Illegal DrugsIllegal Drugs

What is a drug?What is a drug?

A chemical that causes a physiological or A chemical that causes a physiological or psychological action in the bodypsychological action in the body

Illegal drugs are abused because they Illegal drugs are abused because they produce a euphoric effectproduce a euphoric effect

EuphoriaEuphoria – a deep sense of well-being – a deep sense of well-being Why do many people take illegal drugs?Why do many people take illegal drugs? It makes them feel good!!!It makes them feel good!!!

Price of euphoria…Price of euphoria…

ToleranceTolerance – occurs when, over time, an – occurs when, over time, an ever-increasing dose of a drug is ever-increasing dose of a drug is requiredrequired

Physical dependencyPhysical dependency results when the body becomes results when the body becomes

accustomed to the regular intake of a drugaccustomed to the regular intake of a drug Can happen if the drug user takes a new Can happen if the drug user takes a new

dose before the effects of the previous dose dose before the effects of the previous dose have worn offhave worn off

Withdrawal sickness (cramps, nausea, Withdrawal sickness (cramps, nausea, chills, vomiting, insomnia, convulsions, chills, vomiting, insomnia, convulsions, pain, and hallucinations)pain, and hallucinations)

Psychological dependencyPsychological dependency deep need for the continued intake of a deep need for the continued intake of a

drug occurs in an individualdrug occurs in an individual Ex. Rat, two levers, cocaine, foodEx. Rat, two levers, cocaine, food

Drug Threat MatrixDrug Threat Matrix

Illegal drugs that show up in arrests on Illegal drugs that show up in arrests on the streetthe street

37% identify cocaine as the major drug 37% identify cocaine as the major drug threatthreat

36% methamphetamine36% methamphetamine 13% marijuana13% marijuana 9% heroin9% heroin 1% 3,4-1% 3,4-

methylenedioxymethamphetaminemethylenedioxymethamphetamine

History of CocaineHistory of Cocaine Leaves of the coca plant, Leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylon cocaErythroxylon coca, were , were

given to Inca royalty in keeping with their given to Inca royalty in keeping with their religious and cultural beliefsreligious and cultural beliefs

The SA Indians chewed on the leaves to get The SA Indians chewed on the leaves to get additional strength and enduranceadditional strength and endurance

In the 1880s Sigmund Freud considered cocaine a In the 1880s Sigmund Freud considered cocaine a miracle drug that led to clarity of mindmiracle drug that led to clarity of mind

In 1886 the Coca Cola Co. marketed its new soft In 1886 the Coca Cola Co. marketed its new soft drink, made from the same coca leaves, as an drink, made from the same coca leaves, as an alternative to alcoholic drinksalternative to alcoholic drinks

One bottle of Coca Cola contained about 60 mg of One bottle of Coca Cola contained about 60 mg of cocainecocaine

In 1903 the co. was forced to remove cocaine In 1903 the co. was forced to remove cocaine from its beverage, but it still uses the leaves for from its beverage, but it still uses the leaves for flavorflavor

Methods of extracting cocaineMethods of extracting cocaine Leaves mashed and soakedLeaves mashed and soaked Cocaine extracted with help from a solventCocaine extracted with help from a solvent Extract is 70% cocaine hydrochlorideExtract is 70% cocaine hydrochloride Cocaine hydrochloride is a salt and can Cocaine hydrochloride is a salt and can

either be injected intravenously or inhaled either be injected intravenously or inhaled through the nosethrough the nose

When mixed with an aqueous solution of When mixed with an aqueous solution of baking soda and heated, the basic form of baking soda and heated, the basic form of the drug is obtainedthe drug is obtained

As the mixture is heated, a cracking sound As the mixture is heated, a cracking sound is produced, hence the name crack is produced, hence the name crack cocainecocaine

EffectsEffects StimulantStimulant effects can last from 15-30 minutes to an effects can last from 15-30 minutes to an

hour, depending upon the method of hour, depending upon the method of ingestion ingestion

increases alertness, feelings of well-being and increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality of competence and sexuality

Athletic performance may be enhanced. Athletic performance may be enhanced. Anxiety, paranoia and restlessness are also Anxiety, paranoia and restlessness are also

frequent. frequent. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions

and increased body temperature are and increased body temperature are observed observed

