11

Illustrating GeoSpatial SemanticsIllustrating GeoSpatial Semantics

Gary Berg-Cross, Executive Secretary , Spatial Gary Berg-Cross, Executive Secretary , Spatial Ontology Community of Practice (SOCoP)Ontology Community of Practice (SOCoP)

gbergcross@gmail.comgbergcross@gmail.com

6th Semi-Annual Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) 6th Semi-Annual Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) e-Gov Conferencee-Gov ConferenceMITRE, McLean VAMITRE, McLean VA

29 Sept.200829 Sept.2008

Bind / Invoke

Service Consumer

Service Consumer

Service

Provider

Service

Provider

ServiceDirectory

ServiceDirectory

Discover / Details Publish

“denotata” relates signs to things in the world

ObjectsSymbols/

Information

Concepts

“Factory”

Factory

A semantic continuum

[After Mike Uschold, Boeing Corp]

Shared human consensus

Text descriptions

Semantics hardwired; used at runtime

Semantics processed and used at runtime

Port: “A place on a waterway with facilities for loading and unloading ships.b. A city or town on a waterway with such facilities.c. The waterfront district of a city.”

(Port isA (superclasses (…))

Implicit Informal(explicit)

Formal(for humans)RDF/RDFS

Formal(for machines) OWLFurther to the right

means: • Less ambiguity• More likely to have correct functionality• “Better” inter-operation

• Less hardwiring• More robust to change• More difficult –needs ontological engineering methods

(Port differentFrom ..HasfunctionalProperty..

Formal Vocabulary for Port + background

knowledge as axioms

OWL Builds on Layers below it in the Semantic Web stack

From 2004 Tutorial on OWL by Peter Patel-Schneider

The XML syntax for exchange & XML data types (how OWL is expressed)• RDF instances & RDFS generic (ontology) statements:

• OWL supports mapping among ontologies:• Import one data model/ontology into another: all things that are true in the imported ontology will thereby be true in the importing ontology•Assert that a class, property, or instance in one ontology/DB/knowledge base is equivalent to one in another ontology

44

Ports Semantic ArchitecturePorts Semantic Architecture

GSW Servlet

KnowledgeSmarts API

Rule Engine

DL Reasoner

Semi-structured Text-ONI Reports / ASAM

-World Port Index

Shipping DB

OWL Mapping

Web Services-Maritime ship info

-WFS (GML)

DNC Feature DB

ENC Feature DB

Text Parser

RDF tuples<object > < > < > < ></object >

Web Sites Oracle Connector

KMS Mapping

Ontology

Intelligence Report

Ontology

Product Ontology

Service Ontology

From SOCoP Presentation at Tech Days,From SOCoP Presentation at Tech Days, May, 2008May, 2008based on work by Mike Wilkins & based on work by Mike Wilkins & Jim Ressler,Northrop Grumman IT TASCJim Ressler,Northrop Grumman IT TASC

55

Ports of Origin Use CasePorts of Origin Use Case

Given suspect Given suspect shipsships departed from departed from known known countrycountry, what , what portsports and and pierspiers could the ships have originatedcould the ships have originated

considering considering ship characteristicsship characteristics, port , port characteristics and intelligence?characteristics and intelligence?

From SOCoP Presentation From SOCoP Presentation at Tech Days May, 2008\at Tech Days May, 2008\

based on work by Mike Wilkins & Jim Ressler,based on work by Mike Wilkins & Jim Ressler,

Northrop Grumman IT TASCNorthrop Grumman IT TASC

Ontologies Arise from “Analysis and Conceptualization”

1 Port Situations

Location of a ship

is a Geospatial Entity

Conceptualizationstarts to model

(part of) the world

2 Abstraction

Ship in Port

UML OWL

To express CIn a LanguageL (Terms in L correspond to entities in world) and assignInterpretative Functions I

Models forDomain DExpressibleIn LIntended

ModelFitting

COntologyModels forDExpressedIn L using K

OurOntologyProduct

(C for D with K in L using Model)

Adapted liberally from Guarino’s 1998Formal Ontology in Information Systems

Models defines relationship between L syntax and interpretations

Pragmatic validation

SAW Ontology