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IITAAnnual Report

2002

International Institute of Tropical AgricultureIbadan, Nigeria

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Mission statement

IITA, with its national partners, aims to enhance the food security,income, and well-being of resource-poor people in sub-Saharan Africaby conducting research and related activities to increase agriculturalproduction, improve food systems, and sustainably manage naturalresources.

Mission

Ensemble avec ses partenaires nationaux, l’IITA s’efforce d’accroître lasécurité alimentaire et d’améliorer les revenus ainsi que le bien-êtredes populations démunies de l’Afrique subsaharienne, et ce grâce à larecherche et aux activités connexes visant à augmenter la productionagricole, améliorer les systèmes alimentaires et gérer de façon durableles ressources naturelles.

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IITA Annual Report 2002 iii

Contents

First words: Start by crawling 1Premiers mots: D’abord marcher à quatre pattes 2

Research highlights 7Repères de la recherche à l’IITA 8

Graduate research completed at IITA in 2002 27

Financial information 29

Publications 31

Governing board 44

Professional staff 45

Abbreviations used in this report 48

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IITA Annual Report 2002 1

It’s difficult to imagine what Dorothy Kabuyeand her friends in Vvumba, central Ugandahave lived through during the past 15 years.They have been eyewitnesses to war, brutality,poverty, near starvation and now, thankfully,some prosperity. Their perseverance andtenacity in the face of terrible adversityprovides a lesson for all who work in thedeveloping world.

“This area has seen many wars, torture,over the years,” she says. “People were dis-placed, could not farm. They ran for theirlives.”

For years under successive, repressiveregimes and civil war Dorothy Kabuye and herfamily faced unspeakable hardship. They werefarmers and during the awful strife maintain-ing a home was difficult, keeping the farmgoing impossible.

Cassava was the main crop for farmers inher district. It was more than a subsistencecrop. They sold it in the market for cash. Butwith civil war no one could farm and whatcassava survived was not harvested.

When the war ended and stability beganto return to Uganda, the people of Vvumbavillage settled back to what they expectedwould be a happy recovery with profits fromcassava farming again giving them the kind oflife they had hoped for—not an easy life buta decent one. It was not to be. What war hadstarted, nature itself completed. Tears cometo Dorothy’s eyes as she recalls what happened.

“Then in the 1990s the mosaic diseasecame and took all our cassava away. It madeus very poor. Our children couldn’t go toschool. My children had to drop out. I havepainful memories of that time.”

Start by crawlingThe story of Dorothy Kabuye and the women experts of Vvumba

The farmers in her village were at aloss. They faced ruin, even starvation. Thedevastation which came from a new virus,now called East African Cassava Mosaic Virus–Uganda Variant (EACMV-Ug), was total.Carried from plant to plant by the tinywhitefly, the mosaic virus moved in a frontthat destroyed all the cassava in its path.At the time, the farmers didn’t know thecause of the problem, speculating amongthemselves that it was due to air pollution.For the women of Vvumba it was more thanthe loss of food. The impact on family stabilitywas severe.

“Women normally don’t ask their husbandsfor money, but had to do it. Our husbands gottired of us.” Dorothy recounts.

She and other women began to talkabout forming a group that might be ableto take action. Starting with just a few theydecided to mobilize others, going house tohouse, recruiting members. They faced stiffopposition from many husbands who hadseen women’s groups collapse in the past,with the membership fees disappearing aswell. But Dorothy and her friends persevered,often going on their hands and knees begging.It was not easy but they eventually had 37members.

Soon rumors spread through the villagethat people had seen cassava that was notaffected by the mosaic disease at the UgandaNational Agricultural Research Organization’s(NARO) station at Namulonge, just 20 kmto the south. This was the first cassava mosaicresistant material that had originally cometo Uganda from IITA’s headquarters in Nigeria.In a bold move the women decided, albeit

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IITA Rapport Annuelle 20022

Il est difficile de s’imaginer ce que Dorothy Kabuyeet ses amies de Vvumba, au centre de l’Ouganda,ont vécu ces quinze dernières années: la guerre,la brutalité, la pauvreté, la faim; et grâce à Dieu, unpeu de prospérité à présent. Leur persévérance etténacité devant une adversité épouvantable offrentune leçon à tous ceux qui travaillent dans les paysen développement.

« Cet endroit a connu beaucoup de guerreset de tortures au fil des ans » déclare-t-elle. « Lesgens ont été déplacés, et ne pouvaient donccultiver. Ils courent cherchant à sauver leur vie ».

Des années durant, sous des régimesrépressifs successifs et la guerre civile, DorothyKabuye et sa famille ont vécu des misèresindicibles. C’était des cultivateurs, et au milieude ces conflits atroces, il était difficile d’entretenirune famille et impossible de poursuivre lesactivités champêtres.

Le manioc était la culture la plus répanduedans son district. C’était plus qu’une culture desubsistance. Il était vendu au marché pour del’argent liquide. Mais avec la guerre civile, nulne pouvait cultiver et le peu de manioc survivantn’était pas récolté.

A la fin de la guerre, alors que la stabilitérevenait peu à peu en Ouganda, les populationsdu village de Vvumba commençaient à espérerun heureux retour des profits générés par laculture du manioc, et donc les conditions de vieauxquelles elles aspiraient, pas une vie facilemais une vie décente. Mais point n’y fit. Ce quela guerre a entamé, la nature elle-même devaitachever. Dorothy ne put retenir ses larmes devantces souvenirs.

« Puis dans les années 1990, la maladie dela mosaïque arrive et ravage tout notre manioc.Elle nous a rendues très pauvres. Nos enfants

D’abord marcher àquatre pattesL’histoire de Dorothy Kabuye et des femmes experts de Vvumba

ne pouvaient plus aller à l’école. Les miens ontdû abandonner. J’en garde des souvenirs trèsdouloureux ».

Les agriculteurs de son village ne savaientplus à quel saint se vouer, confrontés qu’ils étaientà la ruine, voire la famine. La dévastationprovoquée par un nouveau virus appelé EACMV-Ug (East African Cassava Mosaic Virus–UgandaVariant) fut totale. Transporté d’un plant à un autrepar une petite mouche blanche, le virus de lamosaïque s’est déplacé en front détruisant ainsitout le manioc sur son passage. A cette époque,les paysans ignorant la cause du mal se lançaientdans des conjectures et culpabilisaient lapollution atmosphérique. Pour les femmes deVvumba, c’était plus qu’une crise alimentaire, cargraves en étaient les conséquences pour lastabilité familiale.

« D’habitude, les femmes ne demandent pasde l’argent à leurs maris, mais elles devaient lefaire. Nos maris se sont lassés de nous » raconteDorothy.

Elle et d’autres femmes ont commencé àparler de la formation d’un groupe qui pourraitentreprendre des actions. En petit nombre audépart, elles ont décidé de mobiliser et de recruterd’autres membres en faisant du porte-à-porte.Elles rencontrèrent une opposition farouche de lapart d’un grand nombre de leurs maris qui ont vudes groupements féminins s’effondre avec lescotisations. Mais Dorothy et ses amies ontpersévéré, adoptant souvent des attitudes demendiants. Ce n’était guère facile mais le groupea finalement atteint 37 membres.

Très tôt, des bruits ont commencé à courirdans le village faisant état de manioc exempt demosaïque que certains auraient vu à la station del’Organisation nationale de la recherche agricole

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with great trepidation, to go to the researchstation to find out if it could help them.

“We thought it would not be easy for thelearned to mix with the unlearned,” saysDorothy. “But what we thought was not whatwe saw. We were welcomed.”

The group that marched on Namulongewent away with resistant cassava cuttings todistribute among their now 57 members.“We treasured them,” Dorothy recalls.

The women became regular visitors toNamulonge. Uganda’s national agriculturalresearch program helped train them and soonthey were participating in trials of Nigerianyams from IITA as well as cassava. Theylearned high density planting techniques andother innovative ways to improve their crops.

“With cassava we always planted 3 metersapart but the scientists told us we could growmeter by meter and still avoid tangles. We wentfrom 250 stands per acre to more than 4000.”

It was during this time that the Govern-ment of Uganda invited IITA to establish aformal research station in East Africa tocontinue the cassava work and to launch aprogram to restore the productivity of AfricanHighland bananas. Over the years, diseasesand pests had reduced their yields by half.The Sendusa research station, adjacent toand sharing facilities with Namulonge, wasthe result and ESARC—IITA’s Eastern andSouthern Africa Research Center was born.

Today, Dorothy’s group participatesin many initial trials and selections at thestation. Twenty members, people Dorothycalls the “experts group”, come onto thestation right at the beginning of new cassavabreeding work.

“So we became the researchers, involvedin trials because we know what we want,” shesays. “We work hand in hand with researchers,we are researching with them.”

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Dorothy Kabuye is proud of her improved cassava –Dorothy Kabuye est fière de son manioc amélioré

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de l’Ouganda (NARO) à Namulonge, à vingtkilomètres en allant vers le sud. Ce fut le toutpremier matériel de manioc résistant à lamosaïque venu du siège de l’IITA au Nigeria.Audacieuses qu’elles étaient, les femmesdécidèrent, quoique avec beaucoup d’inquiétude,de se rendre à la station de recherche pourdemander de l’aide.

« Nous avions pensé que les savants auraientdu mal à se mélanger avec les ignorants que nousétions » déclare Dorothy. « Mais nous avions tort,nous étions chaleureusement accueillies ».

Le groupe qui a marché sur la station deNamulonge est reparti avec des boutures demanioc résistant à distribuer aux membres quisont désormais au nombre de 57. « Nous lesgardions précieusement » rappelle Dorothy .

De nos jours, les femmes visitent souvent lastation de Namulonge. Le programme national derecherche agricole de l’Ouganda a aidé à lesformer et, dès lors elles participent à des essaissur des ignames du Nigeria et des variétés demanioc venant de l’IITA. Elles se sont familiariséesavec les techniques de plantation à forte densitéet avec d’autres façons culturales novatrices.

« Nous avons toujours laissé une distancede 3 mètres entre deux pieds de manioc maisles chercheurs nous ont dit que nous pouvonsplanter à chaque mètre sans que les plants nes’entremêlent. Alors nous sommes passées de250 pieds par acre à plus de 4000 ».

C’est à cette époque que le gouvernementougandais invita l’IITA à implanter une station derecherche en Afrique de l’Est pour poursuivre sestravaux sur le manioc et pour lancer un programmesur la restauration de la productivité des bananiersde hautes altitudes en Afrique. Au fil des ans, lesmaladies et les ravageurs ont réduit les rendementsde moitié. La station de recherche de Sendusa quijouxte celle de Namulonge dont elle partage lesinstallations abrita ainsi le Centre de recherched’Afrique orientale et australe de l’IITA (ESARC).

Aujourd’hui, le groupe de Dorothy participeà plusieurs sélections et essais initiaux en station.Vingt membres du groupe que Dorothy appelle« le groupe des experts » vont à la station dèsque démarrent de nouveaux travaux de sélectionsur le manioc.

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The group measures germination ratesand evaluates new clones at a very earlystage for many of the traits they believe areessential for good cassava. That has helpedimmeasurably in improving the cassavabreeding program, shortening the breedingcycle. In recognition of their efforts one of theofficial release varieties (NASE 12) is called“Vvumba”.

The new varieties have changed the faceof cassava fields in Uganda as the mosaicdisease, the virulent EACMV-Ug, is now rarelyseen. The women have more cassava than everand are now looking to do more postharvest,value-added work to their harvests and to linkbetter with markets through programs likeFOODNET. And for the women of Vvumbathere is another mission—to pass on theirgood fortune and their knowledge to others.They give clean planting material to non-members to help them out and most after-noons you will find Dorothy in the little schoolin Vvumba teaching children about the newways she has learned to farm.

IITA is now applying the lessons ofVvumba to combat new outbreaks of EACMV-Ug in several central African countries,including the Democratic Republic of Congo,where hot spots of disease have appearedalmost simultaneously in several parts of thecountry. In Nigeria, the precursors to thedisease have been found and now IITA is em-barking on an ambitious preemptive programto ensure the valuable Nigerian cassava cropdoes not suffer the fate of cassava in Ugandaduring the early years of the outbreak.

Dorothy Kabuye says her group had tostart by crawling. They learned, and as theylearned they grew. Today they are 280 membersstrong and include some men as well aswomen. Crawling works. As we now bring moreof our research-for-development activities tosouthern Africa, where once again the need isso great, it is important to remember that IITAalso started by crawling.

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help repairDorothy’s house –Les profits généréspar le maniocaideront à laréparation de lamaison de Dorothy

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« Ainsi, nous sommes devenus des chercheursimpliqués dans les essais, car nous savons ce quenous voulons » dit-elle. « Nous travaillons la maindans la main avec les chercheurs, nous faisons larecherche ensemble ».

Le groupe apprécie la levée et évalue denouveaux clones dès les premiers stades, pourbon nombre des caractéristiques qu’il jugeessentielles pour une bonne variété de manioc.Ceci a énormé-ment aidé à améliorer le pro-gramme de sélection de manioc, en raccourcissantle cycle de sélection. En récompense de leursefforts, l’une des variétés officiellement diffusées(NASE 12) a été baptisée « Vvumba ».

Les nouvelles variétés ont changé le visagedes champs de manioc en Ouganda, la mosaïquedu manioc, l’EACMV-Ug virulent, étant devenueune maladie rare. Les femmes récoltent plus demanioc qu’auparavant et voudraient s’intéresserdavantage aux activités post-récolte pour valoriserleurs récoltes et établir de meilleurs liens avec lesmarchés, par le biais de programmes tels queFOODNET. Les femmes de Vvumba se sontassigné une autre mission: transmettre leurbonheur et leurs connaissances à d’autrespersonnes. Elles fournissent du matériel indemneaux non membres pour les aider et la plupart des

après-midi, on voit Dorothy dans la petite école deVvumba en train d’enseigner aux enfants lesnouvelles pratiques culturales qu’elle a acquises.

L’IITA applique les leçons de Vvumba pourcombattre les nouvelles attaques de l’EACMV-Ugdans plusieurs pays de l’Afrique centrale, ycompris en République Démocratique du Congooù les points chauds de la maladie sont apparuspresque au même moment dans plusieurs régionsdu pays. Au Nigeria, les symptômes précurseursde la maladie ont été trouvés, et l’IITA se lanceactuellement dans un ambitieux programmepréventif afin d’assurer que le précieux maniocnigérian ne subisse le même sort que le maniocougandais pendant les premières années del’attaque.

Dorothy Kabuye raconte que son groupe acommencé en marchant à quatre pattes. Ellesapprenaient, et en apprenant, elles grandissaient.Aujourd’hui, le groupe compte 280 membres ycompris des hommes. On peut réussir enmarchant à quatre pattes. Maintenant que noustransférons un plus grand nombre de nos activitésde recherche-pour-le-développement en Afriqueaustrale où les besoins sont à nouveau plusaccentués, il importe de se souvenir que l’IITAaussi a commencé en marchant à quatre pattes.

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A reorganized research agenda, same research prioritiesIn 2001, IITA reorganized its research-for-development programs to make their management more

efficient. Instead of 14 separate projects, the research work has been grouped into six themes (called

projects), each with a coordinator. Three follow the traditional research disciplines of IITA’s former

research divisions (Projects A, B, and C), three are multidisciplinary and based on the agroecoregional

zones in which IITA works (Projects D, E, and F).

The following pages present highlights based on the new project portfolio.

Project APreserving and Enhancing Germplasm and Agrobiodiversity

Germplasm management

• A cowpea core collection (2078 accessions) was established from the world cowpea collection

(> 15 000 accessions) at IITA; 133 yam accessions were added to the in vitro genebank; and the

Bambara groundnut collection (1169 accessions) was rejuvenated.

• Genetic variation in Ugandan banana cv. Sukai Ndizi and the genetic diversity in East African

highland bananas and their putative ancestors was established with DNA markers.

Genetics of key agronomic and quality traits

• Studies on the genetics of resistance to the cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in African cassava

landraces showed that the additive gene effect was more important in predicting progeny

performance. Data from F1 progenies suggest polygenic inheritance of the trait.

• Analysis, through inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometry, of kernels from 240 early-

maturing varieties of maize grown at three sites showed variation in iron (16.9–20.7 mg/kg) and zinc

(18.5–21.2 mg/kg) contents. Environmental, varietal, and variety x environment interaction effects

were highly significant.

• Inheritance was elucidated for cowpea seed characteristics, plant pigmentation, flower color, pod

color, photosensitivity, and resistance to Ascochyta blight.

• Multivariate statistical analysis of 56 quantitative and qualitative agrobotanical traits of 504 African

landraces and 398 improved cultivars of cassava identified 12 cluster groups for the African

landraces and nine for the improved germplasm. Twenty-two clusters were formed from the joint

clustering of the African landraces and improved cassava germplasm.

Biotechnology tools for crop improvement and germplasm management

• Molecular markers were identified for important traits, e.g., DNA markers associated with

quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) (one of

Research highlights

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Nouvel agenda de recherches, mêmes prioritésEn 2001, l’IITA réorganise ses programmes de recherche-pour-le-développement pour rendre leur gestion plus efficace.

Au lieu de 14 projets séparés, les travaux de recherche ont été regroupés sous six thèmes (appelés projets), chaque

projet ayant son coordonnateur. Trois projets s’alignent sur les thèmes traditionnels de recherche à l’IITA confiés aux

anciennes divisions de recherche (Projets A, B, et C). Trois sont pluridisciplinaires et sont basées sur les zones agro-

écologiques relevant du mandat de l’IITA (Projets D, E, et F).

Les pages suivantes présentent les points phares de la recherche sur la base du nouveau portefeuille de projets.

Projet AConservation et valorisation du matériel végétal et de l’agrobiodiversité

Gestion du matériel végétal

• Une collection de base du matériel de niébé (2078 obtentions) a été mise en place à partir de la collection mondiale

de niébé (> 15 000 obtentions) à l’IITA; 133 obtentions d’ignames ont été ajoutées à la vitrothèque d’ignames; et la

collection de voandzou (1169 obtentions) a été rajeunie.

• La variation génétique chez la banane ougandaise cv. Sukai Ndizi de même que la diversité génétique des bananes

des hautes altitudes d’Afrique de l’Est et celle de leurs ancêtres putatifs, ont été établies à l’aide de marqueurs d’ADN.

Génétique de caractères agronomiques et qualitatifs clefs

• Des études sur la génétique de la résistance à la mosaïque du manioc (CMD) impliquant des cultivars locaux de

manioc africain ont montré que l’effet de gène additif était plus déterminant dans la prédiction de la performance des

descendants. Des données se rapportant aux populations F1 suggèrent une transmission polygénique du caractère.