MethamphetamineMethamphetamine Stimulant that causes a euphoric effect in Stimulant that causes a euphoric effect in

the userthe user PowderedPowdered – also called crystal or crank; – also called crystal or crank;

most common form; produced in illegal most common form; produced in illegal labs; can be injected, snorted, ingested, or labs; can be injected, snorted, ingested, or smokedsmoked

IceIce – also known as glass, batu, or shabu; – also known as glass, batu, or shabu; made by recrystalizing powdered meth. In a made by recrystalizing powdered meth. In a solvent such as water, alcohol, or acetone; solvent such as water, alcohol, or acetone; usually smokedusually smoked

TabletsTablets – normally manufactured in Burma; – normally manufactured in Burma; can be flavored and taken by mouth or can be flavored and taken by mouth or smoked; often imprinted with an R or a WYsmoked; often imprinted with an R or a WY

Manufacturing of Manufacturing of MethamphetamineMethamphetamine

Manufactured using ephedrine or Manufactured using ephedrine or pseudophedrine as a starting ingredientpseudophedrine as a starting ingredient

1. E and P with hyroiodic acid and red phosphorus

2.2. E and P with iodine, red phosphorus, and E and P with iodine, red phosphorus, and waterwater

3. E and P with iodine and hypophosphorous acid4.4. E and P with ammonia and sodium metalE and P with ammonia and sodium metal5. Mercuric acid, methylamine, phenyl-2-

propanone, and aluminum Production of 1 lb of meth yields 6 lb of toxic Production of 1 lb of meth yields 6 lb of toxic

wastewaste

EffectsEffects Physical effects can include anorexia, hyperactivity,

dilated pupils, flushing, restlessness, dry mouth, headache, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hypotension, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision, dizziness, twitching, insomnia, numbness, palpitations, arrhythmias, tremors, dry and/or itchy skin, acne, pallor, and with chronic and/or high doses, convulsions, heart attack, stroke, and death can occur

Psychological effects can include euphoria, anxiety, increased libido, alertness, concentration, energy, self-esteem, self-confidence, sociability, irritability, aggression, psychosomatic disorders, psychomotor agitation, hubris, excessive feelings of power and invincibility, repetitive and obsessive behaviors, paranoia, and with chronic and/or high doses, amphetamine psychosis can occur

Marijuana FactsMarijuana Facts mild hallucinogen mild hallucinogen Most commonly used illegal drug in the U.S.Most commonly used illegal drug in the U.S. Estimated that more than 12 million Estimated that more than 12 million

Americans above the age of 12 use Americans above the age of 12 use marijuana at least once a monthmarijuana at least once a month

Estimated that about 54% of the population Estimated that about 54% of the population between the ages of 18 and 25 have tried itbetween the ages of 18 and 25 have tried it

Used in Chinese medicine as early as 2737 Used in Chinese medicine as early as 2737 B.C.B.C.

Entered the U.S. from 1850-1942 and Entered the U.S. from 1850-1942 and recommended for the treatment of recommended for the treatment of rheumatism, nausea, and labor painsrheumatism, nausea, and labor pains

Greenish-brown mixture of the leaves, flowers, Greenish-brown mixture of the leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the plant stems, and seeds of the plant CannabisCannabis

Grows in most parts of the worldGrows in most parts of the world Active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)Active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Marijuana and other cannabis products are

usually smoked can be brewed into tea or mixed in baked

products (cookies or brownies). Used to treat glaucoma and to lessen nausea Used to treat glaucoma and to lessen nausea

caused by anticancer drugs and AIDS treatmentcaused by anticancer drugs and AIDS treatment

EffectsEffects Bind to specific receptor sites in the human brain Bind to specific receptor sites in the human brain

which trigger the euphoric effect for which the drug which trigger the euphoric effect for which the drug is takenis taken

dry mouth and throat, increased heart rate, impaired dry mouth and throat, increased heart rate, impaired coordination and balance, delayed reaction time, coordination and balance, delayed reaction time, and and diminished short-term memorydiminished short-term memory

Moderate doses tend to induce a sense of well-being Moderate doses tend to induce a sense of well-being and a dreamy state of relaxation that encourages and a dreamy state of relaxation that encourages fantasies, renders some users highly suggestible, fantasies, renders some users highly suggestible, and distorts perception (making it dangerous to and distorts perception (making it dangerous to operate machinery, drive a car or boat, or ride a operate machinery, drive a car or boat, or ride a bicycle). bicycle).

