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ILO Conventions Nos. 29 and 105 Forced labour and Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation What it is and why to bother Tim De Meyer Senior Specialist on International Labour Standards and Labour Law, International Labour Office, DWT Bangkok

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Page 1: ILO Nos. 29 and 105 - Welcome to AP - Forced Labour Net ...apflnet.ilo.org/.../ILOConventionsNos.29and105.pdf · ILO Conventions Nos. 29 and 105 Forced labour and Human Trafficking

ILO Conventions Nos. 29 and 105Forced labour and Human Trafficking for 

Labour Exploitation

What it is and why to bother

Tim De MeyerSenior Specialist on International Labour Standards and Labour Law, 

International Labour Office, DWT Bangkok

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• Forced Labour Convention No. 29 and Abolition of Forced Labour Convention No.105 were adopted in 1930 and 1957 respectively. 

• Since that time, older forms of coercion and compulsion have evolved into newer ones, and contemporary forms of forced labour have emerged in the private economy and global supply chains:• Coercive employment practices. • Debt‐induced forced labour.• Trafficking into forced labour.

Introduction (1)

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• In March 2013, the ILO Governing Body selected supplementing Convention No. 29 as a standard‐setting item for the International Labour Conference in 2014 – leading to a new Protocol and/or Recommendation.

• Forced labour is an undisputed “unacceptable” form of work and UFWs are an Area of Critical Importance (ACI) in which the ILO is asked to concentrate resources.

• Why bother?• Growth.• Trade.• Development.• Transition to a market economy.• Fundamental Principle.

Introduction (2)

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• Linkages between forced labour and human trafficking .

• Identification of contemporary forms of forced labour: ILO indicators of forced labour.

Outline

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ILO global estimate on forced labour 2012

20.9 million people in forced labour

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What is forced labour ?

State imposed Private sector

• Arising from State authority but benefiting a private interest short‐term

• Arising from laws, policies or simply State authority practice

• E.g. forced portering or forced cropping

• Any work situation in which a combination of INDICATORS suggest that the worker’s performance is driven by coercion

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•the farmer trapped in debt bondage to the landlord because of lack of alternative job opportunities, failing credit system, age‐old patterns of discrimination, failing property protection …

•the undocumented (trafficked ?) migrant worker toiling in sugar cane fields, on fishing boats, in private households …

•the documented migrant worker working endless hours in industry with little or no pay to pay back the sum (s)he borrowed to get a job abroad

•the woman or child lured away from home by promises of a bright future that evaporate in the commercial “sex industry”

•the mentally disabled who gets picked up and put to “work” in a brick kiln

•the young farmer who finds a job in the city, is initially not paid for months on end so that a deposit builds up with the unscrupulous employer who uses it to extract excessive overtime at will …

… and gets away with it because the law is vague, unions are absent and labour inspections are a virtual concept

What is forced labour ?

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• Employment of military conscripts in state enterprises or private companies• Laws authorizing local authorities

– to mobilize villagers to construct new roads or bridges (outside a defined period of emergency)– to mobilize villagers over a protracted period of time to harvest a critical export crop

• Laws or policies authorizing authorities to impose labour on sex workers– without sex work being an offence that is well‐defined in law– without a body independent from the prosecuting authority establishing that the legal 

parameters of the offence are met

• Laws or policies authorizing authorities to impose labour on drug abusers for the benefit of private interests

• Laws or policies authorizing authorities to impose labour on participants of an unlawful but peaceful assembly EVEN IF the labour has been imposed as a sanction for a well‐defined offence and pronounced by a court (C. 105)

• Laws or policies authorizing authorities to force peacefully striking workers in non‐essential services back to work (C. 105)

• Any type of (legitimate or illegitimate) forced labour weighing disproportionately on a particular ethnic, national, social or religious group (C. 105)

But also …

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• Construction,  including brick kilns.• Agriculture and horticulture.• Fisheries and transportation.• Mining and logging.• Food processing and packaging.• Domestic service.• Factory work, mainly textiles and garments.• Restaurants and catering.• Sex and entertainment industry.• Informal economic activities, such as begging or hawking.

Economic sectors at risk

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• Workers in informal enterprises.• (International) migrant workers, especially those with irregular status.• Indigenous and tribal peoples.• Persons with intellectual disabilities.• Groups with low education.

Women and youth in each of these categories!

Vulnerable groups of workers 

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• “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.”

• (ILO Convention No. 29)

Definition of forced labour

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• All work or service• All types of work, service and employment• Regardless of industry, sector or occupation• Encompassing legal/formal as well as illegal/ informal employment

• Any person• Adults and children• Regardless of nationality, including irregular migrant workers

• Menace of any penalty• Including sanctions, threats, violence, etc.• Loss of rights or privileges• Denunciation to authorities, e.g. immigration authorities

• Absence of voluntary offer• Consent to enter into employment• Freedom to leave employment at any time

Unpacking the definition of forced labour

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“Trafficking in persons” shall mean•the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, •by means

• of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, 

• of abduction, • of fraud, of deception, of the 

abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or 

• of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, 

•for the purpose of exploitation.

Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, •the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, •forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or •the removal of organs.

(Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing 

the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000))

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Definition of human trafficking 

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Relationship between forced labour and human trafficking

Human trafficking Forced labour

• Trafficking into labour exploitation

• Trafficking into forced prostitution

• Trafficking into forced marriage

• Trafficking into adoption

• Trafficking for organ removal

• State‐imposed forced labour

• Involuntary work under the menace of a penalty, which involves no trafficking

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Trafficking into labour exploitation as a form of forced labour:

•In Brazil, the Forced Labour Act addresses trafficking for forced labour as a form of forced labour. Trafficking for sexual exploitation is dealt with separately.

Forced labour as a form of human trafficking:

•The US Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act, 2000 establishes criminal sanctions for slavery, peonage, human trafficking, sex trafficking, forced labour and servitude.

•In Viet Nam, the Penal Code includes no stand‐alone provision on forced labour, but a Circular issued in 2013 clarifies that Articles 119 and 120 penalizing trading in persons and children shall be interpreted to cover trading for labour exploitation and forced labour.

Different legislative approaches

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1. Abuse of vulnerability2. Deception3. Restriction of movement4. Isolation5. Physical and sexual violence6. Intimidation and threats 7. Retention of identity documents8. Withholding of wages9. Debt bondage10. Abusive working and living 

conditions11. Excessive overtime

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ILO indicators of forced labour

Key questions:

Have the workers entered into employment 

voluntarily? Are they free to leave 

employment if they like?

Are penalties or threatsused to keep workers 

from leaving employment?

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What is NOT Forced Labour? C. 29

a)Compulsory military service for work of a purely military character.

b)Minor communal services.

c)Normal civic obligations.

d)Emergency.

e)“Prison labour”.

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“Prison labour”

•Any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction…•… in a court of law, …•…provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a public authority …•…and that the said person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or associations.

•Conversely, “convicts” can work for private interests if they freely consent and enjoy (approximately) regular working conditions.

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Even when exempted under C. 29,forced labour must NEVER be used ... – C. 105

a) as a means of political coercion or education or as a punishment for holding or expressing political views or views ideologically opposed to the established political, social or economic system; 

b) as a method of mobilising and using labour for purposes of economic development; 

c) as a means of labour discipline; 

d) as a punishment for having participated in strikes;

e) as a means of racial, social, national or religious discrimination.

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Need to ensure better integration of labour and criminal justice  to capture the continuum of exploitation!

Continuum of exploitation

Bad working conditions / Labour 

law violations

Forced labour crimeCivil or administrative 

sanctions (or criminal sanctions)

Criminal sanctions under penal law

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• The International Labour Conference (ILC) held its first recurrent discussion on fundamental principles and rights at work in June 2012. 

• In November 2012, the ILO Governing Body decided to convene a meeting of experts on forced labour and trafficking.

• The expert meeting concluded in February 2013 that there was an added value in the adoption of supplementary measures to address remaining implementation gaps to effectively eradicate forced labour. 

• In March 2013, the Governing Body selected supplementing Convention No. 29 as a standard‐setting, single‐discussion item for the ILC in June 2014.

• Law and practice report titled Strengthening action to end forced labour was drafted as a preparatory stage of the single‐discussion procedure. 

• Deadline for submission of the questionnaire attached to the report is 31 December 2013.

Contemporary challenges – New standard as a response

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Single‐Discussion Adoption

Replies by Governments

(after consultation with& W

The Governing Body places the question on the Conference Agenda

The Office circulates a law and practice report with questionnaire

International Labour

Conference

EG

W

Adoption by the Conference with a two‐third majrity

Discussion by a special tripartite Committee

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• Growth– The bottom half of the labour market needs inclusion

• To get rid of working poverty• To keep inequality manageable• To sustain long‐term growth• To rebalance the world economy

Why bother ?

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• Trade– Trans‐Pacific Partnership Agreement– Global supply chains– Disruptive human rights claims– Applying for General System of Preferences– Completing commitments in respect of market‐economy 

status under WTO

Why bother ?

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• Development– Countries that do not want to get caught in the “middle‐

income” trap should• Invest in innovation (C. 105)• Pursue a well‐educated, informed and empowered 

citizenry• Avoid undermining improved standards of living by 

condoning imported “cheap labour”• Avoid practices that tarnish image

Why bother ?

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• Fundamental Principle or part of the “Social Floor” to globalization

– 7 of 8 ratifications of C. 29 needed for universal ratification are in the region, i.e. Afghanistan, China, Republic of Korea, Brunei, Palau, Tuvalu and Marshall Islands

– All 11 ratifications of C. 105 needed for universal ratification are in the region, i.e. China, Brunei, Timor Leste, Republic of Korea, Japan, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Viet Nam, Palau, Tuvalu and Marshall Islands

Why bother ?

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Thank you!