• Une analyse à l’ICP (inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry ) des graines de 240 variétés précoces de maïs

cultivées sur trois sites a présenté une variation de la teneur en fer (16,9–20,7 mg/kg) et en zinc (18,5–21,2 mg/kg).

Les effets environnementaux, variétaux et de l’interaction variété x environnement étaient hautement significatifs.

• L’héritage génétique a été élucidé en ce qui concerne les caractéristiques de la graine de niébé, la pigmentation, la

couleur de la fleur, la couleur de la gousse, la photosensibilité, et la résistance à l’ascochytose.

• L’analyse statistique à plusieurs variables de 56 caractères agrobotaniques, quantitatifs et qualitatifs, chez 504

cultivars locaux africains et 398 cultivars améliorés de manioc a permis d’identifier 12 groupes de cultivars locaux

africains et 9 groupes de cultivars améliorés. Vingt-deux groupes ont été formés en rassemblant cultivars locaux

africains et matériel de manioc amélioré.

Outils biotechnologiques pour l’amélioration des cultures et la gestion de matériel végétal

• Des marqueurs moléculaires ont été identifiés pour des caractères importants ex: marqueurs d’ADN associés aux

loci de traits quantitatifs (QTL) pour la résistance à la bruche du niébé (Callosobruchus maculatus) (l’un des QTL était

responsable d’une variation de ce caractère atteignant 76%); les marqueurs SSR et AFLP associés à la résistance à

Repères de larecherche à l’IITA

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the QTL accounted for up to 76% of the variation for this trait); an SSR marker associated with

resistance to CMD in cassava (accounting for 57.41% of the total phenotypic variation for the trait);

SSR and AFLP markers associated with QTL affecting Striga damage symptom ratings and maize

yield under Striga infestation; QTL for resistance to flower bud thrips detected at five regions of the

cowpea genome that explained 76% of the variation for the trait.

• RAPD markers for resistance to virus (white yam) and anthracnose (water yam) and genetic linkage

maps for white and water yams were published.

• Cowpea gene flow studies showed outcrossing (0.021%) 10 m from the marker line.

Source breeding populations and parental lines

• New sources of several important traits were identified, e.g., root knot nematode (Meloidogyne

incognita) resistance in soybean; resistance to black sigatoka in the Musa Kikundi; pulp color, bunch

characteristics, and nematode resistance in Musa germplasm from Papua New Guinea; resistance to

major diseases, grain quality, and tolerance to specific abiotic stresses in cowpea; resistance to root

rot in cassava; resistance to root knot and yam nematodes in Dioscorea dumetorum; tuber quality in

white and water yams; drought tolerance, high ß-carotene content and vitamin A equivalent, and

resistance to Striga and Aspergillus flavus in maize.

• Improvement of broad-based and special trait populations continued for all mandate crops.

NARS capacity for crop improvement and germplasm management

• Seeds were delivered for international trials, e.g., 63 sets of regional uniform variety trials (RUVT)

of maize and 41 of the regional Striga variety trials (early and extra-early maturity) to partners of

West and Central Africa Collaborative Maize Research Network (WECAMAN); and 409 sets of

cowpea trials to 105 partners in 24 countries. Based on results of 2001 RUVTs, 120 kg of seed of

selected maize varieties were also delivered to NARS partners on request.

• IITA’s Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) was inaugurated and a workshop was organized for

would-be-members of national biosafety committees from five countries in West Africa.

• Several postgraduate students conducted thesis research on the mandate crops in germplasm

management and crop improvement.

Project BDeveloping Biological Control Options

• Mild strains of the pandemic-associated cassava mosaic virus, EACMV-Ug, were shown to provide

a cross-protective effect against superinfection by severe strains of the same virus.

• Some 30 highland bananas and 20 plantain hybrids with improved resistance against the nematode

Radopholus similis have been identified.

• The importance of organic mulching (particularly using the weed Tithonia) in improving crop

production and suppressing nematode damage has been demonstrated in field trials.

• Aflatoxin management packages allowed a 30% reduction of aflatoxin contamination compared with

traditional maize production practices in Bénin and Togo.

• The occurrence and spread of the gray leaf spot pathogen Cercospora maydis on experimental and

farmers’ maize fields in Plateau State and at Mokwa, Nigeria was confirmed. Similarly, widespread

occurrence of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) has been confirmed at the IITA-Ibadan farm.

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la CMD chez le manioc (responsable de 57,41% de la variation phénotypique totale du caractère); les marqueurs

SSR et AFLP associés au QTL affectant l’évaluation des symptômes des dégâts causés par Striga et le rendement du

maïs sous infestation de Striga. Des QTL pour la résistance aux thrips floricoles ont été détectés au niveau de cinq

régions du génome de niébé, justifiant 76% de la variation de ce caractère.

• Les marqueurs RAPD liés à la résistance au virus (igname blanche) et à l’anthracnose (igname aqueuse) et les

cartes de liaison génétique des ignames blanches et aqueuses ont été publiés.

• Des études sur le flux génomique du niébé ont révélé des cas d’exogamie (0,021%) 10 m par rapport à la lignée de

référence.

Populations de sélection de départ et lignées parentales

• De nouvelles sources ont été identifiées pour plusieurs caractères importants; ex: la résistance au nématode à galle

(Meloidogyne incognita) chez le soja; la résistance à la cercosporiose noire chez le cultivar Musa Kikundi; la couleur de

la pulpe, les caractéristiques du régime et la résistance aux nématodes dans le matériel végétal Musa de la

Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée; la résistance aux principales maladies, la qualité de la graine, et la tolérance à des

stress abiotiques spécifiques chez le niébé; la résistance à la pourriture racinaire chez le manioc; la résistance au

nématode à galle et aux nématodes d’igname chez Dioscorea dumetorum; la qualité du tubercule de l’igname blanche

et de l’igname aqueuse; la tolérance à la sécheresse, la teneur élevée en ß-carotène et en équivalent vitamine A , et

la résistance à Striga et Aspergillus flavus chez le maïs.

• L’amélioration des populations à base large et à traits spécifiques se poursuit pour toutes les cultures faisant

l’objet de recherche à l’IITA.

Capacité des SNRA en matière d’amélioration végétale et de gestion du matériel végétal

• Des semences ont été livrées pour des essais internationaux; ex: 63 jeux d’essais RUVT sur le maïs et 41 des essais

variétaux régionaux sur le Striga (matériel précoce et extra-précoce) ont été envoyés aux partenaires de WECAMAN;

409 jeux d’essais sur le niébé ont été livrés à 105 partenaires dans 24 pays. Sur la base des résultats des RUVT 2001,

120 kg de semences de variétés sélectionnées de maïs ont été également livrés sur demande aux partenaires des

SNRA.

• Le Comité institutionnel sur la biosécurité (IBC) de l’IITA a été inauguré et un atelier a été organisé pour les futurs

membres des comités nationaux de biosécurité de cinq pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest.

• Plusieurs étudiants ont effectué leurs thèses de doctorat en gestion du matériel végétal et en amélioration culturale

sur des cultures relevant du mandat de l’IITA.

Project BMise au point d’options de lutte biologique

• Il a été démontré que des souches non virulentes du virus de la mosaïque du manioc associées à la pandémie,

EACMV-Ug, ont un effet de protection croisée contre la surinfection par des souches sévères du même virus.

• Une trentaine d’espèces de bananier de haute altitude et 20 hybrides de plantain dotés d’une meilleure résistance

au nématode Radopholus similis ont été identifiés.

• L’importance du paillage organique ( en particulier à l’aide de l’adventice Tithonia) dans l’augmentation de la

production culturale et l’élimination des dégâts dus aux nématodes a été démontrée dans des essais en plein champ.

• Des paquets de lutte contre l’aflatoxine ont permis une réduction de 30% de la contamination par rapport aux

pratiques traditionnelles de maïsiculture au Bénin et au Togo.

• L’apparition et la propagation du pathogène de la cercosporiose grise, Cercospora maydis, dans des parcelles

expérimentales et des exploitations paysannes de maïs, dans l’Etat du Plateau et à Mokwa (Nigeria) ont été

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• Samples of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were found to be highly virulent to the cowpea

bruchid in small experimental stores and also to laboratory populations of the pod bug (Clavigralla

tomentosicollis) leading to complete control of these pests.

• The industrial production of Green Muscle™ (recently rated by FAO as environmentally safe and

posing low risk to humans) against locusts and grasshoppers in West Africa has been demonstrated

to be economically feasible at a price competitive with synthetic pesticides, and in Niger, farmers

have started buying it in large quantities.

• Studies on the interactions between cassava cultivars and the exotic phytoseiid predator

Typhlodromalus aripo in a range of agroecologies indicated that the predator’s preference for cassava

cultivars with large hairy apices is widespread. In greenhouse studies, T. aripo produced up to four

times more offspring when exudates were available, boosting biological control of cassava green

mite (Mononychellus tanajoa).

• Where T. aripo has persisted for two or more years in the field, cassava green mite (CGM) abundance

has declined substantially and cassava yields have increased between 15 and 45%, and at times, up

to 85% on varieties susceptible to cassava green mite damage and favorable for the predatory mites.

• Mango mealybug and spiralling whitefly infestations (checked in Bénin, Burkina Faso, and Côte

d’Ivoire) were again generally low with a dry season peak particularly in big cities. In all samples, all

exotic parasitoid species were common.

• The exotic thrips parasitoid Ceranisus femoratus was recently recovered 390 km north of the original

experimental release site in southern Bénin, 11/ 2 years after the initial release, indicating faster

spread than anticipated.

• The SP-IPM pilot site farmers gained a 20% increase in maize yields by integrating resistant varieties

with habitat management against Striga and stemborers in Kenya; they also reduced Striga

emergence by 63% by integrating resistant varieties and cropping patterns in northern Nigeria and

resuscitated faba bean production in Egypt and Morocco through resistant varieties and improved

agronomic practices against Orobanche.

• Over 70% of vegetable consumers in Ghana and Bénin are aware of potential health risks linked to

the misuse of pesticides and are willing to pay up to 60% of the premium price for organically grown

vegetables, whereas vegetable farmers are willing to pay 30–60% of the premium price for new

biopesticides, which could increase expected incomes by at least 10% while decreasing health

hazards and environment pollution.

• A total of 41 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters were published in 2002 by the 18 “core”

project scientists.

• A research paper relating aflatoxin exposure to impaired child growth was published in the

prestigious British Medical Journal.

• Faunistic surveys conducted in various ecological regions of Bénin, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, and

Togo, led to the preservation of more than 20 000 new specimens and enabled the IITA insect

reference collection to be updated with 1000 newly identified species.

Project CImpact, Policy, and System Analysis

• The impact of globalization on African agriculture shows that a few countries have experienced a

positive real growth in gross domestic product in the last two decades. Highly competitive global

markets and increases in the production of raw products led to about a 76% decline in commodity

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confirmées. De même, une infestation répandue de la rouille du soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) a été confirmée dans les

parcelles expérimentales de l’IITA à Ibadan.

• Des échantillons de Beauveria bassiana et Metarhizium anisopliae se sont avérés très virulents à la bruche du niébé dans

de petits entrepôts expérimentaux, et aux populations de la punaise des gousses (Clavigralla tomentosicollis) élevées

en laboratoire, ce qui a permis la maîtrise totale de ces ravageurs.

• La production industrielle du Muscle Vert™ ( récemment jugé sans risque pour l’environnement et avec un faible

risque pour l’homme) dans la lutte contre les criquets et les sauterelles en Afrique de l’Ouest, s’est avérée

économiquement faisable à un prix compétitif par rapport à celui des pesticides synthétiques. Au Niger, les

paysans en achètent déjà en grandes quantités.

• Des études sur les interactions entre les cultivars de manioc et le prédateur phytoséiide exotique Typhlodromalus aripo

dans diverses agroécologies ont indiqué une préférence très répandue du prédateur pour des cultivars de manioc à

apex large et pubescent. Dans des études conduites en serre, T. aripo a produit quatre fois plus de descendants en

présence d’exsudats, ce qui a renforcé la lutte biologique contre l’acarien vert du manioc (Mononychellus tanajoa).

• Aux endroits où T. aripo a persisté pendant deux ans ou plus au champ, l’abondance de l’acarien vert du manioc

(CGM) a considérablement baissé et les rendements de manioc ont augmenté de 15 à 45%, et parfois même jusqu’à

85% pour les variétés sensibles aux dégâts de l’acarien vert du manioc, donc favorables aux acariens prédateurs.

• Les infestations de la cochenille du manguier et des aleurodes à spirale (maîtrisées au Bénin, au Burkina Faso et en

Côte d’Ivoire) étaient à nouveau généralement faibles avec une pointe de saison sèche, surtout dans les grandes

villes. Dans tous les échantillons, toutes les espèces parasitoïdes exotiques étaient couramment rencontrées.

• Le parasitoïde exotique des thrips Ceranisus femoratus a été recouvré à 390 km au nord du site de lâchers dans le sud

du Bénin, 1 an et demi après le lâcher, ce qui indique une progression plus rapide que prévue.

• Les paysans du site pilote SP-IPM ont enregistré une hausse de 20% du rendement de maïs, en combinant variétés

résistantes et gestion de l’habitat dans la lutte contre le Striga et les foreuses de tiges au Kenya; ils ont réduit

l’émergence du Striga de 63% en combinant variétés résistantes et assolement dans le nord du Nigeria; et réhabilité

la production de fève en Egypte et au Maroc, grâce à l’utilisation de variétés résistantes et de pratiques

agronomiques améliorées contre Orobanche.

• Plus de 70% des consommateurs de légumes au Ghana et au Bénin sont informés des risques éventuels pour la

santé d’une mauvaise utilisation de pesticides et sont disposés à payer jusqu’à 60% du prix fort des légumes

organiques. En revanche, les producteurs de légumes veulent payer entre 30 à 60% du prix fort des nouveaux

produits biopesticides, ce qui pourrait augmenter les bénéfices attendus d’au moins 10%, tout en diminuant les

risques pour la santé et l’environnement.

• Au total, 41 articles de revue révisés par les pairs et chapitres de livres ont été publiés en 2002 par les 18 principaux

chercheurs des projets.

• Une communication scientifique établissant un lien entre l’exposition à l’aflatoxine et le retard de croissance chez

l’enfant a été publiée dans la célèbre British Medical Journal.

• Des enquêtes faunistiques conduites dans diverses régions écologiques au Bénin, Cameroun, Ghana, Nigeria et

Togo, ont permis de conserver plus de 20.000 nouveaux échantillons et de mettre à jour la collection

entomologique de référence de l’IITA en y ajoutant 1000 espèces nouvellement identifiées.

Projet CImpact, politique et analyse systémique

• L’étude de l’impact de la mondialisation sur l’agriculture en Afrique a montré que quelques pays ont enregistré une

croissance réelle positive de leur produit intérieur brut au cours des deux dernières décennies. Des marchés

mondiaux très compétitifs et des hausses de production de matières premières ont entraîné une chute d’environ

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prices. Some of the interventions for African agriculture to become competitive and to benefit more

from globalization are strengthening the capacity of countries in trade negotiations, stimulating the

production of added-value products, diversifying exports, improving access to information

technology, and increasing regional trade.

• The analysis of the urban food demand structure in the dry savanna of Nigeria shows that rice

(imported and local) represents about 65% of the household expenditure for cereals, followed

by maize (20%), sorghum (9%), and millet (6%). Cross-price elasticities indicate that maize is a

substitute for sorghum and rice.

• The spatial and economic analysis of the fresh cassava supply in Yaoundé identified 15 urban

markets where the product is being sold and 65 villages supplying the four main markets. Most of

the villages are located within a traveling distance of 2–3 hours. These villages will be the major

sites for further research and development actions.

• Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 99% of the serum samples from 200 children aged 18 to

36 months in Bénin. The contamination was higher in the southern Guinea savanna than in the

coastal savanna. It increases from February to November in both zones. Contamination was also

found in the samples of white maize, a staple in the study area. Stunting of growth in children, 40%

on average, was higher in the aflatoxin high-exposure zone than in the low-exposure zone.

• The potential is high for the use of biopesticides for vegetable production because both producers

(about 80% of 372 respondents in Ghana and Bénin) and consumers (70% of 220) are aware of the

health risk from chemical pesticides. Farmers are willing to pay between 30 and 60% more as the

price premium for yield increases of between 10 and 25%. Consumers are willing to pay 50% more

as a price premium for cabbage and tomato free from chemical residues.

• A new scheme for small groups of farmers of between 5 and 10 people is proving successful in the

four pilot states of the Rural Sector Enhancement Program (RUSEP) project in Nigeria. About 4300

farmers belong to 550 groups linked up with private seed companies, 960 with banking institutions,

and 860 with tractor-hiring services for sustainable access to modern agricultural inputs. Similarly,

RUSEP is facilitating the supply of raw materials by farmers’ groups to agro-industries worth about

US$2.7 million. This amounts to about a 20% increase in farmers’ income and a 15% reduction in

cost for the agro-industries.

• FOODNET continues to improve the market information systems in Uganda, including 2–3 broad-

casts per week, and the use of a local SMS service provider to enable text messaging for 17 commodity

prices to be available via mobile phone. Similarly, RUSEP is facilitating the broadcast of market

information on 20 agricultural commodities in Nigeria through local radio and a website.

• About 100 entrepreneurs benefited from training on agro-enterprise and product development in

Nigeria and Uganda.

• The economic analysis of legume fallow for soil fertility maintenance in yam production shows that

intercropping yams with Gliricidia sepium is economically viable with a marginal rate of return of

about 7% from a survey of 153 farmers in Bénin. Similarly, 65% of 631 survey farmers in Nigeria

applied inorganic fertilizer to yam. The intensity of fertilizer application was higher for male farmers,

those with large holdings, and those who produce crops for sale.

• Farmers’ requests for seeds of herbaceous legumes show a sharp increase after only three years in

eight villages of the derived savanna in Bénin (times 2.2) and northern Guinea savanna in Nigeria

(times 7.6). The main driver is livestock feed for Nigeria and soil fertility improvement for Bénin.

• The profile of an ideal yam variety to guide breeding activities was constructed from an ex-ante

adoption study on a sample of 1347 respondents located in the yam belt of Bénin, Côte d’Ivoire,

Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo. Results from Nigeria (631 respondents), as an example, show differences in

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76% des prix des produits de base. Certaines des interventions visant à rendre l’agriculture africaine compétitive

et à tirer un meilleur profit de la mondialisation renforcent la capacité de négociation commerciale des pays,

stimulent la génération de produits à valeur ajoutée, diversifient les exportations, améliorent l’accès à la

technologie de l’information et augmentent les échanges régionaux.

