Immigrants and Immigrants and UrbanizationUrbanization

““We cannot all live in the city, yet We cannot all live in the city, yet nearly all seem determined to do nearly all seem determined to do

so.”so.”

New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants

Escape difficult living conditionsEscape difficult living conditions PovertyPoverty FamineFamine Land shortagesLand shortages Religious or Political persecutionReligious or Political persecution

““Birds of Passage”—intended to immigrate Birds of Passage”—intended to immigrate temporarily in order to make money and temporarily in order to make money and then return to their homelands.then return to their homelands.

EuropeEurope

1870-1920 almost 20 million Europeans 1870-1920 almost 20 million Europeans arrived in the United States.arrived in the United States.

Before 1890—Western and Northern Before 1890—Western and Northern (Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany)(Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany)

After came from Southern and Eastern After came from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Europe (Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia)Russia)

1905 alone a million people arrived from 1905 alone a million people arrived from these countries through the “Golden Door” these countries through the “Golden Door”

ImmigrantsImmigrants

Villages of Jews in Russia came to Villages of Jews in Russia came to America because they were driven out by America because they were driven out by pogroms.pogroms.

Organized anti-Semitic campaigns that led Organized anti-Semitic campaigns that led to the massacre of Jews.to the massacre of Jews.

Rise in population in Europe.Rise in population in Europe. Scarcity of land for farmingScarcity of land for farming

China and JapanChina and Japan

West CoastWest Coast Smaller numbersSmaller numbers Built the first Transcontinental railroadBuilt the first Transcontinental railroad Farming, mining, and domestic serviceFarming, mining, and domestic service Japanese govt. allowed Hawaiian planters Japanese govt. allowed Hawaiian planters

to recruit Japanese workers and to recruit Japanese workers and immigration began.immigration began.

Large spread movementLarge spread movement

West Indies and MexicoWest Indies and Mexico

Eastern and Southern United StatesEastern and Southern United States Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other Islands.Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other Islands. Mexicans became U.S. residents without leaving Mexicans became U.S. residents without leaving

their homes.their homes. Result of the annexation of Texas in 1845Result of the annexation of Texas in 1845 Treaty with Mexico in 1848 territories from MexicoTreaty with Mexico in 1848 territories from Mexico National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)—National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)—

encouraged the irrigation of arid land, new farm encouraged the irrigation of arid land, new farm land was created—Texas, Arizona, and land was created—Texas, Arizona, and California.California.

JourneyJourney SteamshipSteamship Atlantic Ocean from Europe approx. 1 weekAtlantic Ocean from Europe approx. 1 week Pacific from Asia took nearly 3 weeksPacific from Asia took nearly 3 weeks Stormy, uncomfortable, and frighteningStormy, uncomfortable, and frightening Traveled in steerage or cargo holds below a ship’s Traveled in steerage or cargo holds below a ship’s

waterline.waterline. Not allowed on deck, crowed together, unable to Not allowed on deck, crowed together, unable to

exercise or catch a breath of fresh air, slept in louse-exercise or catch a breath of fresh air, slept in louse-infested bunks, share toilets.infested bunks, share toilets.

Disease spread quicklyDisease spread quickly Some died before they reached the land of opportunity.Some died before they reached the land of opportunity. The first sight of America was unbelievable. The first sight of America was unbelievable.

Ellis IslandEllis Island

Loneliness, homesickness, and anxiety of Loneliness, homesickness, and anxiety of not knowing whether they would be not knowing whether they would be admitted to the United States.admitted to the United States.

Pass inspectionPass inspection 20% of immigrants were detained for a 20% of immigrants were detained for a

day or more before being inspected. day or more before being inspected. 2% had to return home2% had to return home Five hours or moreFive hours or more

Ellis IslandEllis Island

Physical exam from a doctorPhysical exam from a doctor Government Inspector—documents and Government Inspector—documents and

determined if they met the legal determined if they met the legal requirements—passing a literacy test in requirements—passing a literacy test in their native language and had to show that their native language and had to show that they had at least $25.00.they had at least $25.00.

From 1905 to 1907 as many as 11,000 From 1905 to 1907 as many as 11,000 immigrants a day went through Ellis immigrants a day went through Ellis Island.Island.

Angel IslandAngel Island

Angel IslandAngel Island

Chinese entered the U.S. through Angel Island.Chinese entered the U.S. through Angel Island. San Francisco BaySan Francisco Bay Harsh questioning, long detention while Harsh questioning, long detention while

government officials decided whether to admit or government officials decided whether to admit or reject an immigrant.reject an immigrant.

