Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Preamble

Agriculture sector is the backbone of Bangladesh economy and plays a vital role in

the overall development of a nation. Most of the Bangladeshis earn their livelihood

from agriculture sector. Bangladesh agricultural sector contributes 17.2% to the GDP

of our country [i]. However, agricultural sector in Bangladesh faces serious

challenges because of its increasing population, limited water availability and

degradation of natural resources. Besides it, overuse of different pesticides and

chemicals decline crop yields and product quality (Yadav, 2011). In order to improve

productivity in rice production several inputs and high mechanized technologies

(tractor, pump machine, shallow machine, HYV etc) are now used by the famers. In

that case, knowledge about operating new machineries and using several inputs

according to their sustainable limits is very much essential. Farmers today receive

different training programmes from different government and non-government

organizations. Training programmes help farmers to make them better entrepreneur

and organize themselves into effective association and institution (Famuyiwa et al.,

2012). A study finds that importance of training program can contribute to the

enhancement of farmers’ skill in different farming work (Tripp and Hiroshimil, 2005)

and some success stories can also be explained during training program to remove

farmer’s misconception (Yang et al.,2008) especially training in rice production is

very much important as farmers are quite unknown about the production mechanism

about how to produce rice in an effective way therefore training program help them in

this regard. Besides it, different extension training program provided by government

organization, NGO’s, traders and also from farmer to farmer through which farmers

can receive education about different rice production mechanism. Sometimes famers

can also coach other farmers after attending training program. Training programmes

are arranged in different session and farmers can participate here according to their

preferable time. In our country it is well known to us that most of the farmers are

illiterate therefore they are quite unknown about growing rice production though

some may get idea following other farmers but such knowledge is very much

negligible therefore such training programmes help them to broaden their idea and use

1

it in their farming method besides those who did not receive any training yet may lag

behind than the trained farmers to some extent. It is especially helpful for the

newcomers but still there is something new to learn about it so that farmers in our

country are highly interested to receive that training. In that sense, the aim of this

paper is to find out the effectiveness of the training program received by the farmer in

rice production.

1.2 Objective of the Study

The main objective of the study is given below:

i) To investigate the impact of training program on rice production.

1.3 Research Questions of the Study

i) What is the impact of training in rice production?

ii) What is the impact of particular input training program in rice production?

iii) What are the major sources that impart training to the farmers?

1.4 Justification of the Study

Bangladesh is an agrarian country and most of the farmers are poor here to maintain

their minimum standard of living. Farmers in our country can’t produce more crops

due to ignorance of proper production mechanism. Bangladeshi small farmers highly

conclude that building the capacity of farmer is highly valuable rather than getting

financial support in terms of raising production and income (Murshed and Diemuth,

2011). However, there are some highly mechanized techniques and Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) system used in the production process which requires training to

use it properly and also may help farmers to take necessary steps during natural

calamities to protect their crops from any uncertainties. In that sense, different

agricultural officers belong to different public organizations and also the officer of

different NGOs as well as mass media perform a great role in this regard who visit a

place or sometimes farmers go to their place and receive different training to improve

their rice production. That is why; author has selected this topic in order to find out

the impact on farmer’s training program on rice production.

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1.5 Scope of the Study

Most of the farmers in our country are illiterate and do not know the proper method of

cultivating their land. In this case, they do not get enough profit after their production.

As most of the farmers are highly dependent on their land so to get enough crops at

the end of the season they seek to get trained in different farming mechanism. In that

sense, today there are different training institutes both government and non-

government who provide training at Zila and Upazila level. Farmers receive training

to use highly mechanized machineries, know sustainable limits of their inputs in

production, integrated pest management system and sometimes they receive training

from harvesting to yielding of crops while some other farmers do not receive any

training may some sort of lag behind the trained farmers. Different studies have done

in the outside country and find that training has positive impact on rice production

(Tripp and Hiroshimil, 2005) but in Bangladesh such kind of study hasn’t yet been

done in this field. Therefore, there exists a knowledge gap in this field that helps

author to conduct this report and find a suitable result in this field. Besides it, training

data over the time period is not available related with agricultural production therefore

impact of changes in production after taking training program is not available, so too

some extent the scope of the study is somewhat limited.

