iisis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/sk/sk042/sk042_report.pdf · symbol %slope description...

Saskatchewan Land Resource CentrePublication No. SM042

II

THE SOILS OF

Semiarid Prairie AgriculturalResearch Centre,Land Resource Unit,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

WILLOWBUNCHRURAL MUNICIPALITY NO. 42

SASKA TCHEW AN

FEBRUARY 1, 1999

by

Staff, Saskatchewan Land Resource CentreUniversity of Saskatchewan

SaskatchewanAgricultureand Food

1+1AgricultureDevelopmentFund

Agriculture andAgri-Food CanadaResearchBranch

Agriculture etAgroalimentaire CanadaDirection generalede la recherche

STAFF, SASKATCHEWAN LAND RESOURCE CENTRE

Report and Database Compilation: A 1. Anderson, H.C. de Gooijer, P. M. Krug, S.S.M. WoodProgram Directors: J.J. Germida, Director, G. A Padbury, Associate Director, Saskatchewan

Centre for Soil Research, SaskatoonGeographical Information System and Map Processing: AJ. Anderson, S.P. Bowkett,

D.D. Cerkowniak, S. R. E. Johnson, H.B. Stonehouse

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1-11.1 Using the Soil Map and Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-I1.2 About this Soil Report and Map 1-2

2. INTRODUCTION TO SOILS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1 The Soil Profile 2-12.2 The Soil Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- I2.3 Surface Deposits 2-12.4 Surface Forms 2-22.5 Surface Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

3. DESCRIPTION OF SOILS. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .'"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

4. SOIL INTERPRETATIONS 4-14. 1 Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.2 Irrigation Suitability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34.3 Stones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54.4 Soil Capability for Agriculture 4-64.5 Surface pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-84.6 Wetlands Classification (not available) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-94.7 Wind Erosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-104.8 Water Erosion 4-11

5. ACREAGE FACTS (not available) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1

6. INTERPRETIVE DATA TABLES , 6-1

7. GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1

8. FURTHER INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

9. MAP LEGEND 9-1

MAP (in pocket)

1. INTRODUCTION

This publication continues the series of soil survey reportsfor Saskatchewan initiated on a Rural Municipality (R.M.) basisin 1984. This series of publications is a continuation of thebasic soil survey program in the Province initiated in 1958,however, the publication format has been substantially changedto include more interpretive information on an R.M. basis.

The main purpose of a soil survey is to inventory the soilresources of an . area, provide a description of the soils and showtheir extent and distribution. It has become increasingly ap-parent, however, that many users require additional interpretiveinformation for the resolution of production, conservation andother problems related to a particular set of soil conditions. Tothat end, this report also presents a number of interpretationsbased on the soil inventory information.

In order to gain the most information about any particulararea within the municipality, both the soil map and report mustbe used together.

1.1 USING THE SOIL MAP ANDREPORT

Each delineation on the soil map contains a map symboland a unique number which are described and illustrated below,

The Soil Map Symbol

The map symbol is composed of up to three rows ofinformation. The first row typically consists of a soil associa-

Delineation No.: 98

Soil Association:SbHm (Shellbrook-Harnlin)

Slope Class: 2-3(0.5-5% slopes)

Page I-I

tion code, a map unit number and, in some cases, a substratemodifier code. The second row of information consists of asurface texture code. However, if the map symbol is composedof only two rows, this texture information is not included in thesymbol. The last row is a code composed of numbers andletters that indicate the slope cla~s and surface form of thelandscape. A brief explanation of each of these map symbolcomponents is provided on Page 1-2. The soil legend (Section9) describes the general type of soil development, the geologicmaterial in which each soil has developed and, in complexareas, where each geologic material occurs in the landscape, aswell as the kinds of soils comprising each map unit.

Delineation Number and SoilInterpretations

Each map delineation contains a unique number which isused to reference additional soils and interpretive informationin Section 6 of the report. This section provides a tabular listingof interpretive symbols for each delineation. An explanation ofthese symbols is provided under the appropriate subsection inSection 4 entitled, Soil Interpretations",

ExampleTo determine the agricultural capability classificationfor area 98 (used in the example below), turn to Section6 and look up the number 98 listed in the left-handcolumn under the heading, "Area No,". Next, readacross to the symbols listed in the column headed,"Agricultural Capability", These symbols are explainedin Subsection 4.4 entitled, "Soil Capability for Agri-culture" ,

Soil Map Unit No.: 1

Substrate Modifier: T(glacial till)

Surface Texture:vi-I

(very fine sandy loam to loam)Surface Fonn: ad

(undulating dissected)

Figure 1. Sequence of Symbols.

2

Map Symbol Components

SUBSTRATE MODIFIERS SURFACE TEXTURESI

Map Map I MapISymbol Description Symbol Name Symbol Name

B Bedrock gs Gravelly sand scl Sandy clay loam

C Lacustrine clay s Sand fcl Fine sandy clay loam

CL Lacustrine clay loamfs Fine sand vcl Very fine sandy clay loam

ET Eroded glacial tillgls Gravelly loamy sand I LoamIs Loamy sand

G Gravelly fluvial lfs Loamy fine sand sil Silt loamGT Gravelly fluvial & glacial till cI Clay loam

S Sandy fluvial gsl Gravelly sandy loam sicl Silty clay loamSG Sandy & gravelly fluvial gl Gravelly loam

T Glacial till sl Sandy loam c Clay

TC Glacial till & lacustrine clay fl Fine sandy loam sic Silty clay

TS Glacial till & sandy fluvial vi Very fine sandy loam hc Heavy clay

0 Organic

SURFACE FORMSSLOPE CLASSES

MINERAL I ORGANICIMap

Map : MapSymbol % Slope DescriptionSymbol Name Symbol Name

I 0-0.5 Nearly level2 0.5 - 2 Very gentle slopes a Apron B Blanket

3 2-5 Gentle slopes t Fan D Domed

4 5 - 10 Moderate slopes h Hummocky F Floating

5 10 - 15 Strong slopes Inclined H Horizontal

I

6 15 -30 Steep slopes Level 0 Bowl

7 >30 Very steep slopes m Rolling P PlateauL Ridged R Ribbed

Terraced S Slopingu Undulating

EROSIONAL MODIFIERS

c Channelledd Dissectedg Gullied

1.2 ABOUT THIS SOIL REPORT AND MAP

This Soil Report and Map has been compiled as an R.M. Soil Report based on information from the Willow Bunch Lake map sheetsoil report and map, together with some new and/or modified soil polygon data as a result of the Saskatchewan Land Resource Centre/PFRASoil Conflation Project. This report and map is patterned after the SM format soil reports, however, there are notable differences.

I. Section 3 on Soil Descriptions has not been included in this report: the user should refer to Section 9, "Map Legend" for a briefdescription of Soil Associations and Soil Mapunits.

2. Sections on Wetlands, Past Wind and Water Erosion, Sand and Gravel, Soil Moisture and Yield, and Deep Tillage have not beenincluded in this report.

3. The section on "Salinity" provides a description of the most recent three- or four-character symbology used for detailed fieldobservation of Soil Salinity. Although a few soil polygons may have this type of symbol (available largely from field observationsfrom adjacent RM soil reports), the majority of soil polygons in this map area have a single character symbol, which refers to extentonly; where single character symbols are used, degree of salinity (the extent to which crop growth is reduced: refer toTable 4 ) is assumed to be moderate (Electrical Conductivity of 4 - 8 mS/cm). The single character salinity ratings are an inter-pretation by the Saskatchewan Land Resource Centre of data supplied by the Saskatchewan Assessment Management Authority.Salinity observations, of the recent format, were not made at the time this map sheet area was mapped (mid 1960's).

4. Stone ratings may exist for this RM in only a few soil polygons, available largely from field observations from adjacent RM soilreports. Stone ratings were not made at the time this map sheet area was mapped (mid 1960's).

2. INTRODUCTION TOSOILS

The nature and agriculturally important properties ofthe soils of the area are described in succeeding sectionsof this report. The present section, largely adapted fromH.C. Moss, in A Guide to Understanding SaskatchewanSoils, deals mainly with features common to most prairiesoils.

2.1 THE SOIL PROFILE

A soil is a natural body that occupies a relatively thinsection (usually less than a meter) of the earth's surface andconsists of several layers or horizons which differ inappearance and composition from the underlying material.Its formation from the original geological deposit involvesvarious physical, chemical and biological processes whichresult in the formation of individual layers or horizons,extending from the surface downwards, that have specificcharacteristics. The whole succession of layers down toand including the original geological deposit is called thesoil profile. Each individual layer is called a soil horizon.A particular soil is recognized and separated from othersoils by identifying the various layers or horizons whichmake up its profile. The recognition of soil profiles forms thebasis of soil classification and mapping.

The soils of Saskatchewan are classified according toa national system of soil classification and the names givento the soils are derived, in part, from this system. Forexample, an orthic profile is a soil whose characteristics aredefined as an Orthic Chernozemic soil of the Nationalsystem.

In profiles of mineral soils, three main horizons arerecognized. From the surface downward, these are desig-nated by the letters A, B, and C. The A horizon forms all orpart of the surface soil. It may be dark colored representingan accumulation of humus, or it may be a light-coloredhorizon from which clay, humus and other materials havebeen removed. The B horizon occurs immediately below theA horizon. It may have an accumulation of clay and may havebeen altered to give a change in color or structure. The Chorizon occupies the lower portion of the soil profile andusually represents the parent material. It is relatively unaf-fected by soil forming processes operative in the A and Bhorizons.

2.2 THE SOIL MAP

Ideally, the area represented by each soil profile shouldbe shown on the map. This, however, is only possible wherelarge, uniform areas of a single soil occur, or in detailed soil

surveys where small areas can be separated on the map.Since, on the semi-detailed maps, it is rarely possible todelineate areas of a single soil, it is almost always necessary

Page 2.1

to combine small areas of several soils into a larger area.These larger areas are represented on the map by a mapunit that identifies the kinds and distribution of the compo-nent soil profiles.

The soil association is used to show the relationshipbetween map units that have formed on a similargeological deposit within a particular soil zone. The OxbowAssociation, for instance, is the name given to a group of soilprofiles formed on loamy glacial till occurring in the blacksoil zone. The various map units of the Oxbow Associationreflect variations in the kind and distribution of Oxbow soilsfrom one area to the next.

Where two geological deposits occur within a deline-ated area on the map, two associations are used. As anexample, Meota-Oxbow is the name given to a group ofsoils of the Meota and Oxbow soil associations. Differentmap units of this complex are used to reflect variations in thekind and distribution of Meota and Oxbow soils from onearea to the next. As an exception, areas in which severalgeological deposits occur in a somewhat chaotic andunpredictable pattern throughout the landscape are oftengiven a single association name. For example, Keppel is thename given to soils formed in a highly complex mixture ofloamy glacial till, silty water-modified glacial till and siltyglaciolacustrine materials.