• L’analyse de la structure de la demande alimentaire urbaine dans la zone de savane sèche au Nigeria a montré

que le riz (importé et local) représente environ 65% des dépenses céréalières du ménage, suivi du maïs (20%), du

sorgho (9%), et du mil (6%). L’élasticité croisée des prix indique que le maïs est un substitut valable pour le sorgho

et le riz.

• L’analyse spatio-économique de l’offre de manioc frais à Yaoundé a permis d’identifier 15 marchés de vente urbaine

et 65 villages qui approvisionnent les quatre marchés les plus importants. La plupart des villages sont situés à une

distance de 2 à 3 heures par la route. Ces villages seront ciblés pour une recherche approfondie et des actions de

développement.

• La contamination à l’aflatoxine a été détectée sur 99% des échantillons de sérum prélevés sur 200 enfants âgés de

18 à 36 mois en Bénin . Le niveau de contamination était plus élevé en savane sud-guinéenne qu’en savane côtière.

Elle augmente de février à novembre dans les deux zones. La contamination a été également notée sur les

échantillons de maïs blanc, aliment de base dans la zone d’étude. L’arrêt de croissance chez les enfants, en

moyenne 40%, était plus marqué dans la zone à forte exposition à l’aflatoxine que dans la zone à faible exposition.

• Le potentiel d’adoption de biopesticides dans la production de légumes est élevé. En effet, les producteurs

(environ 80% des répondants au Ghana et au Bénin) aussi bien que les consommateurs (70% de 220) sont bien au

courant des risques pour la santé de l’emploi des pesticides. Les paysans sont disposés à payer un prix plus fort

entre 30 et 25% pour des gains de productivité de 10% à 25%. Les consommateurs veulent bien payer un prix

majoré de 50% pour des tomates et choux exempts de résidus de produits chimiques.

• Un nouveau plan pour de petits groupements paysans (de 5 à 10 personnes) remporte du succès dans les quatre

Etats pilotes du projet RUSEP au Nigeria. A peu près 4300 exploitants agricoles appartiennent à 550 groupements

liés à des sociétés semencières, 960 à des institutions bancaires, et 860 à des services qui louent des tracteurs pour

promouvoir un accès durable aux intrants agricoles modernes. De même, RUSEP facilite l’approvisionnement des

agro-industries en matières premières par les groupements paysans, à concurrence de 2,7 millions de dollars des

Etats-Unis; ce qui représente environ 20% d’augmentation de revenus pour les paysans, et 15% de réduction de

coûts pour les agro-industries.

• FOODNET continue d’améliorer les systèmes d’informations sur les marchés en Ouganda. Deux ou trois diffusions

sont ainsi prévues chaque semaine en plus du recours à un fournisseur local d’accès SMS pour permettre la

communication par téléphone mobile de messages en mode texte sur 17 prix de produits de base. De même,

RUSEP facilite la diffusion, par la radio locale et le site Web, d’informations sur les marchés de 20 produits

agricoles au Nigeria.

• Environ 100 entrepreneurs ont bénéficié d’une formation sur l’agro-entreprise et l’élaboration des produits au

Nigeria et en Ouganda.

• Dans le cadre d’une enquête menée auprès de 153 agriculteurs en Bénin, l’analyse économique du rôle de la

jachère à base de légumineuses dans le maintien de la fertilité du sol a montré que l’igname cultivée en

association avec Gliricidia sepium est viable avec un taux marginal de rentabilité autour de sept. De même, 65% des

631 paysans enquêtés au Nigeria ont appliqué l’engrais inorganique à l’igname. L’intensité d’application de

l’engrais était plus forte chez les exploitants agricoles de sexe masculin, les gros exploitants, et ceux qui cultivent

pour la vente.

• Les demandes de semences de légumineuses herbacées enregistrèrent une hausse nette, après seulement trois

ans, dans huit villages de la savane dérivée au Bénin (2,2 fois) et en savane nord-guinéenne au Nigeria (7,6 fois). La

raison essentielle de cette hausse réside dans l’alimentation du bétail au Nigeria et l’amélioration de la fertilité du

sol au Bénin.

• Le profil d’une variété idéale à cibler par les activités de sélection, a été élaboré à partir d’une étude d’adoption ex-

ante portant sur un échantillon de 1347 répondants dans la ceinture d’igname au Bénin, en Côte d’Ivoire, au Ghana,

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users’ preferences for yam attributes for the three major identified yam products: pounded yam,

boiled yam, and amala.

• High adoption rates of IITA technologies were recorded in the dry savannas of Nigeria. IITA maize

(largely varieties Oba Super 1 and 2) was found in nine out of ten villages and accounted for more

than 45% of the maize planted. Results for soybean (largely TGX1019-2EN and TGX1448-3E) were in

eight out of ten villages and 44% of the area planted. Six years ago, soybean was mentioned in only

two villages. Results for cowpea (largely IT93K452-1 and IT90K277-2) were in six out of ten villages

and 26% of the area planted. In the forest zone of Cameroon, new cassava from IITA (largely 8034

and 8017) was grown in over 64% of the area planted to this crop from a sample of 320 households.

• A user-friendly procedure for annual project planning and management was developed and is

available in the form of a CD-ROM. The procedure is based on a multicriteria scoring approach that

IITA is developing for a more transparent and structured system for setting priorities within the

Institute.

• Two international workshops were successfully organized, one in collaboration with the World Bank

and the second with the CGIAR Systemwide Initiative on Malaria and Agriculture.

Project DStarchy and Grain Staples in Eastern and Southern Africa

• Ninety stakeholders participated in a regional workshop to develop strategies for transforming

the cassava subsector to assure food security, income generation, and economic growth in Eastern,

Central, and Southern Africa. Participants identified opportunities within the food, feed, and

industrial sectors with varying potentials across countries. Demand for feed was estimated at

535 000 t in Madagascar, 500 000 t in Kenya, and 18 750 t in Uganda. Constraints to industrial

transformation included policy, grades and standards, marketing system, volume, prices, supply,

production, processing and storage technologies, credit, market information and intelligence, and

the lack of a private-sector led lobby group.

• FOODNET conducted market studies (46) that aimed to assist research institutes, international

NGOs, governments, donors, and private-sector clients to gain a better understanding of their

market opportunities and challenges on both a territorial and commodity-specific basis.

• Tools for monitoring and evaluating the business performance of processing equipment manu-

facturers have been developed with banks and microcredit institutions to assist in the scaling out

process. In western Kenya, five processing units have been installed and tested to enhance and

develop the income generating potential of cassava, and transform fresh roots into stable, market-

grade, intermediate products.

• SARRNET brokered the involvement of an additional 20 industries within the SADC region in

commercial cassava production and utilization from a base number of less than four in 1990. This

has increased the industrial utilization of cassava from 8166 t in 2001 to 11 700 t in 2002. Farmers’

associations have been established in pilot production and processing centers and linked to

industrial users in Malawi (3) and Tanzania (2). A cassava business center has been created in

Tanzania while a “Cassava Task Force” was inaugurated in Malawi.

• Typhlodromalus aripo is confirmed established since its release between 1995 and 1998 across

different agroecologies in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Impact

surveys indicate a reduction in CGM populations and a 15–40% increase in storage root yields. The

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au Nigeria et au Togo. Les résultats du Nigeria (631 répondants), par exemple, ont présenté des différences en

termes de préférence des utilisateurs pour certaines caractéristiques d’igname chez les trois principaux produits à

base d’igname identifiés: igname pilée, igname bouillie et amala.

• De forts taux d’adoption des technologies de l’IITA ont été enregistrés dans les zones de savane sèche au Nigeria.

Le maïs mis au point par l’IITA (notamment les variétés Oba Super 1 et 2) a été retrouvé dans neuf villages sur dix

et représentait plus de 45% du maïs semé. Les résultats relatifs au soja (essentiellement TGX1019-2EN et TGX1448-

3E) concernaient huit villages sur dix et 44% des emblavures de soja. Il y a six ans, le soja n’avait été mentionné que

dans deux villages. Pour le niébé, il s’agissait surtout de IT93K452-1 et IT90K277-2 dans six villages sur dix et 26%

des emblavures de niébé. En zone forestière au Cameroun, de nouvelles variétés de manioc fournies par l’IITA

(notamment 8034 et 8017) poussaient sur 64% des terres consacrées au manioc pour un échantillon de 320 ménages.

• Une procédure conviviale de planification et d’administration de projet, sur une base annuelle, a été élaborée et est

disponible sous forme de CD-ROM. La procédure est basée sur une méthode d’évaluation multicritères que l’IITA

élabore en vue de doter l’institut d’un système plus transparent et mieux structuré pour l’établissement des

priorités.

• Deux ateliers internationaux ont été organisés avec succès, l’une en collaboration avec la Banque Mondiale et

l’autre avec l’Initiative sur le Paludisme et l’Agriculture à l’échelle du système du GCRAI.

Projet DFéculents et céréales alimentaires de base en Afrique orientale et australe

• Neuf parties prenantes ont pris part à un atelier régional afin d’élaborer des stratégies pour la transformation

de la filière du manioc et, partant, d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire, la génération de revenus et la croissance

économique en Afrique orientale, centrale et australe. Les participants ont identifié les opportunités potentielles

existant dans les divers pays en matière alimentaire, fourragère et industrielle. La demande d’aliment de bétail

était estimée à 535.000 t à Madagascar, 500.000 t au Kenya, et 18.750 t en Ouganda. Les contraintes liées à la

transformation industrielle touchent aux aspects suivants: politiques, grades et normes, système de commercialisa-

tion, volume, prix, offre, production, technologies de transformation et de stockage, crédit, services d’informations

et de renseignements sur les marchés, et besoin d’un groupe de pression conduit par le secteur privé.

• FOODNET a effectué des études de marché (46) visant à aider les instituts de recherche, les ONG internationales,

les gouvernements, les bailleurs de fonds et les clients du secteur privé à mieux appréhender les opportunités de

marché et les défis aussi bien sur une base territoriale que sous l’angle de produits.

• Des outils ont été mis au point, grâce au concours des banques et des institutions de micro-crédits, pour évaluer et

suivre la performance en affaires des fabricants d’équipements de transformation et favoriser ainsi l’expansion du

processus. Dans l’Ouest du Kenya, cinq unités de transformation ont été installées et testées pour valoriser et

développer le potentiel du manioc en matière de génération de revenus, et convertir des racines fraîches en

produits intermédiaires stables et commercialisables.

• SARRNET a facilité l’entrée dans la production et l’utilisation du manioc, de 20 autres industries dans la région de

la SADC, alors qu’elles étaient moins de 4 en 1990. Ceci a augmenté l’utilisation industrielle du manioc qui est

passée de 8.166 tonnes en 2001 à 11. 700 tonnes en 2002. Des associations paysannes ont été formées dans les

centres pilotes de production et de transformation et reliées à des utilisateurs industriels au Malawi (3) et en

Tanzanie (2). Un centre d’affaires manioc a vu le jour en Tanzanie, tandis qu’un « Groupe ad hoc sur le manioc » a

été investi au Malawi.

• L’établissement de Typhlodromalus aripo a été confirmé depuis ses lâchers de 1995 à 1998 dans différentes zones

agroécologiques au Kenya, au Malawi, au Mozambique, en Tanzanie, en Ouganda et en Zambie. Les études

d’impact ont indiqué une réduction des populations de l’acarien vert du manioc, ce qui s’est traduit par une hausse

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CMD pandemic was newly reported from two districts of northwestern Tanzania and large areas of

DR Congo and Republic of Congo. A coordinated “Plan of Action” for research-for-development on

CBSD was developed by the principal stakeholders.

• Large shoot tips, and compact and hairy apices are major determining factors for suitability to

T. aripo. No interaction was observed between CGM infestation and CMD infections at Kumi, Uganda

where CGM densities are very high. T. aripo did not discriminate against varieties infected by CMD

with similar numbers/tip recorded on MH 95/0414 (resistant to CMD, slightly tolerant to CGM) and

Ebwanatereka (susceptible to both CGM and CMD).

• A spreadsheet, accessible at http://www.iita.org/info/soilmass.zip, was developed using more

precise methods than previously published to simplify determination of soil nutrient stocks.

• A competitive production cost for cassava was estimated to be obtained from 25 to 30 t/ha with an

economic return of about US$800 to US$1000/ha.

• Field and feed trials were initiated with commercial feed millers in Malawi and Tanzania to develop

and validate feed production systems for poultry, pigs, and cattle. Crude protein levels of cassava

leaves (fresh and dried) were 2 to 3 times higher than other fodder crops (fresh and dried alfalfa,

napier hay, and brachiara). Application of chicken manure on the cassava variety Kiroba, planted at

33 000 plants/ha yielded the highest amount of silage. Variety Silira also had the highest yields in

Malawi at similar densities. A 30% increase in milk production was recorded from dairy cattle fed on

cassava silage in Malawi and Tanzania.

• The functional quality characteristics of 832 elite genotypes for potential end-uses were assessed and

cassava starches, in particular, compared favorably with corn starches. Genotype MM96/0161 pro-

duced the highest quantity of gari per unit area, estimated at 11.8 t gari/ha equivalent to US$6820/ha.

• Over 200 000 cassava seedlings were screened in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and

Uganda for multiple disease resistance with emphasis on cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and

quality characteristics. Over 2000 elite genotypes from IITA and ESARC and other advanced locally

selected lines are being evaluated in various countries. Over 500 ha of primary multiplication sites

were established by NGOs, CBOs, and farmers. Production areas in Malawi under improved cassava

and sweetpotato genotypes increased from 9.77% in 2001 to 13.5% for cassava and from 15.66% in

2001 to 29.4% for sweetpotato.

• Open quarantine facilities have permitted exchange of over 3800 improved clones to eight

countries, significantly reducing the cost of establishing cassava using tissue culture material,

shortening the time from evaluation to release of varieties, and providing an efficient regional

solution for the CMD pandemic. The participatory on-farm evaluation involving NGOs, farmer

groups, extension services of the Ministry of Agriculture, and church organizations has permitted

farmers to apply their own criteria to identify suitable varieties and enriched the diversification of

improved varieties in farmers’ fields. This has proved essential in meeting the diverse food and

other needs of households.

• Kikundi, a male-sterile but female-fertile cultivar, is being used as a new resistance source for black

sigatoka in banana germplasm development. Landraces of Papua New Guinea with good variations

in pulp color, bunch characteristics, and resistance to Radopholus similis were identified. There are

strong indications of different pathotypes among R. similis populations in Uganda. Tithonia mulch

improves initial EAHB (cv. Mbwazirume) development, crop production, and suppression of

nematode damage.

• Pratylenchus sudanensis has been demonstrated to be pathogenic on yams in Uganda, though varietal

differences exist in response to it. Monoxenic cultures of Pratylenchus sudanensis have been

established using carrot discs.

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du rendement en racines de 15 à 40%. La pandémie de la CMD a été nouvellement signalée dans deux districts du

nord-ouest de la Tanzanie et sur de vastes domaines en République Démocratique du Congo et en République du

Congo. Les acteurs clefs ont élaboré un « plan d’action » coordonné de recherche sur l’évolution de la CBSD.

• De grosses pousses ainsi que des apex pubescents et compacts constituent les principaux facteurs qui déterminent

l’adaptabilité à T. aripo. Aucune interaction n’a été observée entre l’infestation par CGM et les attaques de CMD à

Kumi, en Ouganda où les densités de CGM sont très élevées. T. aripo n’a pas fait de distinction entre les variétés

attaquées par CMD, les mêmes nombres ayant été notés par pousse sur la MH 95/0414 (résistante à CMD et

légèrement tolérante au CGM) et Ebwanatereka (sensible à la fois au CGM et à CMD).

• Un tableur, accessible au http://www.iita.org/info/soilmass.zip, a été élaboré à l’aide de méthodes plus précises que

celles précédemment publiées afin de simplifier la détermination des stocks de nutriments dans le sol.

• Un coût de production compétitif a été estimé pour le manioc à partir de 25 à 30 t/ha avec une rentabilité

économique d’environ 800 $EU à 1000 $EU/ha.

• Des essais en plein champ ainsi que des essais d’alimentation humaine et animale ont été initiés avec des

meuniers exploitants de fourrage au Malawi et en Tanzanie, afin de mettre au point et de valider des systèmes de

production de nourriture pour volaille, porcins et bovins. Des teneurs en protéine brute de feuilles de manioc

(fraîches et séchées) étaient 2 à 3 fois plus élevées que celles d’autres cultures fourragères (feuilles fraîches et

sèches de la luzerne, d’herbe à éléphant et de brachiara). L’application de fumier de volaille à la variété de manioc

Kiroba, semée selon une densité de 33.000 plants/ha, a présenté la plus forte quantité d’ensilage. Au Malawi, la

variété Silira a aussi présenté les plus hauts rendements aux mêmes densités. Un gain de production laitière de

30% a été enregistré chez les vaches laitières nourries à l’ensilage de manioc au Malawi et en Tanzanie.

• Les caractéristiques qualitatives fonctionnelles de 832 génotypes d’élite ont été évaluées pour des utilisations

finales potentielles, et les amidons de manioc, notamment, ont favorablement résisté à la comparaison avec les

amidons de maïs. Le génotype MM96/0161 a produit la plus forte quantité de gari par unité de surface, estimée à

11,8 t gari/ha; ce qui équivaut à 6,820 $EU/ha.

• Plus de 200.000 plantules de manioc ont été criblées au Kenya, au Malawi, au Mozambique, en Tanzanie et en

Ouganda pour une résistance multiple aux maladies (avec l’accent sur CBSD) et pour les attributs de la qualité.

Plus de 2000 génotypes d’élite de l’IITA et de l’ESARC, et d’autres lignées avancées, sélectionnées localement, sont

en cours d’évaluation dans différents pays. Des sites de multiplication primaires de plus de 500 ha ont été mis en

place par les ONG, les CBO et les agriculteurs. Au Malawi, les zones de production sous génotypes améliorés de

manioc et de patate douce sont passées respectivement de 9,77% en 2001 à 13,5%, et de 15,66 en 2001 à 29,4%.

• Des installations de quarantaine à ciel ouvert ont permis l’échange de plus de 3.800 clones améliorés avec huit

pays. Ainsi, on a pu réduire significativement, par la culture des tissus, le coût d’établissement du manioc,

raccourcir la durée d’évaluation requise pour la diffusion de nouvelles variétés et trouver, à l’échelle régionale,

une solution efficace au problème de la pandémie de la mosaïque du manioc. L’évaluation participative en milieu

réel associant les ONG, les groupements paysans, les services de vulgarisation du Ministère de l’Agriculture, et

les organisations d’église, a permis aux agriculteurs d’utiliser leurs propres critères pour identifier des variétés

appropriées et d’enrichir la gamme des variétés améliorées plantées par les paysans. Elle s’est aussi avérée un

outil capital dans la satisfaction des divers besoins en nourriture et autres besoins familiaux.

