impact of biodiesel in ozone production in atlanta

Impact of Biodiesel in Ozone Production in

Atlanta

Impact of Biodiesel in Ozone Production in

AtlantaSiv Balachandran

EAS 64104/24/07

Siv BalachandranEAS 64104/24/07

OutlineOutline

• Motivation• Biodiesel• Ozone Pollution Formation• Overview of OZIPR Model• Assumptions• Model Results• Conclusions

• Motivation• Biodiesel• Ozone Pollution Formation• Overview of OZIPR Model• Assumptions• Model Results• Conclusions

MotivationMotivation

• Ozone is a primary pollutant under NAAQS

• 8 hour standard: 0.08 ppm• 1 hour standard: 0.12 ppm

– Only for certain areas– Altanta falls under this

• Effects of ozone– Health (respiratory)– Damage to vegitation

• Ozone is a primary pollutant under NAAQS

• 8 hour standard: 0.08 ppm• 1 hour standard: 0.12 ppm

– Only for certain areas– Altanta falls under this

• Effects of ozone– Health (respiratory)– Damage to vegitation

Ozone Trends in Atlanta

Ozone Trends in Atlanta

http://www.grta.org/news_section/2005_Publications/2004_AQ_report_final.pdf

Non-attainment Areas in Atlanta

Non-attainment Areas in Atlanta

http://www.grta.org/news_section/2005_Publications/2004_AQ_report_final.pdf

Recent Interest in Biofuels

Recent Interest in Biofuels

• Driven by several factors– Diesel emissions– Local self reliance– New markets for agricultural

crops

• Alternative Fuel Laws

• Driven by several factors– Diesel emissions– Local self reliance– New markets for agricultural

crops

• Alternative Fuel Laws

BiodieselBiodiesel

• Biodiesel = Tranesterifciation (Vegetable Oil)

• Often catalyzed by acid or base• Byproducts

– Glycerin, alcohol, catalyst

• Biodiesel = Tranesterifciation (Vegetable Oil)

• Often catalyzed by acid or base• Byproducts

– Glycerin, alcohol, catalyst

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel, www.biodiesel.org

Biodiesel YieldsBiodiesel Yields

Biodiesel

1

10

100

1000

10000

corn (maize)

lupine cotton coffee euphorbia

mustard seed

safflower sunflowers

opium poppy castor beans

jatropha avocado

Chinese tallow

Source

Yield (Gal. Biodiesel/acre)

US gal/acre

Biodiesel

1

10

100

1000

10000

corn (maize)

lupine cotton coffee euphorbia

mustard seed

safflower sunflowers

opium poppy castor beans

jatropha avocado

Chinese tallow

Source

Yield (Gal. Biodiesel/acre)

US gal/acre

The Global Petroleum Club via en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel

Biodiesel Emission Impacts

Biodiesel Emission Impacts

EPA Draft Technical Report: A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions

Ozone Pollution Formation


ftp://ftp.as.harvard.edu/pub/trop/publications/jacobbook/bookchap12.pdf

• R1-R3: OH production

• R4-R7: O3 production

• R8-R9: sinks

• R1-R3: OH production

• R4-R7: O3 production

• R8-R9: sinks



ftp://ftp.as.harvard.edu/pub/trop/publications/jacobbook/bookchap12.pdf

OZIPR ModelOZIPR Model

http://www.epa.gov/scram001/dispersion_alt.htm#ozipr

• 1-D photochemical box model• Trajectory model

– Well mixed column of air from ground to mixed layer

– Column moves with wind trajectory but cannot expand horizontally

• 48 runs– 3 different meteorological conditions

per season– Rural, Urban, Carbonyl, No Carbonyl

• 1-D photochemical box model• Trajectory model

– Well mixed column of air from ground to mixed layer

– Column moves with wind trajectory but cannot expand horizontally

• 48 runs– 3 different meteorological conditions

per season– Rural, Urban, Carbonyl, No Carbonyl

OZIPR Meteorological Conditions

OZIPR Meteorological Conditions

OZIPR AssumptionsOZIPR Assumptions

• Most basic level of OZIPR was used for this study– 8AM - 8PM analysis

• Atlanta Summer Met. Condition 2 Urban with Carbonyl Emissions (ATLSU2UC)