It is possible also to find soils reflecting the character-istics of two soil zones within a local area. Under thesecircumstances, two associations are used to reflect thesedifferent soil properties. For example, Black and Dark Graysoils that occur together are mapped in the Oxbow- White-wood complex, the Oxbow referring to the Black soils andWhitewood to the Dark Gray soils.

The soil map, then, attempts to portray the kinds anddistribution of various soil profiles throughout the munici-pality. The symbols on the map identify the soil map unit,the soil texture, the slope class and surface form. The maplegend provides a brief description of these features. Morecomplete descriptions of individual soil associations andtheir component soil types are provided in the Description ofSoils section of the report. The types of geological depositswhich comprise the parent materials of the various soilassociations, the surface forms or shape of the land, and thesoil's surface texture are described below.

2.3 SURFACE DEPOSITS

Alluvial Deposits . Alluvial deposits are materialslaid down by streams and rivers, in valley bottoms andcollection basins, since glaciation. These deposits are strati-fied and often contain beds or layers that are oblique to themain planes of stratification, indicative of their river orstream origin.

Eolian Deposits . Eolian deposits are sandy or siltydeposits that have been moved and redeposited by the wind,

often in the form of sand dunes or silty loessial veneers orblankets. Eolian deposits are well-sorted, poorly compactedand may contain beds or layers.

2

Fluvial Deposits - Fluvial deposits are materials laiddown in rivers and streams carrying glacial meltwater.They are usually sandy or gravelly and, like the alluvialdeposits described above, may contain beds or layers that areinclined or oblique to the main planes of stratification. Thesedeposits are usually thick but may be thin, like a veneer, andunderlain by glacial till. Materials laid down in direct contactwith the glacier are termed glaciofluvial.

Lacustrine Deposits - Lacustrine deposits are materi-als laid down in a glacial lake. These deposits are oftenstratified and characterized by dark- and light-colored bedsor layers reflecting summer and winter depositional cyclesin a glacial lake. Lacustrine deposits usually have a highcontent of very fine sando, silt- or clay-sized particles.Those dominated by sand-sized particles are termed loamylacustrine while those dominated by silt- and clay-sizedparticles are termed silty and clayey lacustrine, respec-tively. They are usually thick but may be thin, like a veneer,and underlain by glacial till or gravel. Materials laid down inclose contact with the glacier are termed glaciolacustrinedeposits.

Morainal Deposits - Morainal deposits, often re-ferred to as glacial till, are materials laid down by the glacialice. These deposits are generally comprised of stones andcrravels embedded in a matrix of sando, silt- and clay-sizedo

materials. When this matrix contains nearly equal amountsof sand, silt and clay they are called loamy morainal deposits.When there is a preponderance of sand or silt, they arereferred to as sandy morainal or silty morainal deposits,respectively. Usually, there are fewer stones and gravelspresent in silty morainal deposits than in sandy or loamytypes. Morainal deposits characterized by an abundance ofsurface stones are called bouldery morainal deposits.

Organic Deposits - Organic deposits are materialslaid down by the accumulation of plant remains. They aregenerally 40 cm thick or greater and are comprised of eitherthe remains of mosses or sedges and grasses and often haveinclusions of woody materials. When the organic materialsare largely undecomposed, so that there is a large amountof well-preserved fiber that is readily identifiable as tobotanical origin, they are called fibric organic deposits.When the organic materials are in an intermediate stage ofdecomposition, so that there is an intermediate amount offiber that is identifiable as to botanical origin, they are calledmesic organic deposits. Highly decomposed materials,which have a small amount of fiber that can be identified asto botanical origin, are called humic organic deposits.

Undifferentiated Deposits - Areas where the originof the materials for the purpose of mapping has not beenspecified are termed undifferentiated deposits. Thesedeposits, usually consisting of several materials (morainal,fluvial, lacustrine, or others) occur in areas of steeplysloping land such as coulees and valley sides.

2.4 SURFACE FORMS

Aprons and Fans - A fan is a gently sloping fan-shaped area, usually occurring at the base of a valley wall,resulting from the accumulation of sediments brought downby a stream descending through a steep ravine. A series ofadjacent, coalescing fans is called an apron.

Hummocky - Landscapes with a complex pattern ofgenerally short, steep slopes extending from prominentknolls to somewhat rounded depressions or kettles aretermed hummocky. They are called hummocky dissectedwhere shallow gullies join one low area or kettle to the nextand hummocky gullied where numerous, parallel orsubparallel, narrow ravines interrupt the hummockyfeatures of the landscape. Occasionally, areas have acomplex of ridged and hummocky features. They are calledhummocky-ridged.

Inclined - Landscapes in which the general slope is inone direction only are called inclined. Where shallow gulliesoccur along the slope, the areas are called inclineddissected; where a series of parallel or subparallel, deepgullies or ravines occur, they are called inclined gullied.

Level - Landscapes that are flat or have very gentlysloping surfaces are said to be level. Along flood plains ofrivers and streams where the level surface is broken byabandoned river channels they are called level channelled.

Ridged - Landscapes that have a linear pattern, usuallyof short and straight parallel ridges but sometimes a single,sinuous ridge or a series of intersecting ridges are termedridged.

Rolling -Landscapes that are characterized by a se-quence of long (often 1.6 km or greater), moderate to strongslopes extending from rounded, sometimes confined depres-sions to broad, rounded knolls, that impart a wave-likepattern to the land surface are called rolling. They are calleddissected rolling where shallow gullies join one low area orkettle to the next.

Terraced - Areas, usually along a valley, that have asteep, short scarp slope and a horizontal or gently inclinedsurface above it are called terraced.

Undulating - Landscapes that are characterized by asequence of gentle slopes extending from smooth rises togentle hollows, that impart a wavelike pattern to the landsurface are called undulating. Where shallow gullies extendfrom one low area to the next in these landscapes they arecalled undulating dissected and where the undulating sur-face is broken by abandoned river channels they are calledundulating channelled.

80

70

><I: 60oJ()

.... 50ZW()

40a::wc.

30

20

10

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

PERCENT SAND

2.5 SURFACE TEXTURE

Mineral soil is a mixture of various-sized mineral parti-cles, decaying organic matter, air and water. The mineralparticles, exclusive of stones and gravel, may be grouped intothree particle-size fractions: sands (soil particles between0.05 and 2 mm in diameter), silts (soil particles between0.002 and 0.05 mm in diameter), and clays (soil particles lessthan 0.002 mm in diameter). The relative proportions ofthese particle-size fractions in a soil determine its texture.The textural triangle (Figure 2) is used to illustrate theproportion of sand, silt and clay in the main textural classes.The vertical axis is percent clay, the horizontal axis is percentsand, while the remainder of each class is percent silt. Thus,when sand is dominant, it yields a sandy- or coarse-texturedsoil, whereas a fine-textured soil is made up largely of silt andclay. The terms "light" and "heavy" are often used to referto sandy- and clayey-textured soils respectively, and areactually a measure of the powerrequired to till the soil. Theseterms have nothing to do with the actual weight of soil, as agiven volume of dry sand actually weighs slightly more thanthat of clay.

Table 1. Soil texture classes.

Coarse- Texturedgs Gravelly sands Sandfs Fine sandgls Gravelly loamy sandIs Loamy sandIfs Loamy fine sand

Moderately Coarse-Texturedgsl Gravelly sandy loamgl Gravelly loamsl Sandy loamfl Fine sandy loamvI Very fine sandy loam

Medium- Texturedscl Sandy clay loamfcl Fine sandy clay loamvcl Very fine sandy clay loamI Loam

Moderately Fine-Texturedsil Silt loamcl Clay loam

sicl Silty clay loamFine-Textured

c ClaySIC Silty clayhc Heavy clay

Miscellaneouso OrganicU Unclassified

Page 2-3

Textural class names such as sandy loam, clay loam.heavy clay, etc., are given to soils based upon the relativeproportions of sand, silt and clay. Three broad. fundamentaltextural groups are recognized: sands, loams and clays.

SANDS - The sand group includes soils in which the sandparticles make up at least 70% of the material by weight.Two main classes are recognized: sand and loamy sand.Sands are further broken down into different sand sizessuch as fine sand or coarse sand. A description of theseis found under "Sand" in the glossary.

LOAMS -The loam group is intermediate in texture be-tween the coarse-textured sands and the fine-texturedclays, and these soils usually contain a significant pro-portion of each particle-size fraction. Class namesinclude: sandy loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, sandyclay loam, clay loam and loam.

CLAYS - The clay group includes soils that contain at least35% clay-size particles, and in most cases, more than40%. Class names are: sandy clay, silty clay, clay andheavy clay. Soils of this group are often referred to as

"gumbo".

Table 1 lists the surface textures and symbols that maybe used in this report, grouped into particle-size categories.The miscellaneous catergory contains two non-texture en-tries. The "0" or organic soil texture class is used for organicsoils. By definition, these soils do not contain any mineralcomponent and, therefore, do not have a surface texture asdefined and described above. The symbol "0" merely iden-tifies the surface as being organic. The "U" or unclassifiedclass is used for areas in which surface texture has not beendetermined. These include areas that have been greatlyaltered (such as gravel pits or mines), most wetlands andlakes, areas that have not been examined (such as towns andcities), and areas of extremely variable texture (such as someHillwash or Runway delineations).

100 Figure 2. Textural triangle.

90

1

3. DESCRIPTION OF SOILS

Please refer to Section 9, "Map Legend" for a description of Soil Associations and Soil Mapunits.

Degree of Salinity Tolerated

...... Nonsaline MOderately StronglyloVery

Swine StronglySalil1e

Annual Field CroDs

Soybeans Canola Barley may produceField Beans Mustard some crop but this

~I!) Faba Beans Wheat land best suited toc u

Peas'u; c Flax tolerant forages.~~I!)I- Corn Fall Rye'l- I!)u "0 Sunflowers Oats.5 E-

Barley'Sugar Beets

Foraee CroDs

Red Clover Reed Canary Altai Wild Rye~I!) Alsike Meadow Fescue Russian Wild Rye

c u"u; c Timothy Intermediate Wheat Slender Wheat grass'~~I!) I- Crested Wheat Tall Wheatgrasshl- I!)u "0 Bromec E-- Alfalfa

Sweetclover'

4. SOILINTERPRETATIONS

4.1 SALINITY

Saline soils occur sporadically throughout the agricul-tural area of Saskatchewan. These soils contain sufficientwater soluble salts to inhibit the uptake of moisture byplants, resulting in moisture stress and reduced plant growth.The presence of saline soils can often be recognized by barespots in the crop or by uneven stands of grain or forage. Verystrongly saline soils usually develop a white surface crustduring dry weather. Where less salt is present, the soil isgrayish in color when dry and the subsoil often has streaks orspecks of salt at a depth of 5 to 25 cm or deeper. In weaklysaline or moderately saline soils that are very wet, it may notbe possible to see the salt.

D.evelopment of Saline Soils

Saline soils result almost invariably from the movementof salts carried by groundwater and subsequent concentra-tion in the soil upon evaporation of this water at or near thesoil surface.