1.6 Chapter Plan of the Study

This portion involves the name of the chapters that are included in this study. First the

author tries to give a broader description about the study in the introduction chapter.

In the second chapter author uses quotes of other researchers who had done study in

this field and in the third chapter author uses methodology which shows the way or

method to complete this study in a sequential step. In the fourth chapter, author

described about the mission and vision of government and non-government

institutions providing training program. In the fifth chapter data were analyzed with

their explanations and at last findings with the corresponding recommendations were

provided there.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

Every study is comprised with some limitation. I also faced several limitations while

preparing this report. As it is a secondary based data, when I had my secondary

survey, I could not get enough information from the internet and due to insufficient

3

information it was quite difficult for me to make a proper analysis of this topic. It was

sometimes difficult for me to find information regarding training program from

different secondary sources as this type of study is very much limited in secondary

sources. Though in some cases, I found some information but they are very back

dated. Due to insufficient information several statistical analyses can’t be used here.

At last, I can humbly say that to prepare this report I have not enough experience and

idea so there remain some limitations while preparing this report.

4

Chapter Two

Literature Review

This section provides literature review of the training program and its impact on rice

production. This review seeks to provide an accurate and up-to-date picture of the

information sources available on this issue.

2.1 Training Program and Its Impact on Rice Production

Kamariah (2011) in his study found that training programmes plays major role in

order to make farmer productive in their land. Majority of the farmer believes that

such training programmes make them better farmers. However, the impact of training

can be summarized into six major benefits (i) increase work quality (ii) increase in

farm products (iii) cost saving (iv) time saving (v) increase in income (vi) increase in

networking.

Murshed (2011) studied that training programmes bring varieties of result in the

production process. It is found that giving training towards the farmer is far better that

providing financial support to the famers. However, the importance of training can

contribute to the improvement of farmer’s skill and knowledge to their production

practice.

Yang et al., (2008) studied that several training programmes do not make any

significant result in the developing countries and some may fail before generating any

positive outcome as they highly focus on technology transfer rather than focusing on

famer’s empowerment and knowledge dissemination. However such problem can be

reduced by carefully designed the training programmes to address the needs.

Yadav (2011b) in his study found that it is sometimes difficult for the agricultural

extension worker to bring any positive impact and face different challenges while

implementing any services. To achieve the successful implementation of these

program agricultural extension officers should focus on improving their skill and

practical knowledge about providing training facilities to the farmer.

Ajayi (2008) investigated the impact of training on rice production. He therefore,

concluded that farmers mainly received training to alleviate production, increase in

5

productivity and economic empowerment. He also ranked them 1st, 2nd and 3rd

respectively. He also found that farmers who attend the training there exist a positive

relationship between the farmers and rice production. Therefore training rice farmers

should be given top most priority to improve their skill and knowledge in that

particular field. Besides it, he also found that training involves acquiring knowledge

and developing attitudes and abilities. Training of farmers and the adoption of modern

technologies increase productivity as well as increase income of the farmers as well as

standard of living.

Rosegrant and Cline (2003) in their study found that farmers in rural area do not have

up-to-date information about how to grow food efficiently and economically. Better

knowledge, availability of new technologies, availability of inputs, in addition to

providing them with necessary physical resources for proper implementation of their

production mechanism is very much important which can be gathered through proper

training facilities that can dramatically increase the farmers’ level of productivity.

Murshed (2011) in his study explained that training program in the agricultural sector

makes farmer to become an entrepreneur and decision maker to establish an

association and institution.

Ajayi (2008) studied that training is a systematic and planned study to modify or

develop knowledge. It tries to develop and extend employee’s knowledge and

enabling them perform better in their job. Training may be short time and long time in

nature. Short time training includes seminar, workshop, conference and symposia

varying from one to six month in duration whereas long term training refers to

administrative, management, scientific training of technical training of full time or

part time varying from 120 calendar days. Long term training also provides

certificates and degree programmes.

Frayne and Geringer (2000) noted that training is an attempt to polish those qualities

which person has and which his position will require. This may mean putting him in a

situation in which he has to show initiative and take the best out of a person. Thus,

training assist an employee in whatever is not doing well which can be rectify, such

training must be relevant to job description and performance.

