IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CANOPY COON CANOPY CO22 AND HAND H22O O

EXCHANGE OF A TROPICAL EXCHANGE OF A TROPICAL RAINFOREST IN PENINSULAR RAINFOREST IN PENINSULAR

MALAYSIA, PASOHMALAYSIA, PASOHYoshiko Kosugi (Kyoto Univ.)Yoshiko Kosugi (Kyoto Univ.)

Satoru Takanashi (FFPRI)Satoru Takanashi (FFPRI)Makoto Tani (Kyoto Univ.)Makoto Tani (Kyoto Univ.)

Shinjiro Ohkubo (Kyoto Univ.)Shinjiro Ohkubo (Kyoto Univ.)Naoko Matsuo (Mie Univ.)Naoko Matsuo (Mie Univ.)

Masayuki Itoh (Kyoto Univ.)Masayuki Itoh (Kyoto Univ.)Shoji Noguchi (FFPRI)Shoji Noguchi (FFPRI)

Abdul Rahim Nik (FRIM)Abdul Rahim Nik (FRIM)

Pasoh

Pasoh

Month1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Mon

thly

rai

nfal

l (m

m m

onth

-1)

0

100

200

300

400

5002003 (1895mm)2004 (1655mm)2005 (1649mm)

1983-1997 PasohDua average (1804mm)

Time of Day

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Am

ount

(m

m)

0

50

100

150

Occ

asio

n0

10

20

30

40

50

amount (mm/year)Occasion (time/year)

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Objective : Evaluation of the impact of climate chan ge on evapotranspiration and canopy CO 2 exchange

Moderate dry and wet periods

Most rainfall occur in the evening

Annual rain fall : 1800mmBorder of ‘Tropical rainforest’

Flux Tower Sites in Southeast Asia

METHODMETHOD

Tower Flux Observation2002.9- now

CR1000CO2profile

50m

40m

30m

20m

10m

1m

5m

SR+PAR

Vaisala Ta &RH

Thermocouple

Tsoil（×４）

G(×３） Temsiomete

r（×14）TDR（×10)

Pasoh Tower EquipmentsLightning conductor and network

a lightning rod at tower topsheet line from tower top to the ground and their

network under the ground to induce the electricity

Commercial electricity lines100V line to the 30m corridor from the House.

Solar Panels and their systemsMain Solar 24V system (6 big panels, lines to and

from the House, 2 control boxes at tower top)Old 12V Solar system (2 panels, lines to and from

House, one control box at tower top)CR10-12V (a panel, line to CR10-Ptower、battery)Spectrometer-12V（2 panels, line to CR1000-

Specrto, 2 batteries) Data Loggers and Boxes

4 data loggers and 7 boxes at the top of tower2 data loggers at the HouseEarth lines from data loggers to the ground

Equipments (line to the tower top loggers)CR5000Eddy

SAT550, LI7500 Probe and BoxCR10-Ptower

Ta & RH Vaisala (53m, 45m, 40m, 30m, 20m)Pair, Wind (53m, 45m) and wind direction(53m)Rainfall gaugeSR (53m, upper & lower), LR (53m, upper & lower)PAR (53m, upper & lower)SR & PAR (30m, 25m, 20m, 15m)Thermocouple (45-53, 53m, 40m, 30m, 20m, 10m,

5m, 1m)CR10-Pbackup

SR(53m, upper & lower), LR(53m, upper & lower), PARdiffusive (53m), PAR (backup), Wind(53m)

CO2-Vaisala (30m, 53m) CR1000-Spectro

MS-700 Spectrometers (53m, upper & lower)Phenology auto camerasEquipments (line to the House loggers)CR10-PhouseTa & RH Vaisala (10m, 5m, 1m)SR & PAR (10m, 5m), SR (1m, upper & lower), PAR (1m, upper & lower)Soiltemp (A2cm, 10cm, B2cm, C2cm)G (A1cm, B1cm, C1cm), TDR(10), Tensiometer (14)CO2-Vaisala(10m, 1m)CR1000-CO2proCO2 sampling tube and filter (53m, 45m, 40m, 30m,

20m, 10m, 5m, 2m, 1m, 0.2m)

