iim cluster study material chemistry

8/10/2019 Iim Cluster Study Material Chemistry

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Kendriya Vidyalaya SangathanLucknow Region

Study MaterialSubject : CHEMISTR

Cla!! " #II

$re%ared under !u%er&i!ion o'

Mr!( )*MIT+ ,ILS*)

$RI)CI$+L- KE).RI+ VI.+L++ IIM-L/CK)*,

+!tt( Co00i!!ioner KVS 1LR2

R+)VIR SI)3H


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/nder 3uidance o'.r( Satyendra %al

$rinci%alKendriya Vidyalaya )o( 4 - +5S- +gra

$re%ared 6y

S()* )+ME *5 THE TE+CHER KE).RI+ VI.+L++4 .r( +6H+S +.+V 6+R+6+)KI7 S+)3IT+ R+)I SI)3H 3*MTI )+3+R- L/CK)*,8 R(C(TI,+RI 6(K(T( - L/CK)*,9 6(K(SH+RM+ +LI3+) - L/CK)*,; +(K(.I#IT SIT+$/R < M+)/L+ .I#IT I I M- L/CK)*,= R+ SHEKH+R I I M- L/CK)*,


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CONTENTSONE PAPER

70 MARKSUNIT NO. TITLE MARKSI SOLID STATE 4II SOLUTIONS 5III ELECTROCHEMISTRY 5IV CHEMICAL KINETICS 5V SURFACE CHEMISTRY 4VI GENERAL PRINCIPALES AND PROCESSES OF

ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS

3

VII P-BLOCK ELEMENTS 8VIII D & F BLOCK ELEMENTS 5IX COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 3X HALOALKANES & HALORENES 4XI ALCOHALS, PHENOLS & ETHERS 4XII ALDEHYDES, KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACID XIII ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING

NITROGEN

4

XIV BIOMOLECULES 4

XV POLYMERS 3XVI CHEMISRY IN EVERDAY LIFE 3

TOTAL 70

Unit-I THE SOLID STATE

D!"#$% '( )"$% *!++ M## '( )"$% *!++ / M

V'+)0! '( )"$% *!++ N/ 3


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- N)01!2 '( %'0# !2 )"$% *!++ M A%'0$* 0## '2 ('20)+ 0##('2 $'"$* #'+$# N A6'72' ")01!2 E7! +!"7%

R$)# 2%$' 29 R$)# '( %! *%$'"

2- R$)# '( %! "$'"

I( R $# %! 2$)# '( #!2!# $" %! *+'#! *:! 22"7!0!"% %!" I. R$)# '( '*%!2+ 6'$ 2 ;.4


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=. I'"$*#'+$#

I'"# C')+'01$* '2!+!*%2'#%%$*

NC+, M7O"#, CF=

H21)%12$%%+!

I"#)+%'2#$"#'+$ #%%!1)%*'")*%'2#$"0'+%!"

#%%!" $")!')##'+)%$'"#

H$7

3. M!%++$*#'+$#

P'#$%$6!$'"#I" #!'(!+'*+$!!+!*%2'"#

M!%++$*1'"$"7

F!, C), A7,M7

H21)%0++!1+!")*%$+!

C'")*%'2#$"#'+$ #%%!# !++ #$" 0'+%!"#%%!

F$2+$7

4. C'6+!"%'2N!%'2:#'+$#

A%'0# C'6+!"%1'"$"7

S$O=?)2%@,S$C ,C?$0'"@,AIN,C?72$%!@

H2

S'(%

I"#)+%'2#

C'")*%'2?!*!%$'"@

V!2$7

I0%ortant >ue!tion!?


