
0.00
10.7
6
51.3
4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.00
1.10
3.20
12.5
3
1.20
6.76
4.90
5.60
0.00
3.92
0.00
11.6
2
54.8
3
0.00
7.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.13
2.00
2.57
12.2
1
0.67
2.28
0.58
8.20
0.00
1.81
0.00
16.7
8
57.4
1
0.00
9.64
1.94
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.18
5.11
3.56
10.6
8
0.00
2.78
0.71
5.44
5.76
1.88
0.00
11.1
3
66.7
9
0.00
10.2
8
17.5
1
0.00
0.00
2.35
0.00
1.71
2.73
1.42
2.16
8.93
0.00
1.42
0.00
3.52
2.84
0.85
0.00
13.1
0
71.0
4
0.10
19.4
7
16.2
9
0.05
0.00
5.72
0.10
1.22
0.54
1.71
0.78
9.05
0.54
2.01
0.34
4.55
0.39
1.57
0.00
12.6
2
78.0
8
0.12
22.3
4
7.35
0.06
0.00
14.1
5
0.43
2.55
2.91
2.00
2.43
5.77
0.79
0.85
0.12
5.59
0.61
0.06
0.00
10.6
8
79.3
6
0.34
24.0
8
8.61
0.07
0.00
16.8
1
0.47
1.14
1.28
1.01
1.94
3.23
0.00
4.84
0.34
5.99
3.16
0.07
0.00
7.90
82.4
9
0.60
27.9
4
8.49
0.36
0.00
20.2
3
0.48
0.72
1.26
1.38
1.69
4.03
0.78
1.87
0.66
6.08
1.20
0.12
0.00
6.93
86.8
1
0.27
25.3
0
1.86
0.43
0.00
25.5
2
1.06
1.12
0.80
1.01
1.49
2.29
0.00
1.75
0.43
7.02
1.01
0.05
0.00
11.7
5
83.6
4
1.05
25.3
1
1.42
0.53
0.58
33.9
5
1.11
0.95
0.63
1.69
0.74
1.90
0.74
3.85
0.21
7.27
0.47
0.47
0.00
4.79
89.6
2
1.18
31.2
3
1.28
0.96
0.75
33.9
6
1.02
1.55
0.53
0.91
0.59
1.07
0.37
2.94
0.16
6.26
0.48
0.00
0.48
3.32
92.5
7
1.14
35.0
2
0.00
1.65
0.00
37.0
7
2.39
1.77
0.11
0.23
0.06
0.28
0.00
2.96
0.11
5.30
0.29
0.00
1.59
4.22
94.4
2
0.69
35.2
6
0.00
2.42
0.00
36.0
1
2.13
2.71
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.14
0.23
4.67
0.58
0.00
2.37
3.17
92.4
4
0.72
34.5
4
0.00
2.62
0.00
32.1
4
2.91
3.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.47
0.15
5.99
0.31
0.00
2.20
5.01
91.6
9
S. N
o.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Tot
al:
Page 35|
Imp
ac
t A
ss
es
sm
en
t S
eri
es
4
Ap
pen
dix
V:
Ad
dit
ion
al S
uga
rcan
e P
rod
uce
d i
n P
un
jab
du
e to
AA
RI'
s S
uga
rca
ne
Var
ieti
es (
2000
-01
to 2
016-
17)
(00
0 T
on
s)
VA
RIE
TY
SP
F 2
13
SP
F 2
34
SP
F 2
38
SP
F 2
45
SP
F 2
46
HS
F 2
40
HS
F 2
42
CP
F 2
37
CoL
54
CoL
29
BL
4
BF
162
L 1
18
C.P
43-
33
C.P
72-
2086
CP
77-
400
CoJ
84
Tri
ton
CP
F 2
43
Oth
ers
Tot
al
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
2015
-16
2016
-17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
399.
67
132.
15
330.
03
332.
32
8.23
106.
50
1.35
53.0
2
0.00
171.
33
0.00
625.
01
2159
.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
377.
93
101.
22
317.
10
444.
75
40.5
0
179.
93
33.2
3
246.
10
0.00
228.
53
0.00
53.2
0
2022
.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
303.
62
95.0
3
311.
32
450.
04
293.
35
187.
14
52.9
0
289.
87
0.00
241.