• Kikundi, un cultivar androstérile mais fertile est utilisée comme nouvelle source de résistance dans la création de

matériel végétal résistant à la cercosporiose noire du bananier. Des cultivars locaux de la Papouasie Nouvelle-

Guinée, dotés de caractères variés quant à la couleur de la pulpe, le régime et la résistance à Radopholus similis ont

été identifiés. Il existe de fortes indications de la présence de différents pathotypes au sein des populations de

R. similis en Ouganda. Le paillis de Tithonia améliore le développement initial de l’EAHB (cv. Mbwazirume) et la

production culturale, et facilite l’élimination des dégâts causés par les nématodes.

• Il a été démontré que Pratylenchus sudanensis est pathogénique sur les ignames en Ouganda, bien qu’il existe des

différences variétales pour ce qui est de la réponse qui lui est offerte. Des cultures monoxéniques de Pratylenchus

sudanensis ont été établies à l’aide de disques de carotte.

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• Sampling methods for banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) were improved through the use of

damage to the central cylinder, which is the key parameter in banana weevil yield loss assessment.

The positive effect of crop sanitation on weevil pest status (reduced weevil densities and damage)

was demonstrated on-farm. Semiochemicals aggregate banana weevil, while the ant Pheidole sp.

predates on immature banana weevils thereby reducing weevil damage. Searches for natural

enemies in Indonesia revealed several new predators but no parasitoids for either eggs or larvae.

• Training courses were conducted on marketing, agro-enterprise development, market information,

statistical analysis, and CGM management using different approaches, including learning alliance,

field days, and farmer field schools. Ten partners participated in an agroprocessing study tour in

Vietnam, hosted by the Vietnamese Postharvest Technology Institute.

Project EDiverse Agricultural Systems in the Humid Zone of West and Central Africa

• In order to facilitate distribution of improved plantain and banana hybrids to farmers, six pilot

multiplication centers were established in collaboration with four public extension agencies and

two nongovernmental companies in Nigeria. Similarly, three multiplication centers were

established in Ghana. At least 500 farmers received training in rapid plant multiplication techniques

and pre- and postharvest management of plantain through farmers’ field days held at five locations

in Nigeria. At the same time, 10 improved plantain hybrids and five banana hybrids were distributed

to 60 farming communities via farmer participatory demonstration plots located in those

communities.

• Thermal (hot water and boiling water) treatments outyielded the control, ash-coating (traditional),

and nematicide (carbofuran) application. Paring, in combination with thermal treatment, had no

positive effect, thus this labor-intensive exercise can be regarded as unnecessary if suckers are

treated with hot water (20 minutes at 52 °C) or submerged for 30 seconds in boiling water.

• Diagnostic surveys of cassava in western regions of the DR Congo and central and northern

Republic of Congo showed CMD to be the most widespread and damaging production constraint,

with more than 70% of all plants diseased, severe symptoms predominant, and mixed virus

infections frequent. To tackle the expanding CMD pandemic, a multifaceted CMD management

program was initiated in the Republic of Congo, and included the field establishment of >100 elite

CMD-resistant clones, hot spot evaluation of 17 “rescued” IITA varieties, training of Congolese

researchers in cassava plant health management techniques, and the establishment of a national

stakeholder network for cassava research for development.

• It has been clearly established that P and K are the primary limiting nutrients for cassava

production on the structurally stable terre de barre soils of southern Bénin and Togo. In three years of

continuous cropping, cassava yields were maintained above 20 t/ha with NPK and 18 t/ha with PK,

while unamended yields fell to 13 t/ha.

• Participatory evaluation of several improved cassava varieties in the forest margin benchmark of

Cameroon was completed, with the best three varieties retained for mass multiplication and

distribution to farming communities.

• Populations of Dioscorea rotundata developed for high yield and pest resistance formed the basis for

identification of superior new clones by partners in each of the five major yam-producing countries

of West Africa (Bénin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo). New clones of Dioscorea alata selected

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• Des méthodes d’échantillonnage du charançon du bananier (Cosmopolites sordidus) ont été améliorées par le biais du

dégât au cylindre central, paramètre clef dans l’évaluation des pertes de rendement provoquées par ce ravageur.

L’effet positif de l’assainissement cultural sur les ravages du charançon ( réduction des densités et des dégâts du

charançon) a été démontré en milieu réel. Les produits semiochimiques agrègent les charançons du bananier

tandis que la fourmi Pheidole sp. se nourrit des imagos du charançon du bananier, réduisant ainsi les dégâts causés

par ce ravageur. Des recherches d’ennemis naturels entreprises en Indonésie ont permis de découvrir plusieurs

nouveaux prédateurs mais aucun parasitoïde d’œufs ou de larves.

• Des cours de formation ont été organisés sur la commercialisation, le développement de l’agro-entreprise,

l’information sur le marché, l’analyse statistique et la lutte contre le CGM au moyen de différentes méthodes dont

l’alliance pour l’apprentissage, les journées agricoles et les champs écoles. Dix partenaires se sont rendus au

Vietnam dans le cadre d’une visite d’étude sur l’agrotransformation organisée par l’Institut vietnamien de

technologies post-récolte.

Project EDivers systèmes agraires dans les zones humides de l’Afrique occidentale etcentrale

• Afin de faciliter la distribution de matériel amélioré de plantain et de bananier hybrides aux pays, six centres

pilotes de multiplication ont été établis en collaboration avec quatre agences publiques de vulgarisation et deux

sociétés non gouvernementales au Nigeria. De même, trois centres de multiplication ont été ouverts au Ghana. Au

moins 500 paysans ont reçu une formation en techniques de multiplication rapide des végétaux et en gestion pré et

post-récolte du plantain, dans le cadre de journées agricoles organisées dans cinq localités au Nigeria. Parallèlement,

10 hybrides améliorés de plantain et cinq hybrides de bananier ont été distribués à 60 communautés agricoles à

travers les parcelles de démonstration participatives installées dans ces communautés.

• Les traitements thermiques (eau chaude et eau bouillante) ont permis des rendements supérieurs à ceux du

traitement traditionnel (enrobage à la cendre) et du nématicide (carbofuran). Le parage allié au traitement

thermique n’a pas eu d’effet positif; ainsi l’on peut bien se passer du parage à forte intensité de main-d’oeuvre si

les rejets sont traités à l’eau chaude (pendant 20 minutes à 52 °C) ou submergés pendant 30 secondes dans l’eau

bouillante.

• Des enquêtes diagnostiques conduites sur le manioc dans l’ouest de la République Démocratique du Congo, et

dans le centre et le nord de la République du Congo, ont montré que la mosaïque du manioc est la contrainte à la

production la plus répandue et la plus dévastatrice touchant plus de 70% des pieds de manioc. Les symptômes

sévères sont prédominants et la maladie se trouve souvent mélangée à d’autres affections virales. Pour faire face à

la pandémie grandissante de la CMD, un programme pluridimensionnel de lutte contre cette maladie a été lancé

en République du Congo, et comprenait l’établissement en plein champ de >100 clones d’élite résistants à la CMD,

l’évaluation au point chaud de 17 variétés « sauvées » de l’IITA, la formation de chercheurs Congolais en techniques

phytiatriques du manioc, et la création d’un réseau national de partenariat pour la recherche et développement sur

le manioc.

• Il a été clairement établi que P et K sont les tous premiers nutriments limitants dans la production du manioc sur

les terres de barre structurellement stables du sud du Bénin et du Togo. En trois ans de culture continue, les

rendements de manioc dépassaient 20 t/ha avec NPK, et 18 t/ha avec PK alors que les rendements sans

amendements sont tombés à 13 t/ha.

• L’évaluation participative de plusieurs variétés améliorées de manioc dans la zone de référence de la bordure

forestière au Cameroun a été achevée. Les trois meilleures variétés retenues ont été destinées à la multiplication

massive pour distribution aux communautés paysannes.

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for high tuber yield and food quality as well as anthracnose resistance were delivered to, and

evaluated on-station with partners in Nigeria (18 clones) and Côte d’Ivoire (36 clones). Selections

from earlier introductions are under on-farm evaluation with farmers in Côte d’Ivoire.

• At least 95% of producers in surveyed zones in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo would consider

adopting improved yam varieties. Most farmers in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, but not in Togo, are

willing to pay more than the current market price of local yams for varieties with desirable

characteristics.

• Nine-month legume fallows produced between 1.3 and 2.0 times more maize grain than the natural

fallow in southern Cameroon, with maize grain yields being around 4 Mg/ha after the best legume

fallows, such as Cajanus, Mucuna, and Pueraria. P fertilizer application increased the maize grain yield

further in combination with some, but not all, legumes. N fertilizer application (70 kg N/ha) after

natural fallow gave higher though comparable grain yields (4.5 Mg/ha).

• GIS and market survey tools were used successfully to identify the supply system in Yaoundé for

fresh cassava roots. The supply system is fragmented and most of the supplying villages are located

within 2–3 hours travel time. Transport costs represent about 30% of the consumer price. The

carriers complain about bad road conditions, harassment by police, and the lack of space to unload

the commodities in the urban markets.

• Farmers’ organizations associated with the Sustainable Tree Crops Program (STCP) have been able

to increase the prices they receive for cocoa by 10–15% through organized sales in Cameroon, Côte

d’Ivoire, and Nigeria.

• Recommended application rates of fungicide appear to be necessary to maintain cocoa yields

against black pod disease in southern Cameroon. Regarding trade-offs between ecological

sustainability criteria, there was no significant advantage of reducing fungicide rates to earthworms,

the major “ecosystem engineer” in the system. However, relative to the forest system, casting levels

ranged from 24 to 36% in cocoa plantations.

• Two years after a farmers’ organization was established in Akok village, southern Cameroon, and a

farmer-managed credit system set up around the cocoa crop, farmers are actively seeking new

income-generating opportunities and diversifying their agricultural base.

• A participatory mapping approach was developed. Through an interactive process of mapping and

reiterated validations, local communities in southern Cameroon will become familiar with the

concept and practices of geographic representation. They will then be able to sketch land use, clan

and lineage lands, hunting areas, etc. on a georeferenced base map. This will provide new insights

into the management of landscapes by local communities.

• A study of natural fallows in southern Cameroon revealed that farmers identified a total of 174

useful plant species, about 58% of which were collected in fallows of less than 10 years old. This

demonstrates the importance of short fallow systems as a reservoir of forest product species and

their significance in the socioeconomic and cultural lives of rural communities, particularly in

landscapes where forests are rapidly disappearing.

• The prototype CamFlores model was developed to improve understanding of interactions between

farmers and land, and to evaluate the effects on productivity, livelihoods, and landscape of

interventions in farming systems. It was then modified and expanded to simulate a forest margin

benchmark village in Cameroon. The model has demonstrated the critical role of labor availability

in food production, as well as the need to model interhousehold cooperation.

• A new user-friendly version of LEXSYS (Herbaceous Legume Expert System) has been made

available on the internet (ftp://ftp.bangor.ac.uk/pub/departments/af/LEXSYS/) through collaboration

with the University of Wales at Bangor’s School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences.

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• Les populations de Dioscorea rotundata créées pour des rendements supérieurs et la résistance aux ravageurs,

constituent la base sur laquelle de nouveaux clones supérieurs seront identifiés par les partenaires dans chacun

des cinq principaux pays producteurs d’ignames en Afrique de l’Ouest, à savoir le Bénin, la Côte d’Ivoire, le Ghana,

le Nigeria, et le Togo). De nouveaux clones de Dioscorea alata sélectionnés pour de hauts rendements en tubercules

et les caractéristiques organoleptiques, et pour la résistance à l’anthracnose, ont été livrés et évalués avec les

partenaires au Nigeria (18 clones) et en Côte d’Ivoire (36 clones). Des sélections faites à partir d’introductions

précédentes sont en évaluation en milieu réel avec les paysans en Côte d’Ivoire.

• Au moins 95% des producteurs dans les zones enquêtées envisageraient d’adopter des variétés améliorées

d’igname en Côte d’Ivoire, au Ghana, et au Togo. En ce qui concerne les variétés possédant des caractéristiques

désirables, la plupart des paysans en Côte d’Ivoire et au Ghana, contrairement au Togo, sont désireux de payer plus

cher que les prix courants des variétés locales d’igname.

• Des jachères de légumineuses de neuf mois ont produit entre 1,3 et 2,0 fois plus de graines de maïs que la jachère

naturelle dans le sud du Cameroun, les rendements en graines de maïs se situant autour de 4 Mg/ha après les

meilleures jachères de légumineuses telles que Cajanus, Mucuna et Pueraria. L’application de P a davantage

augmenté le rendement en graines de maïs en combinaison avec quelques-unes mais pas toutes les légumineuses.

L’application de N (70 kg N/ha) après la jachère naturelle a donné des rendements en graines supérieurs mais

comparables (4,5 Mg/ha).

• Le SIG et des outils d’étude de marché ont été utilisés avec succès pour identifier le circuit d’approvisionnement en

racines fraîches de manioc au Cameroun. Ce circuit est fragmenté et la plupart des villages fournisseurs sont situés

à 2 ou 3 heures de route. Les coûts de transport représentent environ 30% du prix à la consommation. Les

transporteurs se plaignent du mauvais état des routes, des harcèlements policiers et du manque d’espace pour

décharger les produits dans les marchés urbains.

• Les associations paysannes concernées par le Programme ligneux durable (STCP) ont pu augmenter de 10 à 15%

les prix qu’ils perçoivent pour le cacao grâce à des ventes organisées au Cameroun, en Côte d’Ivoire et au Nigeria.

• Les doses de fongicides recommandées semblent nécessaires pour le maintien des rendements du cacao devant la

menace de la maladie de la fève noire dans le sud du Cameroun. Pour ce qui est de l’équilibre entre les critères de

durabilité écologique, aucun avantage significatif n’a été observé quant à l’effet de la réduction des doses de

fongicides sur les vers de terre, les principaux « ingénieurs de l’écosystème ». Toutefois, pour ce qui est du système

forestier les niveaux de turricules oscillent entre 24 et 36% dans les plantations de cacaoyers.

• Deux ans après la création d’une organisation paysanne dans le village Akok du Cameroun méridional, et

l’installation autour du cacao d’un système de crédit géré par les paysans eux-mêmes, ces derniers recherchent

activement de nouvelles opportunités génératrices de revenus et veulent à tout prix diversifier leur base de

production agricole.

• Une approche de cartographie participative a été élaborée. Aussi les collectivités locales du sud du Cameroun

pourront-elles se familiariser avec le phénomène habituel de représentation géographique grâce à un processus

interactif de cartographie et de validations répétées. Elles seront alors à même d’esquisser sur une carte de base

géoréférencée l’utilisation des terres, les terres claniques et familiales, les zones de chasse, etc. Ceci offrira un

nouveau regard sur la gestion des paysages par les communautés locales.

• Une étude des jachères naturelles dans le sud du Cameroun a révélé que les agriculteurs ont identifié au total

174 espèces végétales bénéfiques dont 58% ont été collectées dans des jachères de moins de 10 ans. Ceci

démontre l’importance des jachères courtes comme réservoirs d’essences forestières ainsi que leur rôle dans la

vie socio-économique et culturelle des communautés rurales, en particulier dans les paysages où les forêts

disparaissent rapidement.

• Le modèle prototype CamFlores a été développé pour obtenir une meilleure compréhension des interactions entre

le paysan et la terre, et pour évaluer les effets sur la productivité, les conditions de vie, et la pérennité du paysage,

des interventions dans les systèmes agraires. Le modèle a été modifié et élargi pour simuler un village de référence

réel en bordure forestière au Cameroun. Il a permis de démontrer le rôle crucial de la disponibilité de la main-

d’oeuvre dans la production agricole, ainsi que le besoin de modéliser la coopération entre les ménages.

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Project FImproving and Intensifying Cereal–Legume Systems in the Moist and DrySavannas of West and Central Africa

• In the degraded soils of Shika farm (Zaria, Nigeria), representing the northern Guinea savanna,

maize yields did not show any significant response to nitrogen applied at 30 to 120 kg N/ha (the

maize yields ranged from1.4 to 2.1 t/ha). However, a supplementary application of 40 kg P/ha,

29 kg Ca/ha, 25 kg Mg/ha, and 26 kg S/ha in the form of TSP and Epsom salts (9.9% Mg, 12.7% S),

the same N treatments showed a highly significant response (the maize yields ranged from 2.2 t/ha

to 5.12 t/ha) suggesting that these degraded soils are not only deficient in N but also deficient in P,

Ca, Mg, and S.

• A participatory on-farm fertility trial in the northern Guinea savanna showed that maize yields were

similar (about 3.5 t/ha) with 136 N + 20 P + 37 K kg/ha (mineral fertilizers) and with 86 N + 9 P + 17 K

kg/ha (mineral fertilizers) + 6 t/ha animal manure. However, in the same fields, soybean yielded

about 3 t/ha without any fertilizer. Also, the residual effect of soybean on maize in the following year

was equal to 6 t/ha of animal manure. The results indicate the importance of cereal–legume

rotation and crop–livestock integration in reducing the need for mineral fertilizers and efficient

management of natural resources.

• Several high yielding maize varieties were developed combining drought tolerance, Striga resistance

and ability to perform well under low fertility (30 kg/ha). Some of the promising varieties are

TZE COMP 3 DT, ACR94 TZE COMP-5W, TZE COMPI C5, DTSRW-CO, and LN PC3. A total of 113

open-pollinated variety trials, 63 hybrid trials, and 24 inbred line trials were distributed to various

countries on request.

• A number of early, medium, and late maturing soybean varieties were developed combining high

grain and stover yields with good nodulation, enhanced nitrogen fixation, and low shattering. The

most promising varieties were TGX 1910-11F (early), TGX 1905-2F (medium), and TGX 1910-8 (late)

with about 2 t/ha grain and 2 to 3 t/ha stover yields. Forty-two sets of soybean international trials

involving 20 improved varieties were sent to 36 collaborators in 21 countries on request.

• A range of improved grain and dual-purpose cowpea varieties were developed with combined

resistance to major diseases, insect pests, and Striga for the northern Guinea savanna (NGS),

Sudan savanna (SS), and the Sahel. The most promising varieties were IT97K-568-18, IT97K-499-35,

IT99K-573-1, and IT00K-1260 for NGS; IT98D-1399, IT98K-409-5, IT98K-491-4, and IT97K-499-39 for

SS, and IT97K-568-18, IT98D-1399, IT98K-131-1, and IT00K-1205 for the Sahel. A total of 409 sets

of cowpea international trials involving 140 improved varieties were sent to 105 collaborators in

24 countries.