6/89

?$@ S*'%%: !(!*% ?$$@ F-*!"%2!#A"# ?$@ S%'$*$'0!%2$* !(!*% !" !)+ ")01!2 '( *%$'"# " "$'"# 2!0$##$"7 (2'0 %! +%%$*!. C%$'"# " "$'"# 2! '( +0'#% #0! #$!. I% +'!2#%! !"#$% '( #'+$ !.7. NC+ , KC+ !%*. ?$$@T! !+!*%2'"# %2! % %! "$'" 6*"*$!# 2! 2!(!22! %' # F-*!"%2!# (2'0 G!20" '2 F21!"!"%!2 0!"$"7 *'+')2 *!"%2! !.7. !++'*'+')2 $02%! %' NC+ !" !%! $" " %0'#!2! '( #'$)0 6')2.

5. I2'" # 1'-*!"%2! *)1$* )"$% *!++ $% *!++ !7! '( =8.5 0. T!

!"#$% '( $2'" $# .8 7 *0-3 U#! %$# $"('20%$'" %' *+*)+%! A6'72'J#

")01!2. ?A%. M## '( $2'" 5 7 0'+-


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MB Volume of solution in ml

WB mass of solute MB molar mass of solute

Molality (m) = Moles of solute

Mass of solvent in Kg

= WBx 1000

MB WA(in grams) WA mass of

solvent Henrys law

P = KHx 1P partial pressure KH Henrys constant 1- mole fraction

Raoults law for volatile solute

PA= PAA PA= partial pressure of component A in solution

PA= vapour pressure of pure component

A = mole fraction

P = PA + PB = PAA+ PBB Raoults law for non-volatile solute

PA- PA = B = nB = WBx MA

PA nA+ nB MB WA(dilute solution)

Elevation in boiling point

Tb= Kbx m = Kbx WBx 1000

MB WA

Depression in freezing point

Tf= Kfx m = Kfx WB x 1000

An ideal solution should have:

i. Vmix= 0

ii. Hmix= 0

iii. Obeys Raoults law over a wide range of concentration

Non-ideal solution

i. Vmix 0

ii. Hmix 0

iii. Raoults law is not obeyed

Two types:

a)Positive Deviation : When partial pressure of each liquid and the resultant

total pressure is greater than the pressure expected on the basis of the

Raoults law

eg- Ether-acetone, Benzene-acetone , water-ethanol , n-hexane-ethanol etc.

Hmix= +ve

Vmix= +ve

PA> PAA ; PB> PBB


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b)Negative deviation :When partial pressure of each liquid is less than the

vapour pressure expected on basis of Raoults law.

Eg- Methanol-acetic acid , water-nitric acid , acetone-chloroform , chloroform-

benzene , chloroform-ether etc.

Hmix= -ve

1.How is the molality of a solution different from its molarity?Ans- Molarity is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution whereas

molarity is the number of moles of solute in 1kg of the solvent.

2.State Henrys law and mention two importants application.

Ans- Henrys law : The pressure of gas over a solution is directly proportional to

the mol fraction of the gas dissolve in the mol fraction of the gas dissolve in tje

solution.

Applications :-

(i): To make soft drink bottle more rich in CO2sealing is done at high pressure.

(ii):Deep sea divers use He and O2mixture for respiration He is less solublein blood as compared to N2at high pressure and create the pain ful effect

on the human body.

3. A 5 % sol (by mass) of Cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271K.

Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water

is 273.15K.

Ans- 5% glucose means 5gm in 100gm of sol

f=

For sugar 273.15 271 =

2.15 = kf 0.154

For glucose f=

f= Kf 0.292

Comparing the two

=

Freezing point of solution will be 273.15K 4.08K

= 269.07K


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UNIT-III - ELECTROCHEMISTR3I0'2%"% ('20)+!

RVI

!2! R $# R!#$#%"*!, V $# V'+%7!, I $# C)22!"%.

C'")*%$6$% '2 *'")*%"*!


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48 C 5;; C

F2J# S!*'" L '( E+!*%2'+#$#


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$# %! !)$+$12$)0 *'"#%"% K 2!+%! %' '"+ E'*!++" "'%E*!++

A"# I% $# 1!*)#! E*!++% !)$+$12$)0 $# ; 6'+% .