Soluble salts are present in the parent materials of allsoils as the result of on-going natural, chemical and physicalweathering processes. When the amount of water evaporat-ing from the soil is greater than the amount infiltrating, saltsmay accumulate in the soil and may result in saline soils.Areas are subject to soil salinization where water tables arehigh and the amount of infiltration of precipitation is limited.In most cases, this is a natural process which has been goingon since the time of deglaciation. Agriculture has, however,aggravated the problem in some areas by the use of croppingsystems that are not as water efficient as the natural prairie.

Management of Saline Soils

Management of saline soils requires the effective man-agement of soil water in both the saline and nonsaline partsof the landscape. In terms of water management for soilsalinity control this means making the most efficient use ofsoil moisture possible. Extending the cropping rotation orcontinuously cropping in nonsaline areas will cycle moreprecipitation through crops rather than allowing it to reachthe water table where it may contribute to salinity in someother location. Leaving stubble standing promotes a moreeven distribution of snow cover reducing the amount thatblows off the land into large snow drifts or depressionswhere, upon melting, it has a greater chance of infiltrating tothe watertable. Saline soils should be seeded to long-termforage or continuously cropped with crops having the appro-

Page 4- I

priate degree of salt tolerance. The objective in the salineareas is to reduce the amount of evaporation from the soilsurface, lower the watertable level and move salts downwardwith infiltrating precipitation.

Table 2. The relative tolerance of common field crops tosoil salinity. (Differences of one or two places inthe ranking may not be significant.)

,These crops not tolerant of flooding, which is common insome saline areas.

h Underdry conditionsslenderwheatgrassis more tolerantthantall wheatgrass.

For more information on saline soils and their manage-ment, see the publication The Nature and Management ofSalt Affected Land in Saskatchewan by SaskatchewanAgriculture, Soils and Crops Branch.

Explanation of the Salinity Symbol

The soil salinity symbol is made up of three componentsindicating the extent of saline soils, the degree of the salts inthe saline soils, and the position in the landscape occupied bythe saline soils within the delineation and is based on fieldobservation alone.

Example: IWPA IWPA

Extent ClassDegree ClassLandscape Position

Extent Class % Of Area Affected

0 01 0 - 32 3 - 103 10 - 204 20 - 405 40 - 706 > 70

SalinityDegree

Nonsaline 0- 2

(W) Weak 2 - 4

(M) Moderate 4 - 8

(8) Strong 8 - 16

(V) Very Strong 16+

Page 4-2

Soil Salinity Extent Class Limits

Table 3. Soil salinity extent class limits.

Soil Salinity Degree

Table 4. Description of soil salinity degree classes.

There are no visible effects of salts on the growth of crops. No yieldloss.

Yields of very sensitive crops may be restricted. Cereals are generallyunaffected.

Yields of many crops are restricted. Wheat yields may be reduced by30%.

Only tolerant crops yield satisfactorily. Wheat yields may be reducedby 60%.

Only a few very tolerant crops yield satisfactorily. Wheat yields maybe reduced by 80-100%.

Note: Electrical conductivity values based on a saturated paste extract.Yield loss estimates are based on recent research and only apply to the saline soils, not to the entire delineated area.

Landscape Position

The landscape position describes where in the landscape saline soils occur. In some areas, saline soils occur inmore than one landscape position. These situations are indicated by the use of two letters.

Table 5. Description of landscape position symbol.

Symbol

P Saline soils occur on the edges of depressions, sloughs or runways. All soils in the bottoms of thedepressions are leached and nonsaline.

A Saline soils occur throughout the bottoms of depressions and sloughs.

D Saline soils extend throughout the bottoms of dissections and small runways.

S Saline soils occur on the sides of hills and slopes well above any slough or depression.

I Saline soil parent materials within 60 cm of the soil surface generally occur on knolls and upper slopes.

4.2 IRRIGATION SUITABILITY

The irrigation suitability rating is based on soil andlandscape characteristics. The suitability rating uses limitingfactors to predict the potentiallandscape-water-crop interac-tion. It also considers the potential long-term consequencesof irrigation such that the soil will remain permanentlyproductive while being irrigated. It does not consider wateravailability and quality, climate, or economics. Within anyone map delineation there may be smaller soil areas that havea higher or lower irrigation suitability than that indicated bythe map symbol. Any decision rel:ardinl: irril:ation shouldbe made only after a field-specific examination is made.

Symbol Interpretation

The combination of soil and landscape categories (Table6), based upon the most limiting features present (Tables 7

and 8), determine the irrigation class and suitability rating(Table 9).

A maximum of three limitations are shown in the sym-bol. An ideal soil area to be used for irrigation will have thefollowing characteristics:

medium textureuniform texture vertically and horizontallyuniformly well drainednonsalinepermeablenearly levelnonstony

Table 6. Soil and landscape categories.

I234

nonlimitingslightly limitingmoderately limitingseverely limiting

Irrigation Symbol

example: 2Cmvt,

2C Irrigation class

m Soil limitations

v, tl Landscape limitations

The example above indicates that the area in question hasslight limitations (2) due to soil factors (m) and moderatelimitations (C) due to landscape factors (v, t\). This area,therefore. has a fair suitability rating (Table 9).

Page 4-3

Symbol Evaluation

Excellent to good areas (Table 9) can usually be consid-ered irrigable. Fair areas are marginally suitable for irrigationproviding adequate management exists such that the soil andadjacent areas are not affected adversely by water applica-tion. Poor soils can usually be considered nonirrigable. Therating is given for the area based on soil characteristics in theupper 1.2 m and the main landscape features in the area.Depending on the type and severity of the limitation, it maybe advisable to investigate an area further. Portions of thetotal area may also be significantly better or poorer than thegeneral rating would indicate. For example, within a poorarea with steep slopes, there may be areas of gentler topogra-phy that may be suitable for small scale irrigation if the

detailed examination indicates that this smaller area is other-wise suitable.

Decision to Irrigate

The cost of irrigation development can be expected toincrease with less suitable soils. The suitability rating doesnot take into account important factors such as climate,agronomy, availability of water, or economics in determining

the feasibility of an irrigation project. If a field is indicatedto be suitable for irrigation based on the information pre-sented in this report, then an onsite inspection should bemade. Other factors not used in this rating should also beconsidered during a site specific examination. These includegeological uniformity to 3 m, local relief, depth to bedrock,drainability, sodicity, organic matter content and surfacecrusting potential. These factors may affect the suitability tosome degree in terms of the type of irrigation system that canbe used, the type and amount of surface preparation needed,the response of the soil and crop to applied water, and the typeof management needed. A decision can then be madewhether to irrigate if economic conditions are suitable and anadequate source of water is available.

Irrigation can lead to improved stability and flexibilityin farm production through improved reliability of waterapplication. Although maximum yields may be attainableonly through irrigation, assuming adequate management,other climatic considerations may affect the feasibility. Cli-matic factors may limit the range of crops that can be growndue to heat or growing season limitations. In higher rainfallareas of the province, irrigation water may only be, in manyyears, a minor supplemental source of water that may not be

needed every year. In these cases, the increased returnsthrough higher yields, in some years, may not justify theexpense of development. In dry regions where the risk ofcrop failure due to drought is relatively high and the range ofcrops that can be grown is lower, irrigation water may be apotentially important source of moisture needed for cropgrowth.

4

Table 7. Landscape limitations.

Symbol Description

a Impact on Target Areas - refers to the hazard resulting from the impact of applied irrigation water tothe irrigated area. Impacts may include such effects as higher water tables, wetter soils, and increases insoil salinity.

c Impact on Nontarget Areas - refers to the hazard resulting from the impact of applied irrigation wateron an adjacent nonirrigated area. The hazards may include such effects as higher water tables, wetter soils,development or build-up of saline areas, or flooding and sedimentation caused by runoff.

Inundation - refers to the frequency of flooding. The inundation hazard is used mainly on areas adjacentto rivers.

p Stones - refers to the amount of stone present on the surface and in the soil. Stones may reduce the

available water-holding capacity of the soil, increase development costs and restrict the types of crops thatmay be grown.

Slope - refers to the presence of simple slopes (tl) in undulating landscapes, or complex slopes (tz) inhummocky or inclined landscapes. Complex slopes are often more limiting than simple slopes.Topography may affect the type of irrigation system, design and management required.

v Horizontal Variability - refers to the horizontal variations caused by texture, soil structure, andlandscape pattern that may result in the surface ponding of irrigated soils.

Table 8. Soil limitations.

d Structure - soil structural properties that restrict root and water penetration. Commonly used with soilsthat have a dense B horizon and an A horizon that is subject to crusting.

g Geological Uniformity - the uniformity of the soil texture with depth. The greaterthe textural difference

between the surface and subsoil, the greater the potential for the development of perched water tables andlateral water movement.

.

k Hydraulic Conductivity - the rate at which water moves through a saturated soil. Used mainly on soilareas that swell upon wetting, restricting water movement through the soil.

m Available Water-Holding Capacity - the amount of water held by a soil that can be absorbed by plants.Coarse-textured soils with a low water-holding capacity are considered to be relatively inefficient forirrigation, as compared to medium-textured soils. Soils with this limitation also have relatively highhydraulic conductivities and intake rates.

q Intake Rate - the rate of movement of water into the soil. It is closely associated with hydraulicconductivity which controls the rate at which water moves through the soil, and thus affects the rate atwhich water is able to enter the soil. Usually used on fine-textured soils that have relatively low intakerates requiring relatively light water application rates.

r Depth to Bedrock - the presence of near-surface bedrock. Perched water tables may form, resulting inpoor drainage and lateral movement of water and salts.

s Salinity - the presence of soluble salts that may affect the growth of crops. The potential exists for loweryields, or for lateral salt movement into adjacent areas.

w Drainage - the rate of removal of water from a soil in relation to supply. Indicates areas of mainly poorlydrained soils.

:;

Table 9. Irrigation suitability classes.

Class Rating Description

IA Excellent No soil or landscape limitations These soils are medium textured, well drained and hold ade-quate available moisture. Topography is level to nearly level.Gravity irrigation methods may be feasible.

2A Good2BIB

3A Fair3B3CIC2C

4A Poor4B4C40102030

Slight soil and/or landscapelimitations

The range of crops that can be grown may be limited. As well,higher development inputs and management skills are required.Sprinkler irrigation is usually the only feasible method of waterapplication.

Moderate soil and/or landscapelimitations

Limitations reduce the range of crops that may be grown andincrease development and improvement costs. Managementmay include special conservation techniques to minimize soilerosion, limit salt movement, limit water table build-up orflooding of depressional areas. Sprinkler irrigation is usuallythe only feasible method of water application.

Severe soil and/or landscapelimitations

Limitations generally result in a soil that is unsuitable forsustained irrigation. Some lands may have limited potentialwhen special crops, irrigation systems, and soil and waterconservation techniques are used.

4.3 STONES

The stones rating is an estimation of the average severityof stoniness in a delineation. The estimation is based on theamount of stone clearing activity required and is related to thenumber and size of stones on the soil surface, number and size

Table 10. Stone classes.

of stone piles, and the soil parent material observed. Theamount of stone clearing activity required is categorized intoone of six stone severity classes listed in the table below.