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Kayoed (2001) found that training can be conceived in the first instance to achieve

higher performance in the job and also raise the level of development of the

employee. Low investment or lack of training activities hinders farmer’s productivity

and hence poor performance on the job. However greater productivity can be

achieved through improved knowledge and skill.

Alibaygi and Zarafshani (2008) opined that training helps in obtaining people with

right skills, knowledge and attitude to run progressive and flexible entrepreneur.

Ballot (2002) opined that training is essential to improve performance and

performance is important to improve productivity. These factors play an important

role in production volume. It is found from his study that there exist positive

relationship between training and productivity in rice production.

Ahmad et al., (2008) found in their study that the role of training in agricultural

development and on the other hand this successful experience can be extended to

other areas of operation as well. It can further help the other development agencies

working on the subject to design and implement their studies and development

projects on the basis of this study results. The training programs also motivated the

farmers to adopt all required inputs.

2.2 Research Gap

From the above research, it is understood that there are not enough research on the

effect of training program on rice production especially in Bangladesh but there have

lots of data on rice production. For this reason, author has just tried his best to find out

the impact of training program on rice production with the data available in the

secondary sources. Besides it, as there is not enough literature regarding this issue as

well as in the study area therefore this may be a new dimension of my study.

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Chapter Three

Methodology of the Study

3.1 General

Methodology shows the approach by which the study is accomplished. It includes

some sequential steps that are required for performing the study effectively. This

study is mainly based on secondary data through which the study is completed.

3.2 Topic Selection

This study is based on secondary data therefore information is mainly collected from

different secondary sources. The author has selected the topic about ‘Impact of

Training Program on Rice Production: A Study in Bangladesh’. In order to find

out necessary information regarding training program on rice production farmers

attend different training programmes arranged by the Upazilla training institutes and

also by different mass media to make them informed about the proper method of rice

production.

3.3 Conceptualization

Conceptualization helps author to develop a concept regarding a study. As the author

selected a topic regarding the ‘Impact of Training Program on Rice Production’ in

that respect different information are analyzed here to collect information about

whether training bring any impact on rice production or not. In this regard information

like training session, knowledge about farming method after attending training,

production information after receiving training, area of training, contribution of

different organizations and mass media provide training to the rice farmers are

analyzed to proceed on the impact of training of rice production.

3.4 Collection of Data

For conducting this report there have been collected only secondary data.

3.4.1 Secondary data

3.4.1 Secondary Data Collection

As this is a secondary based report therefore; this study mainly relied on data from

published references, materials and information from other secondary sources like

internet, published materials and different thesis on our seminar library. Different

8

information from published articles are assembled and presented on this report by

sequential steps.

3.5 Analytical Framework

Different variables including dependent and independent variables used in this study

to analysis the impact of training program on rice production. Those variables with

their unit of measurement are given below:

Table 3.1: Description of the Variables

Serial No.

Description of Variables Unit of Measurement

Literature Reference

1 Rice Production In million metric ton

BRRI (2014)

2 Farmer awareness In percentage ECS (2013)3 Land area In acre ECS (2013)4 Population In million Sombilla (2002)5 Population growth Percentage per year Sombilla (2002)6 Rice supply In million ton Sombilla (2002)7 Seed used In kg BARI (2012)8 Fertilizer Used In kg BARI (2012)9 Chemical fertilizer In kg BARI (2013)10 Cost of fertilizer BDT per ha BARI (2013)11 Cost of pipe In BDT BARI (2013)12 Labor In man days Mottaleb (2014)13 Labor-land ratio Per hundred acre Mottaleb (2014)14 Training received In number FAO (2012)15 Role of Mass Media By name &

percentageAni (2013)

16 Duration of course Number of month BARI (2014)17 Number of courses In number BARI (2014)18 Number of participants In number BARI (2014)19 Nursery area Square meters per

acreBARI (2012)

20 Age of seedlings In days BARI (2012)21 Crop yield Kg per ha BARI (2013)22 Total Cost BDT per season BARI (2013)23 Total Income BDT per season BARI (2013)

Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.

3.6 Analysis and Presentation of Data

3.6.1 Data Analysis

Data analysis is the main part of the report. It is also called the body of the report. In

this stage, all the processed information was analyzed to fulfill the objective of the

study. Different statistical tools and figures were used here to amalgamate the

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information collected from the secondary sources.