2$%! %! "!2"#% E)%$'" ('2 %! !+!*%2'! 2!*%$'" M "9 9 "!- Q M?#@

A"# E0"90 E'0"90 9=.3;3RT"F +'7M"9

P2!$*% %! 2')*% '( E+!*%2'+#$# $" !* '( %! F'++'$"7@ A" S'+. O( A7NO3$% #$+6!2 !+!*%2'!#.1@ A" . S'+. O( A7NO3$% +%$")0 !+!*%2'!#.

A"# A% C%'! A79?@ 9 !- A7?#@ A% "'! A7?#@ A79?@9 !-

A7NO3?@ A79?@ 9 NO3-?@ H=O?+@ H9?@9 OH- ?@

1@ A% *%'! =A79?@ 9 =!- =A7?#@ A% "'! =OH-?@ O=?7@ 9 =H9?@ 9

4!-

C" ') #%'2! *'!2 #)+%! $" $"* '% A"# N' , 1!*)#! " $# 0'2! 2!*%$6! %" C) .I( *)22!"% '( ;.5 0!2! '# %2')7 0!%++$* $2! ('2 = ')2#, %!" ' 0" !+!*%2'"# ' %2')7 %! $2!

A"# $% 5 = 60 60 = 3600 CNo. of electrons flow = 3600 6.022 1023

9600 = 2.246 1022

UNIT-I4 C"e(ical Kinetics


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I0'2%"% ('20)+!

R%! O( 2!*%$'" $% $# !"! # %! *"7! $" *'"*!"%2%$'"'( 2!*%"% ?'2 2')*%@ $" 2%$*)+2 %$0! $"%!26+. U"$% '( 2%!'( 2!*%$'" $# 0'+ L-< #-


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!2' '2!2 2!*%$'" T! 2%! '( 2!*%$'" '!# "'% *"7! $%%! *'"*!"%2%$'" '( %! 2!*%"%#,

$.!., 2%! : A;, !2! :J $# 2%! *'"#%"% U"$% '( 2%! *'"#%"% $# 0'+ L-


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E2.ess t"e elati#n between t"e "al+ li+e .ei#% #+ aeactant an% its initial c#ncentati#n +# a eacti#n #+ n t"

#%e)A"# %


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Sol solid in li3uid eample starch sol 3el * li3uid in solid eample butter E0ul!ion li3uid in li3uid eample milkTy%e! o' Colloid! : 4(Lyo%hilic !ol: $eversible 7(Lyo%hobic : %rreversible 8(Multi0olecular : smaller to colloidal range

9(Macro0olecular :bigger to colloidal range;( +!!ociated : soap solutionPeptisation : ppt 4 dispersion medium * colloid

Dialysis : Purification of colloid

/yndall effect : 5cattering of light by colloidal solution

eta Potential 6 Potential diff . between the fied layer and diffused layer of opposite

charges .

7lectrophoresis : 8ovement of colloidal particles under the influence of electric

field .

Coagulation : Colloid 4 7lectrolyte * ppt

"ardy 5chul0e $ule : Coagulation power of an ion 9 valency of the ion ; &

Demulsification : 7 mulsions can be broken into the constituent li3uids by heating -

free0ing - centrifuging .

I0%ortant >ue!tion!


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UNIT=-4I- >eneal Pinci.les ? P#cess #+ Is#lati#n #+Ele(ents

/he chemical substances in the earth?s crust obtained by mining are called 8inerals.

@) M$"!2+#, $* *% # #')2*! ('2 0!%+, 2! *++! O2!.8)T! )""%! $0)2$%$!# 2!#!"% $" '2! 2! *++! G"7)!.)T! !"%$2! 2'*!## '( !%2*%$'" '( 0!%+ (2'0 $%# '2! $# *++!