SO

SI

S2

S3

S4

U

Nonstony.

Slightly stony - stones seldom hinder cultivation. Light clearing is occasionally required.

Moderately stony - stones are a moderate hindrance to cultivation. Annual clearing isusually required.

Very stony - stones cause a serious hindrance to cultivation. Sufficient stones to requireclearing on an annual basis.

Excessively stony - stones prohibit cultivation or make clearing a major task. Cultivationis usually severely hindered, even after regular, heavy clearing.

Unclassified.

6

4.4 SOIL CAPABILITY FORAGRICULTURE

The soil capability classification for agricultural use isan interpretive classification of soils based on limitationsaffecting their use for production of annual crops. Theselimitations are categorized according to degree or severityand kind of limitation. Degree of limitation is represented by

the capability class (numbers in the example below) and kindof limitation is represented by the capability subclass (lettersin the example below). (The bracketed numbers in theexample below indicate the percentage of each capabilityclass present.) Capability classes and subclasses are brieflyoutlined below. A complete explantation of the system of soilcapability classification for agriculture is contained in thepublication, A Guide to Soil Capability and Land Inven-tory Maps in Saskatchewan.

SYMBOL SEQUENCE

Class 3 soil 3(6)M5(4)TE Limitation due to adverse

=J l~ topogcaphy (T) and e,o,ion

6/10 or 60% of the delineation ~ damage (E)

Limitation due to insufficient 4/10 or 40% of the delineationmoisture-holding capacity (M)

Class 5 soil

3(6)M5(4)TE means that 60% of the area was placed in Class 3 due to a limitation inmoisture-holding capacity and 40% of the area was placed in Class 5 because of limitationsdue to topography and erosion damage.

Capability Class (Degree of Limitation)

The mineral soils of Saskatchewan are grouped intoseven capability classes. Soils rated Classes I to 3 areconsidered suitable for sustained production of commoncultivated field crops, those rated Class 4 are consideredmarginal for sustained production of common cultivated

Table n. Description of capability classes.

field crops, those rated Class 5 are considered capable only ofpermanent pasture and hay production, those rated Class 6 areconsidered suitable only for use as native pasture, and thoserated Class 7 are considered unsuitable for either the produc-tion of field crops or for use as native pasture.

CLASS 1 Soils in this class have no significant limitations in use for crops.

CLASS 2 Soils in this class have moderate limitations that restrict the range of crops or require moderateconservation practices.

CLASS 3 Soils in this class have moderately severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or requirespecial conservation practices.

CLASS 4 Soils in this class have severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or require specialconservation practices, or both.

CLASS 5 Soils in this class have very severe limitations that restrict their use to the production of nativeor tame species of perennial forage crops. Improvement practices are feasible.

CLASS 6 Soils in this class are capable of producing native forage crops only. Improvement practicesare not feasible.

CLASS 7 Soils in this class have no capability for arable agriculture or permanent pasture.

CLASS 0 Unimproved or virgin organic soils are not included in classes I to 7, and are designated by theletter '0'.

7

Capability Subclass (Kind of Limitation)

The capability subclass represents a grouping ofsoils that have the same kind of limitations for crop produc-tion. If more than one limiting condition is recognized in a

particular area, the subclasses are listed in order of theirimportance.

Table 12. Description of capability subclasses.

Climatic Limitations - Limitations due to climatic deficiencies.

Cm Depicts a moisture deficiency due to insufficient precipitation.

Cs Depicts a heat deficiency expressed in terms of length of growing season and frost-free period.

Soil Limitations - Limitations due to soil deficiencies are caused by adverse physical, chemical andmorphological properties of the soil.

D Depicts adverse soil structure in the upper layers (A and B horizons) that affects the conditionof the seedbed, prevents or restricts root growth and penetration, or adversely affects moisturepermeability and percolation.

F Depicts adverse fertility characteristics of soils having naturally low inherent fertility due to lackof available nutrients, high acidity or alkalinity, high calcium carbonate content or inadequatecation exchange capacity.

M Depicts an insufficient soil water-holding capacity, due to the combined effects of the texturalcharacteristics of the top I m and by the organic matter content of the surface horizon.

N Depicts excessive soil salinity and applies to soils with either high alkalinity or a sufficient contentof soluble salts to adversely affect crop growth or the range of crops which can be grown.

S Depicts a variety of adverse soil characteristics. It is used in a collective sense in place ofsubclasses M, D, F and N, where more than two of them are present, or where two of these occurin addition to some other limitation.

Landscape Limitations - Limitations due to adverse characteristics of the soil landscape.

T Depicts a limitation in agricultural use of the soil as the result of unfavorable topography. Itincludes hazards to cultivation and cropping imposed by increasing degree of slope as well as bythe irregularity of field pattern and lack of soil uniformity.

W Depicts a limitation due to excess water caused by either poor soil drainage, a high groundwatertable or to seepage and local runoff. It does not include limitations that are the result of flooding.

P Depicts a limitation caused by excess stones and it applies to soils that are sufficiently stony thatthe difficulty of tillage, seeding and harvesting are significantly increased.

E Depicts a limitation caused by actual damage from wind and/or water erosion.

I Depicts a limitation due to inundation and applies to soils subjected to flooding by lakes orstreams, but does not include local ponding in undrained depressions.

R Depicts a limitation due to shallowness to bedrock and applies to soils where the rooting zone isrestricted.

X Soils having a moderate limitation due to the accumulative effect of two or more adversecharacteristics of the soil and the landscape which singly are not serious enough to affect the classrating.

SymbOl

XO XIO B5 B7A3

Xl X5A3B2 B6 B7X3

X2 X7B3 Cl C5B4Dl

X3 X6C2D2 C2 C7B3

AO A5B5 C3 C7WDI

Al A7B2CI C4 C9D1

A2 A5B2C3 C5 C5B2D3

A3 A3B4C3 C6 C7D3

A4 A3B3C3Dl C7 C6D4

AS A4B4X2 DO D4C3X3

A6 A4B4C1X1 Dl D5C5

BO WA2CI D2 D7C3

Bl B4C4A2 D3 D9C1

B2 B7C3 D4 D5C3B2

B3 B5C5 U UnclassifiedB4 B6C3DI

Page 4-8

4.5 SURFACE pH

The pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14 is used toindicate the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A soilwith a pH value of 7.0 is neutral, while one with a value lessthan 7.0 is acidic, and one with a value greater than 7.0 isalkaline.

The pH values indicated in the table in Section 6.0 are forthe surface layer of soil which ranges in thickness from 10 to20 cm. The soil pH was determined using a mixture of onepart soil with one part distilled water. A soil with a pHbetween 6.5 and 7.5 provides the best environment for cropgrowth. Yields of sweet clover and alfalfa are reduced below

Table 14. Definition of surface pH symbol.

a pH of 6.0. A pH of 5.5 or less may reduce the yields ofwheat, barley and canola.

Table 13. Surface pH classes.

pHClass pH Range Description

X less than 5.5

A 5.5 to 6.0

B 6.1 to 6.7

C 6.8 to 7.5

D greater than 7.5

Moderately acid

Slightly acid

Slightly acid to neutral

Neutral to slightly alkaline

Alkaline

EXAMPLE

Symbol

B4 - 40% of surface area has a pH in the "B" range (6.1 - 6.7)

C4 - 40% of surface area has a pH in the "C" range (6.8 - 7.5)

N - 20% of surface area has a pH in the "A" range (5.5 - 6.0)

9

4.6 WetIands Classification

The Section on "Wetlands Classification" is not available.

5 Very High

6 Extremely High

U Unclassified

Page 4-10

4.7 WIND EROSION

Wind Erosion Potential

The calculation of wind erosion potential is based on thefollowing formula:

E(p) =C x T x I x K

E(p) Potential annual soil loss.

C Climatic factor (based on average wind ve-locity and temperature). Values are compiledfrom weather stations and are presented on arural municipality basis.

T Landscape factor (based on slope class andsurface form). Topography, including thedifferences in reliefbetween one location andanother, the direction, steepness and fre-quency of slopes, and the comparative rough-ness of the land's surface, has a pronouncedeffect on the potential erodibility of soils.

I Soil erodibility factor (based on texture).The relative proportions of sand, silt and claypresent influence a soil's ability to absorb andretain moisture and, consequently, to formaggregates resistant to wind erosion. Coarse-textured soils have a "single grain" structurelacking sufficient amounts of silt and clay tobind individual sand particles together. Con-sequently, these soils are readily brokendown and eroded by wind. Fine and medium-textured soils have a higher water-holdingcapacity and stronger surface attraction. Thisresults in a good soil structure with a highdegree of resistance to wind erosion.

K Soil ridge roughness factor (based on tex-ture).

The E(p) values from the formula are used to predict asoil's susceptibility to wind erosion if the soil surface is bare(i.e. it is in summerfallow with no growth and no organicresidue on the surface). Management practices and the actualamount of past wind erosion that has occurred are notconsidered.

1 Very Low Good soil management and average growing conditions will produce a cropwith sufficient residue to protect these soils against wind erosion.

2 Low Good soil management and average growing conditions may produce a cropwith sufficient residue to protect these soils against wind erosion.

3 Moderate A verage growing conditions may not supply adequate residue to protect thesesoils against wind erosion. Enhanced soil management practices are necessaryto control wind erosion.

4 High A verage growing conditions will not provide sufficient residue to protect thesesoils against wind erosion. Coarse-textured soils may be seeded to pasture orto forage crops to prevent severe degradation of the soil.

These soils should not be used for annual cropping, but rather for pasture andforage crops which will protect the surface from severe degradation.

These soils must be left in permanent pasture and are not capable of sustainingarable agriculture.

Unclassified areas (e.g. Wetlands).

1 Very Low

2 Low

3 Moderate

Page 4-11

4.8 WATER EROSION L Slope length factor.

Water Erosion PotentialS Slope steepness factor.

The potential water erosion classes are obtained by usingthe Universal Soil Loss Equation. This equation is an erosionmodel developed in the United States to predict long termaverage soil losses from runoff. The equation is:

C Cover and management factor.

P Support practice factor.

A=RxKxLxSxCxP

Assessment of potential water erosion for a particulararea is independent of current management practices andtherefore the C and P factors in the equation are held constant.

When using this information, it should be rememberedthat the class assigned to an area is an estimation of potentialerosion for the entire area and that individual soils may occurwithin the area that vary significantly from the assignedclass.

A Computed loss per unit area (tons per acreper year).

R Rainfall erosivity factor (the amount andintensity of rainfall an area receives).

K Soil erodibility factor (calculated using sev-eral physical soil properties; texture, organicmatter, infiltration rate and structure).

Table 17. Water erosion susceptibility classes.

Conventional soil management will produce sufficient residue to protect thesoil from water erosion.

Conventional soil management and average growing conditions should pro-duce sufficient residue to protect the soil from water erosion.

Conventional farming practices will result in a steady loss of soil due to watererosion. Conservation practices should be instituted to prevent degradation of.these soils.