• The results of an IPM trial to control cowpea insects at Minjibir (Nigeria) representing the Sudan

savanna showed some beneficial effects of soap and neem leaf but much less compared to synthetic

insecticide. The mean grain yield of the improved cowpea variety IT90K-277-2 was 361 kg/ha without

insecticide spray; 516 kg/ha with soap spray; 509 kg/ha with neem leaf (extract) spray; 1352 kg/ha

with two sprays of synthetic insecticide spray, and 2430 kg/ha with three sprays of synthetic

insecticide sprays.

• It was demonstrated for the first time that stem exudates of cowpea, maize, and soybean can

stimulate more germination of Striga hermonthica seeds than root exudates. It was further shown that

cowpea varieties caused 42–70% germination of S. hermonthica compared to 24–36% germination by

soybean varieties. Cowpea variety IT94K-440-3 was the most effective causing 70% germination

whilst TGX1844-18E was the most effective soybean variety causing 36% germination.

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• Une nouvelle version conviviale de LEXSYS (Herbaceous Legume Expert System) est disponible sur Internet (ftp://

ftp.bangor.ac.uk/pub/departments/af/LEXSYS/) grâce à la collaboration avec le School of Agricultural and Forest

Sciences de l’University of Wales, à Bangor.

Projet FAmélioration et intensification des systèmes à dominantes céréales-légumineuses dans les zones de savane humide et de savane sèche en Afriqueoccidentale et centrale

• Dans les sols dégradés de la ferme de Shika (Zaria, Nigeria), représentative de la savane nord-guinéenne, le

rendement maïsicole n’a pas présenté de réponse significative à un apport azoté de 30 à 120 kg N/ha (les

rendements du maïs variant entre 1,4 et 2,1 t/ha). Toutefois, avec un apport additionnel de 40 kg P/ha, 29 kg Ca/ha,

25kg Mg/ha, et 26 kg S/ha sous forme de sels TSP et Epsom (9,9% Mg, 12,7% S), les mêmes traitements azotés ont

présenté une réponse hautement significative (les rendements de maïs allant de 2,2 t/ha à 5,12 t/ha), ce qui suggère

que ces sols dégradés ne sont pas seulement carencés en N mais manquent aussi de P, Ca, Mg, et S.

• Un essai participatif conduit en milieu réel sur la fertilité du sol dans la savane nord-guinéenne a montré que les

rendements maïsicoles étaient similaires (environ 3,5t/ha) avec 136 N + 20 P + 37K kg/ha (d’engrais minéraux), et

avec 86 N + 9 P + 17K kg/ha (d’engrais minéraux) + 6 t/ha de fumier animal. Toutefois, dans les mêmes parcelles, le

rendement du soja était d’environ 3 t/ha sans apport d’engrais. En outre, l’effet résiduel du soja sur le maïs l’année

suivante équivalait à 6 t de fumier animal. Les résultats démontrent l’importance de la rotation céréale-

légumineuse et de l’intégration culture-élevage dans la réduction du besoin d’engrais minéraux et une gestion

efficace des ressources naturelles.

• Plusieurs variétés à haut rendement de maïs ont été créées combinant la tolérance à la sécheresse et la résistance

à Striga avec un bon comportement dans des sols pauvres (30 kg/ha). Certaines des variétés prometteuses sont: TZE

COMP 3 DT, ACR94 TZE COMP-5W, TZE COMPI C5, DTSRW-CO et LN PC3. Au total 113 essais sur les variétés à

pollinisation libre, 63 essais sur les variétés hybrides et 24 essais sur les lignées endogames ont été distribués sur

demande à différents pays.

• Un certain nombre de variétés à cycle précoce, intermédiaire et tardif de soja ont été créées combinant de hauts

rendements en graines et fourrage à une bonne capacité à noduler, une meilleure fixation de l’azote et un faible

taux d’égrenage. Les variétés les plus prometteuses étaient TGX 1910-11F (précoce), TGX 1905-2F (intermédiaire),

et TGX 1910-8 (tardive) avec environ 2 t/ha de graines et 2 à 3 t/ha de fourrage. Quarante-deux jeux d’essais inter-

nationaux de soja impliquant 20 variétés améliorées ont été envoyés sur demande à 36 collaborateurs dans 21 pays.

• Un éventail de variétés de niébé à graines et à double usage, incorporant la résistance aux principaux insectes

nuisibles et maladies et à Striga, ont été créées pour la savane nord-guinéenne (SNG), la savane soudanienne (SS),

et le Sahel. Les variétés les plus prometteuses étaient IT97K-568-18, IT97K-499-35, IT99K-573-1, et IT00K-1260 pour

la SNG; IT98D-1399, IT98K-409-5, IT98K-491-4, et IT97K-499-39 pour la SS, et IT97K-568-18, IT98D-1399, IT98K-131-1,

et IT00K-1205 pour le Sahel. Au total, 409 jeux d’essais internationaux impliquant 140 variétés améliorées ont été

envoyés à 105 collaborateurs dans 24 pays.

• D’après les résultats d’un essai de lutte intégrée contre les insectes nuisibles du niébé conduit à Minjibir (Nigeria),

site représentant la savane soudanienne, les traitements au savon et aux feuilles de neem ont présenté des effets

bénéfiques mais beaucoup moins que l’insecticide synthétique. Le rendement en graines moyen de la variété

améliorée de niébé IT90K-277-2 était de 361 kg/ha sans traitement insecticide, 516 kg/ha avec le savon, 509 kg/ha

avec le traitement à base d’extrait de feuilles de neem, 1352 kg/ha avec deux pulvérisations d’insecticide

synthétique, et 2430 kg/ha avec trois traitements à l’insecticide synthétique.

• Pour la première fois, il a été démontré que les exsudats de tiges de niébé, maïs et soja peuvent stimuler une

meilleure germination de graines de Striga hermonthica que les exsudats de racines. En outre, il a été montré que les

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• A weed control experiment in maize revealed that a new herbicide, “Nicosulfuron”, was very effective

in controlling weeds at a low dose of 35 g a.i./ha. The mean maize grain yield in the control plot was

968 kg/ha and the herbicide treated plot (35 g a.i.) yielded 3070 kg/ha compared to 2800 kg/ha in the

hand weeded (weed free) plot. The grain yields in plots treated with the higher doses (70, 105, 210,

and 420 g a.i/ha )of the herbicide did not differ significantly from 35 g a.i./ha.

• The farmer participatory evaluation of the IITA/ILRI/ICRISAT improved crop–livestock system has

proved very successful and the number of participating farmers in Nigeria was increased from about

50 in 2001 to 160 farmers in 2002, using the special project support from DANIDA and Gatsby. The

project will now also cover Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria from 2003. A series of

stakeholders’ meetings were held to develop the work plans, and field days were held to show the

trials to farmers, policy makers, scientists, NGOs, and extension workers.

• The farmer-to-farmer diffusion of improved cowpea variety IT90K-277-2, which started in Kano State

(Nigeria) in1997 through GTZ assistance, covered 140 primary farmers and 27 375 secondary farmers

in 2002 who together produced a total of 578 065 kg of seed. This project will be extended to other

states in 2003 through a special grant from USAID.

• The project made a significant contribution in training and capacity building of NARS. Over 60 PhD

and MSc students conducted their thesis research in 2002 under the supervision of Project F

scientists.

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variétés de niébé ont causé 42 à 70% de germination de S. hermonthica, contre 24 à 36% de germination pour les

variétés de soja. La variété de niébé IT94K-440-3 s’est avérée la meilleure avec 70% de germination et la variété de

soja TGX1844-18E était responsable de 36% de germination.

• Une expérimentation de lutte contre les adventices dans des parcelles maïsicoles a révélé qu’un nouvel herbicide

« Nicosulfuron », était très efficace dans la maîtrise des adventices à une faible dose de 35 g a.i./ha. Le rendement

en graines moyen de maïs dans la parcelle témoin était de 968 kg/ha; la parcelle traitée à l’herbicide (35g a.i.) a

produit 3070 kg/ha contre 2800 kg/ha pour la parcelle désherbée à la main (exempte d’herbicide). Les rendements

en graines dans les parcelles ayant reçu les plus fortes doses (70, 105, 210, et 420 g a.i/ha ) d’herbicide n’ont pas

présenté de différence significative par rapport à 35g a.i./ha.

• L’évaluation avec le paysan du système amélioré culture-élevage IITA/ILRI/ICRISAT a connu un grand succès, et le

nombre de paysans participants est monté de 50 environ en 2001 à 160 en 2002 au Nigeria, grâce à l’appui du projet

spécial DANIDA et Gatsby. Le projet couvrira le Burkina Faso, le Ghana, le Mali, le Niger et le Nigeria à partir de

2003. Une série de réunions des parties prenantes a été organisée en vue de préparer les programmes de travail;

des journées agricoles ont été tenues afin de montrer les essais aux paysans, décideurs, chercheurs, ONG et

vulgarisateurs.

• La diffusion d’un paysan à un autre de la variété améliorée de niébé IT90K-277-2, qui a commencé dans l’Etat de

Kano (Nigeria) en 1997 grâce à l’assistance de la GTZ, a couvert 140 agriculteurs primaires et 27.375 paysans

secondaires en 2002. Ensemble, ils ont produit un total de 578.065 kg de semences. Ce projet sera élargi à d’autres

Etats en 2003 grâce à une subvention spéciale de l’USAID.

• La contribution du projet à la formation et au renforcement des capacités des SNRA est fort appréciable. Plus de

60 étudiants en doctorat (PhD) et en MSc ont préparé leurs thèses en 2002 sous la direction des chercheurs du

Projet F.

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MPhil Fellow

Moyib, O. F Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan Self *Molecular characterization of released cassavacultivars and popularly grown landraces inNigeria by sample sequence repeats (SSR)markers

MSc Fellows

Osae, M.Y. M Ghana University of Ghana Cotonou DANIDA *Transmission of the granulovirus of the diamond-back moth Plutella xylostella

Magaji, A. M Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan Self *Evaluation of maize genotypes for resistance tothe pink stem borer, Sesamia calamistis, Hampson(Lepidoptera: noctuidae)

Agbonifo, O. F Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan Self *Construction of genetic linkage map for cassavaManihot esculenta (Crantz) with amplified fragmentlength polymorphism (AFLP) markers

Akinbo, O. M Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan Self *Development of molecular marker for cassavaanthracnose disease

Opabode, J. M Nigeria Obafemi Awolowo Ibadan Self *Comparative morphology and physiology of twoUniversity, Ile-Ife alley tree species: Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia

sepium

Lasisi, J. M Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan Self Evaluation of 25 newly developed cassavagenotypes for early bulking in the inland valleyecosystem

Maman, G. M Niger Ahmadu Bello Ibadan IITA *The mechanisms of field resistance to insectUniversity, Zaria pests in different varieties of cowpea (Vigna

unguiculata L. Walp.)

Wallays, K. M Belgium Katholieke Universiteit Ibadan BNMS *Economic analysis of promising balancedLeuven (KUL) nutrient management systems in northern Nigeria

Vandeplas, I. F Belgium Katholieke Universiteit Ibadan BNMS *Options for production of legume biomass over aLeuven (KUL) range of soil types

Ajaero, J. M Nigeria Federal University of Ibadan GTZ *Seed multiplication and preservation underTechnology, Owerri alternative technologies in northern Nigeria

Ricker, I. F Germany University of Ibadan/ Self *Legume diversity and ethnobotany in theHohenheim Kano northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Weldeab, B. M Eritrea KVL, Denmark Ibadan DANIDA *The role of natural soil supressiveness on Strigadevelopment

Otim, M.H. M Uganda Makerere University, Uganda Self *Assessment of the potential of biological controlKampala of the whitefly vector of cassava mosaic viruses

using parasitoids

Graduate researchcompleted at IITA in 2002

Country of ResearchName M/F Nationality University location Sponsor Research topic

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IITA Annual Report 200228

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002

PhD Fellows

Haimanot, A. F Ethiopia Addis Ababa Addis SDC Striga *The biological control of termitesUniversity Ababa Project

Hoffstadt, T. M Germany Hannover University Benin Self *Biocompetitive control of Aspergillus flavus Link

Aihou, K. M Benin University of Gent Benin IITA Interaction between integrated organic inputBelgium [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and inorganic fertilizers

to a maize cropping system in the derived savannaof Benin Republic

Ngobo-Nkongo, M. F Cameroon University of Wales, Cameroon IITA *Plant community composition andBangor characteristics of shortening fallows in southern

Cameroon

Kekeunou, S. M Cameroon Université de Yaoundé Cameroon Self *Effets types de vegelatiors Jechères sur lespopulations de Zonocerus verie

Fregene, B.T. F Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan Self Poverty assessment of fishing communitiesin Lagos State, Nigeria

Sangoyomi, T. F Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan Self *Postharvest deterioration of yams due to fungi

Endondo, C. M Cameroon Ahmadu Bello Ibadan IITA *Effects of spatial arrangement and cowpeaUniversity, Zaria genotype on production efficiency and intercrop

competition in cotton/cowpea intercroppingsystem

Raji, A.A. F Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan IITA *Assessment of genetic diversity and heteroticrelationship in African improved and localcultivars of cassava

Lokko, Y. F Ghana University of Ghana Ibadan RF *Genetic analysis of host plant resistance tothe African cassava mosaic disease

Kombiok, J. M Ghana Ahmadu Bello Ibadan Pudune The influence of tillage practices and inter-University, Zaria cropping partner on soil moisture, nitrogen

fixation and yield of cowpea intercropping systemlevels in northern Ghana

Nwoke, O. M Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan IITA Assessment of phosphorus in soils of thebenchmark areas of the moist savanna zone ofWest Africa

Osatuyi, O. F Nigeria University of Ibadan Ibadan Self/IITA *Search for new insectostatic/insecticidalcompounds from nature

Fagwalawa, L.D. M Nigeria Bayero University Kano Self *Agrophysiological characterization of early,medium, and late maturing cowpea varietiesunder sole and intercrop

Mustapha, Y. M Nigeria Bayero University Kano Self *Inheritance of plant pigmentation and seed coatcolor in cowpea

Rotimi, M.O. F Nigeria Katholieke Universiteit Onne BMZ- *Assessing losses in plaintain due to plant-Leuven (KUL) West Africa parasitic nematodes in West Africa Project

Ousmane, B. M Cameroon Purdue University Onne Self *Marker assisted selection for Striga and aphidresistance in cowpea

Talwana, H.A. M Uganda Katholieke Universiteit Uganda RF Spatial distribution and effect of plant-parasiticLeuven (KUL) nematodes on root systems and plant nutritional

status of bananas in Uganda

* Provisional thesis title

Country of ResearchName M/F Nationality University location Sponsor Research topic

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United States Agency forInternational Development (USAID)

World Bank

Denmark

Commission of the EuropeanCommunities (CEC)

Japan

International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD)

Department for InternationalDevelopment (DFID), UK

Belgium

Norway

Financial informationFunding overviewFunding for 2002 was US$32.494 million, of which94% came from CGIAR investors and 6% from othersources. Expenditure was US$32.678 million, of which83% was used for program expenses and 17% formanagement and general expenses. The govern-ments and agencies that provided the largest shareof our funding in 2002 are shown in Figure 1 (top 10donors). IITA’s allocation to five research outputs ofthe CGIAR is shown in Figure 2.

Coup d’oeil sur le financementL’enveloppe financière 2002 s’élevait à 32,494 millions dedollars américains dont 94% provenaient des investisseursdu GCRAI et 6% d’autres sources. Les dépenses montaient à32,678 millions $EU dont 83% ont été consacrés auxprogrammes et 17% à l’administration et aux frais généraux.La figure 1 présente les gouvernements et les agences quiont contribué le plus gros montant à notre budget en 2002(les 10 premiers bailleurs de fonds). Les allocations de l’IITAconcernant cinq résultats de recherche du GCRAI sontprésentées à la figure 2.

Figure 1 Funding top 10 donors, 2002

Bundesministerium fürWirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit

und Entwicklung (BMZ), Germany

United States Agency forInternational Development (USAID)

World Bank

Denmark

Commission of the EuropeanCommunities (CEC)

Japan

International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD)

Department for InternationalDevelopment (DFID), UK

Rockefeller FoundationNorway

Bundesministerium fürWirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeitund Entwicklung (BMZ), Germany

Funding top 10 donors, 2001

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Figure 2 Core research expenditure by CGIAR output, 2002

Fina

ncia

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orm

atio

n

Core research expenditure by CGIAR output, 2001

19.8%Germplasm Improvement

3.6%Germplasm Collection

38.0%Sustainable Production

14.6%Policy

24.0%Enhancing NARS

27.5%Germplasm Improvement

3.3%Germplasm Collection

39.5%Sustainable Production

8.5%Policy

21.2%Enhancing NARS

27_48.p65 10/10/2003, 11:37 AM30


Journal articles

Abo, M.E., M.N. Ukwungwu, J.d’A. Hughes, andS.M. Misari. 2001. Sources of resistance to riceyellow mottle virus (RYMV) Genus sobemovirusamong rice varieties and lines in Nigeria. Journal ofAgriculture and Environment 2: 263–270.

Ado, S.G., B. Badu-Apraku, J.G. Kling, and A. Menkir.2002. Release of two new extra-early maize varietiesSammaz 12 and Sammaz 13 by IAR, Samaru. SamaruJournal of Agricultural Research 18: 91.

Akano, A.O, A.G.O. Dixon, C. Mba, E. Barrera, andM. Fregene. 2002. Molecular genetic mapping ofresistance to the African cassava mosaic disease.Theoretical and Applied Genetics 105: 521–525.

Ariyo, O.A., A.G.O. Dixon, and G.I. Atiri. 2002. Therelative resistance of cassava cultivars to Africancassava mosaic disease (ACMD) as determined bytwo methods: rank-sum and the area under thedisease progress curve. Archives of Phytopathologyand Plant Protection 35 (1): 23–30.

Asadu, C.L.A. and A.G.O. Dixon. 2002. Comparativeeffects of continuous cultivation of seven cropcombinations on soil physicochemical properties intwo soils of different land use history in easternNigeria. Communications in Soil Science and PlantAnalysis 33(19–20): 3545–3566.

Asadu, C.L.A., A.G.O. Dixon, and R. Okechukwu. 2002.Comparative evaluation of the contributions of soilphysicochemical properties to variations in theyields of four major staple food crops in easternNigeria. Soils and Tillage Research 65(2): 141–155.