M!%++)27.9) R!0'6+ '( 7"7)! (2'0 '2! $# *++! C'"*!"%2%$'", D2!##$"7 '2

B!"!(*%$'" '( '2!.

6) C'"*!"%2%$'" 1 H2)+$* #$"7 $# 1#! '" %! $>!2!"*! $"726$%$!# '( '2! " 7"7)! 2%$*+!#.

B) C'"*!"%2%$'" 1 M7"!%$* #!2%$'" $# 1#! '" $>!2!"*!# $"07"!%$* 2'!2%$!# '( '2! *'0'"!"%#. I( !$%!2 '( '2! '27"7)! $# *1+! '( %%2*%! 1 07"!% !+, %!" #)*#!2%$'" $# *22$! ')%.

7) C'"*!"%2%$'" 1 F2'% F+'%%$'" P2'*!## $# 1#! '" %! (*%#%% #)+$! '2! $# !%%! 1 '$+ & 7"7)! 2%$*+!# 2! !%%!1 %!2.

) C'"*!"%2%$'" 1 L!*$"7 $# 1#! '" %! (*%# %% '2! $##'+)1+! $" #'0! #)$%1+! 2!7!"% & 7"7)! $# $"#'+)1+! $" #0!2!7!"%. !.7. B)$%! '2! *'"%$"# $0)2$%$!# '( #$+$*, $2'" '$!& T$O=.T! '!2! '2! $# %2!%! $% NOH $* $##'+6! A+& $0)2$%$!# 2!0$"# $"#'+)1+! $" $%.

A+=O39=NOH 9 3 H=O = N [email protected]. Calcination involves heating of ore in absence of air below melting

point of metal. %n this process volatile impurities escapes leaving behind metal

oide.

@eO#."O @eO#4"O

nCO# nO 4COCaCO#.8gCO# CaO 4 8gO 4 CO

44($oasting involves heating of ore in presence of air below melting point of metalin reverberatory furnace. %n this process volatile impurities escapes leaving behind

metal oide and metal sulphide converts to metal oide.

n5 4 # O nO45O Pb5 4 # O PbO 4 5O


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Cu5 4 # O CuO 4 5O47. $eduction of metal oide involves heating of metal in presence of suitablereagent Coke or CO.48. $eactions taking place at different 0ones of blast furnace in etraction of iron:2i; one of reduction:2 /emperature range BoC2BBoC

#@eO#4CO @e#O&4CO

@e#O&4CO #@eO4 CO @eO 4CO @e4 COii; one of slag formation:2 /emperature range BBoC21BBBoC

CaCO# CaO4CO

CaO45iO Ca5iO#- P&O1B41BC &P41BCO-

5iO4C 5i4CO- 8nO4C 8n4CO

iii; one of fusion:2 /emperature range 11BoC21#BoC

CO 4 C CO

iv; one of fusion:2 /emperature range 1&BoC21EBoC

C 4O CO

7''%!>"A! D%A>$A8: @or considering the choice of reducing agent in the reduction of oides

F> G F" H / F5 F> must be negative- F>G H n 7 @ - F> G H $/ ln +

%8PO$/A!/


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.,hat is the role of depressant in froth flotation process=

Ans: An ore containing n5 and Pb5 - the depressants usedis !aC! . %t selectively

prevents n5 from coming to the froth but allows Pb5 to come with the froth.

L.Describe 8ond process and Man Arkel?s method .

Ans: 8ond Process :refining of !ickel

##B2#B + &B2&B+

!i 4 &CO N !i CO;& N !i 4 &CO

Man Arkel 8ethod : refining of r

1BB+

r 4 % N r % & N r 4 %


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Unit-4II - .-LOCK ELEMENTS

)itrogen 5a0ily :


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=@ N'1!+ 7#!# 6! +' 1.. 1!*)#! 1!$"7 0'"' %'0$* %! 6! "' $"%!2

%'0$* ('2*!# !*!% !: $#!2#$'" ('2*!# .3@ N!$+ B2%!%% 2!2! *'0')" ?O=P%F@

I'"$%$'" !"%+ '( X! ?