Tools

MS Word

MS Excel and SPSS

A proper interpretation was also presented here from the analysis of the information

included in the research work. In case of analyzing data author has used quantitative

analysis.

3.6.1.1 Quantitative Analysis

Here data is analyzed to describe changes in the training needs, year-wise production

of major staple foods, farmers awareness of extension service, service received by

category of farmers, differentiate of advice provided, future trend in rice production,

preferred agricultural programmes in different TV channels, year-wise growth rate of

rice production, descriptive statistics of rice growers, training in IPM management,

fertilizer, leaf color chart and agro-economic practice. Different tables that will be

analyzed in this study are given below with their respective information:

Using SPSS software author has tried to shown the maximum, minimum, mean and

correlation analysis between different factors. The formula for those analyses is given

below:

3.6.1.1.1 Formula of Mean

Here, formula of mean, x = ∑x / n

Where,

x = Arithmetic mean

n = Number of observation

3.6.1.1.2 Correlation Analysis

A statistical tool that measure relationship between two or more that two variables is

called correlation analysis. The measure of correlation called the coefficient of

correlation (denoted by symbol r)

r = -1 ≤ 0 ≤ 1

Here value of r may be +1, -1 and 0 are rare.

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Application

For creating tables, figures and for analyzing data

For analyzing the statistical data collected from field

When, r = +1 (Perfect positive correlation between variables)

r = -1 (Perfect negative correlation between variables)

r = 0 (No correlation between variables)

3.6.1.1.3 Cronbach’s Alpha Analysis

Cronbach’s Alpha is a measure of internal consistency that is how closely related a set

of items are as a group. Its value is normally ranges between 0-1. It is considered to

be a measure of scale reliability. The formula for Cronbach’s alpha is given below:

α= N .cv (N−1 ) . c

Here,

N = Equal number of items

c= Inter-item covariance among the items

v = Average variance

As the number of items increases, Cronbach’s alpha increases. If c decreases alpha

decreases, similarly if c increases, Cronbach’s alpha increases as well (holding the

number of items constant).

To interpret the output, here we can follow the rule of George and Mallery (2003):

>.9 >.8 >.7 >.6 >.5 <.5

Excellent Good Acceptable Questionable Poor Unacceptable

3.6.1.1.4 Time Series Analysis

Y = a + bt

Where, a = constant; b = slope/ coefficient; Y = dependent variable;

t = time period

3.7 Tabulation of Data

The collected data has been sorted, figured and tabulated in the tabular form to

present the data in an organized manner. It makes analysis short but clear and make it

very easy on the eye of the reader.

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3.8 Data Presentation

Data are presented in various tables and analysis after sorting them. After analyzing

the data, the report paper was prepared finally supported by various methods and

techniques. Different statistical methods are also applied here to present the

information properly.

3.9 Draft Report Preparation

After the presentation of data a draft is prepared by accumulating all the information

and analyzing the pertinent facts relating to it. It also includes the finding and proper

recommendations related to the study.

3.10 Final Report Submission

It is the most vital part of the study report. Author tries to prepare chapters properly

and also in a good manner. All the chapters are analyzed completely and then a draft

report is prepared by including all the necessary information, references and necessary

appendices in it. At last the author submitted the final report to the course teachers in

due time.

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Chapter Four

Training Providing Institutes-At a Glance

4.1 DAE (Department of Agricultural Extension)

i) Conduct agricultural extension activities under the concept of training and visit

(T&V) approach;

ii) Provide efficient and effective needs based extension services to all categories of

farmers;

iii) Promote sustainable agricultural and socio-economic development of Bangladesh.

4.2 BRRI (Bangladesh Rice Research Institute)

BRRI first formed in 1 October, 1970 after the name of EPRRI (East Pakistan Rice

Research Institute). The mission of this institute is given below:

i) The mission of the institute is the development and dissemination of high yielding

rice varieties along with appropriate rice production technologies to the farmers' level

so that food security is ensured.

4.3 BARI (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute)

BARI first established on 1976 in Gazipur, Dhaka. It is divided into three wings

Research, Services and Training. Director of BARI is Dr. MD. Rofikul Islam Mandal.

i) Conducting research on numerous crops, HYV, crop and disease management.

4.4 PROSHIKA: The main mission of this NGO is to conduct an extensive,

intensive, and participatory process of sustainable development through empowering

of the poor.