CR10-Ptower

LI7500Box

CR10Phouse

CR1000SpectroMS700control

Solar24V Box B

Solar 12V control

Solar24V Box A

CR5000Eddy&CR10 Backup

CR1000CO2profile

50m

40m

30m

20m

10m

1m

5m

SR+PAR

Vaisala Ta &RH

Thermocouple

Tsoil（×４）

G(×３） Temsiomete

r（×14）TDR（×10)

Pasoh Tower EquipmentsLightning conductor and network

a lightning rod at tower topsheet line from tower top to the ground and their

network under the ground to induce the electricity

Commercial electricity lines100V line to the 30m corridor from the House.

Solar Panels and their systemsMain Solar 24V system (6 big panels, lines to and

from the House, 2 control boxes at tower top)Old 12V Solar system (2 panels, lines to and from

House, one control box at tower top)CR10-12V (a panel, line to CR10-Ptower、battery)Spectrometer-12V（2 panels, line to CR1000-

Specrto, 2 batteries) Data Loggers and Boxes

4 data loggers and 7 boxes at the top of tower2 data loggers at the HouseEarth lines from data loggers to the ground

Equipments (line to the tower top loggers)CR5000Eddy

SAT550, LI7500 Probe and BoxCR10-Ptower

Ta & RH Vaisala (53m, 45m, 40m, 30m, 20m)Pair, Wind (53m, 45m) and wind direction(53m)Rainfall gaugeSR (53m, upper & lower), LR (53m, upper & lower)PAR (53m, upper & lower)SR & PAR (30m, 25m, 20m, 15m)Thermocouple (45-53, 53m, 40m, 30m, 20m, 10m,

5m, 1m)CR10-Pbackup

SR(53m, upper & lower), LR(53m, upper & lower), PARdiffusive (53m), PAR (backup), Wind(53m)

CO2-Vaisala (30m, 53m) CR1000-Spectro

MS-700 Spectrometers (53m, upper & lower)Phenology auto camerasEquipments (line to the House loggers)CR10-PhouseTa & RH Vaisala (10m, 5m, 1m)SR & PAR (10m, 5m), SR (1m, upper & lower), PAR (1m, upper & lower)Soiltemp (A2cm, 10cm, B2cm, C2cm)G (A1cm, B1cm, C1cm), TDR(10), Tensiometer (14)CO2-Vaisala(10m, 1m)CR1000-CO2proCO2 sampling tube and filter (53m, 45m, 40m, 30m,

20m, 10m, 5m, 2m, 1m, 0.2m)

CR10-Ptower

LI7500BoxLI7500Box

CR10Phouse

CR1000SpectroMS700control

Solar24V Box BSolar24V Box B

Solar 12V controlSolar 12V control

Solar24V Box ASolar24V Box A

CR5000Eddy&CR10 Backup

Seasonal/interannual variations in evapotranspiration and CO2 exchange at Pasoh, with the change in environmental condition s?

2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1

Rai

nfal

l (m

m m

onth

-1)

0

100

200

300

400

500

VS

WC

(m

3 m-3

)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4Rain VSWC

2003:1896mm 2004: 1655mm 2005:1649mm 200 6: 2059mm 2007: 2111mm 2008: 2235mm 2009: 1451mm

2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1

δδ δδe (

hPa)

0

5

10

Tem

pera

ture

(de

gC)

25

30

2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1 Sd o

r R

n- G

- S (

MJ

m-2

day-1

)

0

5

10

15

20

25S Available Energy, Rn-G-S

δδδδe, AverageTsoil2cm

Ta, Average

Ta, Maximum

A

B

C

RESULTS : MeteorologyRESULTS : Meteorology

Rainfall:1,451-2,235mm, Micrometeorology change wit h rainfall pattern

Rain, Soil water

Temperature, VPD

Solaer Radiation, Available Energy

Dry Wet&CloudyWet&Sunny

2009: 1451mmDriest Year with ENSO

2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1

H, l

E(M

J m

-2 d

ay-1

)

0

5

10

15

20

Rn- G

- S (

MJ

m-2

day-1

)

0

5

10

15

20lEHRn-G-S

C

Rn-G-S (MJ m- -2 day -1)