Asawalam, D.O. and S. Hauser. 2001. Effects ofearthworm casts on crop production. TropicalAgriculture (Trinidad) 78: 76–81.

Atachi, P., E.A. Dannon, Y.D. Arodokoun, and M. Tamò.2002. Distribution and sampling of Maruca vitrata(Fabricius) (Lep.: Pyralidae) larvae on Lonchocarpussericeus (Poir) H.B. and K. Journal of AppliedEntomology 126: 188–193.

Bamire, A.S., Y.L. Fabiyi, and V.M. Manyong. 2002.Adoption pattern of fertilizer technology amongfarmers in the ecological zones of southwestern

Nigeria: a Tobit analysis. Australian Journal ofAgricultural Research 53: 901–910.

Carsky, R.J., R. Ndikawa, and L. Singh. 2002. Establish-ment of optimum plant densities for dry seasonsorghum grown on Vertisols in the semiarid zone ofCameroon. African Crop Science Journal 10: 23–30.

Chandra, Z., S. Huamán, K. Hari, and R. Ortiz. 2002.Optimal sampling strategy and core collection sizeof Andean tetraploid potato based on isozyme data:a simulation study. Theoretical and Applied Genetics104: 1325–1334.

Chianu, J.N., J.O. Akintola, and P.M. Kormawa. 2002.Profitability of cassava/maize production underdifferent land-use intensities in the derived savannaof southwest Nigeria. Experimental Agriculture38: 51–63.

Chikoye, D., V.M. Manyong, R.J. Carsky, F. Ekeleme, G.Gbehounou, and A. Ahanchede. 2002. Response ofspeargrass (Imperata cylindrica) to cover cropsintegrated with handweeding and chemical controlin maize and cassava. Crop Protection 21: 145–156.

Christiansen, M.J., S.B. Andersen, and R. Ortiz. 2002.Diversity changes in an intensively bred wheatgermplasm during the 20th Century. MolecularBreeding 9: 1–11.

Daniel, I.O., N.Q. Ng, T.O. Tayo, and A.O. Togun. 2002.Wet-cold preservation of West African yam (Dioscoreaspp.) pollen. The Journal of Agricultural Science138: 57–62.

Dixon, A.G.O., J.M. Ngève, and E.N. Nukenine. 2002.Genotype x environment effects on severity ofcassava bacterial blight disease caused byXanthomonas axonopodis pv. Manihotis. European Journalof Plant Pathology 108(8): 763–770.

Dixon, A.G.O., J.M. Ngeve, and E.N. Nukenine. 2002.Response of cassava genotypes to four bioticconstraints in three agroecologies of Nigeria. AfricanCrop Science Journal 10(1): 11–21.

Douthwaite, B., J.D.H. Keatinge, and J.R. Park. 2002.Learning selection: a model for planning, imple-menting, and evaluating participatory technologydevelopment. Agricultural Systems 72(2): 109–131.

PublicationsContributions by IITA staff to scientific literature that became available during 2002, including journal

articles, books and book chapters, papers in monographs or conference proceedings, published

abstracts, research notes, and disease reports. Also included are publications based on work done by

IITA staff prior to their joining IITA, especially where the work reported is of interest to IITA, and

publications by staff who have left IITA, which are based on work done while they were at the Institute.

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Publ

icat

ions

Douthwaite, B., V.M. Manyong, D. Keatinge, andJ. Chianu. 2002. The adoption of alley farming andMucuna: lessons for research, development, andextension. Agroforestry Systems 56: 193–202.

Egesi, C.N. and R. Asiedu. 2002. Analysis of yam yieldsusing the additive main effects and multiplicativeinteraction (AMMI) model. African Crop ScienceJournal 10(3): 195–201.

Egesi, C.N., M. Pillay, R. Asiedu, and J.K. Egunjobi. 2002.Ploidy analysis in water yam Dioscorea alata L.germplasm. Euphytica 128(2): 225–230.

Eggleton, P., D.E. Bignell, S. Hauser, L. Dibog, L. Norgrove,and B. Madong. 2002. Termite diversity across ananthropogenic disturbance gradient in the humidforest zone of West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystemsand Environment 90: 189–202.

Fashola, O.O., K. Hayashi, and T. Wakatsuki. 2002. Effectof water management and polyolefin-coated urea ongrowth and nitrogen uptake of Indica rice. Journal ofPlant Nutrition 25(10): 2173–2190.

Fokunang, C.N., A.G.O. Dixon, T. Ikotun, R. Asiedu,E.A. Tembe, and C.N. Akem. 2002. In vitro,greenhouse, and field assessment of cassava linesfor resistance to anthracnose disease caused byColletotrichum gloeosporiodes f. sp. Manihotis.Mycopathologia 154(4): 191–198.

Gnanvossou, D., R. Hanna, and M. Dicke. 2002. Prey-related odor preference of the predatory mitesTyphlodromalus manihoti and Typhlodromalus aripo (Acari:Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology27: 39–56.

Gold, C.S., A. Kiggundu, A.M.K. Abera, and D. Karamura.2002. Diversity, distribution and farmer preferencesof Musa cultivars in Uganda. Experimental Agriculture38: 39–50.

Gold, C.S., A. Kiggundu, A.M.K. Abera, and D. Karamura.2002. Selection criteria of Musa cultivars as determinedthrough a farmer participatory appraisal survey inUganda. Experimental Agriculture 38: 29–38.

Gold, C.S., S.H. Okech, and S. Nokoe. 2002. Effects ofpseudostem trapping on banana weevil, Cosmopolitessordidus (Germar), populations and damage inNtungamo district, Uganda. Bulletin of EntomologicalResearch 92: 35–44.

Hauser, S. 2002. Production and spatial distribution ofvolunteer biomass between multipurpose treehedgerows after two years of fallow. AgroforestrySystems 55: 139–147.

Hauser, S. and C. Nolte. 2002. Biomass production andN fixation of five Mucuna pruriens varieties and theireffect on maize yields in the forest zone ofCameroon. Journal of Plant Nutrition and SoilScience 165: 101–109.

Hauser, S., J. Henrot, and A. Hauser. 2002. Maize yieldsin a Mucuna pruriens var. Utilis and Pueraria phaseoloidesrelay fallow system on an Ultisol in southernCameroon. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture20: 243–256.

Hess, D.E., R. Bandyopadhyay, and I. Sissoko. 2002.Pattern analysis of sorghum genotype x environmentinteraction for leaf, panicle, and grain anthracnose inMali. Plant Disease 86: 1374–1382.

Hountondji, F., C. Lomer, R. Hanna, and A. Cherry. 2002.Release and establishment of Neozygites floridana(Entomophtherales: Neozygitacea) for the microbialcontrol of cassava green mite in Benin. BiocontrolScience and Technology 12: 361-370.

Kamara, A.Y., J.G. Kling, S.O. Ajala, and A. Menkir. 2002.The relationship between vertical root-pullingresistance and nitrogen uptake and utilization inmaize breeding lines. Maydica 47: 135–140.

Koona, P., E.O. Osisanya, L.E.N. Jackai, M. Tamò,and R.H. Markham. 2002. Resistance in accessionsof cowpea to the coreid pod-bug Clavigrallatomentosicollis. Journal of Economic Entomology95(6): 1281–1288.

Koona, P., E.O. Osisanya, L.E.N. Jackai, M. Tamò,J. Reeves, and J. d’A. Hughes. 2002. Pod surfacecharacteristics in wild and cultivated Vigna speciesand resistance to the coreid bug Clavigrallatomentosicollis Stal. (Hemiptera: Coreidae). InsectScience and Its Application 22: 1–7.

Kormawa, P.M. and M. von Oppen. 2001. Linkingpotential supply and demand for soybeans inNigeria. Quarterly Journal of InternationalAgriculture 40(3): 211–226.

Koutika, L.-S., S. Hauser, and J. Henrot. 2001. Soilorganic matter assessment in natural regrowth,Pueraria phaseoloides and Mucuna pruriens fallow. SoilBiology and Biochemistry 33: 1095–1101.

Le Gall, P., G. Goergen, and P. Neuenschwander. 2002.Les insectes et le Sillon Dahoméen: fragmentation etrefuges forestiers. Biosystema 20: 73–80.

Magelhaes, S., A. Janssen, R. Hanna, and M. W. Sabelis.2002. Flexible antipredator behavior in herbivorousmites through vertical migration in a plant.Oecologia 132: 143–149.

Mahalakshmi, V., P. Aparana, S. Ramadevi, and R. Ortiz.2002. Genomic sequence derived simple sequencerepeat markers: case study with Medicago spp.Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 5(3): 233–242.http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol5/issue3/full/2/index.html

McIntyre, B.D., C.S. Gold, I.N. Kashaija, H. Ssali,G. Night, and D.P. Bwamiki. 2002. Effects of legumeintercrops on soil-borne pests, biomass, nutrients,and soil water in banana. Biology and Fertility ofSoils 34: 342–348.

Mignouna, H.D., M.M. Abang, A. Onasanya, andR. Asiedu. 2002. Identification and potentialapplication of RAPD markers for anthracnoseresistance in water yam (Dioscorea alata). Annals ofApplied Biology 141: 61–66.

Mignouna, H.D., M.M. Abang, A. Onasanya, B. Agindotan,and R. Asiedu. 2002. Identification and potential useof RAPD markers linked to yam mosaic virus

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ionsresistance in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.).

Annals of Applied Biology 140: 163–169.

Mignouna, H.D., R.A. Mank, N.T.N. Ellis, N. van denBosch, R. Asiedu, S.Y.C. Ng, and J. Peleman. 2002. Agenetic linkage map of guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundataPoir.) based on AFLP markers. Theoretical andApplied Genetics 105: 716–725.

Mignouna, H.D., R.A. Mank, N.T.N. Ellis, N. van denBosch, R. Asiedu, and J. Peleman. 2002. A geneticlinkage map of water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) based onAFLP markers and QTL analysis for anthracnoseresistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 105:726–735.

Muhr, L., S.A. Tarawali, M. Peters, and R. Schultze-Kraft.2002. Soil mineral N dynamics and maize grainyields following Centrosema macrocarpum andStylosanthes guianensis: effects of different improvedfallow rotations and varying levels of N fertilizer tomaize. Field Crops Research 78: 197–209.

Narayana, Y.D., R. Bandyopadhyay, and K.H. Anahosur.2002. Infection of Peronosclerospora sorghi at differentgrowth stages of sorghum. Indian Phytopathology55: 60–62.

Narayana, Y.D., R. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Pande. 2002.Sources of resistance to sorghum downy mildew.Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 32: 243–248.

Neuenschwander, P., J.d’A. Hughes, F. Ogbe, J.M. Ngatse,and J.P. Legg. 2002. Occurrence of the Uganda variantof East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug) inwestern Democratic Republic of Congo and theCongo Republic defines the westernmost extent ofthe CMD pandemic in East/Central Africa. PlantPathology 51: 385.

Norgrove, L. and S. Hauser. 2002. Measured growth andtree biomass estimates of Terminalia ivorensis in thethree years after thinning to different densities in anagrisilvicultural system in southern Cameroon.Forest Ecology and Management 166: 261–270.

Norgrove, L. and S. Hauser. 2002. Yield of plantaingrown under different tree densities and “slash andmulch” versus “slash and burn” management in anagrisilvicultural system in southern Cameroon. FieldCrops Research 78: 185–195.

Nukenine, E.N., A.G.O. Dixon, A.T. Hassan, and F.G.Zalom. 2002. Relationships between leaf trichomecharacteristics and field resistance to cassava greenmite (Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar). Systematic andApplied Acarology 7: 77–90.

Nukenine, E.N., A.T. Hassan, A.G.O. Dixon, andC.N. Fokunang. 2002. Population dynamics ofcassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar)(Acari: Tetranychidae) as influenced by varietalresistance. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences5(2): 177–183.

Nurminiemi, M., S. Madsen, O.A. Rognli, Å. Bjørnstad,and R. Ortiz. 2002. Analysis of the genotype-by-environment interaction for agronomic characteristicsand stability statistics for grain yield of spring barleytested in the Nordic Region. Euphytica 127: 123–132.

Ogbe, F.O., A.G.O. Dixon, G.I. Atiri, and G. Thottappilly.2002. Restriction of virus movement into axillarybuds is an important aspect of resistance in cassavato African cassava mosaic virus. Journal ofPhytopathology 150(10): 546–552.

Oigiangbe, O.N., L.E.N. Jackai, F.K. Ewete, J.d’A. Hughes,and L. Lajide. 2002 Reduced consumption and use ofpods of Vigna species (Leguminosae) by Maruca vitrata(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). African Entomology 10(2):333–340.

Ortiz, R. and A.M. Golmirzaie. 2002. Hierarchical andfactorial mating designs in quantitative genetics oftetrasomic potato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics104: 675–679.

Ortiz, R., E. Frison, and S. Sharrock. 2002. CGIAR FutureHarvest Musa Program for Africa. ChronicaHorticulturae 42(2): 18–24.

Ortiz, R., J. de Vries, and G. Toenniessen. 2002. Securingthe harvest: biotechnology, breeding, and seedsystems for African crops. Crop Science 42: 2226–2227.

Ortiz, R., M. Nurminiemi, S. Madsen, O.A. Rognli, andÅ. Bjørnstad. 2002. Cultivar diversity in nordic springbarley breeding (1930–1991). Euphytica 123: 111–119.

Ortiz, R., M. Nurminiemi, S. Madsen, O.A. Rognli, andÅ. Bjørnstad. 2002. Genetic gains in nordic springbarley breeding (1930s–early 1990s). Euphytica 126:283–289.

Ortiz, R., S.F. Mohamed, J. Weibull, S. Madsen, andJ.L. Christiansen. 2001. Assessment of phenotypicvariation of winter barley in Scandinavia. ActaAgriculturæ Scandinavica (Section B Soil and PlantSciences) 51: 151–159.

Oyewale, B.D. and R.J. Carsky. 2001. Multiple purposetree use by farmers using indigenous knowledge insubhumid and semiarid northern Nigeria.International Tree Crops Journal 11: 295–312.

Robiche, G., P. Le Gall, and G. Goergen. 2002. Contributionà l’étude de la biodiversité des coléoptèresTenebrionidae de la République du Bénin: Premierinventaire. Lambillionea CII(4): 381–431.

Rukazambuga, N.T.D.M., C.S. Gold, and S. Gowen.2002. The influence of crop management on bananaweevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)populations and damage to highland cookingbanana (Musa spp. genome group AAA-EA) inUganda. Bulletin of Entomological Research92: 413–421.

Salako, F.K. and S. Hauser. 2001. Influence of differentfallow management systems on the stability of soilaggregates in southern Nigeria. Communications inSoil Science and Plant Analysis 32: 1483–1498.

Salako, F.K., S. Hauser, O. Babalola, and G. Tian. 2001.Improvement of the physical fertility of a degradedAlfisol with planted and natural fallows under humidtropical conditions. Soil Use and Management17: 41–47.

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Salako, F.K. and G. Tian. 2001. Litter and biomassproduction from planted and natural fallows on adegraded soil in southwestern Nigeria. AgroforestrySystems 51: 239–251.

Sangoyomi, T.E., E.J.A. Ekpo, and R. Asiedu. 2002. Firstreport of Nattrassia mangiferae as a postharvest fungalpathogen of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) in Nigeria.Plant Disease 86(8): 919.

Sétamou, M., F. Schulthess, G. Goergen, H.-M. Poehling,and C. Borgemeister. 2002. Natural enemies of themaize cob borer, Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) in Benin, West Africa. Bulletin ofEntomological Research 92: 343–349.

Sharma, H.C. and R. Ortiz. 2002. Host plant resistanceto insects: an ecofriendly approach for pest manage-ment and environment conservation. Journal ofEnvironment Biology 23: 11–35.

Sharma K.K., H.C. Sharma, N. Seetharama, and R. Ortiz.2002. Development and deployment of transgenicplants: biosafety considerations. In Vitro Plant Celland Development Biology–Plant 38(2): 106–115.

Shiwachi, H. 2002. Yam breeding in IITA. Agriculture andHorticulture 77: 801–803. (In Japanese).

Shiwachi, H., T. Ayankanmi, and R. Asiedu. 2002. Effectof day length on the development of tubers in yams(Dioscorea spp.). Tropical Science 42: 162–170.

Singh, A., R.J. Carsky, E.O. Lucas, and K. Dashiell. 2002.Soybean maturity and environmental effects insavanna systems I: dry matter accumulation. Journalof Sustainable Agriculture 20(1): 75–93.

Speijer, P.R. and D. de Waele. 2001. Nematodesassociated with East African Highland cookingbananas and cv. Pisang Awak (Musa spp.) in CentralUganda. Nematology 3(6): 535–541.

Speijer, P.R., M.O. Rotimi, and D. de Waele. 2001. Plantparasitic nematodes associated with plantain (Musaspp., AAB-group) in southern Nigeria and theirrelative importance compared to other bioticconstraints. Nematology 3(5): 423–436.

Tenkouano, A., K.P. Baiyeri, and R. Ortiz. 2002. Phenotypicand genetic correlations in Musa populations inNigeria. African Crop Science Journal 10: 121–132.

Tian, G., F.K. Salako, and F. Ishida. 2001. Replenishmentof C, N, and P in a degraded Alfisol under humidtropical conditions; effect of fallow species and litterpolyphenols. Soil Science 166(9): 614–621.

Tukamuhabwa, P., K.E. Dashiell, P. Rubaihayo, andM. Nabasirye. 2002. Determination of field yield lossand effect of environment on pod shattering insoybean. African Crop Science Journal 10(3): 203–209.

Tukamuhabwa, P., P. Rubaihayo, and K.E. Dashiell. 2002.Genetic components of pod shattering in soybean.Euphytica 125: 29–34.

Upadhyaya, H.D., P.J. Bramel, R. Ortiz, and S. Singh.2002. Developing a mini core of peanut for utilizationof genetic resources. Crop Science 42: 2150–2156.

Upadhyaya, H.D., P.J. Bramel, R. Ortiz, and S. Singh. 2002.Geographical patterns of diversity for morphologicaland agronomic traits in the groundnut germplasmcollection. Euphytica 128: 191–204.

Upadhyaya, H.D., R. Ortiz, P.J. Bramel, and S. Singh.2002. Phenotypic diversity for morphological andproductivity traits in chickpea core collection.Euphytica 123: 333–342.

Vanlauwe, B., J. Diels, O. Lyasse, K. Aihou,E.N.O. Iwuafor, N. Sanginga, R. Merckx, andJ. Deckers. 2002. Fertility status of soils of thederived savanna and northern guinea savannabenchmarks and response to major plant nutrients,as influenced by soil type and land use management.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 62: 139–150.