4.5 Zibika: Its values are working for the poor, and vulnerable, Respect to all,

sensitivity to gender issues, sensitivity to conserve nature and maintain rights of all.

4.6 GUK (Gana Unnayan Kendra): Its main goal is to ensure employment and

livelihood of poor and extreme poor.

4.7 SKS (Samaj Kallyan Sangstha)

The main aim of this institute is to make a poverty free society where human rights

and social justice be promoted and built local capacity.

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Chapter Five

Data Analysis and Presentation

This chapter mainly deals with the analysis of different variables related to the study

as well as different statistical analysis pertinent to the study. They are given with the

following analysis below:

5.1 Determining Training Needs

Depending on the ability and job level it is determined that which type of training is

needed by the personnel and it is mainly done by the training providing agent which is

shown in the following table (5.1):

Table 5.1: Criteria for Determining of Training Needs of Extension Personnel

Level of Need of the Job Level of Ability Training NeedHigh Low High training need (HTN)High Medium Moderate training need

(MTN)High High Low training need (LTN)

Medium Low Moderate training need (MTN)

Medium Medium Low training need (LTN)Medium High No training need (NTN)

Low Low Moderate training need (MTN)

Low Medium No training need (NTN)Low High No training need (NTN)

Source: Singh. 2000.

Most of the farmers in our country are landless peasant. They do not have higher job

opportunity that is why they have to work on other people land and do not get the

actual return. Though they have high level of need of the job but due to low level of

ability and sometimes medium ability about the proper production mechanism they

need high level of training about their existing production practice. In that case

training program is very much effective that may provide them with high level of

training.

5.2 Farmers’ Awareness of Main Extension Service Providers

Male farmers’ awareness is considerably high with comparison to the female farmers

in both government and non-government institutes. It is also found that awareness is

14

greater in case of non-government training session than from the government training

programmes. Therefore proper government training activities need to be developed to

make the farmer skilled in their productive activities side by side with the non-

government institutes (Summarized version of appendix table 2). Considering the

production of major staples in our country, we can see that considering three crops in

three seasons though there occur reductions in production of Aus in the FY 09 and FY

13 but the other two crops Aman and Boro shows higher yielding in every fiscal year.

Therefore we can find that training needs is very much essential in that case through

which farmers can increase their crop yield to meet the excessive demand of our

population (summarized version of appendix table 1).

5.3 Services Received by Category of Farmers

It is found that 20.6% people of income below tk 15 category received government

services whereas female category is only 4.9%. Whereas 6.3% of male below 15 tk

income category receive non-government services is lower than the female which

constitutes 9.2%. Therefore we can see that male people though receive greater

services in case of government institution but low return in case of non-government

institutions. Besides we can see that people who earn more that income 59 tk in which

male group receive higher service both from government and non-government

organization compared to the female group. We can also consider with the farm size

categories. Male landless household (up to 0.49 acres) receive higher government

services than compared to female but in case of non-government services female

received more. Similarly considering the large farm (over 7.5 acres) male people

receive greater services both from government and non-government organization with

compared to the female group (summarized version of appendix table 3).

5.4 Differentiate of Advice Provided

Considering government it provides advice about the crop production and livestock

rearing to the male group whereas provide advice regarding livestock and poultry to

the female group. NGO provides advice like crop and livestock to the male and

vegetables and poultry to the female. Private organization provides crop and livestock

training to male people and poultry, livestock and vegetables to the female group.

Comparison to those mass media provide extra services regarding fruit trees and

forest tree and more or less all institutes provide training regarding production of

different types of crops (summarized version of appendix table 4).

15

5.5 Future Trend in Rice Production

Here we consider the rice production trend over the years and also consider the future

trend of rice production in our country in the following table (5.2):

Table 5.2: Future Trend in Rice Production

Year Rural Population

(million)

Urban Population

(million)

Total Population

(million)

Population Growth

(% year)

Rice Demand (million

tons)

Rice Supply

(million tons)

2000/01 98.9 30.3 120.2 1.6 23.0 22.42010 104.2 40.9 145.1 1.3 26.0 26.02020 103.0 57.7 160.8 1.1 28.0 29.1

Source: Sombilla, 2002.