Stronger doses prompt more intense and often Stronger doses prompt more intense and often disturbing reactions including paranoia and disturbing reactions including paranoia and hallucinations. hallucinations.

HeroinHeroin Derivative of the narcotic morphineDerivative of the narcotic morphine A narcotic is a drug that reduces pain and

causes sleep Morphine is the active ingredient of Morphine is the active ingredient of

opiumopium, the juice of the unripe poppy plant, the juice of the unripe poppy plant Famous scene in the Wizard of Oz 3400 B.C. cultivated by the Sumerians who 3400 B.C. cultivated by the Sumerians who

called it Hul Gil which means “joy plant”called it Hul Gil which means “joy plant” A mixture of opium, alcohol, and herbs

was sold to the public as laudanum In 1898 Bayer marketed a new wonder In 1898 Bayer marketed a new wonder

drug, Bayer Heroindrug, Bayer Heroin

Manufacturing of HeroinManufacturing of Heroin

Created by reacting morphine with Created by reacting morphine with acetic anhydrideacetic anhydride

Normally sold on the street as a mixture Normally sold on the street as a mixture of heroin and various cutting agents, of heroin and various cutting agents, which can include quinine, mannitol, which can include quinine, mannitol, lactose, starch, and even arseniclactose, starch, and even arsenic

Taken as an intravenous injectionTaken as an intravenous injection Spoon used to hold heroin, salt, and Spoon used to hold heroin, salt, and

water over candle and warmed until water over candle and warmed until dissolveddissolved

EffectsEffects

used as both a used as both a pain-killerpain-killer and a and a recreational drug recreational drug and has an and has an extremely high extremely high potential for abuse potential for abuse

MDMA a.k.a. EcstasyMDMA a.k.a. Ecstasy A A hallucinogenhallucinogen that is a member of that is a member of

synthetic drugs used at nightclubs and synthetic drugs used at nightclubs and referred to as referred to as club drugsclub drugs

Produced by Merck PharmaceuticalProduced by Merck Pharmaceutical In 1976 Alexander Shulgin of San In 1976 Alexander Shulgin of San

Francisco taste-tested itFrancisco taste-tested it ““I feel absolutely clean inside, and there is I feel absolutely clean inside, and there is

nothing but pure euphoria. I have never felt so nothing but pure euphoria. I have never felt so great or believed this to be possible. The great or believed this to be possible. The cleanliness, clarity, and marvelous feeling of cleanliness, clarity, and marvelous feeling of solid inner strength continued throughout the solid inner strength continued throughout the rest of the day and evening. I am overcome by rest of the day and evening. I am overcome by the profundity of the experience.”the profundity of the experience.”

Classified as a moderate threat by the U.S. Classified as a moderate threat by the U.S. Dept. of JusticeDept. of Justice

Used by psychotherapists in the 1980s but Used by psychotherapists in the 1980s but has since been banned altogether by the has since been banned altogether by the DEADEA

90% is synthesized in Belgium and the 90% is synthesized in Belgium and the NetherlandsNetherlands

Pure MDMA is a crystalline solidPure MDMA is a crystalline solid Typical dose is about 125 mgTypical dose is about 125 mg Normally taken orally as a tablet, capsule, Normally taken orally as a tablet, capsule,

or powderor powder

EffectsEffects

tendency to induce a sense of intimacy tendency to induce a sense of intimacy with others and diminished feelings of with others and diminished feelings of fear, anxiety, and depression. fear, anxiety, and depression.

Before it was made a controlled Before it was made a controlled substance, MDMA was used as an substance, MDMA was used as an augmentation to psychotherapy, often augmentation to psychotherapy, often couples therapy, and to help treat clinical couples therapy, and to help treat clinical depression as well as anxiety disorders. depression as well as anxiety disorders.