Wendt, J.W. 2002. Groundnut response to ash, phosphorus,potassium, lime, and tillage in southern Cameroon.Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 20: 187–199.

Zannou, I., G. J. De Moraes, and R. Hanna. 2002. Two newspecies of phytoseiid mites from southern Africa.Zootaxa 79: 1–6.

Books/book chapters

Bationo, A., B.R. Ntare, S.A. Tarawali, and R. Tabo.2002. Soil fertility management and cowpeaproduction in the semiarid tropics of West Africa.Pages 301–318 in Challenges and opportunities forenhancing sustainable cowpea production, editedby C.A. Fatokun, S.A. Tarawali, B.B. Singh, P.M.Kormawa, and M. Tamò. Proceedings of the WorldCowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September, 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Carsky, R.J., M. Becker, and S. Hauser. 2001. Mucunafallow for the maintenance and restoration of soilfertility of tropical cropping systems: potential andlimitations. Pages 111–135 in Sustaining soil fertilityin West Africa. SSSA Special Publication No. 58.

Carsky, R.J., B. Vanlauwe, O. Lyasse. 2002. Cowpearotation as a resource management technology forcereal-based systems in the savannas of West Africa.Pages 252–266 in Challenges and opportunities forenhancing sustainable cowpea production, edited byC.A. Fatokun, S.A. Tarawali, B.B. Singh, P.M.Kormawa, and M. Tamò. Proceedings of the WorldCowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September, 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Coulibaly. O. and J. Lowenberg-DeBoer. 2002. Theeconomics of cowpea in West Africa. Pages 351–366in Challenges and opportunities for enhancingsustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of theWorld Cowpea Conference III held at theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan,Nigeria.

Devereau, A.D., L.E.N. Jackai, T.B. Olusegun, andA.N.J. Asiwe. 2002. Evaluation of a novel techniquefor screening cowpea varieties for resistance to the

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seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus Pages 136–146in Challenges and opportunities for enhancingsustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of theWorld Cowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Diels, J., K. Aihou, E.N.O Iwuafor, R. Merckx, O. Lyasse,N. Sanginga, B. Vanlauwe, and J. Deckers. 2002.Options for soil organic carbon maintenance underintensive cropping in the West African savanna.Pages 299–312 in Integrated plant nutrient manage-ment in sub-Saharan Africa: from concept to practice,edited by B. Vanlauwe, J. Diels, N. Sanginga, andR. Merckx. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Douthwaite, B. 2002. Enabling innovation: a practicalguide to understanding and fostering technologicalchange. Zed Books, London, UK.

Downham, M.C.A., M. Tamò, D.R. Hall, B. Datinon,D. Dahounto, and J. Adetonah. 2002. Development ofsex pheromone traps for monitoring the legumepodborer, Maruca vitrata (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).Pages 124–135 in Challenges and opportunities forenhancing sustainable cowpea production. Proceed-ings of the World Cowpea Conference III held at theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan,Nigeria.

Emechebe, A.M. and S.T.O. Lagoke. 2002. Recentadvances in research on cowpea diseases. Pages94–123 in Challenges and opportunities for enhancingsustainable cowpea production. Proceed-ings of theWorld Cowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Fatokun, C.A. 2002. Breeding cowpea for resistanceto insect pests: attempted crosses between cowpeaand Vigna vexillata. Pages 52–61 in Challenges andopportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpeaproduction. Proceedings of the World CowpeaConference III held at the International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Fatokun, C.A., S.A Tarawali, B.B. Singh, P.M. Kormawa,and M. Tamò (editors). 2002. Challenges andopportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpeaproduction. Proceedings of the World CowpeaConference III held at the International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Flores, M., M. Eilittä, R. Myhrman, L.B. Carew, andR.J. Carsky (editors). 2002. Food and feed fromMucuna: current uses and the way forward.International Center for Information on Cover Crops(CIDICCO), Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

Gold, C.S., B. Pinese, and J.E. Pena. 2002. Pests ofbanana. Pages 13–56 in Pests and pollinators oftropical fruit, edited by J.E. Pena, J. Sharp, andM. Wysoki. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Hanna, R. and M. Toko (editors). 2002. Developmentand application of a classical biological controlprogramme for cassava green mite in Africa.Proceedings of regional meeting of the Africa-wide

cassava green mite classical biological control project,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,Cotonou, Bénin, February 2002. 170 pp.

Hauser, S., L. Norgrove, and T. Nyobe. 2002. Croprotation and farming systems: smallholder farmingsystems and agroforestry systems. Pages 243–246 inEncyclopedia of soil science, edited by R. Lal. MarcelDekker, Inc. New York, USA.

Iwuafor, E.N.O., K. Aihou, J.S. Jaryum, B. Vanlauwe,J. Diels, N. Sanginga, O. Lyasse, J. Deckers, andR. Merckx. 2002. On-farm evaluation of thecontribution of sole and mixed applications oforganic matter and urea to maize grain productionin the savanna. Pages 185–197 in Integrated plantnutrient management in sub-Saharan Africa: fromconcept to practice, edited by B. Vanlauwe, J. Diels,N. Sanginga, and R. Merckx. CAB International,Wallingford, UK.

Kolawole, G.O., G. Tian, and B.B. Singh. 2002.Differential response of cowpea lines to applicationof P fertilizer. Pages 319–328 in Challenges andopportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpeaproduction. Proceedings of the World CowpeaConference III held at the International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria,4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Kormawa, P., V.M. Manyong, and J.N. Chianu. 2002.Cowpea demand and supply patterns in West Africa:the case of Nigeria. Pages 376–386 in Challenges andopportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpeaproduction. Proceedings of the World CowpeaConference III held at the International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria,4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Kristjanson, P., I. Okike, S.A. Tarawali, V.M. Manyong,and B.B. Singh. 2002. Evaluating adoption of newcrop–livestock-soil management technologies usinggeoreferenced village-level data: the case of cowpeain the dry savannas of West Africa. Pages 169–180in Natural resources management in Africanagriculture: understanding and improving currentpractices, edited by C.B Barrett, F. Place, andA.A. Aboud. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Kubota, D., O.O. Fashola, K.O. Asubonteng, andT. Wakatsuki. 2002. Topography, land use andhydrological characterization of benchmark inlandvalley watersheds. Pages 371–402 in Restoration ofinland valley ecosystems in West Africa, edited byS. Hirose and T. Wakatsuki. Association ofAgriculture and Forestry Statistics, Japan.

Lenné, J.M. and R. Ortiz. 2002. Agrobiodiversity in pestmanagement. Pages 309–320 in Sorghum and milletdiseases III, edited by J.F. Leslie. Iowa StateUniversity Press, Ames, USA.

Lyasse, O., B.K. Tossah, B. Vanlauwe, J. Diels, N. Sanginga,and R. Merckx. 2002. Options for increasing P availabi-lity from low reactive rock phosphate. Pages 225–237in Integrated plant nutrient management in sub-Saharan Africa: from concept to practice, edited byB. Vanlauwe, J. Diels, N. Sanginga, and R. Merckx.Copublicaton of CABI and International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA). CAB International,Wallingford, UK.

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Machuka, J. 2002. Potential role of transgenic approachesin the control of cowpea insect pests. Pages 213–222in Challenges and opportunities for enhancingsustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of theWorld Cowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Machuka, J., A. Adesoye, and O.O. Obembe. 2002.Regeneration and genetic transformation in cowpea.Pages 185–196 in Challenges and opportunities forenhancing sustainable cowpea production. Proceed-ings of the World Cowpea Conference III held at theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan,Nigeria.

Mahalakshmi, V., B.S.V. Reddy, R. Bandyopadhyay, H.C.Sharma, N.K. Rao, and R. Ortiz. 2002. Sorghum online crop information. Pages 321–326 in Sorghumand millet diseases III, edited by J.F. Leslie. IowaState University Press, Ames, USA.

Manyong, V.M., K.O. Makinde, and A.G.O. Ogungbile.2002. Agricultural transformation and fertilizer usein the cereal-based systems of the northern Guineasavanna. Chapter 5 in Integrated plant nutrientmanagement in sub-Saharan Africa: from concept topractice, edited by B. Vanlauwe, J. Diels, N. Sanginga,and R. Merckx. Copublicaton of CABI and InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). CABInternational, Wallingford, UK.

Navi, S.S., and R. Bandyopadhyay. 2002. Biocontrol offungal plant pathogens. Pages 354–365 in Plantpathologist’s pocketbook, edited by J.M. Waller,J.M. Lenné, and S.J. Waller. CommonwealthAgricultural Bureau International, Kew, Surrey, UK.

Ng, N.Q. and S.Y.C. Ng. 2002. Cassava genetic resourcesand conservation. Pages 167–177 in Cassava: biology,production, and utilization, edited by R.J. Hillocks,J.M. Thresh, and A. Bellotti. CAB International,Wallingford, UK.

Okeola, O.G., J.S. Machuka, and I.O. Fasidi. 2002.Insecticidal activities of the African yam bean seedlectin on the development of the cowpea beetle andthe pod sucking bug. Pages 223–230 in Challengesand opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpeaproduction. Proceedings of the World CowpeaConference III held at the International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Okike, I., P. Kristjanson, S.A. Tarawali, B.B. Singh,R. Kruska, and V.M. Manyong. 2002. An evaluationof potential adoption and diffusion of improvedcowpea in the dry savannas of Nigeria: a combina-tion of participatory and structured approaches.Pages 387–406 in Challenges and opportunities forenhancing sustainable cowpea production. Proceed-ings of the World Cowpea Conference III held at theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan,Nigeria.

Olufajo, O.O. and B.B. Singh. 2002. Advances in cowpeacropping systems research. Pages 267–277 inChallenges and opportunities for enhancingsustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of the

World Cowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Ortiz, R. 2002. Germplasm enhancement to sustaingenetic gains in crop improvement. Pages 275–290 inManaging plant genetic diversity, edited by J.M.M.Engels, V.R. Rao, A.H.D. Brown, and M. Jackson.IPGRI, Rome, Italy and CAB International,Wallingford, UK.

Ortiz, R. 2002. ICRISAT bridge–broker–catalyst role forbuilding partnerships for agricultural research-for-development in the semi-arid tropics: a holisticapproach for sorghum and millet improvement as apotential opportunity for such collaborativeprograms. Pages 351–364 in Sorghum and milletdiseases III, edited by J.F. Leslie. Iowa StateUniversity Press, Ames, USA.

Singh, B.B. 2002. Development of drought resistant andwater stress tolerant crops through traditionalbreeding. Pages 11–21 in Water for sustainableagriculture in developing regions. Japan InternationalResearch Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS),Tsukuba, Japan.

Singh, B.B. 2002. Recent genetic studies in cowpea.Pages 3–13 in Challenges and opportunities forenhancing sustainable cowpea production. Proceed-ings of the World Cowpea Conference III held at theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA),Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan,Nigeria.

Singh, B.B. 2002. Breeding cowpea varieties for resistanceto Striga gesnerioides and Alectra vogelii. Pages 154–163in Challenges and opportunities for en-hancingsustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of theWorld Cowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Singh, B.B., J.D. Ehlers, B. Sharma, and F.R. Freire Filho.2002. Recent progress in cowpea breeding. Pages 22–40 in Challenges and opportunities for enhancingsustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of theWorld Cowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Singh, B.B. and H.A. Ajeigbe. 2002. Improving cowpea–cereals-based cropping systems in the dry savannasof West Africa. Pages 278–286 in Challenges andopportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpeaproduction. Proceedings of the World CowpeaConference III held at the International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Singh, B.B. and T. Matsui. 2002. Cowpea varieties fordrought tolerance. Pages 287–300 in Challenges andopportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpeaproduction. Proceedings of the World CowpeaConference III held at the International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Tarawali, G., B. Douthwaite, N.C. de Haan, and S.A.Tarawali. 2002. The role of the farmer as a codeveloperand adopter of green manure cover crops forPu

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sustainable agricultural production in West andCentral Africa. Pages 65–76 in Natural resourcesmanagement in African agriculture: understandingand improving current practices, edited by C.B Barrett,F. Place, and A.A. Aboud. CAB International,Wallingford, UK.

Tarawali, S.A., B.B. Singh, S.C. Gupta, R. Tabo, F. Harris,S. Nokoe, S. Fernandez-Rivera, A. Bationo,V.M. Manyong, K. Makinde, and E.C. Odion. 2002.Cowpea as a key factor for a new approach tointegrated crop–livestock systems research in thedry savannas of West Africa. Pages 233–251 inChallenges and opportunities for enhancingsustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of theWorld Cowpea Conference III held at the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan,Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Tian, G., S. Hauser, L.-S. Koutika, F. Ishida, andJ.N. Chianu. 2001. Pueraria phaseoloides cover croppingfor the maintenance and improvement of soilfertility. Pages 137–155 in Sustaining soil fertility inWest Africa. SSSA Special Publication No. 58.

Vanlauwe, B., J. Diels, N. Sanginga, and R. Merckx(editors). 2002. Integrated plant nutrient managementin sub-Saharan Africa: from concept to practice.Proceedings of the International Symposium onBalanced Nutrient Management Systems, 9–12October 2000, Cotonou, Republic of Bénin. CABInternational in association with IITA. Wallingford,UK. 384 pp.

Conference papers

Auwerkerken, A., J. d’A. Hughes, D. Coyne, D. de Waele,and D.J.F. Brown. 2002. Nematodes as potentialvectors of banana die-back, a virus disease of Musaspp. Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Conference ofthe African Crop Science Society, 22–26 October 2001.Lagos, Nigeria.

Ayodele, M.A., J. d’A. Hughes, and R. Asiedu. 2002.Occurrence of yam leaf, vine, and tuber infection byColletotrichum gloeosporioides strains in four locations inNigeria. Proceedings of the 4th ISTA-PDC Seed healthsymposium on healthy seeds, the basis for sustainablefarming, 29 April–1 May 2002, Wageningen, TheNetherlands.

Badu-Apraku, B. 2002. IITA–NARS partnership for maizeresearch and development in West and CentralAfrica—WECAMAN as a strategy for food securityand poverty alleviation. Paper presented during theNGO/FO/ARI partnership workshop, 14–16 October2002, Bamako, Mali.

Bandyopadhyay, R., S. Pande, M. Blummel, D. Thomas,and K. Rama Devi. 2002. Effect of plant diseases onyield and nutritive value of sorghum and groundnutcrop residues. Paper presented in the Research andPlanning Workshop on Approaches to improveutilization of food-feed crops, 29–31 January 2002,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Birang, a-M., S. Hauser, and D.L. Amougou. 2002.Farmers’ perception of earthworms’ effects on soil

fertility and crop performance. The 7th InternationalSymposium on Earthworm Ecology, 1–6 September2002, Cardiff, Wales.

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Roïng, K., A. Goossens, J. Diels, N. Sanginga, O. Andren,and B. Vanlauwe. 2002. Gaseous N2O fluxesin tropical agriculture—effect of fertilizer andincorporated organic matter in soils of the derivedsavanna zone of Nigeria. Page 135 in Abstracts/proceedings of the 10th Congress of All AfricanBiological Nitrogen Fixation, 28 October–1 November 2002, Accra, Ghana.

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with resistance or tolerance to BSV. Abstract. PlantVirology in sub-Saharan Africa Conference 1,4–8 June 2001, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

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Abera, A., C.S. Gold, A. Hasyim, and R. van Driesche.2002. Field surveys for natural enemies of bananaweevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) in Indonesiawith emphasis on searches for egg and larvalparasitoids. Final report submitted to IDRC, Nairobi,Kenya. 21pp.

Adejobi, A.O. and P. Kormawa. 2002. Determinants ofmanure use in crop production in northern guineasavanna zone of Nigeria. http://mars.wiz.uni-kassel.de/tropentag/proceedings/2002/html/node3.html

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Frison, E. and R. Ortiz. 2002. Future Harvest Programmeon Musa in Africa. INIBAP and PROMUSA SupportGroup Meeting, 31 October 2001, Manila, Phillippines.

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IITA. 2002. Research to nourish Africa: IITA Medium TermPlan 2003–2005. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 108 pp.

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Kormawa, P., J. Ellis-Jones, S. Ibana, D. Chikoye,S. Schultz, O.K. Nielsen, B. Douthwaite, andU. Udensi. 2002. A participatory appraisal ofImperata management strategies for sustainableland use in the subhumid savanna of Nigeria.http://mars.wiz.uni-kassel.de/tropentag/proceedings/2002/html/node275.html

Kormawa, P., T. Awoyemi, and A. Akingbile. 2001. Farmmanagement in the provision of extension servicesin Nigeria: an assessment and a strategy forimprovement. Report submitted to the FAO, UN,November 2001.

Kormawa, P., K.B. Kolawole, I. Azuogu, E.C. Okorji,and C.I. Ezedinma. 2002. Needs assessment studyfor market-driven agricultural technology transferand commercialization in Abia State, Nigeria.RUSEP Monograph No. 1. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.79pp.

Kormawa, P., O.O. Oyebanji, B.O. Ogunbameru, andC.C. Molokwu. 2002. Needs assessement study formarket-driven agricultural technology transfer andcommercialization in Adamawa State. RUSEPMonograph No. 2. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 45pp.

Kormawa, P., L. Ega, J.O. Olukosi, and I. Adamu. 2002.Needs assessment study for market-driven agri-cultural technology transfer and commercializationPu

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Kormawa, P., O. Ogunfowora, A.M. Babandi, andV. Olomo. 2002. Needs assessment study formarket-driven agricultural technology transferand commercialization of agriculture in Oyo State.RUSEP Monograph No. 4. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.58pp.

Kormawa, P., R. Okechukwu, C.I. Ezedinma, K. Makinde,A. Adekunle, P. Philpot. 2002. www.RUSEP.org

Kristjanson, P., S. Tarawali, I. Okike, B.B. Singh,P.K. Thornton, V.M. Manyong, R.L. Kruska, andG. Hoogenboom. 2002. Genetically improved dual-purpose cowpea: assessment of adoption and impactin the dry savanna region of West Africa. ILRI ImpactAssessment Series No. 9. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya. 68 pp.

Mahalakshmi, V., P. Aparana, S. Ramadevi, and R. Ortiz.2002. Genomic sequence derived simple sequencerepeat markers: case study with Medicago spp.Electronic Journal of Biotechnology http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol5/issue3/full/2/index.html

Menkir, A. 2002. Maize International Trial Report for 2000and 2001. IITA, Ibadan.

Menkir, A., J.G. Kling, B. Badu-Apraku, C. The, andO. Ibikunle. 2002. Recent advances in breedingmaize for resistance to Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth.Paper presented at the 7th Eastern and SouthernAfrica Regional Maize Conference and Symposiumon Low-Nitrogen and Drought Tolerance in Maize.11–16 February 2002, Nairobi, Kenya.