In the above table, we can see that population growth rate has been decreased over the

few years and rice demand is considerably increases every year. In that case rice

supply is too some extent available in good portion to meet the needs of the people. In

the year 2020 we can see that rice demand will be 28.0 million and rice supply will be

29.1 million. It is really a good sign that there is no shortage anymore but we should

consider it for subsistence only rather we should produce more to facilitate

international trade to develop our economy. In that case proper training facilities help

the farmers to take a proper production mechanism to produce more rice in the

upcoming years.

5.6 Contribution of Mass Media in Imparting Knowledge about Rice Production

The mass media in our country plays an extraordinary role by imparting training to

the farmers. In that case we can see that farmers get much benefit by watching

television or sometimes hear radio to gain knowledge about rice production. Here in

the following table we try to analyze the percentage of people watch different

agricultural program broadcast in television. It is shown by the following table (5.3):

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Table 5.3: Preferred Agricultural Programmes in Different TV ChannelPreferred Agricultural Programmes

in TV (Translated Title)TV Channel Percentage of

people Seen this program

Mati o Manush BTV 17.79Desh o Jonopoder Khobor BTV 7.91

Hridoye Mati o Manusher Dak Channel I 7.91Hridoye Mati o Manush Channel I 7.91

Krishi Dibanishi BTV and Channel I 16.60Krishi Budget Channel I 9.09Krishi Barta Channel I 4.74

Krishi Songbad Channel I 14.62Krishi Bishoyok Pramanno Onusthan ATN 2.37

Shamol Bangla Bangla Vision 6.32Obiram Bangla BTV and ATN 4.74

Total ---------- 100Source: Ani, 2013.

In the above table we can see different TV channels name which broadcast numerous

agricultural programmes which is now very much effective among the farmers as they

can gather knowledge about different agricultural techniques through watching this

program. We can also see that majority of the people watch BTV and Channel I

program. These programmes mainly help to those villagers who can not go outside

their home and easily can learn different programmes and techniques and proper

practice of agricultural mechanism living inside their home.

5.7 Time Series Analysis of Rice production

Here over the time period rice production in Bangladesh has been revealed through

indirect method of time series analysis by using fifteen years data (summarized

version of appendix table 5). The formula for time series analysis is:

Y = a + bt

Where, a = constant

b = slope

Y = dependent variable

t = time

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Table 5.4: Table Calculation for Rice Production Trend

Year (n) Production (000’ ton)

Time (t) Yt t2

1999 19904.60 -7 -139332.20 492000 23067.00 -6 -138402.00 362001 25085.50 -5 -125427.50 252002 24300.00 -4 -97200.00 162003 25191.30 -3 -75573.90 92004 26189.40 -2 -52378.80 42005 15156.10 -1 -15156.10 12006 26530.30 0 0 02007 27318.00 1 27318.00 12008 28931.00 2 57862.00 42009 31317.00 3 93951.00 92010 31975.00 4 127900.00 162011 33540.32 5 167701.60 252012 33890.00 6 203340.00 362013 34430.00 7 241010.00 49

n = 15 ∑Y=406825.52 ∑Yt = 275612.10

∑t2 = 280

Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.

Here,

b = ∑Yt / ∑t2

= 275612.10 / 280

= 984.33

Now,

a = ∑Y / n

= 406825.52 / 15

= 27121.70

So, the equation for rice production is:

Y = 27121.70 + 984.33 t ……………………… (i)

(Y= Total Rice Production)

i) For 2015, t would be (+9). Putting t = 9 in the above equation, we get,

Y2015 = 27121.70 + 984.33 (9)

= 35980.67 million ton

ii) For 2016, it would be (+10). Putting t = 10 in the above equation, we get,

Y2016 = 27121.70 + 984.33 (10)

= 36965.00 million ton

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5.8 Descriptive Analysis of Different Rice Growers in Bangladesh

Rice is considered as the staple food in our country. After using log we can measure

here the mean value of production analysis in Bangladesh production of rice in our

country is 7.35 kg. Seed and fertilizer requirement is 0.40 and 2.17 kg respectively.

Total amount of fertilizer used is 155.72 kg. Total amount of rice land is 0.17 acre and

mean labor-days are 3.15 days. Labor-land ratio is 0.26 acre. Total mean income of

the household from crops is BDT 39887.65 (summarized version of appendix table 6).

