ILS 501 Unit 6

Management Issues

Unit Outline

System theory SDLC Management of library system Data management and Digital right management Why would a librarian be a manager of

technology?

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What is a system? Collection of related components that interact

to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal. (Hutchinson, et al.)

A series of interrelated elements that perform some activity, function, or operation. (Semprevivo, 1982)

An organized set of related components established to accomplish a certain task. (Capron, 1990)

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Systems, elements of Subsystems--elements which lie within the processor or the

system under consideration, and which may have unique and identifiable functions.

Boundaries--that provide an interface between the system under concern and parts of adjoining systems.

Control--the element that provides managerial guidance for the system.

Suprasystem--the environment that is the larger setting in which the system exists.

Processor--the element of the system which involved a transformation or conversion process that modifies the input into the output format.

Inputs--which consists of the factors that are applied to the system. Outputs—which is the major consideration as a system element. Feedback—an element which measures output with regard to a standard

that involves communication and control.

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Systems Approach A system must be designed to accomplish an objective. The elements of a system must have an established

arrangement. Interrelationships must exist among the individual

elements of a system, and these interrelationships must be synergistic in nature.

The basic ingredients of a process (the flows of information, energy, and materials) are more vital than the basic elements of a system.

Organization objectives are more important than the objectives of its elements, and thus, there is a de-emphasis of the parochial objectives of the elements of a system.

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Management Science Organization Theory Systems Analysis & Design General Systems Theory Management Information Systems

(MIS) Information Science & Technology

Systems Theory ----new paradigmThe study of social organizations and their management

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by Thomas Kuhn

Interpretation of the nature of scientific revolution –major changes occur with the development of new conceptual scheme or “paradigm”.

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The new paradigm of libraries?

Contrast of new and old paradigm in the library/information system?

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Inquiry the new Paradigm Ontological

What is the nature of the knowledge? reality/existence.

Epistemological Nature of the relationship between the knower

and the known. Methodological

How should we go about finding out knowledge?

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The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

An SDLC represents a set of general categories that show the major steps, over time, of an information systems development project.

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“A logical process by which systems analysts, software engineers, programmers, and end-users build information systems and computer application" (Whitten & Bentley,1998, p. 72)

It is a project management tool used to plan, execute, and control systems development projects.

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Six Phases of the SDLC:

Preliminary Investigation Analysis Logical design System development Implementation Maintenance

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SDLC-1

Preliminary investigation

To conduct a preliminary analysis, propose alternative solutions, determine costs and benefits, and develop a plan.

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Phase 1: Key Activities

Problem definition Estimate project feasibility Estimate resource commitment Go/no decision

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Problem identification

A difference between things as desired and things as perceived.

(Weinberg, 1990)

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Management

cataloging

Copy cataloging

Descriptive cataloging

ClassificationSubjectAnalysis

Processing

Serials Reference

Flow of material

(activity)

(operational)

(functional)

(organizational)

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Propose Solutions

Leave the system as is Improve the system Develop a new system

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SDLC-2

System Analysis

The study of a problem prior to taking action.

Create logical models of current system

(DFD)

Refine problem statement via detailed analysis

Determine requirements for new system

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Data analysis

CASE (Computer-aided software engineering)

Data Flow Diagrams Graphically shows the flow of data through

a system

Charts and tables

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Example of DFD

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SDLC-3

Logical design Preliminary design

general functional capabilities further definition through prototyping

with user input Detailed design

input and output requirements processing and system controls backup and contingency designs

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SDLC-4

System Development

Determine hardware/software specification Conduct feasibility analysis and cost

justification for new system Design data structure Prepare training guidelines Prepare preliminary testing procedures

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System Development Acquisition of software/hardware

make and/or buy Development of software

outsourcing Unit testing: each part tested separately System testing

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SDLC-5

System implementation

Install the new system Create test data and conduct initial

systems tests Convert existing data files to new

system Verify all system and end user

documentation

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SDLC-6

System maintenance

Audits and periodic examinations. Evaluation

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Library Management

Library management not only involves collection development, but the selection of staff that embody the library’s mission.

As Xudong Jin states, “the most valuable resource in a library is its people.”

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Management of Library Systems

Manage key library operations• Acquisition system• Cataloging system• Circulation system• Reference system • Technology support system• Staff

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Management of Policies

All library policies must reflect the philosophy of the learning community and be enforced in a consistent and fair manner.

Library management should review policies regularly to ensure that they best meet the needs of the learning community.

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Management of People Libraries should hire people that inspire and work

well with others. Stability of staff improves and personalizes service

for patrons. Managers must provide professional development

opportunities for the staff. As Jin suggests, “…once the staff enrich their

knowledge and skills, they will improve their work and the library managers benefit from their investment in staff training and continuing education.”

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DATA MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Knowledge Analysis Technologies (KAT)

Systems requiring precise evaluation (certification exams) are more expensive

KAT is currently building an electronic science library to search an entire library on a paragraph basis

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Filtering Overview

1. What is filtering software?

2. Available Filtering Software

3. What are the pros and cons of filtering software?

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1. What is filtering software?