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)!#%$'"#


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1) % 2! $"%!2#%$%$+ *'0')"# 2! #)* *'0')"# !++ :"'"

('2 %2"#$%$'" 0!%+>) E+$" %2"#$%$'" !+!0!"%# 6! 0" $22!7)+2$%$!# $" %!$2 !+!*%2'"$*

*'"7)2%$'"#H) $* 0!%+ $" %! 2#% #!2$!# '( %2"#$%$'" 0!%+# !$1$%# 9< '$%$'"

#%%! 0'#% (2!)!"%+ "

UNIT I-- COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

@) A *'-'2$"%$'" *'0')" $# 0'+!*)+2 *'0')" $" $* %! *!"%2+

0!%+ %'0 '2 0!%+ $'" $# +$":! %' ")01!2 '( $'"# '2 "!)%2+ 0'+!*)+!#

1 *''2$"%! 1'"# !.7. K4F!?CN@


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8) C!"%2+ 0!%+ %'0 & +$7"# 2! *'++!*%$6!+ 2$%%!" $"#$! #)2! 12*:!%

:"'" # COORDINATION SPHERE.)T! +$7"# '#! '"+ '"! '"'2 %'0 $# 1'"! %' 0!%+ %'0$'" 2!

*++! 0'"' !"%%! +$7". CO, NH3 ,H=O.9)T! +$7", $* *'"%$" %'-'"'2 %'0 %2')7 $* $% $# 1'"! %'

*!"%2+ %'0, $# *++! 1$!"%%! +$7"#. !.7. C=O4--, NH=-CH=-CH=-NH=.6) A *'0+! $" $* %!2! $# *+'#! 2$"7 '( %'0# *)#! 1 %%*0!"% '(

+$7" %' 0!%+ %'0 % %' '$"%# $# *++! CHELATES.B) A 0'+!*)+! '2 $'" %% *" ('20 *+'#! 2$"7 $% 0!%+ %'0 $# *++!

*!+%$"7 +$7". !. 7. C=O4--, NH=-CH=-CH=-NH=.7)


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@)A**'2$"7 %' *2#%+ !+ %!'2 # +$7"# 2'*!# %' 0!%+ %'0 %!"

#+$%%$"7 '( -'21$%+# '( 0!%+ %'0# %:!# +*!. T!#! -'21$%+# #+$%# $"%'

%' *%!7'2$!#-

?$@ %=7 '21$%+ *'"%$"# , , ii; eg orbital contains d (

2Y

=, .

74. @or octahedral comple energy of egis more than that of tgorbitals.

77. @or tetrahedral comple energy of egis less than that of tgorbitals.

78(Coordination compounds find use in followings field:2 i; %n 3ualitative analysis +&@eC!;L gives blue and brown colour with @e

#4 QCu4

respectively.

ii; %n 3uantitative analysis 7D/A is used to remove hardness of water.

iii; %n etraction of metals like gold silver comple is formed.iv; %n biological system Chlorophyll Q "aemoglobin is a comple of 8g4Q@e#4respectively.

I0%ortant >ue!tion!:

>(4" ,rite the I/$+C na0e o' linkage i!o0er o' FCr 1en271*)*27GCl(A.12'inkage isomer is Cr en; !O; Jr.

%IPAC name2 bisethane21-2diamine;dinitrito2!2chromiumiii; bromide

>(7",hat i! 0eant by the chelate effect 3i&e an ea0%le.A.2A comple in which there is a close ring of atoms caused by attachment of ligand to a metal

atom at two points is called chelate effect. e.g.