36
0.00
53.2
0
2277
.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
291.
40
80.1
1
233.
04
527.
70
87.4
0
218.
85
76.4
3
495.
89
0.00
182.
46
0.00
53.2
0
2246
.49
0.00
637.
76
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
207.
32
132.
44
170.
19
467.
54
44.3
7
67.
11
8.23
660.
11
0.00
76.
59
0.00
53.
20
2524
.86
0.00
830.
09
124.
71
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
182.
34
332.
65
327.
99
228.
64
396.
62
0.00
79.4
5
9.79
424.
57
319.
03
77.0
4
0.00
53.2
0
3386
.14
0.00
1009
.05
1280
.37
0.00
0.00
181.
51
0.00
273.
50
199.
59
103.
93
157.
97
377.
64
0.00
46.1
9
0.00
312.
87
179.
23
39.8
5
0.00
53.2
0
4214
.90
7.74
2218
.79
1384
.30
4.84
0.00
517.
54
13.5
6
182.
34
45.7
4
145.
50
66.1
0
444.
70
45.7
4
75.9
4
6.14
470.
06
28.6
8
85.2
8
0.00
53.2
0
5796
.18
7.74
2050
.99
503.
42
4.84
0.00
1031
.98
48.1
6
202.
55
199.
17
136.
77
166.
28
228.
36
54.0
5
25.8
7
1.78
465.
51
35.8
5
2.66
0.00
53.2
0
5219
.16
19.7
3
2014
.75
537.
09
5.32
0.00
1116
.98
48.1
6
139.
92
79.8
3
63.1
9
120.
97
116.
58
0.00
134.
15
4.54
454.
39
169.
91
2.92
0.00
53.2
0
5081
.64
38.6
9
2586
.73
586.
14
29.0
2
0.00
148
7.53
54.2
6
178.
77
86.9
0
95.2
0
116.
81
160.
81
54.0
5
57.4
7
9.79
510.
50
71.3
3
5.31
0.00
53.2
0
6182
.52
19.3
4
2653
.63
145.
50
38.6
9
0.00
2125
.05
135.
65
118.
91
62.3
7
78.9
8
116.
40
103.
36
0.00
60.9
8
7.12
667.
18
68.1
1
2.66
0.00
53.2
0
6457
.12
77.3
7
2796
.51
112.
24
48.3
6
57.8
7
2842
.25
142.
43
110.
99
49.9
0
133.
03
58.2
0
86.5
4
58.2
1
134.
89
3.56
697.
51
32.2
6
23.9
1
0.00
53.2
0
7519
.22
85.1
1
3255
.71
374.
14
87.0
5
73.6
5
2811
.26
128.
87
114.
95
41.5
8
70.6
7
45.7
3
48.0
8
29.1
1
101.
63
2.67
591.
37
32.2
6
0.00
31.2
5
53.2
0
7978
.27
77.3
7
3428
.53
16.6
3
140.
24
0.00
2882
.09
284.
86
122.
88
8.32
16.6
3
4.16
12.0
2
0.00
96.0
8
1.78
470.
06
17.9
2
0.00
97.2
2
53.2
0
7730
.00
46.4
2
3406
.23
0.00
203.
11
0.00
2762
.56
250.
95
186.
30
4.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
68.3
7
3.56
409.
41
35.8
5
0.00
142.
36
53.2
0
7572
.47
54.1
6
3768
.60
0.00
265.
97
0.00
2784
.70
386.
60
281.
43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
53.5
9
2.67
586.
31
14.3
4
0.00
149.
30
53.2
0
8400
.86
Page 36|
Imp
ac
t As
se
ss
me
nt S
erie
s 4
Ap
pen
dix
VI:
Eco
nom
ic I
mp
act
of A
AR
I's
Su
garc
ane
Bre
edin
g R
esea
rch
(20
00-0
1 to
201
6-17
) (M
illio
n R
s.)
VA
RIE
TY
SP
F 2
13
SP
F 2
34
SP
F 2
38
SP
F 2
45
SP
F 2
46
HS
F 2
40
HS
F 2
42
CP
F 2
37
CoL
54
CoL
29
BL
4
BF
162
L 1
18
CP
43-
33
CP
72-
2086
CP
77-
400
CoJ
84
Tri
ton
CP
F 2
43
Oth
ers
Tot
al
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
2015
-16
2016
-17
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
349.