0 5 10 15 20 25

H, l

E (

MJ

m-2

day

-1)

-5

0

5

10

15

HlE

δδδδe (hPa)

0 5 10 15

lE (

MJ

m-2

day

-1)

-5

0

5

10

15

lE

A B

RESULTS : RESULTS : EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration

Stomatal closure regulates Evapotranspiration at high VPD

Excessive Energy partitioned more to H

2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1

(mm

)

0

500

1000

1500

2000 A

2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1

(mm

)

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000Rainfall - Evapotranspiration with Method 1∆∆∆∆ Storage water of 0-0.5 m soil

B

Cumulative E, Method 1Cumulative E, Method 2Cumulative E, Method 3 Cumulative Rainfall

RESULTS : RESULTS : EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration

Annual Evapotranspiration : 1300mm(Quite Stable!)

Water supply from 0-50cm layer at most periods

Water supply from deeper layer under drought

Rn-G-S (MJ m- -2 year -1)

4200 4400 4600 4800

E (

mm

yea

r-1)

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500E, Method 1'E, Method 1E, Method 2E, Method 3

Rainfall (mm year -1)

1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

RESULTS : RESULTS : EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration

Annual Evapotranspiration : approximately 1300 mm dependence with available energy, no dependence wit h rainfall

ENSO year

Volumetric soil water content (m 3 m-3)

0.2 0.3 0.4

Nig

ht-t

ime

NE

E, F

c, o

r S

c

( µµ µµm

ol m

-2 s

-1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

NEEFc

Sc

NEE linear regressionRE estimated from soil + leaf + trunk + CWD respiration

Fre

quen

cy

0

300

u*0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Nig

ht-t

ime

NE

E, F

c, o

r S

c

( µµ µµm

ol m

-2 s

-1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Vol

umet

ric s

oil w

ater

con

tent

(m

3 m-3

)

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.30

0.31

0.32

NEEFc

Sc

VSWC

Fre

quen

cy

0

300

BA

RESULTS : Nighttime RespirationRESULTS : Nighttime Respiration

RE related with soil water content

Volmetric soil water content (m3 m-3)

0.2 0.3 0.4

Soi

l Res

pira

tion

Rat

e (µ

mol

m-2

s-1

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

50*50m Plot2ha Plot

Nighttime NEE (=RE) versus Soil water content

Coinsided with the soil respiration related with soil water content (base on 8-year chamber observations)

Chamber Soil Respiration

-20-10

010

The

num

ber

of N

EE

dat

a po

ints

rej

ecte

d pe

r m

onth

be

caus

e of

rai

n

0

10

20

30

NEE, 7-year averageNEE, Monthly averageThe number of NEE data points rejected per month be cause of rain

-20-10

010

0

10

20

30

NE

Eda

ytim

e (

µµ µµmol

m-2

s-1

)

-20-10

010

0

10

20

30

-20-10

010

0

10

20

30

-20-10

010

0

10

20

30

-20-10

010

0

10

20

30

JAN FEB MAR APR M AY JUN JUL AUG SE P OCT NOV DEC

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

-20-10

010

0

10

20

302009

Daytime canopy CODaytime canopy CO22 exchangeexchangeNo seasonal/interannual change

Driest month

Wet&cloudy Wet&sunny

Daytime canopy CODaytime canopy CO22 exchangeexchangeRadiation did not govern daytime NEE.

Daytime NEE had an circadian rhythms independent of PPFD, and with clear decline in the afternoon.

No dependence of daytime-mean NEE on daily solar radiation

No dependence of daytime-mean NEE on soil water content

These results consist with those of leaf-scale gas exchange measurements at the study site(Takanashi et al, 2006; Kosugi et al, 2009)

Sd (MJ m -2 day -1)

0 5 10 15 20 25

NE

Eda

ytim

e.m

ean

( µµ µµm

ol m

-2 s

-1)

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

PPFD (µµµµmol m -2 s-1)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

NE

Eda

ytim

e (

µµ µµmol

m-2

s-1

)

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20All dataFeb2005Dec2007Nov2008

VSWC (m3 m -3)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

A B C

Sd (MJ m- -2 day -1)