>(8" ,hich co0%le i! u!ed in the treat0ent o' cancerA.#2 cis2platin or cis2 Pt !"#;Cl

>(9".raw o%tical i!o0er! o' FCo1en28G7J


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A)9-

)6- Daw a s*etc" t# s"#w t"e s.littin! #+ %-#bitals in an #cta"e%al

cstal Fel%)A.5-

Unit- HALOALKANES ? HALOARENES


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POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

A Haloalkane:-

1. Halogen derivative of alkanes are called as Haloalkanes & of aromatic

hydrocarbon are called Haloarenes.

2. In Haloalkane C-atom of C-X bond is sp3Hybridized while in Haloarene it is

sp2hybridized.3. Alcohols can be converted into Haloalkanes by reacting with HalogenAcids,

Phosphorous halide &Thionyl chloride (SOCl2).

4. Haloalkanes can also be prepared by electrophilic addition of Halogen Acids

(HX) to the alkanes.

R-CH=CH2+ HBr R-CH2-CH2Br

R-CH=CH2+HBr R-CHBr-CH3

5. The Physical Properties of Haloalkanes are attributed to dipole-dipole and

dipole-induced dipole interaction.

6. Haloalkanes undergo Nucleophilic Substitution reaction (SN) due to polar

character of C+X-bond.

7. There are two types of SNreaction

(a). SN1-Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution reaction proceeds in two

steps (slow and fast).

(b) SN2-Bimolecular Nucleophilic substitution reaction proceeds in a single

steps and its rate depends on the concentration of both Haloalkane &

Nucleophile.

8. The reactivity of Haloalkane in SN1reaction follows the order ; Tertiary >

Secondary > Primary. While reactivity of Haloalkane in SN2 reaction follows the

order ; Primary > Secondary > Tertiary.

9. Optically Active compounds have the capacity to rotate the plane of polarized

light either to Right (Dextorotatory) or to the left (Laevorotatory).

$O

8arkownikoff?s $ule

PCl

5OCl

$2(4"O

$2Cl4POCl#4"Cl

$2Cl45O4"Cl

$2O"

4"2(


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10. Optical Isomerism in compounds is due to the presence of Chiral carbon

Atom as well as Dissymetry.

11. SN1 Mechanism in optically active alkyl Halide leads to Racemisation .

12. SN2 Mechanism in optically active alkyl halide leads to inversion of

configuration .

13. Alkyl Halide on reaction with metals form Organometallic compounds such

as Grignard Reagent (a useful compound) .B. HALOARENES:-

1. Haloarenes are prepared from their parent arenes and from diazonium salts.

C6H6+X2 C6H5X + HX

C6H5N2+X- C6H5X + N2+HX

2. Haloarenes are more stable & hence less reactive than Haloalkane due to

(a) Sp2- hybridized C atom of C-X bond .

(b) delocalization of - electron cloud.

3. Halogen present on the benzene is Ortho and Para directing but deactivating

in nature.

4. Halogenation of benzene proceeds by Electrophilic substitution Mechanism.

5. m.p.of p-dichlorobenzene is higher than that of O & m isomers.

C. polyhalogen compound :-

1. Organic compound having two or more than two halogen atom are

called as polyhalogen compounds.

2. polyhalogen compounds such as dichloromethane(CH2Cl2),

trichloromethane(CHI3), tetrachloromethane(CCl4),p-dichlorobenzen,

Freons(CFC,CCl2F2)BHC,(Benzene hexachloride C6H6Cl6), DDT&PFC

have many industrial application.

3. chloroform is no longer used as aneasthatic due to its poisionous

nature &tendency to form phosgen gas(COCl2)when exposed to air .

4. BHC is a better insecticide as well as pesticide than DDT as DDT is

non-biodegradable. -Isomers of BHC is called Gammexane or lindane

or 666.5. Freon used as a refrigerants but cause depletion of ozone layer.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(1MARK)

Cu(

) "(

@eCl#-Dark


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Q.1. Write the structural isomers of C3H6Cl2which can exihibit

enantiomerism ?

