imo’s instruments relevant instruments: marpol annex v, the...
TRANSCRIPT
Clean Nordic Ocean –Final Conference:
IMO’s instruments relevant instruments: MARPOL Annex V, the London Convention/Protocol, IMO Action plan to address marine plastic litter from ships
22 November 2019
Gothenburg
Sweden
Loukas KontogiannisMarine Environment Division
2MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Content
• IMO’s mission and structure
• IMO’s relevant instruments:
o MARPOL Convention and its Annex V
o London Convention and Protocol
• Action Plan and other relevant initiatives
• IMO’s technical assistance programmes
3MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
IMO’s mission, structure and decision-making process
4MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Shipping is an international activity that needs to be governed by
common international standards and not by conflicting/varying
individual national standards
1948 IMO Convention - Article 1a
The aim of the IMO is to:
• provide a framework for cooperation amongGovernments in the field of regulation and practicesrelating to technical matters of all kinds affectingshipping engaged in international trade; and
• encourage and facilitate the general adoption of thehighest practicable standards in mattersconcerning the:
o maritime safety,
o efficiency of navigation and
o prevention and control of marine pollutionfrom ships
5MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
IMO
Established in 1948
In 2019: 174 Member States &
3 associated members, 81 consultative
NGOs and 64 IGOs
Specialized agency of the United
Nations allowing for close cooperation
within the UN-family
+/- 300 staff of over 50 nationalities
5 regional offices, incl. 3 in Africa (Côte
d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya)
IMO’s mission is to ensure safe, secure,
clean, efficient and sustainable shipping
on cleaner oceans
8MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
IMO legislative map – main instruments
IMO Instruments
Pollution Response
Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and
Cooperation (OPRC) Convention and
OPRC-HNS Protocol
Pollution Control
MARPOL Conv, London
Conv/Protocol, Ballast Water
Management Conv, Anti Fouling
Systems (AFS), Hong Kong
Convention on Ship Recycling
Safety
SOLAS
COLREG
STCW
LL
SAR
Compensation
Civil Liability (and the associated
IOPC Fund Conventions)
Universal Conventions
Vienna, Montreal,
Stockholm, UNFCC, etc.
UNCLOS
Regional Agreements Regional LawsNATIONAL
LEGISLATION
10MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
The MARPOL Convention and its Annex V
11MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Sources of (operational) pollution from ships
Exhaust Gases (SOx, NOx,
GHG, etc.) from
- main and auxiliary engines
- boilers
- incineratorsEmissions of
Freon/Halon gases
Evaporation from
cargo (VOCs)
Sewage &
Garbage,
incl. plastic
Oil spills
Loss of cargo
Loss by accidents –
ship cargoes & lifeBilge-water
disposal/ tank
washing
Emissions from
paint solutions
Ballast water
discharge
© Damen shipyards
12MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL)
MARPOL regulates all operational waste streams from ships
Source: Marinelog
Sewage
MARPOL
Annex IV
Source: KKC.com
Source: Interpol
Oily wastes
MARPOL
Annex I
13MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Source: apwc.com.au
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (MARPOL)
Air emissions
MARPOL
Annex VI
Source: MFAME
Garbage
MARPOL
Annex V
Source: GCaptain
Source: supremefreight.com
14MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (MARPOL)
• MARPOL Convention = main international convention covering prevention of
operational or accidental pollution of the marine environment by ships
Annexes
I & II
Annex
III
Annex
IV
Annex
V
Annex
VI
Oil and
Noxious Liquid
Substances
Harmful
Substances
Carried at Sea in
Packaged Form
Sewage from
Ships
Garbage from
Ships
Air Pollution
from Ships
In Force In Force In Force
In force since
31 December
1988In Force
158 Parties 148 Parties 143 Parties 153 Parties 95 Parties
99% of World
Tonnage
98% of World
Tonnage
96% of World
Tonnage
99% of World
Tonnage
97% of World
Tonnage
15MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
MARPOL Annex V
MARPOL Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage
from Ships
• Prohibits the discharge of all types of garbage from ships
into the sea except in cases explicitly permitted
• Unless, expressly provided otherwise, Annex V applies to
all ships
• Garbage includes all kinds of food, domestic and
operational waste, all plastics, cargo residues, incinerator
ashes, cooking oil, fishing gear, and animal carcasses
generated during the normal operation of the ship
(‘operational discharges’)
• Contains a complete ban imposed on the disposal into
the sea of all forms of plastics
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MARPOL Annex V – discharge requirements
Discharge requirements
17MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Implementation and enforcement of MARPOL (Annex V):
who is responsible for what?