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Software that is specifically designed to limit user

access to data/information.

Filtering

Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS) defines filtering:

“the use of specially designed software to prevent the user of a specific computer, network, or system from viewing certain types of content by blocking access.”

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Offensive Digital Content

Williams and Sawyer (2010)presents numerous studies citing the negative cultural impact of the Internet in increasing pornography, sexual predation and online bullying (pp. 447-

479). For example, between the years 2000 and 2004, the number of pornographic websites increased from 88,000 to1.6 million (p. 77).

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2. Three filtering software

Keyword• Filtering by word recognition of disapproved

words Site• Filtering by list of unapproved sites Protocol• Filtering by sections (chat, e-mail)

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Issues with Filtering in the Library

Burke (2006) indicates libraries have not all chosen to install software filters because filtering does not always work and frequently blocks sites that have no offensive qualities (p. 129).

Gorman (2001) opposes differentiating between computers that are filtered and those that are not: why should a user’s privacy be violated by being forcing to use certain marked terminals to gain access to the electronic resources for the information the user needs?

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3. Pros and Cons?PROS

Child Protection Worker Productivity Limits unsolicited

communication Freedom of choice Security and protection

CONS

Limits freedom of speech (First Amendment)

Blocks access beyond desired scope

Data volumes growing beyond current capabilities

Filter is custom made and therefore subjective

Users may be unaware filtering is taking place

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Filtering Options

Maxwell (2001) suggests: (1) researching GetNet Wise, SafeKids.Com,

and COPA (Commission on Online Child Protection) and

(2) that filtering problems will be solved by “miniaturization and embedded systems, ‘tiny crash-proof computers that are embedded or hardwired within everyday products” (Kline & David, “Internet Technology Will be Embedded in Everyday Product” as quoted in Cozic, 1997).

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Library Filtering Software

• CHILD INTERNET PROTECTION ACT (CIPA)

December 2000 Appropriations Bill required libraries receiving funding to install

internet filtering May 2002

District Court ruled requirement unconstitutional June 2003

U.S. Supreme Court ruled is constitutional but filters can be disabled upon request

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Children’s Internet Protection Act

of 2001 (CIPA) Funding from the federal E-rate program, an initiative that provides financial support for communications technology to qualifying schools, is denied to schools and libraries that do not take action to filter web access to pictures that are: “(a) obscene, (b) child pornography, or (c) harmful minors” (“Children’s Internet Protection Act,” FCC).

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American Library Association (ALA) Lawsuit

ALA and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) challenged CIPA:

(1) CIPA’s removal of federal funds unfairly impacted the most needy schools and libraries, widening the digital divide in America and

(2) “no filtering software successfully differentiates constitutionally protected speech from illegal speech on the Internet” (“Children’ Internet Protection Act,” Wikipedia).

Supreme Court upheld CIPA in 2003

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Available Filtering Software

Library Targeted

1. Besshttp://www.n2h2.com/products/bess_home.php

2. SurfControlhttp://www.surfcontrol.com/news/quotes.aspx

Test-a-Site

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Digital Rights Management (DRM) and Libraries

Overview

What is Digital Rights Management? Encryption Marking

DRM and Copyright Law Conflicts and Controversies Conclusion

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Definition of DRM

Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS) defines DRM: “A system of information technology components (hardware and software) and services designed to distribute and control the rights to intellectual property created or reproduced in digital form for distribution online or via other digital media, in conjunction with corresponding law, policy and business models.”

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Need for DRM Economic: owners of rights to digital audio,

image, video, games, e-book, etc. lose billions of dollars from copyright violation(i.e.)Music, film, book, and software publishing industries lost $2022 billion as a result of copyright piracy in 2003 (Jahnke & Seitz, 2005)

Ethical/Legal: creators feel need to develop and implement technologies that will identify ownership, establish data integrity and protect their products from unlawful copying (Jahnke & Seitz, 2005)

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Goal of DRM

One anti-DRM activist defines the goal of DRM:

“To prevent you from using a copyrighted digital work beyond the degree to which the copyright owner (or a publisher who may not actually hold a copyright) wishes to allow you to use it” (Godwin, 2008, p. 1)

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Two broad types of DRM:

Encryption: translation of data into a code so that a key or password is required to decrypt or decode the information

Marking: various ways of identifying a digital file as copyrighted, so that any unauthorized copying is detectable

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Encryption

Encryption is the use of a computer process that encodes or scrambles information in such a way that only those who have the right key to the code can obtain access to the information.

There are hundreds of different encryption schemes for different kinds of media.