5.9 Training Providing Agency

Different government and non-government institutions provide training facilities to

the farmers regarding rice production. They are given below:

Table 5.5: Name of Different Training Providing AgencyName of Different Training Providing Agency

Government Non-GovernmentBRRI SSUSBARI ZIBIKADAE SKSDoF GUKDLS RSDA

PadakhepPOPI

PROSHIKASource: Author’s Compilation, 2015.

In the above table we can see that the name of different government and non-

government institutions that provide training programmes to the farmer to fulfill their

demand to learn about proper agricultural mechanism which is difficult for them to

learn it by their own way. In this case practical experience helps them to become

experienced in their work.

5.10 Impact of Training in IPM Management

Training in integrated pest management programmmes are arranged by different

institutions. In that case we can see that FFS (Farmers’ Field School) provide training

facilities to the farmer more than other institutes. Such training facilities also help

them to better use this mechanism directly in their field (summarized version of

appendix table 7).

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5.11 BARI Training Course

BARI introduced different training sessions to the farmers in order increase their

capability and disseminate their knowledge in the field. BARI provides different

courses in duration basis to the farmers. Farmers may attend those courses according

to their requirement and time basis. As most of the farmers remain busy in their field

from all day long therefore they mostly attend short term courses (Ajayi, 2008).

Though some of the farmers attend long term courses (Ajayi, 2008) but the

opportunity to join in international courses is very much limited in our country

(summarized version of appendix table 8). It is also found that after attending BARI

fertilizer training program total crop yield and total income increases 9% from their

earlier production (summarized version of appendix table 9). BARI also provides

information to the farmer regarding training in leaf color chart. Using this leaf in the

field and gather idea about the chart as it reduces use of water after receiving training.

Cost of pipe is very much low in this case. Almost 9000 farmers receive training in

this program and 175000 farmers disseminate this technology in their field. Ultimate

result is that it reduces cost and increase production after they receive training

(summarized version of appendix table 10). Besides it, training on agro-economic

practices increase crop yield to 1000-1060 kg per acre than from the earlier time when

it was 630-650 kg per acre (summarized version of appendix table 11).

5.12 Effectiveness of PROSHIKA Training Program

Like BARI, PROSHIKA also provides different types of training program to the rice

farmers and it is found that it increases most their knowledge development, crop yield

and income improvement. Besides it, PROSHIKA also provides services like health

and environmental awareness, capacity to face adverse situation and overall

livelihood development that also bring positive responses in their rice production

(summarized version of appendix table 12).

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5.13 Reliability Test of Male Farmers’ Awareness towards Government and

Non-government Training Program

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha No. of Items

.580 2 Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.

From the analysis it is found that the result of internal consistency between male

farmers towards government and non-government training program is good (George

and Mallery, 2003) that may increase their knowledge of rice production.

5.14 Reliability Test of Female Farmers’ Awareness towards Government and

Non-government Training Program

Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.

From the above analysis it is found that female farmers’ awareness towards

government and non-government training program is questionable (George and

Mallery, 2003) compared to the male farmers’ awareness. That is why male farmers

are now highly productive from the training courses than from female farmers.

5.15 Correlation between Male and Female Farmers’ Awareness towards

Government Training Program

Male and female farmers’ awareness about government training program

Pearson Correlation Value.981

Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.

From the above analysis it is found that male and female farmers’ awareness towards

the government training program is highly correlated. Therefore with that training

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Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha No. of Items

.157 2

program they can improve their productive capacity that may help them to produce

more from that knowledge.

5.16 Correlation between Male and Female Farmers’ Awareness towards Non-

government Training Program

Male and female farmers’ awareness about non-government training program

Pearson Correlation Value.997

Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.

From the above correlation analysis it is found that male and female farmers

awareness towards non-government training program is highly correlated but the

value is less than government institutes. Therefore they can get enough knowledge

from the both of these training institutes.

5.17 Correlation of Trainee Farmers’ with their Exposure to Field Days

Correlation between Trainee Farmers’

with their Exposure to Field Days

Pearson Correlation Value

.980

Source: Author’s Compilation, 2015.

From the above analysis it is found that there is high degree correlation of trainee

farmers and their dissemination of knowledge or exposure to field days. In that case

they can easily use their productive knowledge from the training field in their land to

grow rice properly.