4 High Rapid loss of soil will occur unless conservation practices are instituted. Allgullies in these areas should be grassed.

5 Very High These soils should not be broken due to their water erosion hazard. If broken,perennial crops or permanent forage should replace annual crops.

u Unclassified Unclassified areas (e.g. Wetlands).

D or GModifiers

If an area was observed to be gullied (G) or dissected (D) (dissections beingshallow gullies that can be crossed with farm implements), these symbols wereadded to the erosion class symbol to indicate that higher rates of erosion mayoccur on the steeper slopes along the edges of the dissection or gully if they areleft unprotected.

1

6. INTERPRETIVE DATA TABLESArea Map Slope Land Surface Agricultural Wind WaterNo. Unit Class Form Texture SaIini Ca bili H Erosion Erosion

1 Ad1 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

2 Ww1 3 u e 0 3Bqt1 3(10)M C6 2 2

3 Mw8 1 I 0 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

4 Ad4 5 hd cI 0 2Cqt2 4(8)TE5(2)TE C6 2 40

5 HwEx6 6 hig 0 40ct2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G

6 Hw 3 id U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 3D

7 Bm1 1 I c 3 4Aws 6(6)N5(4)W 03 2 1

8 Ad4 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(9)M5( 1)W C6 2 20

9 Ad4 5 hd el 1 2Cqt2 4(7)TM6(3)TE C6 2 40

11 HwAv5 3 id el 3 40et2 5(10)S 01 U 3D

12 Ad1 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

13 Ad4 5 hd el 2 3Cst2 4(10)TM C6 2 40

14 Ad1 4 hd el 1 2Cqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

15 Ad4 5 hd el 1 2Cqt2 4(10)TM C6 2 40

16 Fx2 3 ud sic 0 3Bqt1 3(10)M C5 2 20

17 Hw 4 hig U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 4G

18 Hw 6 hig U 40ct2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G

19 Ad1 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(10)M C1 2 2020 Hw 3 id U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 3D22 Fa1 4 hd el 0 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 20

23 Fa1 4 hd el 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C1 2 2024 Hw 2 id U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 3D25 Hw 2 id U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 3D26 Fa2 5 hd el 2 3Cst2 5(10)TS C5 2 4027 Hw 5 hig U 40ct2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G28 Fa2 4 hd el 1 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

29 Hw 6 hig U 40et2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G30 Fa2 5 hd el 2 3Cst2 5(10)TS C5 2 40

31 Hw 4 hig U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 4G32 Hw 2 id U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 3D

33 Ad4 4 hd el 1 2Cqt2 3(10)M C6 2 2034 Se1 3 u he-e 1 4Bqt1v 2(10)C 01 2 235 Ww2 3 u e 2 3Bqst1 3(10)M C6 2 236 HwAv5 4 hie el 3 40et2 5(10)S 01 U 437 AdFa10 5 hd el 0 2Cqt2 4(10)T C1 2 4038 Mw8 1 I 0 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 140 Ww3 3 u e 1 3Bqt1 3(10)M C6 2 241 Bm1 2 u e 3 4Aws 5(6)NW6(4)NW 03 2 143 Se1 3 u e-he 1 3Bqt1v 3(10)M 01 2 244 Fx1 4 hd I-el 1 2Cst2 4(10)M C1 2 3D45 AdFa10 5 hd el-I 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C1 2 4046 AdFa10 4 hd el 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5( 1)W C1 2 2047 HwEx6 6 hig 0 40et2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G50 AdFa10 3 hd el 1 2Bqt2v 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2051 Ex 6 hig 0 40mrt2 6(10)TE 01 U U52 Fa1 3 hd el 0 2Bqt2 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 2053 Fa1 3 hd el 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 2054 Fa1 3 hd cI 0 2Bqt2 3(1O)M C1 2 20

55 Fa1 3 hd cl 0 2Bqt2 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 2056 Fa1 4 hd cI 0 2Cqt2 3(1O)M C1 2 2057 Hw 3 id U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 3D58 Fa2 4 hd el 0 2Cqt2 3(10)MT C5 2 20