Filthy, ramshackle buildings, confined like Filthy, ramshackle buildings, confined like prisoners.prisoners.

Immigrants riot in 1919 to protest conditions.Immigrants riot in 1919 to protest conditions. Writings on the wall.Writings on the wall.

Culture ShockCulture Shock

Confusion, anxietyConfusion, anxiety Con men and thieves took advantage of Con men and thieves took advantage of

the newcomers’—stole their money and the newcomers’—stole their money and possessions.possessions.

Where are they going to live?Where are they going to live? Where am I going to work?Where am I going to work? What did they say? What are they doing?What did they say? What are they doing? Find people who are like me.Find people who are like me.

SurvivalSurvival

Ethnic communitiesEthnic communities Build neighborhood churches or synagogues.Build neighborhood churches or synagogues. Social clubsSocial clubs Aid societies—furnished medical treatment for Aid societies—furnished medical treatment for

members and helped with medical cost.members and helped with medical cost. Founded orphanages and old people’s homes, Founded orphanages and old people’s homes,

cemeteriescemeteries Newspapers in their own languageNewspapers in their own language ““hyphenated” Americanshyphenated” Americans

Melting PotMelting Pot

Mixture of people of different cultures and Mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and abandoning their native languages and customs.customs.

Refused to give up their cultural identities Refused to give up their cultural identities Anti-immigrant feelings emerged Anti-immigrant feelings emerged

NativismNativism

Favoritism to native born AmericansFavoritism to native born Americans Anti-immigrant groups—demanded restrictions on Anti-immigrant groups—demanded restrictions on

immigration.immigration. ““right” countries— British, German, and Scandinavian.right” countries— British, German, and Scandinavian. ““wrong” countries—Slav, Latin, and Asiatic races.wrong” countries—Slav, Latin, and Asiatic races. Suspicion and fear of foregineersSuspicion and fear of foregineers Roman Catholic and JewsRoman Catholic and Jews American Protective Association—1887American Protective Association—1887

Vicious anti-Catholic attacksVicious anti-Catholic attacks Colleges, businesses, and social clubs refused to Colleges, businesses, and social clubs refused to

admit Jews.admit Jews.

NativismNativism

Anglo-Saxon—superior raceAnglo-Saxon—superior race German ancestors of the EnglishGerman ancestors of the English

Immigration Restriction League—1884 Immigration Restriction League—1884

““undesirable classes”—from southern and undesirable classes”—from southern and eastern Europe.eastern Europe.

Congress passed a bill requiring literacy test for Congress passed a bill requiring literacy test for new immigrants in 1896new immigrants in 1896

President Vetoed the bill.President Vetoed the bill.

Anti-Asian SentimentAnti-Asian Sentiment ChineseChinese

Customs, unfamiliar language, look different—Customs, unfamiliar language, look different—longhair, braids, cotton jackets, broad cotton longhair, braids, cotton jackets, broad cotton pants, wide brimmed hats.pants, wide brimmed hats.

Jobs scarceJobs scarce Violent Anti-Chinese riotsViolent Anti-Chinese riots Knights of Labor fought for restrictions on the Knights of Labor fought for restrictions on the

Chinese.Chinese. Workingmen’s Party—headed the anti-Chinese Workingmen’s Party—headed the anti-Chinese

movement in California. movement in California. • ““The Chinese must go!”The Chinese must go!”

Chinese ImmigrantsChinese Immigrants

Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act

1882 Congress slammed the door on 1882 Congress slammed the door on Chinese immigration.Chinese immigration.

Students, teachers, merchants, tourist, Students, teachers, merchants, tourist, and govt. officials.and govt. officials.

Ten yearsTen years 1892 extended another ten years.1892 extended another ten years. 1902 Chinese immigration was prohibited 1902 Chinese immigration was prohibited

indefinitely—repealed in 1943.indefinitely—repealed in 1943.

Japanese ImmigrantsJapanese Immigrants

1906 Board of Education in San Francisco 1906 Board of Education in San Francisco California they segregate all Chinese, California they segregate all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children.Japanese, and Korean children.

In Japan anti-American riots break out.In Japan anti-American riots break out. Theodore Roosevelt stepped inTheodore Roosevelt stepped in Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907-1908 Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907-1908

Japans govt. agreed to limit immigration to the Japans govt. agreed to limit immigration to the United States.United States.