0 5 10 15 20 25

GP

P (g

C m

-2 d

ay-1

)

0

5

10

15

A

GP

P

250

300 C

VSWC (m3 m-3)

0.2 0.3 0.4

GP

P (g

C m

-2 d

ay-1

)

0

5

10

15

B

RE

(gC

m-2

mon

th-1

)

250

300

2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1

NE

E

-40-20

02040

Daily/Monthly Daily/Monthly GPPGPP・・・・・・・・NEENEE・・・・・・・・RERE

Seasonal variation of GPP ・・・・RE were influenced by VSWC. At the dry period, canopy tended to absorb CO 2, caused by decrease of RE larger than that of GPP.

No dependence of daily GPP on daily solar radiation

moderate decline of GPP at the dry period

GP

P (

gC m

-2 y

ear-1

)

3000

3200

3400

3600Method 1Method 2Method 3

Sd (MJ m- -2 year -1)

5800 6000 6200 6400 6600

NE

E (

gC m

-2 y

ear-1

)

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

Rainfall (mm year -1)

1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

VSWCannualmean (m3 m-3)

0.25 0.30 0.35

RE

(gC

m-2

yea

r-1)

3000

3200

3400

3600

Annual Annual GPPGPP・・・・・・・・NEENEE・・・・・・・・RERE

GPP

RE

NEE

Radiation Rainfall Soil Water

No increase of annual GPPwith solar radiation

GPP/RE increase with VSWC

mostly balanced annual NEE

Annual budget influenced lot by the method of gap f illing and correction. Cross check with ecological and ecophysiological dat a is needed.

GPP:30～36tC ha-1 yr-1

RE:30～36tC ha-1 yr-1

NEE:-2～2tC ha-1 yr-1

Observation Campaign of Ecosystem RespirationObservation Campaign of Ecosystem Respiration

2010.22010.2

SummarySummary

�� MicrometeorologyMicrometeorology：：had moderate seasonal and had moderate seasonal and interannualinterannual variations influenced by rainfall pattern.variations influenced by rainfall pattern.

�� EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration：： moderately increased with moderately increased with available energy. Annual balanceavailable energy. Annual balance was stable with was stable with approximately 1300mm. A little decline at the ENSO approximately 1300mm. A little decline at the ENSO dry year.dry year.

�� Ecosystem RespirationEcosystem Respiration：：increased with VSWC.increased with VSWC.�� DaitimeDaitime photosynthesisphotosynthesis：：did not increase with PPFD. did not increase with PPFD.

Monthly averageMonthly average was stable during 7 years.was stable during 7 years.�� GPPGPP・・NEENEE・・RERE：： GPPGPP did not increase with PPFD, but did not increase with PPFD, but

increased with VSWC. Moderate seasonal and increased with VSWC. Moderate seasonal and interannualinterannual variation of variation of GPPGPP・・RERE・・NEENEE were caused were caused by VSWC.by VSWC.

�� Evapotranspiration and COEvapotranspiration and CO22 exchange at exchange at Pasoh Forest were very stable during these Pasoh Forest were very stable during these several years. several years.

�� StableStable≠≠ StaticStatic

�� In terms of In terms of stomatalstomatal regulation, photosynthetic regulation, photosynthetic ability, and ecosystem respiration, forest acted ability, and ecosystem respiration, forest acted sensitive to climate change. These reactions sensitive to climate change. These reactions compensated each other to produce very stable compensated each other to produce very stable output as a canopy of output as a canopy of PasohPasoh forest.forest.

Prediction for future climate change

� Decrease of Solar radiation ：：：：

[ET] [ET] ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓decrease 、、、、[NEE][NEE] →→→→→→→→ no change� Increase of rainfall ：：：：

[ET] [ET] →→→→→→→→ no change [GPP][GPP] ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑increase[RE] [RE] ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑increase[NEE] [NEE] →↑→↑→↑→↑→↑→↑→↑→↑no change or increase(=CO 2 emit)

� Decrease of rainfall ：：：：[ET] [ET] →↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓no change or decrease [GPP][GPP] ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓decrease [RE] [RE] ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓decrease[NEE] [NEE] →↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓no change or decrease(=CO 2 absorb)