2

Area Map Slope Land Surface Agricultural Wind Water

No. Unit Class Form Texture SaIini Ca bili H Erosion Erosion

59 Fa3 3 hd cl-I 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 2D

61 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 4(6)TM5(4)TE C5 2 4D

62 Fa1 4 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 2D


64 Fa2 6 hd cl 0 2Dqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 5D

65 Fa2 5 hd I-cl 0 1Ct2 4(6)TM5(4)TE C5 2 4D

66 Fa2 4 hd cl-I 1 2Cq12 3(9)M5(1)EW C5 2 2D

67 Fa2 5 hd l-cl 1 2Cst2 5(10)TE C5 2 4D

68 Fa2 5 hd l-cl 0 1Ct2 5(10)TE C5 2 4D


70 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 4D

71 Fa3 3 hd cl-I 0 2Bqt2v 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 2D

72 Fa2 5 hd I 0 1Ct2 5(10)TE C5 2 4D

73 Fa2 5 hd I 0 1Ct2 4(6)M5(4)TE C5 2 4D

74 Fa3 3 hd cl 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 2D

75 Fa2 4 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)EW C5 2 2D

76 Fa3 3 hd cl 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 2D

77 Fa2 4 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)EW C5 2 2D

78 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cq12 5(10)TW C5 2 4D

79 Mw8 1 I 0 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

80 HwEx6 6 hig 0 4Dct2 6(10)TE D1 U 5G

81 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 2D

82 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 2D

83 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 2D

84 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 2D

85 Fa1 3 hd cl 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 2D

86 Fa1 3 hd cl 2 3Bst2 3(10)M C1 2 2D

87 Fa1 3 hd cl 2 3Bst2 3(10)M C1 2 2D

88 Hw 2 id U 4Dct2 4(10)M D1 U 3D

89 Hw 2 id U 4Dct2 4(10)M D1 U 3D

90 Fa1 3 hd cl 2 3Bst2 3(10)M C1 2 2D

91 Hw 2 id U 4Dct2 4(10)M D1 U 3D

92 Bm2 2 u c 4 4Aws 6(10)NW D3 1 1

93 HwEx6 5 hig 0 4Dct2 6(10)TE D1 U 5G

94 AdAv1 3 hd cl 3 4Csva 3(6)M5(4)S C6 2 2D

95 Ad3 3 hd cl 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2D

96 AdAv1 4 hd cl 3 4Csvt2 3(6)M5(4)S C6 2 2D

97 Ad1 3 h cl 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2

98 AdCh1 4 hd cl-gl 1 2Dqsv 3(8)M5(2)S C1 2 2D

99 Ad1 3 hd cl 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2D

100 Mw8 1 I 1 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

101 Ad2 4 h cl 1 2Cqt2v 3(8)M5(2)W C6 2 2

102 Ad1 3 hd cl 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2D

103 Ad1 3 h cl 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 2

104 Ad1 3 hd cl 0 2Bqt2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2D

105 AdFa10 4 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2D

106 Mw8 1 I 2 4Cwi 5(10)W C6 U 1

107 AdFa10 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 4(6)TM5(4)TE C1 2 4D

108 FaAd4 4 cl 1 2Cqt2 4(10)M C1 2 2

109 FaAd3 3 I-cl 1 2Bst2v 4(10)M C1 2 2

110 Bm2 2 u c 4 4Aws 5(6)NW6(4)NW D3 2 1

111 Hw 2 id U 4Dct2 4(10)M D1 U 3D

112 Hw 3 id U 4Dct2 4(10)M D1 U 3D

3


No. Unit Class Fonn Texture SaIini Ca bili H Erosion Erosion

113 Hw 3 id U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 30

114 Hw 4 hig U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 4G

116 Fa1 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

118 Fa2 4 hd el 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

119 Fx1T 3 u I-el 0 1Bvt1 4(10)M C1 2 2

120 Fa2 5 hd el 1 2Cqt2 4(6)T6(4)TE C5 2 40

121 Hw 3 id U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 30

122 Hw 3 id U 40et2 4(10)M 01 U 30

123 Fa2 6 hd el 0 20qt2 5(10)TE C5 2 50

124 Mw8 1 I 0 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

125 Fa2 6 hd el 0 20qt2 5(10)TE C5 2 50

126 Fa2 6 hd el 1 20qt2 5(10)TE C5 2 50

127 Mw8 1 I 1 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

128 Fa2 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(10)M C5 2 20

129 Fa2 6 hd el 0 20qt2 5(10)TE C5 2 50

130 Fa2 6 hd el 0 20qt2 5(10)TE C5 2 50

131 Mw8 1 I 2 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

132 Mw8 1 I 0 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

133 AdFa1 3 h I-el 1 2Bst2v 4(10)M C1 2 2

134 FaAd4 4 hd el 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

135 WwAd1 2 u el-e 1 3Bqv 3(10)M C6 2 1

136 AdCh1 2 u el-sl 1 20qsv 3(7)M5(3)M C1 2 1

137 Ad1 4 hd el 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 20

139 Ad1 3 h el 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2

140 Ad2 3 el 1 2Cqsv 3(8)M5(2)W C6 2 2

141 Ad1 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 20

143 Ad1 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 20

144 Ad1 3 h I-ci 2 3Bst2v 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2

145 Ad2 4 h el 1 2Cqt2v 3(8)M5(2)W C6 2 2

146 Ad2 5 h el 1 2Cqt2v 4(8)T5(2)W C6 2 4

147 Ad1 3 h I-el 1 2Bst2v 3(9)M5(1 )W C1 2 2

155 AdFa1 3 hd el-I 1 2Bqt2v 3(10)M C1 2 20

156 AdFa10 4 hd el-I 0 2Cqt2 3(7)M4(3)M C1 2 20

157 Ad2 4 h el 0 2Cqt2v 3(8)M5(2)W C6 2 2

158 FaAd3 3 hd I-el 1 2Bst2v 4(7)M3(3)M C1 2 20

159 Ad4 5 hd el 0 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C6 2 40

160 Ad2 4 h el 0 2Cqt2v 3(8)M5(2)W C6 2 2

161 Bm2 2 u e 4 4Aws 6(6)NW5(4)NW 03 2 1

189 Se1 2 u he 1 4Aq 2(10)C 01 2 1

191 Ww2 2 u el-e 2 3Bsv 3(10)M C6 2 1

192 Ad1 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

260 AdWw3 3 h el-e 1 2Bqt2v 3(9)M5(1)W C5 2 2

334 Fa1 3 hd el 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

335 Fa2 5 hd el 1 2Cqt2 4(6)M5(4)TE C5 2 40

336 Fa2 5 hd el 1 2Cqt2 4(6)M5(4)TE C5 2 40

337 Fa1 4 hd 1 2Cst2 4(10)M C1 2 30

338 Fa1 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 20

339 Fa2 4 hd el 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

340 Fa3 3 hd el 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)EW C1 2 20

341 Fa2 4 hd el 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)EW C5 2 20

342 Fa1 3 hd el 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

343 Fa1 3 hd el 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

344 Fa1 3 hd el 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

4

Area Map Slope Land Surface Agricultural Wmd Water

No. Unit Class Fonn Texture Ca bili H Erosion Erosion

345 Mw8 1 I 1 4Cwi 5(10)W C6 U 1

346 Fa1 3 hd cl 1 2Bqst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

347 Fa2 5 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

348 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

351 Av2 2 u c 3 4Csv 6(10)WN 01 1 1

370 Fa2 5 hd cI-1 1 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

383 Fa2 6 hd cI 1 20qt2 6(10)TE C5 2 50

384 Fa2 5 hd cI 1 2Cqt2 4(6)TM5(4)TE C5 2 40

385 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

386 Fa1 4 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1 )EW C1 2 20

387 HwEx6 6 hig 0 40ct2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G

388 Fa1 3 hd cI 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

389 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

390 Fa1 3 hd cI 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

391 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

392 Fa3 3 hd cl 2 3Bst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

393 Av1 2 u cl 0 2Aq 3(7)M5(3)WE 01 2 1

394 Fa3 3 hd cI 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1 )EW C1 2 20

395 Av2 2 u c 3 4Csv 5(10)W 01 2 1

396 Fa2 4 hd cI 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

397 Mw8 1 I 3 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

398 Mw8 1 I 0 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

399 Fa2 4 hd cl-I 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1 )EW C5 2 20

400 Fa2 5 hd cI 0 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

401 Fx1 3 ud 1 2Bst1 4(10)M C1 2 20

402 Ht1 3 h sl 1 2Bmst2 5(10)M C5 4 2

403 HwEx6 6 hig 0 40ct2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G

404 Fa2 5 hd cI 0 2Cqt2 4(5)MT5(5)T C5 2 40

405 HwEx6 6 hig 0 40ct2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G

406 Fa1 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

407 Hw 4 hig U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 4G

408 Hw 3 id U 40ct2 3(5)M4(5)M 01 U 3D

409 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 4(6)TM5(4)TE C5 2 40

410 Fa2 4 hd I 0 1Ct2 4(10)M C5 2 3D

411 Fa2 5 hd I 0 1Ct2 5(10)MT C5 2 40

412 ChHt1 3 h gsl-sl 0 3Bmt2v 5(10)M.

C5 4 1

413 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

414 FaCh2 5 hd cl-gsl 0 20qv 5(10)TM C1 3 40

415 Ht1 3 h sl 1 2Bmst2 5(10)M C5 4 2

416 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 4(6)TM5(4)TE C5 2 40

417 Av7 2 u cl-c 5 4Bsv 5(6)MW6{4)W 01 2 1

418 ChHt1 3 h gsl-sl 0 3Bmt2v 5(10)M C5 4 1

420 Mw8 1 1 0 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

421 Fa2 4 hd cl-I 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1 )EW C5 2 20

426 Ad1 3 h cl 2 3Bst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2

430 EeBf4 6-4 hd I-sicl 1wad 40mrt2 4(3)MT5(5)T6(2)T B2 2 40

437 Fa1 3 hd cI-1 1 2Bqt2v 3(9)M5{1)EW C1 2 20

438 Fa2 6 hd cl-I 0 20qt2 6(10)TE C5 2 50

446 Ht1T 3 hd fI 1mpa 2Cmsv 4(10)M C5 4 20

450 Fa2 5 hd cI-1 0 2Cqt2 5(6)TE4(4)TM C5 2 40

451 Fa2 5 hd cI 0 2Cqt2 5(6)TE4(4)MT C5 2 40

452 Fa2 4 hd cI 0 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)EW C5 2 20

453 Hw 2 id U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 3D

5


No. Unit Class Form Texture Salinit Ca bilit H Erosiou Erosion

455 Ad1 3 h cl 1 2Bqst2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2

457 Ad1 3 hd cl 1 2Bqst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

460 Ht1 3 h fI 0 2Bmt2 4(10)M C5 4 2

472 Ad1 3 h cl 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 2

475 Ad1 3 cl 0 2Bqt2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2

480 Ww1 3 u cl 0 2Bqt1 3(10)M C6 2 2

481 Mw8 1 1 0 4Cwi 5(10)W C6 U 1

492 Ad1 3 h cl 0 2Bqt2 3(9)M5(1)W C1 2 2

494 Ad1 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

495 Ww1 3 ud cl 2 3Bst1 3(10)M C6 2 20

497 Ad1 3 cl 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 2

500 AdWw1 3 hd cl-c 1 2Bqt2v 3(10)M C5 2 20

510 WwAd4 3 u c-cl 0 3Bqt1v 3(10)M C6 2 2

515 AdWw4 3 hd cl-c 1 2Bqt2v 3(10)M C6 2 20

516 Ad4 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C6 2 20

517 Ad4 3 hd cl 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C6 2 20

529 Ad1 4 cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C1 2 2

547 Wz 1 I U 7(10)W WW U U

555 Ad4 4 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 3(9)M5(1)W C6 2 20

556 Ch1 4 hd gl-I 1 4Cmt2 5(10)M C5 3 3D

557 Ad4 4 h cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C6 2 2

558 Ad4 4 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 3(10)M C6 2 20

721 Mw8 1 I 2 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

732 Mw8 1 1 0 4Cwi 6(10)W C6 U 1

733 Fa2 5 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

744 AdFa1 3 hd cl-I 0 2Bqt2v 4(10)M C1 2 20

745 Fa2 6 hd cl 0 20qt2 5(10)TE C5 2 50

746 Hw 3 id U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 3D

748 Hw 2 id U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 3D

756 Montage Lake U 7(10)W WW

757 Willow Bunch Lake U 7(10)W WW

758 Rivard Lake U 7(10)W WW

759 Bonneau Lake U 7(10)W WW

760 Scout Lake U 7(10)W WW

761 Fife Lake U WW

764 Wz 1 I U 7(10)W WW U U

788 ChHt1 4 hd gsl-sl 0 3Cmt2 5(10)M C5 4 20

792 Fa2 6 hd cl-I 0 20qt2 5(10)TE C5 2 50

793 Hw 3 id U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 3D

794 Fa1 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C1 2 40

795 FaEe4 5-4 hd cl-vl 0 2Cqt2 4(5)MT5(5)T C5 3 40

797 Fa2 5 hd 0 1Ct2 5(10)MT C5 2 40

798 Fa2 5 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

799 Fa2 5 hd cl 2 3Cst2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

800 Hw 3 id U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 3D

801 Fa2 5 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

802 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

803 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

805 Wz 1 1 6(10)W U U

806 Fa1 3 hd cl 2 3Bst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

807 Fa1 3 hd cl 2 3Bst2 3(10)M C1 2 20

808 Fa2 3 hd cl-I 1 2Bqt2v 3(10)M C5 2 20

809 Fa2 5 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

- ~-.----

6

Area Map Slope Land Surface Agricultural Wind WaterNo. Unit Class Fonn Texture Ca bill H Erosion ErosioD

810 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

811 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

812 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

813 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

814 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

815 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

816 Ad4 5 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 4(9)T5(1)W C6 2 40

817 Hw 3 id U 40ct2 4(10)M 01 U 3D

818 Fa2 5 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

819 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

820 Fa1 3 hd cl 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

821 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

822 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

823 Fa2 5 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 5(10)TE C5 2 40

824 Fa2 4 hd cl 0 2Cqt2 3(10)M C5 2 20

825 Fa1 3 hd cl 0 2Bqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

826 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

827 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

828 Wz 1 I 6(10)W U U

829 Ad1 4 hd cl 1 2Cqt2 3(10)M C1 2 20

830 HwEx6 6 hig 0 40ct2 6(10)TE 01 U 5G

1

7. GLOSSARY

Acid soil -A soil having a pH of less than 7.0.Aggregate - A group of soil particles sticking together in

such a way that they behave mechanically as a unit.Alkali soil -(i) A soil having a high degree of alkalinity (pH

of 8.5 or higher), or having a high exchangeable sodiumcontent (15% or more of the exchange capacity), or both.(ii) A soil that contains enough alkali (sodium) to inter-

fere with the growth of most crops.Note: The term "alkali soil" is often incorrectly used todescribe a "saline soil".

Alkaline soil -A soil having a pH greater than 7.0.Alluvial deposit -Refer to section "2.3 Surface Deposits"

on page 2-1 of this report.Apron -Refer to section "2.4 Surface Forms" on page 2-2

of this report.Aspect - The particular direction in which a slope faces.Available water - The portion of water in a soil that can be

readily absorbed by plant roots. See also "field capac-ity".

Bedrock -The preglacial sediments, exclusive of stratifieddeposits in preglacial valleys, that underlie the surficialglacial sediments. These bedrock materials mayor maynot be consolidated into solid rock and may be exposedat the surface.

Blanket -A mantle of unconsolidated materials thickenough to mask minor irregularities in the underlyingunit but still conforming to the general underlying topog-raphy.

Blowout - A small area from which soil material has beenremoved by wind.

Channel -The bed where a natural stream of water runs orhas run.

Clay -(i) A soil particle that is less than 0.002 mm in

diameter. (ii) A soil textural class. See also "texture,soil".

Clod - A compact, coherent mass of soil varying in size,usually produced by plowing or digging.

Cobble - Rounded or partially rounded rock or mineral frag-ment between 8 and 25 cm in diameter.

Cobbly -Containing appreciable quantities of cobbles. Theterm is used to describe both soil and land.

Colluvium - A heterogenous mixture of material that hasmoved down a slope and settled at its base, as a result ofgravitational action.

Degradation -(i) The decline in a soil's fertility status as a

result ofloss of organic matter, erosion by wind or water,compaction, salinization, or acidification. (ii) Thechanging of a soil to a more highly leached and morehighly weathered condition, usually accompanied bymorphological changes such as the development of aneluviated (leached), light-colored Ae horizon.

Dissected - Where the original surface has been cut by run-ning water, leaving a network of channels, shallowgullies, or valleys.

Dunes -Wind-built ridges and hills of sand formed in thesame manner as snowdrifts. They are started wheresome obstruction, such as a bush, boulder, or fence,causes an eddy or otherwise thwarts the sand-ladenwind. Once begun, the dunes themselves offer resis-tance and they grow to form various shapes.

Eluviation - The transportation of soil material in suspen-sion or solution within the soil by the downward orlateral movement of water.

Eolian deposit -Refer to section "2.3 Surface Deposits" onpage 2-1 of this report.

Erosion -The wearing away of the land surface by runningwater, wind, ice or gravity.

Erosivity -The tendency for a soil to erode or permit erosion.Esker -A winding ridge of irregularly stratified sand,

gravel, and cobbles deposited under the ice by a rapidlyflowing glacial stream.

Fan - Refer to section "2.4 Surface Forms" on page 2-2 ofthis report.

Fibric layer - A layer of organic material containing largeamounts of weakly decomposed fiber whose botanicalorigin is readily identifiable.

Field capacity - The percentage of water remaining in thesoil two or three days afterthe soil has been saturated andfree drainage has practically ceased.

Fluvial deposit -Refer to section "2.3 Surface Deposits" onpage 2-1 of this report.