71
115.
63
288.
78
290.
78 7.2
93.1
9
1.18
46.3
9 0
149.
91 0
546.
89
1889
.66
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
396.
82
106.
29
332.
96
466.
99
42.5
2
188.
93
34.9
258.
41 0
239.
96 0
55.8
6
2123
.64
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
318.
8
99.7
8
326.
89
472.
54
308.
02
196.
5
55.5
5
304.
37 0
253.
43 0
55.8
6
2391
.74
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
305.
97
84.1
1
244.
7
554.
09
91.7
7
229.
79
80.2
5
520.
68 0
191.
59 0
55.8
6
2358
.81
0
669.6
5 0 0 0 0 0 0
217.
69
139.
07
178.
7
490.9
1
46.5
8
70.4
7
8.6
4
693.
11 0
80.4
2 0
55.8
6
2651.
1
0
933.
86
140.
3 0 0 0 0
205.
13
374.
23
368.
99
257.
22
446.
2 0
89.3
9
11.0
2
477.
64
358.
91
86.6
8 0
59.8
5
3809
.42
0
1513
.57
1920
.56 0 0
272.
27 0
410.
25
299.
38
155.
89
236.
95
566.
45 0
69.2
9 0
469.
3
268.
85
59.7
8 0
79.8
6322
.34
11.6
1
3328
.18
2076
.45
7.25
0
776.
31
20.3
5
273.
51
68.6
1
218.
25
99.1
5
667.
05
68.6
1
113.
91
9.21
705.
09
43.0
2
127.
92 0
79.8
8694
.28
15.4
7
4101
.97
1006
.84
9.67
0
2063
.95
96.3
1
405.
1
398.
34
273.
53
332.
56
456.
72
108.
11
51.7
4
3.56
931.
03
71.6
9
5.31
0
106.
4
1043
8.3
49.3
3
5036
.87
1342
.73
13.3 0
2792
.44
120.
39
349.
8
199.
59
157.
97
302.
43
291.
46 0
335.
37
11.3
5
1135
.98
424.
78
7.31 0
133
1270
4.1
120.
9
8083
.53
1831
.7
90.6
7 0
4648
.54
169.
56
558.
65
271.
57
297.
49
365.
04
502.
54
168.
92
179.
58
30.6
1595
.3
222.
92
16.
6 0
166.
25
1932
0.3
6
72.5
4
9951
.1
545.
61
145.
08 0
7968
.92
508.
68
445.
93
233.
89
296.
19
436.
49
387.
61 0
228.
66
26.7
1
2501
.94
255.
41
9.96 0
199.
5
2421
4.22
328.
84
1188
5.16
477.
02
205.
53
245.
94
1207
9.56
605.
33
471.
69
212.
06
565.
36
247.
34
367.
78
247.
41
573.
27
15.1
3
2964
.42
137.
11
101.
62 0
226.
1
3195
6.67
361.
73
1383
6.77
1590
.06
369.
95
313.
02
1194
7.85
547.
68
488.
54
176.
72
300.
35
194.
34
204.
32
123.
7
431.
91
11.3
5
2513
.32
137.
11 0
132.
81
226.
1
3390
7.63
348.
19
1542
8.38
74.8
3
631.
09 0
1296
9.42
1281
.87
552.
95
37.4
2
74.8
3
18.7
1
54.0
9 0
432.
38
8.01
2115
.28
80.6
5 0
437.
49
239.
4
3478
4.99
208.
91
1532
8.04 0
913.
99 0
1243
1.52
1129
.27
838.
35
18.7
1 0 0 0 0
307.
65
16.0
3
1842
.34
161.
31 0
640.
61
239.
4
3407
6.13
243.
73
1695
8.68 0
1196
.89 0
1253
1.13
1739
.69
1266
.44 0 0 0 0 0
241.
13
12.0
2
2638
.41
64.5
2 0
671.
86
239.
4
3780
3.9
Page 37|
Imp
ac
t A
ss
es
sm
en
t S
eri
es
4
AYUB AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, FAISALABAD - PAKISTAN Tel: +92 41 9201671-72, Fax: +92 41 9201673, Web: www.aari.punjab.gov.pk