Open ResponseOpen Response

Part A: As an Italian immigrant living in Part A: As an Italian immigrant living in New York discuss 3 problems faced by New York discuss 3 problems faced by cities in the late 1800s and early 1900s.cities in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Part B: What solutions do you feel as an Part B: What solutions do you feel as an Italian immigrant would be the most Italian immigrant would be the most effective and what solutions did the effective and what solutions did the government offer. government offer.

The Problems of The Problems of UrbanizationUrbanization

Section 2Section 2

UrbanizationUrbanization

Growth of citiesGrowth of cities City dwellersCity dwellers Cheaper and more convenient place to live.Cheaper and more convenient place to live. Unskilled laborers steady jobsUnskilled laborers steady jobs Social support of other immigrantsSocial support of other immigrants 1890 twice as many Irish in New York than 1890 twice as many Irish in New York than

Dublin, Ireland.Dublin, Ireland. Worlds largest Polish population was in Chicago.Worlds largest Polish population was in Chicago. Ethnic neighborhoodsEthnic neighborhoods

““Americanization Movement”Americanization Movement”

Education for newcomers Education for newcomers English LanguageEnglish Language American HistoryAmerican History American GovernmentAmerican Government CookingCooking Social etiquetteSocial etiquette

Country to CityCountry to City

Overcrowding becomes a problemOvercrowding becomes a problem Farmers mergedFarmers merged Rural people could not find jobs in agricultureRural people could not find jobs in agriculture AA who lost jobsAA who lost jobs Chicago and Detroit—escape racial violence, Chicago and Detroit—escape racial violence,

economic hardships, and political oppressioneconomic hardships, and political oppression Low paying factory jobsLow paying factory jobs Domestic servantsDomestic servants

Urban Cultural OpportunitiesUrban Cultural Opportunities

Varied and exciting lifeVaried and exciting life Each city had its own personalityEach city had its own personality New York City—1New York City—1stst moving picture moving picture Chicago—Buffalo Bill’s Wild West ShowsChicago—Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Shows Boston—Ballpark to watch Boston Boston—Ballpark to watch Boston

Nationals.Nationals.

..

NationalsNationalsBostonBoston

Urban ProblemsUrban Problems

Housing—buy on the Housing—buy on the outskirts, rent rooms outskirts, rent rooms in boarding houses.in boarding houses.

Row Houses—single Row Houses—single family dwellings that family dwellings that shared side walls with shared side walls with other similar houses.other similar houses.

To many families To many families living in one house living in one house together.together.

Urban ProblemsUrban Problems

Garbage not picked Garbage not picked up regularly; dumped up regularly; dumped in air shafts—in air shafts—attracted rats and attracted rats and vermin.vermin.

Residents would nail Residents would nail windows shut.windows shut.

Dumbbell tenements Dumbbell tenements became worse place became worse place to live than single to live than single family residents.family residents.

TransportationTransportation

Big problemBig problem Street cars 18873Street cars 18873 1888 11888 1stst practical electric street car line in practical electric street car line in

Richmond, VA.Richmond, VA. Old transportation in good repair and build Old transportation in good repair and build

new ones to meet demands.new ones to meet demands.

Street Car in early 1900’sStreet Car in early 1900’s

WaterWater

Safe water to drinkSafe water to drink Public water worksPublic water works Rare to have indoor plumbingRare to have indoor plumbing Collect water in pailsCollect water in pails Cholera and typhoid fever were obviousCholera and typhoid fever were obvious Chlorination was introduced in 1893Chlorination was introduced in 1893 Filtration in 1903Filtration in 1903

SanitationSanitation

Horse manureHorse manure Sewage flowed through open guttersSewage flowed through open gutters Foul smoke in the airFoul smoke in the air Garbage in alley’s and streetsGarbage in alley’s and streets Scavengers—private contractors hired to Scavengers—private contractors hired to

sweep the streets, collect garbage, and sweep the streets, collect garbage, and clean outhouses. They didn’t do their job!!clean outhouses. They didn’t do their job!!

Sewer lines and sanitation departments—Sewer lines and sanitation departments—cities issued in 1900 helped a little. cities issued in 1900 helped a little.

FireFire

Limited water suppliesLimited water supplies Wooden dwellingsWooden dwellings Candles and kerosene often used for heat.Candles and kerosene often used for heat. Volunteer firefightersVolunteer firefighters Cincinnati, Ohio first to pay firefightersCincinnati, Ohio first to pay firefighters By 1900 most cities had paid firefightersBy 1900 most cities had paid firefighters Great Chicago FireGreat Chicago Fire The San Francisco EarthquakeThe San Francisco Earthquake Page 285Page 285

CrimeCrime

Social reforms—young, educated, men Social reforms—young, educated, men and women from the middle class.and women from the middle class.

Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement Preached Salvation to the poor.Preached Salvation to the poor. Walter Rauschenbusch of New York and Walter Rauschenbusch of New York and

Washington Gladden of Ohio –Applied Washington Gladden of Ohio –Applied ChristianityChristianity• Erect churches in poor communities Erect churches in poor communities • Treat workers more fairlyTreat workers more fairly

Settlement House MovementSettlement House Movement Community centers in slum neighborhoods provided Community centers in slum neighborhoods provided

assistance and friendship to local men, women, and assistance and friendship to local men, women, and children—immigrants.children—immigrants.

Run by middle class, college educated women.Run by middle class, college educated women. Educational, cultural, and social services.Educational, cultural, and social services. Classes in English, health, crafts, drama, music, and Classes in English, health, crafts, drama, music, and

painting. College extension courses.painting. College extension courses. Reading circlesReading circles Sent nurses to homes of the sick provided whatever aid Sent nurses to homes of the sick provided whatever aid

was needed.was needed. ““Support of deserted women, insurance for bewildered Support of deserted women, insurance for bewildered

widows, damages for injured operators, furniture from widows, damages for injured operators, furniture from the clutches of the installment store.”the clutches of the installment store.”

Settlement House MovementSettlement House Movement

Charles Stover and Stanton CoitCharles Stover and Stanton Coit Opened in New York City in 1886Opened in New York City in 1886 Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr

Founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889.Founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889.

By 1910 about 400 settlement houses were By 1910 about 400 settlement houses were operating in cities across the country.operating in cities across the country.

““Politics in the Gilded Politics in the Gilded Age” Age”

Section 3 and 4Section 3 and 4

Political MachinePolitical Machine

Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.or financial support.

Gained control of local government in Baltimore New York, San Gained control of local government in Baltimore New York, San Francisco, and other major cities.Francisco, and other major cities.

PyramidPyramid Base—local precinct workers and captains; reported to a ward Base—local precinct workers and captains; reported to a ward

boss.boss.

Ward bosses helped the poor and gained their votes. (Favors)Ward bosses helped the poor and gained their votes. (Favors)

Top of the Pyramid—city boss, controlled the activities of the Top of the Pyramid—city boss, controlled the activities of the political party throughout the city.political party throughout the city.

Precinct captains, ward bosses, and the city boss work together.--Precinct captains, ward bosses, and the city boss work together.--guarantee success of the machine.guarantee success of the machine.

The Role of the Political BossThe Role of the Political Boss

Controlled access to municipal jobs, Controlled access to municipal jobs, business licenses, and influenced the business licenses, and influenced the courts and other agencies. courts and other agencies.

Built parks, sewer systems, waterworks, Built parks, sewer systems, waterworks, and gave money to schools, hospitals, and and gave money to schools, hospitals, and orphanages.orphanages.

Reinforce voter's loyalty, win additional Reinforce voter's loyalty, win additional political support, extend influence.political support, extend influence.

Immigrants and the MachineImmigrants and the Machine

Political bosses usually 1st and 2nd generation immigrants.Political bosses usually 1st and 2nd generation immigrants. Grammar schoolGrammar school Worked their way up from the bottom.Worked their way up from the bottom. Speak to immigrants in their own language.Speak to immigrants in their own language. Understood the challengesUnderstood the challenges Provide solutionsProvide solutions NaturalizationNaturalization housinghousing jobsjobs Immigrants provided votes!!!!Immigrants provided votes!!!! ““Big Jim” Pendergast—Irish American saloonkeeper. Big Jim” Pendergast—Irish American saloonkeeper.

Controlled Missouri state politics.Controlled Missouri state politics.

Election Fraud and GraftElection Fraud and Graft

Fake namesFake names cast as many votes needed to wincast as many votes needed to win graft—illegal use of political influence for graft—illegal use of political influence for

personal gain.personal gain. ““kick backs” --a portion of the earnings to the kick backs” --a portion of the earnings to the

machine.machine. Favors to businesses were granted in return for Favors to businesses were granted in return for

cashcash Until 1890 police forces were hired and fired by Until 1890 police forces were hired and fired by

political bosses.political bosses.