Genesis -The mode of origin of the soil, especially theprocesses or soil-forming factors responsible for thedevelopment of the solum, the true soil, from unconsoli-dated parent material.

Glacial till -See "till".Glaciofluvial -Refer to section "2.3 Surface Deposits" on

page 2-1 of this report.Glaciolacustrine - Refer to section "2.3 Surface Deposits"

on page 2-1 of this report.Gleyed soil - Soil affected by gleysation.Gleysation -A soil forming process, operating under poor

drainage conditions, which results in the reduction ofiron and other elements, and in gray colors and mottles.

Gravel -Rock fragments between 2 mm and 7.5 cm indiameter.

Grumic -A fine-textured (clay or heavy clay) soil whichcracks extensively when dry and forms angular blockystructures with grooved surfaces in subsoils due to theeffect of swelling and shrinking during periods of wet-ting and drying. Surface horizons are massive, oftenwith granular secondary structure under cultivation.

Gully - A channel caused by erosion from concentrated butintermittent flow of water during and immediately afterheavy rains or snowmelt. It is deep enough to interfere

with and not be removed by tillage operations.

2

Heavy soil -A soil having a high content of fine particles,particularly clay, or a soil having a high drawbarpull andtherefore requiring more power to cultivate.

Horizon - Refer to section "2.1 The Soil Profile" on page 2-I of this report.

Humic layer - A layer of organic material containing largeamounts of highly decomposed organic material; onlysmall amounts of fiber are present that can be identifiedas to their botanical origin. Fibers can be easily de-stroyed by rubbing.

Hummocky -Refer to section "2.4 Surface Forms" on page2-2 of this report.

Humus - (i) The fraction of the soil organic matter that

remains after most of the added plant and animal resi-dues have decomposed. It is usually dark-colored. (ii)Humus is also used in a broader sense to designate thehumus forms referred to as forest humus. (iii) All thedead organic material on and in the soil that undergoescontinuous breakdown, change, and synthesis.

Hydraulic conductivity -The rate at which saturated soilstrqnsmit water.

Inclined - Refer to section "2.4 Surface Forms" on page2-2 of this report.

Infiltration -The downward movement of water into thesoil.

Kettle - Depression left after the melting of a detached massof glacial ice that was buried in glacial debris.

Knob - A pronounced, rounded hill commonly found inknob and kettle topography in morainic areas.

Knoll -A small, subdued, rounded hill commonly found inknoll and depression topography in areas of till plains.

Lacustrine deposit -Refer to section "2.3 Surface Depos-its" on page 2-1 of this report.

Landform - The various shapes of the land surface resultingfrom a variety of actions such as deposition (eskers,moraines) and erosion (gullies, valleys).

Leaching - The downward removal from the soil of materi-als in solution.

Level - Refer to section "2.4 Surface Forms" on page 2-2 ofthis report.

Light soil - A soil having a high content of coarser particles,particularly sand, or a soil having a low draw bar pull andtherefore easy to cultivate.

Loess - Material transported and deposited by wind andconsisting of predominantly silt-sized particles.

Mesic layer - A layer of organic material in an intermediatestage of decomposition; intermediate amounts of fiberare present that can be identified as to their botanicalongIn.

Microrelief - Small scale, local differences in topography,including mounds, swales, or pits that are usually < 1 min diameter and with elevation differences of up to 2 m.

Mineral soil - A soil consisting predominantly of mineralmatter. It contains less than 17% organic carbon exceptfor an organic surface layer that may be up to 40 cm thickif formed of mixed peat or 60 cm if formed of fibric peat.

Moraine -Distinct accumulations of glacial material,mainly till, deposited directly by glaciers.

Mottles - Spots or blotches of different color or shades ofcolor interspersed with the dominant color.

Neutral soil -A soil having a pH of 7.0.Organic matter, soil- The organic fraction of the soil;

includes plant and animal residues at various stages ofdecomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, andsubstances synthesized by the soil population.

Parent material - The unconsolidated and more or lesschemically unweathered mineral or organic matter fromwhich the solum of a soil has developed.

Pedology -Those aspects of soil science involving the con-stitution, distribution, genesis, classification and map-ping of soils.

Permeability, soil - The ease with which gases and liquidspenetrate or pass through a bulk mass of soil or a layer ofsoil.

pH, soil - The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activ-ity of a soil. The degree of acidity (or alkalinity) of a soilas determined by an electrode or indicator at a specifiedsoil-water ratio, and expressed in terms of the pH scale.

Ridged -Refer to section "2.4 Surface Forms" on page 2-2of this report.

Rolling - Refer to section "2.4 Surface Forms" on page 2-2of this report.

Runoff - The portion of the total precipitation falling uponan area that flows away through stream channels or overthe surface instead of entering the soil.

Runway -The channel of a stream.Saline soil - A soil that contains enough soluble salts to

interfere with the growth of most crops. As measured bythe electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, theamount of salt present is great enough to produce areading greater than 4 mS/cm. Very sensitive crops maybe affected at electrical conductivities of 2 mS/cm.

Sand - (i) A soil particle between 0.05 and 2.0 mm in

diameter. (ii) A soil textural class. See also "texture,soil".very coarse sand - A soil particle between 1.0 and 2.0mm in diameter.coarse sand - (i) A soil particle between 0.5 and 1.0 mm

in diameter. (ii) A soil textural class. See also "texture,soils".medium sand -A soil particle between 0.25 and 0.5 mmin diameter.fine sand - (i) A soil particle between O.10 and 0.25 mm

in diameter. (ii) A soil textural class. See also "texture,soil".very fine sand -A soil particle between 0.05 and 0.10mm in diameter.

Silt -(i) A soil particle between 0.002 and 0.05 mm in

diameter. (ii) A soil textural class. See also "texture,soil".

Soil - (i) The unconsolidated mineral material on the imme-

diate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium

for the growth of land plants. (ii) The unconsolidatedmineral matter on the surface of the earth that has beensubjected to and influenced by genetic and environ-mental factors of: parent material, climate (includingmoisture and temperature effects), macro- and microor-ganisms and topography, all acting over a period of timeand producing a product (soil) that differs from thematerial from which it is derived in many physical,chemical, biological and morphological properties andcharacteristics.

Solum - The upper horizons of a soil in which the parentmaterial has been modified and in which most plant rootsare contained. It usually consists of the A and Bhorizons.

Stratification - The arrangement of sediments in layers orstrata marked by a change in color, texture, dimension ofparticles, and composition. Stratification usually meanslayers of sediments that separate readily along beddingplanes because of different sizes and kinds of material orsome interruption in deposition that permitted changesto take place before more material was deposited.

Structure, soil - The combination or arrangement of pri-mary soil particles into aggregates of secondary soilparticles, which are separated from each other by sur-faces of weakness. These secondary particles may be,but usually are not, arranged in the profile in such amanner as to give a distinct characteristic pattern. Thesecondary particles are characterized and classified onthe basis of size, shape, and degree of distinctness. Thegeneral shape types are structure less, plate-like, block-like and prism-like. The terms are:structureless -Having no observable aggregationor no definite orderly arrangement around naturallines of weakness.

single grain - Loose, incoherent mass ofindividual particles as in sands.massive - A coherent mass showing noevidence of any distinct arrangement ofsoil particles.

block-like - Soil particles are arranged around apoint and bounded by flat or rounded sides.

blocky (angular blocky) -Having block-like structures with flat, rectangular facesand sharp, angular corners.subangular blocky -Having block-likestructures with rounded or flattened facesand rounded corners.granular - Having block-like aggregatesthat appear as spheroids having curvedsurfaces which have slight or no accom-modation to the faces of the surroundingaggregates.

plate-like - Soil particles are arranged around ahorizontal plane and generally bounded by rela-tively flat, horizontal surfaces.

platy -Having thin, plate-like aggregateswith faces mostly horizontal.

Page 7-3

prism-like - Soil particles are arranged around avertical axis and bounded by relatively flat, verticalsurfaces.

prismatic -Having prism-like structureswith vertical faces well-defined, andedges near the top sharp and somewhatangular.columnar - Having column-like struc-tures with vertical edges near the top ofcolumns not sharp (columns may be flat-topped, round-topped or irregular).

Substrate modifier - A material of different origin thatunderlies material in which a soil is formed, at a depth ofI m or less.

Superglacial - A glaciolacustrine or glaciofluvial depositlaid down in small ponds or lakes on the melting icesurface, which subsequently becomes mixed with orunderlain by glacial till upon melting. It is not as uniformas typical lacustrine or fluvial deposits.

Terrace -A nearly level, usually narrow, plain bordering ariver, lake, or sea. Rivers are sometimes bordered by anumber of terraces at different levels.

Texture, soil - The relative proportions of the various soilparticles (sand, silt or clay) in a soil as described by theclasses of soil texture. Refer to section "2.5 SurfaceTexture" on page 2-3 of this report. The limits of thevarious classes and subclasses are:sand -Soil material that contains 85% or moresand.

coarse sand - Soil material that contains25% or more very coarse and coarse sand,and less than 50% of any other one gradeof sand.fine sand - Soil material that contains50% or more fine sand or less than 25%very coarse, coarse, and medium sand andless than 50% very fine sand.gravelly sand -Soil material that meetsthe requirements of a sand but also con-tains 20 to 50% by volume of coarse frag-ments from 2 mm to 75 mm in diameter.

loamy sand -Soil material that usually contains 70to 85% sand but may contain as much as 90% sanddepending upon the amount of clay present.

gravelly loamy sand -Soil material thatmeets the requirements of a loamy sandbut also contains 20 to 50% by volume ofcoarse fragments from 2 mm to 75 mm indiameter.

sandy loam - Soil material that usually contains 52to 70% sand but may contain as much as 85% or aslittle as 43% sand depending upon the amount ofclay present.

fine sandy loam - Soil material that con-tains 30% or more fine sand and less than30% very fine sand or between 15 and30% very coarse, coarse, and mediumsand.

4

gravelly sandy loam -Soil material that

meets the requirements of a sandy loambut also contains 20 to 50% by volume ofcoarse fragments from 2 mm to 75 mm indiameter.very fine sandy loam -Soil material thatcontains 30% or more very fine sand ormore than 40% fine and very fine sand, atleast half of which is very fine sand, andless than 15% very coarse, coarse, andmedium sand.

loam - Soil material that contains 7 to 27% clay, 28to 50% silt, and less than 52% sand.gravelly loam - Soil material that meets the re-quirements of a loam but also contains 20 to 50% byvolume of coarse fragments from 2 mm to 75 mm indiameter.silt loam - Soil material that contains 50% or moresilt and 12 to 27% clay, or 50 to 80% silt and lessthan 12% clay.silt -Soil material that contains 80% or more siltand less than 12% clay.sandy clay loam - Soil material that contains 20 to35% clay, less than 28% silt, and 45% or more sand.clay loam - Soil material that contains 27 to 40%clay and 20 to 45% sand.silty clay loam -Soil material that contains 27 to40% clay and less than 20% sand.silty clay - Soil material that contains 40% or moresilt and more than 40% clay.clay -Soil material that contains 40% or more clay,less than 45% sand, and less than 40% silt.heavy clay -Soil material that contains more than60% clay.