Flag States
• Ensuring that ships flying the flag of that State are in
compliance with the MARPOL regulations (flag State control)
Port States
• Inspection of ships calling their ports (port State control),
and provide for sanctions in case of violations
• Putting in place adequate port reception facilities for the
delivery of ship generated waste
Coastal States
• Prohibit violations of MARPOL’s discharge requirements
(‘illegal discharges’), and establish sanctions for any violation
that occurs in the country’s territorial sea and Exclusive
Economic Zone
• Surveillance at sea to control illegal discharges
Credit: Francisco Blaha
Credit: FAO
18MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
MARPOL: relevant obligations
MARPOL Annex V: Regulation 10
• 10.1: Every ship of 12m or more in length overall and
fixed or floating platforms shall display placards which
notify the crew and passengers of the discharge
requirements
• 10.2: Every ship of 100 Gross Tonnage and above, and
every ship which is certified to carry 15 or more persons,
shall carry a garbage management plan
• 10.3: Every ship of 400 Gross Tonnage and above, and
every ship which is certified to carry 15 or more persons
(on an international voyage) shall be provided with a
Garbage Record Book
19MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
MARPOL: relevant obligations
20MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
MARPOL: relevant obligations
MARPOL Annex V: Regulation 10
• 10.6: The accidental loss or discharge of fishing gear […], which poses a
significant threat to the marine environment or navigation shall be reported to
the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly, and where the loss or
discharge occurs within waters subject to the jurisdiction of a coastal State,
also to that coastal State
21MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Port reception facilities for the delivery of ship generated
waste
Parties’ obligations
• Ensure the provision of reception facilities adequate to meet the needs of ships using
their ports and terminals (incl. fishing vessels)
• Government to require port authorities / terminal operators to provide waste reception
facilities
• Most ports need reception facilities for garbage (Annex V), and many for oily residues
• Fishing ports may need additional facilities to receive fishing gear
• Inspect and license port reception facilities, as appropriate
22MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
MEPC.1/Circ.834/Rev.1: Revised Consolidated Guidance for
port reception facility providers and users
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PortReceptionFacilities/Documents/MEPC.1-Circ.834-Rev.1.pdf
23MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Difficulties in implementation of MARPOL Annex V on
fishing vessels: possible solutions
Port State Control often does/can not inspect (domestic) fishing vessels
• IMO to encourage port State control MoU’s (e.g.Tokyo MoU) to develop PSC procedures
that include fishing vessels
• Promotion of the implementation of the FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to
Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated
Lack of awareness on-board
• Better application/translation of placards, garbage management plans and garbage
record-keeping on small vessels (currently not mandatory for ships under 100 GT)
24MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Difficulties in implementation of MARPOL Annex V on
fishing vessels: possible solutions
Inadequate port reception facilities
• IMO Member State Audit Scheme (IMSAS)
recurrently finds problems with the provision of
adequate port reception facilities under MARPOL:
States to develop Corrective Action Plans
• Consider making the marking of fishing gear
with the IMO Ship Identification Number
mandatory (through MARPOL Annex V), in
cooperation with FAO
• Consider the development of best management
practices for incentives for fishing vessels to
retrieve derelict fishing gear and deliver it to
port reception facilities (‘fishing for litter’)
25MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
The London Convention and London Protocol
26MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
London Convention and London Protocol
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by
Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972, London
Convention) and the 1996 Protocol
• One of the first global conventions aimed at protecting the
marine environment from human activities, in force since 1975
• Regulates dumping of waste, which originate from land or
dredging operations or any other source, from ships at sea
(generally does not cover ship-generated waste = MARPOL)
• Promotes the effective control of the dumping of wastes at sea,
including by putting in place a permitting system
• 1996 London Protocol modernized the Convention, notably by
further restricting the uncontrolled dumping of waste at sea
• Under the Protocol, which entered in force in March 2006, all
dumping is prohibited, except for possibly acceptable
wastes on the so-called "reverse list".
27MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
The London Convention and London Protocol
28MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
The London Protocol
Dumping is generally prohibited, but the following 8 wastes types may be
considered (not including plastics) for dumping at sea following an assessment and
licensing process:
1) Dredged material - some 1000 permits issued worldwide annually
2) Fish wastes - if not possible to recycle or dispose of fish waste from industrial fish
processing operations
3) Inert, inorganic geological material – such as rocks and gravel from excavations and
developments
4) Specific bulky items - specifically intended for small islands which may lack space on
land for disposal for large concrete or steel materials
5) Sewage sludge - residual material generated through sewage treatment.
6) Vessels and platforms or other manmade structures at sea - old vessels may also
be placed in the marine environment as artificial reefs.
7) Organic material of natural origin - for example topsoil or agricultural wastes
8) Carbon dioxide (CO2) streams from carbon dioxide capture processes
Work on-going on identifying nature and extent of plastics in the above waste
streams
29MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
IMO Action Plan on Marine Plastic Litter
IMO plays a key role in tackling the ocean plastic challenge:
• To further enhance its commitment to reducing marine plastic litter from ships, IMO
adopted in October 2018 the IMO Action Plan to address marine plastic litter
from ships (Resolution MEPC.310(73))
Source: seatrade-cruise.com
30MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Resolution MEPC.310(73) – Action plan to address marine
plastic litter from ships
Action plan aims to enhance existing policy and regulatory frameworks and introduce
new supporting measures, such as
• a proposed study on marine plastic litter from ships;
• looking into the availability and adequacy of port reception facilities;
• consideration of making marking of fishing gear mandatory, in cooperation with
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO);
• promoting reporting the loss of fishing gear;
• facilitating the delivery of retrieved fishing gear to shore facilities;
• reviewing provisions related to the training of fishing vessel personnel and
familiarization of seafarers to ensure awareness of the impact of marine plastic
litter;
• enhancing public awareness; and
• strengthening international cooperation, in particular with FAO and UN
Environment.
http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/20-marinelitteractionmecp73.aspx
31MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Other relevant initiatives
32MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
GESAMP
Joint Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine
Environmental Protection
• established in 1969, provides advice to the UN-system on
the scientific aspects of marine environmental protection
• hosted at IMO, supported by 10 other UN agencies
GESAMP Working Group 40: Sources, fate and effects of
plastics and micro-plastics in the marine environment
• 2019 publication ‘Guidelines for the Monitoring and
Assessment of Plastic Litter in the Ocean’
New GESAMP Working Group on sea-based sources of
marine litter (WG 43) - co-led by FAO and IMO
• Better understand the relative contribution of various sea-
based sources; incl. ALDFG and other shipping related litter
• initiated its work in 2019: ALDFG hotspots + impacts of
ALDFG
http://www.gesamp.org/
33MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Global partnership on marine litter (GPML)
Global partnership gathering international agencies,
Governments, NGOs, academia, private sector, civil society and
individuals: IMO is one of the partners in the GPML
The London Protocol Office issued two studies under the GPML:
• 2015: “Review of the current state of knowledge regarding
marine litter in wastes dumped at sea under the London
convention and Protocol”
o Also addressing lost and abandoned fishing gear (ghost nets)
o Behaviour and impact of plastics in the sea on marine life
• 2019 “End-of-life management of fibre reinforced plastic
vessels: Alternatives to at sea disposal
o Potential environmental impacts of decomposition following
disposal at sea
o Specific focus on island States
• http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/LCLP/Pages/default.aspx
34MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
IMO’s Technical Assistance Programme
35MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
IMO Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP)
Designed to assist developing countries improve their ability to ratify and implement
IMO’s Conventions. In 2017 about 14M USD for technical assistance
Regional workshops on implementation of
MARPOL, incl. Annex V and port reception
facilities:
• Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (Nov. 2018)
• Mombasa, Kenya (Sep. 2019)
36MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
IMO Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP)
Regional Strategy for the implementation and effective application of the MARPOLConvention in West-Africa
Developed during a regional IMO workshop on MARPOL in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire in Nov. 2018 Document TC 69/8/1, submitted by Côte d’Ivoire
37MARINE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
IMO Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP)
Areas covered by the Regional Strategy for the implementation and effective
application of the MARPOL Convention in West-Africa:
Legal and regulatory frameworko Transposition into domestic lawo Laws to punish breaches
Definition and assignment of responsibilities/cooperation and coordinationamong ministries and institutions
o Application of the MARPOL Convention to offshore activitieso Port reception facilitieso Policing illegal pollution
Capacitieso Resources required for the monitoring, observation,
detection and gathering of evidence of illegal pollutiono Port State Control
Communication of information to IMO
Regional cooperation
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