The Tweed Ring ScandalThe Tweed Ring Scandal

William M. Tweed “Boss Tweed”William M. Tweed “Boss Tweed” Tammany Hall, New York City's powerful Democratic Tammany Hall, New York City's powerful Democratic

Political MachinePolitical Machine Construction of the Courthouse cost Tax payers $13 Construction of the Courthouse cost Tax payers $13

million—actual cost $3 million—pocketed by Tweed and million—actual cost $3 million—pocketed by Tweed and followers.followers.

Tweed Ring broke in 1871Tweed Ring broke in 1871 Tweed indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion Tweed indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion

sentenced to 12 years in jail.sentenced to 12 years in jail. Reduced to 1 year.Reduced to 1 year. Tweed escaped after he was put in jail for the 2nd time.Tweed escaped after he was put in jail for the 2nd time. Captured in Spain—officials recognized him from a Captured in Spain—officials recognized him from a

political cartoon.political cartoon.

““Boss Tweed”Boss Tweed”

William M. TweedWilliam M. Tweed

““Patronage Spurs Reform”Patronage Spurs Reform”

Giving of government jobs to people who had Giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected.helped a candidate get elected.

Andrew Jackson “Spoils System.”Andrew Jackson “Spoils System.” Government employees not qualified for the job.Government employees not qualified for the job. Personal gainPersonal gain Merit System hiring Merit System hiring Civil Service—govt. administration—go to the Civil Service—govt. administration—go to the

most qualified person.most qualified person.

Reform Under Hayes, Garfield and Reform Under Hayes, Garfield and Arthur”Arthur”

Republican president Rutherford B. Hayes –Republican president Rutherford B. Hayes –1876 1876 used other means used other means could not get Congress to support reformcould not get Congress to support reform Named independents to his cabinetNamed independents to his cabinet Commission to investigate the nation's customhousesCommission to investigate the nation's customhouses fired 2 top officialsfired 2 top officials Decided not to run for re-election in 1880Decided not to run for re-election in 1880

GarfieldGarfield

Independent candidate from OhioIndependent candidate from Ohio V.P. Chester A. ArthurV.P. Chester A. Arthur Reformers get most of his patronage jobsReformers get most of his patronage jobs July 2, 1881 Garfield was shot in a Washington July 2, 1881 Garfield was shot in a Washington

D.C. train station.D.C. train station. mentally unbalanced lawyer Charles Guiteau—mentally unbalanced lawyer Charles Guiteau—

been turned down for a job.been turned down for a job. Garfield died from his wounds on September 19.Garfield died from his wounds on September 19. Arthur turns to a reformer—urged Congress to Arthur turns to a reformer—urged Congress to

pass civil service law.pass civil service law.

President GarfieldPresident Garfield

Pendleton Civil Service ActPendleton Civil Service Act

18831883 bipartisan civil service commission to bipartisan civil service commission to

make appointments to federal jobs through make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates a merit system based on candidates performance on an examination.performance on an examination.

By 1901 40%+ of all federal jobs had been By 1901 40%+ of all federal jobs had been classified a civil service position.classified a civil service position.

Harrison, Cleveland, and High Harrison, Cleveland, and High TariffsTariffs

Democratic Party opposed high tariffsDemocratic Party opposed high tariffs Democratic Party wins 1884 election with Democratic Party wins 1884 election with

nominee Grover Cleveland--1st time in 28 yearsnominee Grover Cleveland--1st time in 28 years Congress refused to help Cleveland lower tariffsCongress refused to help Cleveland lower tariffs Ran for re-election but lost due to his competitor Ran for re-election but lost due to his competitor

being financed by people who wanted higher being financed by people who wanted higher tariffs than they were—Benjamin Harrison.tariffs than they were—Benjamin Harrison.

HarrisonHarrison

supported by people who wanted higher supported by people who wanted higher tariffstariffs

won the presidency due to electoral voteswon the presidency due to electoral votes Signed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 Signed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

which made tariffs their highest yet.which made tariffs their highest yet.

ClevelandCleveland

1892 Elected again—only president to serve two 1892 Elected again—only president to serve two non-consecutive terms.non-consecutive terms.

supported a bill for lowering the McKinley Tariff supported a bill for lowering the McKinley Tariff Act but refused to sign it b/c it also provided for a Act but refused to sign it b/c it also provided for a federal income tax. federal income tax.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff became law in 1894 w/o Wilson-Gorman Tariff became law in 1894 w/o the presidents signature.the presidents signature.

1897 William McKinley became president and 1897 William McKinley became president and raised tariffs again.raised tariffs again.

ClevelandCleveland