• OZIPR - unusually high default emissions• Emissions reduction percentages applied

equally to each of the hourly emissions

• Most basic level of OZIPR was used for this study– 8AM - 8PM analysis

• Atlanta Summer Met. Condition 2 Urban with Carbonyl Emissions (ATLSU2UC)

• OZIPR - unusually high default emissions• Emissions reduction percentages applied

equally to each of the hourly emissions

Emissions AssumptionsEmissions Assumptions

• Only HDDV analyzed• Emission impacts from fuels

– NREL study– Eastern USA– Net Reduction = (HDDV% of Mobile

Emissions) x (Mobile% of Total Emissions) x (Emissions Reductions)

• ULSD only reduced NOx emissions

• Only HDDV analyzed• Emission impacts from fuels

– NREL study– Eastern USA– Net Reduction = (HDDV% of Mobile

Emissions) x (Mobile% of Total Emissions) x (Emissions Reductions)

• ULSD only reduced NOx emissions

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/33793.pdf

Model ResultsModel ResultsO3 Levels: No Biodiesel

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

VOC

NOX

O3

O3 Levels: No Biodiesel

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

VOC

NOX

O3

O3 Levels: B20

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

VOC

NOX

O3

O3 Levels: B20

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

VOC

NOX

O3

O3 Levels: B100

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

VOC

NOX

O3

O3 Levels: B100

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

VOC

NOX

O3

O3 Levels: ULSD

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

VOC

NOX

O3

O3 Levels: ULSD

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

VOC

NOX

O3

Model ResultsModel Results

O3 Levels for Various Scenarios

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

No Biodiesel

B20

B100

ULSD

50% NOx Reduction

O3 Levels for Various Scenarios

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time

Conc. (ppm)

No Biodiesel

B20

B100

ULSD

50% NOx Reduction

DiscussionDiscussion

• B20, B100 and ULSD scenarios had little impact on O3 levels

• Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU2UC):– No Biodiesel: 189.4 ppb– B20: 189.4 ppb– B100: 189.4 ppb– ULSD: 187.8 ppb– 50% NOx reduction: 174.2 ppb

• 50% NOx reduction leads to 8.03% decrease in O3

• ULSD scenario - 0.08% decrease in O3

• B20, B100 and ULSD scenarios had little impact on O3 levels

• Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU2UC):– No Biodiesel: 189.4 ppb– B20: 189.4 ppb– B100: 189.4 ppb– ULSD: 187.8 ppb– 50% NOx reduction: 174.2 ppb




• Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU1UC):– No Biodiesel: 152 ppb– B20: 152.1 ppb– B100: 152.3 ppb– ULSD: 149.5 ppb– 50% NOx reduction: 137.1 ppb



• Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU1UC):– No Biodiesel: 152 ppb– B20: 152.1 ppb– B100: 152.3 ppb– ULSD: 149.5 ppb– 50% NOx reduction: 137.1 ppb




• Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU3UC):– No Biodiesel: 121.7 ppb– B20: 121.6 ppb– B100: 122 ppb– ULSD: 118.3 ppb– 50% NOx reduction: 101.7 ppb



• Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU3UC):– No Biodiesel: 121.7 ppb– B20: 121.6 ppb– B100: 122 ppb– ULSD: 118.3 ppb– 50% NOx reduction: 101.7 ppb



ConclusionsConclusions

• Biodiesel use in HDDV doesn’t help in O3 reductions, but it doesn’t appear to hurt it– Other benefits

• ULSD has more impact on O3 than B20 or B100

• NOx reduction is very important for O3 production Atlanta

• Food vs. fuel

• Biodiesel use in HDDV doesn’t help in O3 reductions, but it doesn’t appear to hurt it– Other benefits

• ULSD has more impact on O3 than B20 or B100

• NOx reduction is very important for O3 production Atlanta

• Food vs. fuel

impact of biodiesel in ozone production in atlanta

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