Nankinga, C.M., C.S. Gold, and W.K. Tushemereirwe.2002. Overview of Beauveria bassiana for microbialcontrol of banana weevil in Uganda. Infomusa 11:XI.

Neuenschwander, P., J. d’A. Hughes, F. Ogbe, J.M. Ngatse,and J.P. Legg. 2001. New reports of the occurrence ofthe Uganda variant of East African cassava mosaicvirus (EACMV-Ug) from western Democratic Republicof Congo and the Congo Republic define thewesternmost extent of the CMD pandemic in East/Central Africa. New Disease Reports 4, August 2001–January 2002. http://www.bspp.org.uk/ndr

Nielsen, O.K., C. Ritz, and J.C. Streibig. 2002. Analysis ofherbicide dose response bioassays using non-linearmixed modelling. Conference poster at Annual WeedScience Society of Nigeria meeting, NigerianInstitute for Oil Palm Research, Benin City, Nigeria.

Niere, B., C. Gold, and D. Coyne. 2002. Endophytes back.i.News, IITA.

Nwakanma D.C, M. Pillay, B. Okoli, and A. Tenkouano.2002. Sectional relationships in the genus Musainferred from PCR-RFLP of organelle DNA sequences.Poster presented at the 3rd International Symposiumon Molecular and Cell Biology of Banana, 9–12September 2002, Leuven, Belgium.

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Ortiz, R. 2002. Contribution of biotechnology toagricultural research for poverty reduction in Westand Central Africa. West and Central AfricaConsultation on World Bank Rural DevelopmentStrategy. 3 June 2002. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

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Ortiz, R. 2002. Genetics and genomics resources in ex situgermplasm conservation. The evolving role ofgenebanks in the light of developments in moleculargenetics. Expert Meeting, 18 November 2002, León,Spain.

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Dr Enrico Porceddu* (Chair)Professor, Università degli Studi della TusciaViterbo, ItalyAlhaji Ibrahim Abubakar (ex-officio host country)*Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesAbuja, NigeriaProf J.O.I. Ayatse (ex-officio host country)Vice Chancellor, University of AgricultureMakurdi, NigeriaDr Abdoulaye BabaleChair, Board of Trustees, Institut de la recherche agricole pour le développement (IRAD)Yaoundé, CameroonDr Limamoulaye CisséHead, Agronomy DivisionInstitut mondial du phosphate (IMPHOS), Casablanca, MoroccoDr Michael CollinsonConsultantGoring-on-Thames, UKDr Peter Hartmann (ex-officio)Director General, IITAIbadan, NigeriaDr Maurice IzardPresident, Centre Montpellier du CIRADMontpellier, FranceDr Jørgen Jakobsen*Research Director, Danish Institute of Agricultural SciencesSlagelse, DenmarkMrs Assetou KanoutéExecutive Secretary, Association for the Development of Activities of Promotion and Formation (ADAF/Galle)Bamako, MaliDr Joy KwesigaDean, Faculty of Social SciencesMakerere University, Kampala, UgandaDr Mortimer NeufvilleDirector, Federal Relations-Food, Environment and International AffairsWashington D.C., USADr Gry SynnevagAgricultural University of NorwayÅs, NorwayDr Eric TollensKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenHervelee, BelgiumDr Adama TraoréChair, Comité National de la Recherche Agronomique (CNRA)Bamako, MaliDr Hans J. von LengerkeVolkswagen Stiftung,Hannover, GermanyEngineer B.D. Usman (ex-officio host country)Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of EnvironmentAbuja, NigeriaMr Oloche A. Edache (ex-officio host country)*Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesAbuja, Nigeria

Governing board

* Left 2002

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ConsultantA. Okoruwa, soybean food technologist, Ibadan

Project B – Developing Biological ControlOptionsScientistsM. Ayodele, plant pathologist, IbadanR. Bandyopadhyay, pathologist, IbadanA. Cherry, entomologist (joint with NRI), CotonouO. Coulibaly, agricultural economist, CotonouD. Coyne, nematologist, IbadanG. Goergen, entomologist, CotonouR. Hanna, acarologist, CotonouK. Hell, postharvest biologist, CotonouJ.d’A. Hughes, virologist, IbadanB.D. James, entomologist, CotonouJ. Langewald, insect pathologist, CotonouP. Le Gall, entomologist (IRD), CotonouP. Neuenschwander, principal scientist, CotonouM. Tamò, legume entomologist, CotonouPostdoctoral FellowsF. Beed, weed pathologist, CotonouB. Niere, nematologist, KampalaVisiting ScientistsS. Offei, virologist, IbadanF. Ogbe, virologist, IbadanM. Toko, acarologist, Cotonou

Project C – Impact, Policy and System AnalysisScientistsJ. Gockowski, agricultural economist, YaoundéP. Kormawa, agricultural economist, IbadanJ. Legg, geospatial laboratory manager, IbadanV. Manyong, agricultural economist, IbadanPostdoctoral FellowsK.N. Amegbeto, yam economist, IbadanAssociate ExpertsV. Robiglio, GIS specialist, YaoundéConsultantsN. de Haan, rural sociologist, IbadanS. Egal, geographer, CotonouC. Ezedinma, agricultural economist, IbadanK. Makinde, marketing economist, IbadanA. Adekunle, technology transfer specialist, Ibadan

Project D – Starch and Grain Staples inEastern and Southern AfricaScientistsM. Andrade, agronomist, MaputoS. Ferris, enterprise development specialist, KampalaC. Gold, entomologist, KampalaB.W. Khizzah, agronomist, KampalaS. Kolijn, postharvest specialist, Dar-es-SalaamK. Lema, coordinator, cassava project, KinshasaJ. Legg, virologist (joint appointment with NRI),

Kampala

P. Hartmann, director general, Ibadan

Office of the Director GeneralJ. Cramer, executive assistant to the director general,

IbadanF.O. Oke, records/archival officer, Ibadan

Research-for-Development CouncilR. Asiedu, elected councilor, IbadanA.G.O. Dixon, elected councilor, IbadanV. Manyong, elected councilor, IbadanP. Neuenschwander, principal scientist/administrative

representative, CotonouR. Ortiz, chair, administrative representative, Ibadan

Research-for-Development OfficeS. Blok, proposal development officer, SingaporeR. Ortiz, director, IbadanA. Schoning, project officer (contracts and grants), Ibadan

IITA Stations and Officers-in-ChargeP. Neuenschwander, Biological Control Center for Africa

(BCCA), CotonouB.B. Singh, Kano station, KanoS. Weise, Humid Forest Ecoregional Center (HFC), YaoundéJ.B.A. Whyte, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional

Center (ESARC), Kampala

Project CoordinatorsI. Ingelbrecht, Project A, IbadanM. Tamò, Project B, CotonouJ. Gockowski, Project C, YaoundéJ.B.A. Whyte, Project D, KampalaA. Tenkouano, Project E, YaoundéB.B. Singh, Project F, Kano

Project A – Preserving and EnhancingGermplasm and AgrobiodiversityScientistsR. Asiedu, yam breeder, IbadanD.A. Fatokun, legume biotechnologist and PRONAF

coordinator, IbadanM. Ferguson, special project scientist (joint with ICRISAT),

NairobiI. Ingelbrecht, head, biotechnology laboratory, IbadanM. Kolesnikova-Allen, molecular geneticist–cocoa, IbadanB. Maziya-Dixon, maize food technologist, IbadanF. Moonan, Musa geneticist, IbadanM. Pillay, banana breeder, IbadanL. Tripathi, molecular virologist, IbadanPostdoctoral FellowsH. Kikuno, yam physiologist, IbadanVisiting ScientistsY. Lokko, biotechnologist, IbadanS. Oikeh, maize scientist, IbadanA. Raji, biotechnologist, Ibadan

Professional staff

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N-M. Mahungu, agronomist/coordinator, SARRNET,Lilongwe

J. Wendt, soil chemist, KampalaJ.B.A. Whyte, breeder/coordinator EARRNET, KampalaPostdoctoral FellowsS. Abele, economist, KampalaE.E. Kanju, cassava breeder/pathologist, MikocheniAssociate ExpertsC. Dochez, biologist, KampalaA. Fermont, legume agronomist, KampalaVisiting ScientistsC. Nankinga, insect pathologist, KampalaS.H.O. Okech, entomologist, KampalaP. Ragama, statistician, KampalaConsultantsJ.M. Mbwika, PESA co-developer, NairobiP.M. Ntawurunhunga, agronomist, KampalaT. Phillips, PESA interim leader/developer, Guelph

Project E – Diverse Agricultural Systems in theHumid Zone of West and Central AfricaScientistsA. N. Attey, TARGET Musa coordinator West Africa (joint

appointment with IPGRI), NjombeS. David, STCP technology transfer specialist, YaoundéA.G.O. Dixon, cassava breeder, IbadanS. Hauser, soil physicist, YaoundéC. Nolte, soil fertility specialist, YaoundéH. Shiwachi, yam physiologist, IbadanA. Tenkouano, plantain/cassava breeder, YaoundéS. Weise, STCP manager, YaoundéAssociate ExpertL. Wijnans, entomologist/ecologist, YaoundéVisiting ScientistsL. Norgrove, STCP/MARS scientist, YaoundéD. Cornet, yam agronomist (CIRAD), CotonouConsultantsJ. Lemchi, economist/Musa technology exchange, OnneG.B. Nkamleu, economist, YaoundéB. Tchiakam, modeler, YaoundéM. Tindo, entomologist, Yaoundé

Project F – Grain-based Systems in the WestAfrican SavannaScientistsB. Badu-Apraku, breeder/coordinator WECAMAN, BouakéW. Bertenbreiter, project coordinator IITA/GTZ/CSIR seed

project, AccraD. Chikoye, weed scientist, IbadanJ. Diels, modeler, IbadanA. Emechebe, plant pathologist, KanoL. Halos-Kim, food and agricultural engineer, IbadanN. Maroya, GTZ coordinator, AccraA. Menkir, maize breeder, IbadanB.B. Singh, cowpea breeder, KanoS. Tarawali, agronomist (joint appointment with ILRI),

IbadanPostdoctoral FellowsT. Adati, entomologist, KanoG. Dercon, soil fertility specialist, IbadanO. Fashola, soil scientist, IbadanF. Hakizimana, soybean breeder, IbadanAssociate ExpertsA.C. Franke, agronomist, IbadanO.K. Nielsen, weed scientist, IbadanK. Roing, soil scientist, Ibadan

Visiting ScientistJ.A. Okogun, soil scientist, IbadanConsultantsA.Y. Kamara, maize physiologist, IbadanG. Tarawali, agronomist, IbadanResearch Farms UnitF.O. Adunoye, farm superintendent, AbujaJ.J. Olobashola, assistant farm unit head, Ibadan

Research and Administrative SupportA. Aboubakar, station administrator, Cameroon, YaoundéC.A. Soboyejo, station administrator, Bénin, CotonouF. Onyango, station administrator, Uganda, KampalaR. Adeleke, international trials manager, IbadanO.J. Adeniyi, laboratory manager, IbadanJ.N. Agba, station administrative manager, OnneA. Ajeigbe, assistant project manager, KanoJ.B. Akinwumi, engineer, CotonouS. Korie, statistician, CotonouE. Ndindjock, finance officer, YaoundéS. Nyampong, executive assistant, CotonouE. Oyetunji, research database manager, IbadanE.O. Oyewole, research administrative manager, IbadanF. Tossé, chief accountant, CotonouM. Umaru, station administrative manager, KanoJ. Uponi, laboratory manager, analytical services, IbadanC. Yumba, station assistant, YaoundéR.W. Yusuf, multimedia specialist, CotonouBudget and FinanceE. Estoque, chief, financial officer, IbadanB.A. Adeola, senior accountant, IbadanJ.E. Bolarinwa, payroll accountant, IbadanS.A. Ogunade, treasury manager, IbadanK.O. Olatifede, special projects accountant, IbadanO. Sholola, corporate budget and accounting manager,

IbadanCommunications and Information ServicesD. Mowbray, head, IbadanY.A. Adedigba, head, library and documentation, IbadanT. Babaleye, public information manager, IbadanE.O. Ezomo, principal librarian (collection and data),

IbadanA. McCulloch, communications intern, IbadanO. Ogunyinka, ICS project coordinator, IbadanJ. Ojurongbe, production manager, ICS, IbadanY. Olatunbosun, editor, IbadanA. Oyetunde, editor, IbadanT. Owoeye, supervising editor, IbadanP. Philpot, manager, multimedia unit, IbadanCorporate ServicesS.A. Adetunji, acting head, IbadanAuxiliary ServicesH. Cameron, manager, hotel and catering services, IbadanW. Ekpo, security manager, IbadanD. Errington, specialist science teacher, IbadanD. Hurst, head, international school of IITA, IbadanK. Hurst, teacher, international school of IITA, IbadanC. Inniss-Palmer, deputy head, international school of

IITA, IbadanR. Ogundun, materials logistics manager, IbadanM.O. Olanrewaju, assistant manager, hotel and catering

services, IbadanF. Oshikanlu, assistant head, travel services, IbadanD. Sewell, manager, aircraft operations, IbadanComputer ServicesJ. Scott, manager, Ibadan

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Human ResourcesF. Ajose, head, IITA clinic, IbadanO.O. Akinteye, employee relations manager, IbadanS. Ayebameru, executive assistant, IbadanE.O. Lawani, physician, IbadanA. Ohanwusi, planning/training manager, IbadanP. Ojo, medical laboratory services officer, IbadanO.I. Osotimehin, personnel manager, IbadanInternal AuditR.A. Fagbenro, senior internal auditor, IbadanManagement Information SystemsN.N. Eguzozie, manager, MIS, IbadanL.O. Afemikhe, senior technical analyst (computer), IbadanR. Cruickshank, software trainer, IbadanJ. Ukpong, senior analyst, IbadanPhysical Plant ServicesW. Quader, head, IbadanF.M. Akeredolu, electronic services officer, IbadanE.O. Akintokun, research vehicle services officer, IbadanF.K. Alude, heavy equipment and fabrication services

manager, IbadanR. Bishop, construction and site services officer, IbadanP.T. Lamuren, telecommuncation services officer, IbadanM.A. Oyedeji, electrical services officer, IbadanO.O. Taiwo, buildings and grounds services officer,

IbadanTrainingC. Okafor, administrative manager, Ibadan

Cooperative special projectsEastern Africa Root Crops Research Network(EARRNET)B.W. Khizzah, regional agronomist, UgandaJ.B.A. Whyte, breeder/coordinator–Project DIITA/GTZ/CSIR Seed ProjectW. Bertenbreiter, GTZ seed manager, AccraN. Maroya, coordinator, WASNET, AccraPostharvest and Marketing Research Network forEastern and Central Africa (FOODNET)S. Ferris, enterprise development specialistSouthern Africa Root Crops Research Network(SARRNET)S. Kolijn, postharvest specialistM-N. Mahungu, agronomist/coordinatorWest and Central Africa Collaborative MaizeResearch Network (WECAMAN)B. Badu-Apraku, breeder/coordinator, IbadanSustainable Tree Crops Program (STCP)J. Gockowski, research and impact monitoring specialist,

YaoundéM. Kolesnikova-Allen, cocoa geneticist, YaoundéG.B. Nkamleu, economist, YaoundéL. Norgrove, agro-ecologist, YaoundéS. Weise, manager, Yaoundé

Collaborative programs with IARCs and otherinstitutesCIFOR (Yaoundé)O. NdoyeCIRAD (Cotonou, Yaoundé)D. CornetHSPH/APIN (Ibadan, Abuja)M. AinaW. OdutoluICLARM (Yaoundé)R. BrummettICRISAT (Kano, Nairobi)J.J. Adu-Gyamfi, KanoM.E. Ferguson, NairobiIFDC (Ibadan)O. ObademiILRI (Ibadan)A. LarbiJ. NiezenT. WilliamsISNAR (Ibadan)F. IdachabaIRD (Cotonou)P. LeGallNRI (Cotonou, Kampala)A. Cherry, CotonouJ. Legg, KampalaIPGRI (Nyombe)A.N. AtteyWARDA (Ibadan)G. AkpokodieA. MunyemanaO. OsinameM-G. SaethreVVOB (Kampala)C. DochezWinrock InternationalC. Ezedinma, Ibadan

Under recruitmentCassava Biotechnology, PDF (Project A), IbadanCocoa Biodiversity, Consultant (Project A), IbadanDeputy Director General (R4D) (R4D Office), IbadanDutch-APO, Anthropologist (Project C), IbadanDutch-APO, Maize Insect Ecologist (Project B), CotonouImpact/Priority Setting Economist PDF (Project C), IbadanGenebank Curator (Project A), CotonouHead, Human Resources (Corporate Services), IbadanPlant Pathologist, PDF (Project B), IbadanSTCP Trade and Information Systems Economist

(Project E), YaoundéTeacher, Specialist Science, IbadanTeacher, IbadanVVOB-Banana Agronomist (Project D), Kampala

StatisticsNew appointments 38Resignations/terminations 29Country citizenships 40Female/male ratio ca. 1:3

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Abbreviations used in this reportAFLP amplified fragment length polymorphism

BMZ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung

(German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development)

CBO community-based organization

CBSD cassava brown streak disease

CGM cassava green mite

CMD cassava mosaic disease

CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (Ghana)

DANIDA Danish International Development Agency

DFID Department for International Development (UK)

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

EACMV-Ug East Africa cassava mosaic virus-Uganda Variant

EAHB East African highland banana

EARRNET Eastern Africa Root Crops Research Network

ESARC Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Center

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GIG Global Issues Group

GIS geographic information system

GTZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for Technical

Cooperation)

IBC IITA’s Institutional Biosafety Committee

ICP inductively coupled plasma

ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

IIBC International Institute of Biological Control

ILRI International Livestock Research Institute

LEXSYS Legume Expert System

NARO National Agricultural Research Organization (Uganda)

NARS national agricultural research systems

NGO nongovernmental organizations

NGS northern Guinea savanna

NRI Natural Resources Institute (UK)

QTL quantitative trait loci

PESA private enterprise support activities

RAPD random amplified polymorphic DNA

RUSEP Rural Sector Enhancement Program

RUVT regional uniform variety trials

SADC Southern Africa Development Community

SARRNET Southern Africa Root Crops Research Network

SMS short message service

SP-IPM Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management

SS Sudan savanna

SSR single sequencing reaction

STCP Sustainable Tree Crops Program

WECAMAN West and Central Africa Collaborative Maize Research Network

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