Clinical trials are now testing the Clinical trials are now testing the therapeutic potential of MDMA for post-therapeutic potential of MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety associated with terminal canceranxiety associated with terminal cancer

Mouse PartyMouse Party

PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals

Abused substances that are available Abused substances that are available legally by prescriptionlegally by prescription

Obtained by improper prescribing, forging Obtained by improper prescribing, forging prescriptions, theft, or going to multiple prescriptions, theft, or going to multiple doctors for prescriptionsdoctors for prescriptions

New sources is Internet pharmaciesNew sources is Internet pharmacies Hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone Hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone

(Oxycotin), hydromorphoone (Dilaudid), (Oxycotin), hydromorphoone (Dilaudid), and codeine, diazepam (Valium), and codeine, diazepam (Valium), dextroamphetamine (Adderall) and dextroamphetamine (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin)methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Date Rape DrugsDate Rape Drugs

GHBGHB Available over the counter at health food Available over the counter at health food

stores in the 1980sstores in the 1980s Was used by body builders to help increase Was used by body builders to help increase

muscle mass and reduce fatmuscle mass and reduce fat RohypnolRohypnol

Causes a condition known as anterograde Causes a condition known as anterograde amnesiaamnesia

Person may not remember any of the events Person may not remember any of the events that occur when they are incapacitatedthat occur when they are incapacitated

Effect is greatly increased when the drug is Effect is greatly increased when the drug is mixed with alcoholmixed with alcohol

KetamineKetamine Legally used as an animal anesthetic Legally used as an animal anesthetic

and approved for human anestheticand approved for human anesthetic Normal usage levels cause a dreamy Normal usage levels cause a dreamy

state and hallucinationsstate and hallucinations

LSDLSD

First synthesized by Swiss chemist in 1943First synthesized by Swiss chemist in 1943 Derivative of lysergic acid which is Derivative of lysergic acid which is

produced by ergot fungusproduced by ergot fungus Powerful drug that can be active in as Powerful drug that can be active in as

small a dose as 25 microgramssmall a dose as 25 micrograms Hoffmann accidentally ingested some and Hoffmann accidentally ingested some and

experienced the first “acid trip”experienced the first “acid trip” Some people can experience flashbacksSome people can experience flashbacks Available in the form of tablets, capsules, Available in the form of tablets, capsules,

liquid, gelatin squares, and sugar cubesliquid, gelatin squares, and sugar cubes

PCPPCP

hallucinogenhallucinogen Can be snorted, smoked, or eatenCan be snorted, smoked, or eaten Developed in the 1950s as an intravenous Developed in the 1950s as an intravenous

anesthetic but was never approved for use anesthetic but was never approved for use in humansin humans

Often mixed with other drugs or used to Often mixed with other drugs or used to lace cigarettes, cigars, and marijuana jointslace cigarettes, cigars, and marijuana joints

Can cause a feeling of invincibilityCan cause a feeling of invincibility Can exhibit great feats of strength b/c they Can exhibit great feats of strength b/c they

feel no painfeel no pain

PsilocybinPsilocybin

Active ingredient in hallucinogenic Active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushroomsmushrooms

Chocolates filled with ground up Chocolates filled with ground up mushrooms have been foundmushrooms have been found

Illegal in the U.S., except for Native Illegal in the U.S., except for Native Americans for use in their religious Americans for use in their religious practicespractices

InhalantsInhalants

Solvent vapors that cause a euphoric Solvent vapors that cause a euphoric effecteffect

Aerosols, gases, and nitratesAerosols, gases, and nitrates Spray paint, glue, nail polish remover, Spray paint, glue, nail polish remover,

and cleaning fluid are the most and cleaning fluid are the most commoncommon

Abuse of these drugs can cause Abuse of these drugs can cause dizziness, withdrawal, nausea, dizziness, withdrawal, nausea, vomiting, and seizuresvomiting, and seizures

Can cause damage to the heart, lungs, Can cause damage to the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and liverbrain, kidneys, and liver

The Controlled Substances ActThe Controlled Substances Act

Passed in 1970Passed in 1970 Schedule ISchedule I

No accepted medical useNo accepted medical use High potential for abuseHigh potential for abuse Cannot be prescribed by physiciansCannot be prescribed by physicians Heroin, LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, marijuanaHeroin, LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, marijuana