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One Example of Encryption DRM

Windows Media Rights Manager Part of Windows DRM platform for portable

devices (PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, laptops) as well as desk top computers

Uses a license key to lock digital files Publishes the files “in an encrypted format,

configuring and managing the site and issuing licenses” (“Windows Media Rights Manager,” TechEncyclopedia)

Software constantly updated due to constant hacking

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Another Example of Encryption DRM

The DVD Industry uses CSS, or Content Scrambling System. Decryption keys are installed in DVD players; the manufacturers of the players must purchase licenses to the keys. Only “authorized viewers” – those with the licensed DVD players – can watch the DVDs. One of the aspects of the licensed keys is called region-coding. For instance, if you buy a DVD in Europe, it can only be played on DVD players in Europe (Doctorow, 2004) .

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Another Example of Encryption DRM

Music IndustryiTunes uses an encryption called FairPlay that both

tethered files to a certain device (the iPod), and limited how many times files could be downloaded.

Apple now offers iTunes music DRMfree but still uses FairPlay DRM for videos and software for the iPhone and iPod.

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Yet More Examples of Encryption DRM

Computer Games SecuROM: used by computer games to

regulate the installation of games to a limited number of systems

FADE: causes protected software to eventually degrade and become unusable

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Drawbacks to DRM

Can be hacked.

Encryption encourages,

Rather than deters, piracy:

users would rather

Steal clear files than

buy encrypted ones.

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Watermarking

A type of mark designed to be undetectable to users but detectable to copyright holders

Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS):

“a sequence of bits skillfully embedded in a data file, such as an audio CD or motion picture on DVD, to help identify the source of copies manufactured or distributed in violation of copyright”

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How Watermarking WorksAn example of watermarking might be a tone or

sequence of tones embedded in a music file, unnoticeable to human listeners but serving as a type of decryption key for devices. An authorized player will detect

the watermark and play the file.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Watermarking

Al-Haj (2007) argues that watermarking is extremely promising, arguing that the discrete frequency-domain watermarking techniques such as Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) are highly effective.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Watermarking

However, Memon and Wong (1998) considers watermarking problematic: (1) the robust watermark must survive too many manipulations, (2) clever attackers have broken every secret key and watermarking technique developed, (3) designed for a specific system, no one watermarking system “satisfies all requirements of all applications.”

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Watermarking

Godwin (2008) thinks effective watermarking is impossible. Effective watermarking must be:

Imperceptible to the user of the content Detectable by machines Difficult or impossible to remove.

“We have every reason to doubt that a successful watermarking method will be discovered any time soon.”

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A brief note about Copyright Law

Historically the goal of copyright is to maintain the balance between the interests of copyright holders and the public good. The Constitutional fathers understood that authors and inventors required economic incentives to continue to create and that Congress needed to limit the creators’ temporary monopoly over their work if the public was to benefit from a free exchange of ideas and information.

The Copyright Act of 1976, like the Constitution, was written “to avoid the application of copyright law in a way that would create an imbalance of rights” (Belcredi, 2001).

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Copyright Law in the Digital Age

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA) upsets the balance of rights in favor of copyright holders.

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DMCA and DRM

DMCA makes it illegal:

(1) “to circumvent anti-piracy measures that are built into commercial software” and

(2) “to sell or distribute code-cracking devices that illegally copy software”

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Copyright Law and the Library

Current copyright law does not contain exemptions that permit libraries (including the Library of Congress) to circumvent DRM in order to preserve materials.

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DRM and Copyright in the Library: Advantages

Burke (2006) argues “e-books and other electronic resources would become more widely available” in libraries when DMR copyright issues are settled (p. 206).

Also, “the current fluid nature of full-text periodical and reference sources could be controlled,” removing fear of publishers removing titles from databases (p. 206).

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DMR and Copyright in the Library: Disadvantages - Tethering

Patrons can go to a library’s website and download an e-book, an audiobook, or a video but they can only play it on certain devices.

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DMR and Copyright in the Library: Disadvantages - Tethering

By tethering content to devices, media companies dictate to their customers what devices they buy.

Similarly, media companies might also dictate what devices libraries buy. A library might enter into a contract with a database company. When that company upgrades its content, it might force libraries to buy new devices in order to access the content it has already contracted to carry.

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Why would a librarian be a manager of technology?

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Why a manager of technology –

Tech help not always available

Tech person not always around. Remotely located, slow to arrive Expensive to call upon. $150/hour for tech

simple troubleshooting may cost a library several hundreds of dollars.

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Why a manager of technology –

New Need for MLS It is likely you will be a decision maker or at

least play a role in decisions regarding technologies for your library.

Traditional librarians may look to the new MLS grads for advice. You are expected to be a computer literate because your studies are recent. (Library Journal)

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Why a manager of technology –

Job markets need tech skills Two most common attributes sought by hiring

libraries are tech and management skills.

A survey of 900 job ads showed that 81% of Public Service jobs required or preferred technical/computer skills, and 19% of the ads didn’t state it probably that some of those positions assume tech skills.

(Source: College and Research Libraries, July 2000)

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Questions:

What is your experience with tech support and technology vendors? How might the relationship be improved?

What are your personal responsibilities with regard to keeping up with technological changes?

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Questions?

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