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Chapter Six

Concluding Remarks

6.1 Findings of the Study

The major findings of the study are given below:

i) Considering three types of crops produced in Bangladesh, we can see that though in

some season Aus shows a decrease productivity but Aman and Boro shows higher

yielding in every fiscal years from FY 09-13;

ii) We can see that male farmers’ awareness towards training program is considerably

high with comparison to the female farmers in both government and non-government

institutes;

iii) 20.6% people of income below tk 15 category received government services

whereas female category is only 4.9%;

iv) Male landless household (up to 0.49 acres) receive higher government services

than compared to female but in case of non-government services female received

more. Similarly considering the large farm (over 7.5 acres) male people receive

greater services than from female;

v) We can see that population growth rate has been decreased over the few years and

rice demand is considerably increases every year whereas it is found that rice

production increased but the growth rate of rice production is not increased as much

as required;

vi) Mass media especially BTV and Channel I plays an important role in imparting

training programmes towards the farmers in our country;

vii) Considering training in IPM management we can see that Farmers’ Field School

provides numerous numbers of training than from other institutions;

viii) BARI provides courses dividing it into period basis and it is found that most of

the farmers take part in short term courses;

ix) Considering BARI training in fertilizer using it is found that both crop yield and

net income increases 9% after they have received training;

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x) Training on leaf color chart also shows a positive scenario that cost of pipe use

decreased from early years and people who received training disseminate it into their

field properly;

xi) Training in Agro-economic practices also shows a positive result that using a

small nursery area after receiving training farmers require less amount of seed, using

proper waste management and rice yield average increases near double from the

earlier period;

xii) Using Cronbach’s Alpha analysis it is found that the consistency of male farmers

towards government and non-government training program is somewhat good than

from the female consistency;

xiii) Through correlation analysis it is found that male and female farmers’ awareness

towards training program provided by the government and non-government

organization is highly correlated.

6.2 Recommendations of the Study

i) As most of the farmers are unskilled in our country therefore adequate training

program should be proved to them;

ii) Both government and non-government should provide training at free of cost;

iii) Training should develop according to the farmers need and cover several areas of

training mechanism;

iv) Program of mass media services should be increased so that farmers get

knowledge living different regions of Bangladesh;

v) Farmer who can’t go outside especially the female farmers should receive such

training arranged by different GO and NGO beside their place;

vi) Besides the training program supervision of the training authority is must to find

out the impact of training services in the practical field;

vii) Farmers should be motivated to take part in the training program besides they

should be well understood about the necessity of training program;

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viii) If possible there should be made some arrangement so that farmers can easily

disseminate their knowledge to other farmers who do not receive any training;

ix) All available agricultural tools and HYV support should be provided to the

farmers so that they can have proper idea about it and can use it in their field;

x) Training program should include lesson from production to sell the output into the

market which may reduce the ignorance of the farmers regarding any production

related problems.

6.3 Conclusion

Agriculture sector plays a vital role in our country. Farmers are the most important

diesel of agriculture sector without whom the wheel of the agriculture can’t even

move an inch. In that sense, to increase productivity of the agriculture sector several

criteria should be considered among which training in agriculture is really important

to reach an efficient outcome. Now a days different government and non-government

organizations take initiatives to provide training facilities to the farmers so that they

can become very much efficient in their work. Different studies have found

significant outcome in which training facilities reveal significant result that increase

productivity in the rice production. As this study is mainly based on impact of training

program in rice production therefore it is found that farmers who received training

program produce more and therefore earn more. In that sense, proper steps need to be

taken by the concerned authority to enhance training program in the agriculture sector

so that farmers can increase their productivity in rice production.

6.4 Future Research Option

This study gives a new dimension for the enthusiastic to complete a new research

similar to the study. Similar framework, methodology, data collection, analysis,

different statistical analysis can be used to conduct this study. A new dimension can

be developed related to this study like training program on irrigation in the

agricultural sector, training program on fertilizers and pesticides, training program on

integrated pest management system, training its benefit and consequence in

agricultural sector, effectiveness of training program in raising farmer’s knowledge,

training program and its drawback. In this case several public organization and other

NGOs can take a proper participation in this regard to further conduct this study.

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