Till - Unstratified glacial drift, deposited directly by the ice,consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, silt, gravel, andboulders.

eroded till - Glacial till that has been subjected to watererosion subsequent to deposition, often leaving a densestone lag or stony, gravelly lense on the surface.water-modified till - Glacial till that has had significantamounts of water-sorted materials incorporated, usuallyduring deposition, that results in less stony than normalglacial till with more sandy, silty or clayey textures thanunstratified glacial till.

Tilth -The physical condition of soil as related to its ease oftillage, fitness as a seedbed, and impedance to seedlingemergence and root penetration.

Topography -The physical features of a district or region,taken collectively; especially, the relief and contours ofthe land.

Undulating - Refer to section "2.4 Surface Forms" on page

2-2 of this report.Veneer - Unconsolidated materials too thin to mask the

minor irregularities of the underlying unit surface. Aveneer will range from 10 cm to 1m in thickness and willpossess no form typical of the material's genesis. Anexample of this is shallow lacustrine deposits overlyingglacial till.

Water, soil- Water occupying the pore spaces in the soil.Water table -The upper surface of groundwater or that level

in the ground where the water is at atmospheric pressure.Wilting point - The moisture content of a soil at which plants

wilt and fail to recover their turgidity when placed in adark, humid atmosphere.

Zone, soil -An area in which the dominant soils reflect thezonal influence of climate and vegetation, and form anatural land pattern with other soils that exhibit the zonalinfluence only weakly or not at all. In Saskatchewansoils, there is a gradual increase in the organic mattercontent of the surface horizons as one moves from thesouthwest to the northeast, as reflected by their surfacecolor. This forms the basis of soil zonal separations inthe province, namely Brown, Dark Brown, Black, DarkGray, and Gray.

1

8. FURTHER INFORMATION

For more information about the data contained in this report or for more information about theSaskatchewan Land Resource Centre, contact:

Saskatchewan Land Resource CentreRoom 5C26 Agriculture Building

University of Saskatchewan Campus51 Campus Drive

SASKATOON SK S7N 5A8

Telephone: (306)-975-4060 (General)Telephone: (306)-966-4227 (Report Info)

FAX: (306)-966-4226

If more copies of this report are required, please indicate the name of the Rural Municipality and thenumber of copies required.

1

9. MAP LEGEND - RM 042

MAP UNIT SOIL DESCRIPTION

Ardill Brown Chernozemic soils formed in clay loam glacial till.

Ad I Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils.

Ad2 Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with a mixture of Ardill Calcareous Brown and Ardill Orthic Regosolsoils on upper slopes and knolls, and Gleysolic soils in depressions.

Ad3 Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with Ardill Eluviated Brown soils on lower slopes.

Ad4 Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with a mixture of Ardill Calcareous Brown and Ardill Orthic Regosolsoils on upper slopes and knolls.

Ardill-Alluvium A mixture of Brown Chernozemic soils formed in clay loam glacial till (Ardill) and a complex ofsoils formed in variable-textured alluvial materials (Alluvium).

AdAv I Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with a mixture of Alluvium saline and carbonated Regosolic soils andAlluvium Solonetzic soils.

Ardill-Chaplin Brown Chernozemic soils formed in a mixture of clay loam glacial till (Ardill) and gravelly fluvialmaterials (Chaplin).

AdChl Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with Chaplin Orthic Brown soils on upper slopes and knolls.

Ardill-Fife Lake Brown Chernozemic soils formed in a mixture of clay loam glacial till (Ardill) and loamy glacialtill modified by Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary bedrock (Fife Lake).

AdFal Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with Fife Lake Orthic Brown soils intermixed.

AdFa4 Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with Fife Lake Orthic Brown soils intermixed, and Ardill CalcareousBrown soils on upper slopes and knolls.

AdFalO Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with Fife Lake Orthic Brown and Fife Lake Calcareous Brown soilsintermixed, and Ardill Calcareous Brown and Ardill Orthic Regosol soils on upper slopes and knolls.

Ardill-Willows Brown Chernozemic soils formed in a mixture of clay loam glacial till (Ardill) and variable, clayeylacustrine materials (Willows).

AdWwl Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with Willows Orthic Brown soils on mid- and lower slopes.

AdWw3 Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with Willows Orthic Brown soils on mid- and lower slopes, and WillowsEluviated Brown soils on lower slopes.

AdWw4 Mainly Ardill Orthic Brown soils, with Willows Orthic Brown soils on lower slopes, and Ardill CalcareousBrown soils on knolls.

2

Alluvium

Avl

Av2

Av7

Big Muddy

Bml

Bm2

Chaplin

Chi

Chaplin-Hatton

ChHtl

Esme-Buffalo Horn

EeBf4

Exposure

Ex

Fife Lake

Fal

Fa2

Fa3

Fife Lake-Ardill

FaAd3

A complex of soils formed in variable-textured alluvial materials.

Mainly Alluvium Rego Chernozemic soils.

Mainly Alluvium Rego Chernozemic soils, with Alluvium Gleyed Solonetz and Gleyed Solodized Solonetzsoils intermixed, and a mixture of Alluvium saline and carbonated Gleysolic soils in depressions.

Mainly a mixture of Alluvium saline Orthic Regosol and Alluvium Gleyed Solonetzic soils.

A mixture of Gleysolic and Regosolic soils formed in clayey alluvial materials.

Mainly Big Muddy Gleysolic soils.

Mainly Big Muddy Gleysolic soils, with Big Muddy saline Gleysolic soils intermixed.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in gravelly fluvial materials.

Mainly Chaplin Orthic Brown soils.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in a mixture of gravelly (Chaplin) and sandy (Hatton) fluvialmaterials.

Mainly Chaplin Orthic Brown soils, with Hatton Orthic Brown soils on lower slopes.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in a mixture of loamy (Esme) and clayey (Buffalo Horn) glacial tillhighly modified by Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary bedrock and glacially modified Upper Cretaceousand Tertiary bedrock.

Mainly Esme Orthic Brown soils, with Buffalo Horn Orthic Brown soils on some midslopes, Esme RegoBrown soils on upper slopes and knolls, and Horse Creek Orthic Brown soils on lower slopes.

A mixture of bedrock outcrops and Regosolic soils formed in bedrock materials.

Mainly a mixture of bedrock outcrops and Exposure Orthic Regosol soils formed in bedrock materials.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in loamy glacial till modified by Upper Cretaceous and Tertiarybedrock.

Mainly Fife Lake Orthic Brown soils.

Mainly Fife Lake Orthic Brown soils, with Fife Lake Calcareous Brown soils on upper slopes and knolls.

Mainly Fife Lake Orthic Brown soils, with Fife Lake Eluviated Brown soils on lower slopes.

Bro,;n Chernozemi~ soils formed in a mixture of loamy glacial till modified by Upper Cretaceous andTertiary bedrock (Fife Lake) and clay loam glacial till (Ardill).

Mainly Fife L~e Orthi.cBrown soils, with Ardill Orthic Brown soils intermixed, and Fife Lake EluviatedBrown and Ardill EluvIated Brown soils on lower slopes.

FaAd4

Fife Lake-Chaplin

FaCh2

Fife Lake-Esme

FaEe4

Fox Valley

Fxl

FxlT

Fx2

Hatton

Htl

HtlT

Hillwash

Hw

Hillwash-Alluvium

HwAv5

Hillwash-Exposure

HwEx6

Page 9-3

Mainly Fife Lake Orthic Brown soils, with Ardill Orthic Brown soils, Ardill Calcareous Brown and ArdillOrthic Regosol soils on upper slopes, and Fife Lake Calcareous Brown soils on some upper slopes.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in a mixture ofloamy glacial till modified by Upper Cretaceous andTertiary bedrock (Fife Lake) and gravelly fluvial materials (Chaplin).

Mainly Fife Lake Orthic Brown soils, with Chaplin Orthic Brown soils intermixed, and Fife Lake CalcareousBrown soils on upper slopes.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in a mixture of loamy glacial till modified by Upper Cretaceous andTertiary bedrock (Fife Lake) and loamy glacial till highly modified by Upper Cretaceous and Tertiarybedrock and glacially modified Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary bedrock (Esme).

Mainly Fife Lake Orthic Brown soils, with Fife Lake Calcareous Brown soils intermixed, and a mixture ofEsme Calcareous Brown and Esme Rego Brown soils on upper slopes and knolls.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in silty lacustrine materials.

Mainly Fox Valley Orthic Brown soils.

Mainly Fox Valley Orthic Brown soils. Most of these soils are shallow « I m.) to glacial till.

Mainly Fox Valley Orthic Brown soils, with Fox Valley Calcareous Brown soils on upper slopes and knolls.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in sandy fluvial materials.

Mainly Hatton Orthic Brown soils.

Mainly Hatton Orthic Brown soils. Most of these soils are shallow « 1 m.) to glacial till.

A mixture of Regosolic and Chernozemic soils formed in various deposits associated with steep anderoding valley sides.

Mainly a mixture of Hillwash Regosolic and Chernozemic soils on steep, gullied valley side slopes.

A mixture of Regosolic and Chernozemic soils formed in various deposits associated with steep anderoding valley sides (Hillwash) and a complex of soils formed in variable-textured alluvial materials(Alluvium).

Mainly a mixture of Hillwash Regosolic and Chernozemic soils, with Alluvium saline Regosol and AlluviumSolonetzic soils on lower slopes.

A mixture of Regosolic and Chernozemic soils formed in various deposits associated with steep anderoding valley sides (Hillwash) and a mixture of bedrock outcrops and Regosolic soils formed inbedrock materials (Exposure).

Mainly a mixture of Hillwash Regosolic and Chernozemic soils, with Exposure Regosolic soils and bedrockoutcrops intermixed.

4

Meadow

Mw8

Sceptre

Scl

Willows

Wwl

Ww2

Ww3

Willows-Ardill

WwAdl

WwAd4

Wetland

Wz

Gleysolic soils formed in variable-textured alluvial materials.

Mainly a complex of undifferentiated Gleysolic soils.

Grumic Brown Chernozemic soils formed in clayey lacustrine materials.

Mainly grumic Sceptre soils.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in variable, clayey lacustrine materials.

Mainly Willows Orthic Brown soils.

Mainly Willows Orthic Brown soils, with Willows Rego Brown soils intermixed.

Mainly Willows Orthic Brown soils, with Willows Eluviated Brown soils on lower slopes.

Brown Chernozemic soils formed in a mixture of variable, clayey lacustrine materials (Willows) andclay loam glacial till (Ardill).

Mainly Willows Orthic Brown soils, with Ardill Orthic Brown soils on upper slopes and knolls.

Mainly Willows Orthic Brown soils, with Ardill Orthic Brown soils on midslopes, and Ardill CalcareousBrown soils on upper slopes and knolls.

Gleysolic soils and shallow open water associated with wet, depressional areas.

Mainly undifferentiated Gleysolic soils.

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