Schedule IISchedule II Have accepted medical useHave accepted medical use High potential for abuseHigh potential for abuse Can be prescribed by physicians with strict Can be prescribed by physicians with strict

controlcontrol Opium, morphine, codeine, cocaine, oxycodone, Opium, morphine, codeine, cocaine, oxycodone,

methamphetamine, ritalinmethamphetamine, ritalin

Schedule IIISchedule III Accepted medical useAccepted medical use Medium potential for abuseMedium potential for abuse Amobarbital, anabolic steroidsAmobarbital, anabolic steroids

Schedule IVSchedule IV Accepted medical useAccepted medical use Lower potential for abuseLower potential for abuse Valium, Xanax, AmbienValium, Xanax, Ambien

Schedule VSchedule V Accepted medical useAccepted medical use Lowest potential for abuseLowest potential for abuse Logen, motofenLogen, motofen

Analysis of Drug EvidenceAnalysis of Drug Evidence

Important to use gloves and Important to use gloves and sometimes a mask when collecting sometimes a mask when collecting drug evidencedrug evidence

Presumptory testPresumptory test

Carried out in fieldCarried out in field Places drug in pouchPlaces drug in pouch Squeezes a capsule within the pouch Squeezes a capsule within the pouch

releasing the chemical reagent insidereleasing the chemical reagent inside Specific color changes indicate the possible Specific color changes indicate the possible

presence of a drugpresence of a drug Can be used as probable cause for an arrestCan be used as probable cause for an arrest Can yield false positivesCan yield false positives Cannot be used in courtCannot be used in court

Confirmatory TestConfirmatory Test

Gas chromatograph-mass Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometerspectrometer

Alcohol and DrivingAlcohol and Driving Most commonly abused drug in the U.S.Most commonly abused drug in the U.S. Illegal when combined with the act of driving

or under legal age Limit for DWI is BAC of 0.08%Limit for DWI is BAC of 0.08% THE FIRST DUI conviction in a person's

lifetime is a misdemeanor. Upon conviction the defendant may be given a sentence of up to 365 days in the county or municipal jail and a fine between $600 and $2,100. The DUI defendant will also be ordered to attend a court approved substance abuse program and he will have his driver's privilege suspended for 90 days.

Rate of AbsorptionRate of Absorption

Quantity of alcohol Quantity of alcohol consumedconsumed

Time over which Time over which the alcohol was the alcohol was consumedconsumed

Form of the alcoholForm of the alcohol Contents of the Contents of the

stomachstomach

Field Sobriety TestsField Sobriety Tests

Horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN)Horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) Involuntary jerking of the eye that occurs

naturally as the eyes gaze to the side Under normal conditions, this occurs when Under normal conditions, this occurs when

the eyes are rotated at high peripheral the eyes are rotated at high peripheral anglesangles

Under the influence of alcohol, it is exaggerated and may occur at lesser angles

Difficulty following a slow moving object Difficulty following a slow moving object horizontallyhorizontally

Walk and TurnWalk and Turn Subject is directed to take nine steps,

heel-to-toe, along a straight line After taking the steps, the suspect must After taking the steps, the suspect must

turn on one foot and return in the same turn on one foot and return in the same manner in the opposite directionmanner in the opposite direction

Indicators of impairment: lack of balance, begins early, stops to regain balance, doesn’t touch heel-to-toe, steps off line, uses arms to balance, makes an improper turn, or takes incorrect number of steps

One-Leg StandOne-Leg Stand Suspect instructed to stand with one

foot approx. six inches off the ground and count aloud by thousands until told to put the foot down

Officer times subject for 30 secondsOfficer times subject for 30 seconds Indicators of impairment: swaying while

balancing, using arms to balance, hopping, and putting the foot down

Intoxilyzer 5000Intoxilyzer 5000

Person give 3 chances to blow sufficient Person give 3 chances to blow sufficient breath into a disposable mouthpiecebreath into a disposable mouthpiece

If the subject fails to provide enough If the subject fails to provide enough breath, it is considered a refusalbreath, it is considered a refusal

Once the breath is trapped within a Once the breath is trapped within a transparent chamber, an infrared beam of transparent chamber, an infrared beam of light is passed through itlight is passed through it

Instrument measures the absorption of Instrument measures the absorption of infrared light by the alcohol in the breath infrared light by the alcohol in the breath and uses this to calculate the BACand uses this to calculate the BAC