H

Ans.

CH3 CCH2Cl Can exihibit enantiomerism

Cl (i.e optical isomerism).Q.2 which compound (CH3)3C-Cl or ;CH3Cl Will react faster in SN

2Reaction with

OH?

Ans.CH3Cl is more reactive than (CH3)3-C-Cl because of steric Hinderance of

three bulky group in (CH3)3CCl.

Q.3. Why is vinyl chloride less reactive than ethyl chloride?

Ans. Conjugation of electron pair with -electron pair of double bond in vinyl

chloride results to a partial double bond character in C-Cl &its bond strength

increases. CH2=CH-Cl CH2-CH=Cl+

Q.4.Write the formula & chemical name of DDT?

Ans. DDT is 2 , 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichioroethane

Cl CH Cl

C.Cl3Q.5.Write down the structure of the following compounds;

(a) 1-chloro-4-ethyl cyclohexane

(b) 1, 4-dibromo but-2-ene

(c) 4-tert.butyl-3-iodoheptane

(d) 1-bromo-4-secbutyl-2-methylbenzene(e) perfluorobenzene

Cl

Ans. (a) (b) Br-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-Br

Cl

s

C2H5 Br

(c) H3C-CH2-CH-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 (d)

CH3I C-(CH3)3

F H3C-CH-C2H5(e) F F


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F F

F

Q.6. An alkyl halide having molecular formula C4H9Cl is optically active. What is

its structure ?Ans. CH3 *CH CH2CH3

Cl

Q.7. Out of C6H5CH2Cl & C6H5CHCl C6H5which is more easily hydrolysed with

aq. KOH & why?

Ans. C6H5 CH C6H5will get hydrolysed easily because

Cl

Carbocation formed will be stabilized by resonance effect of two phenyl group.

Q.8. Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alchohols with KI?

Ans. Because HI formed will get oxidized to I2by conc. H2SO4which is an

oxidizing agent.

Q.9. A hydrocarbon C5H10does not react with chlorine in dark but it gives a

single monobromo compound in bright sunlight. Identify the compound.

Cl

Ans. sun

+ Cl2 light + HCl

Cyclopentane Chlorocyclopentane

Q.10.Chloroform is stored in dark coloured & sealed bottle. Why ?

Ans. As Chloroform reacts with O2of air in presence of sunlight & forms

Phosgene gas which is poisonous .

light

2 CHCl3+ O2 2COCl2 + 2HCl

Phosgene gas

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(2MARK)

Q.1. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds ?


31/89

a) ClCH2C CCH2Br b) (CCl3)3CCl

c) CH3CH(Cl)CH(Br)CH3 d) Br

ClAns. (a)1-Bromo-4-chlorobut-2-yne

(b) 2-(Trichloromethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptachloropropane

(c) 3-bromo-3-chlorobutane

(4) p-bromo chlorobenzene

Q.2. Predict the product of the following reactions;

(a) CH3 CH C(CH3)2 + HCl

(b) CH3 CH I Na/Dry ether

CH3(c)

+ Cl2

(d) CH3 CH CH2 Br KOH(alc)

CH3

(e) CH3

Markonikoffs rule

+ HI

CH3

Ans. (a) CH3 CH C CH3

Cl H 2-chloro-3-methylbutane

(b) CH3 CH I + 2Na + I CH CH3 ether

CH3 CH3

u.v.light


32/89

CH3-CH-CH-CH3+2NaF

(c) Cl

Cl Cl CH3CH3

(2,3-dimethylbutane)

Cl ClCl

Benzene Hexachloride (BHC)

CH

CH3

(d). CH3 CH CH2 Br CH3 C CH2+KB r+H2O2-methyl propene

CH3 I

(e). + HI Markonikoffs CH3

rule

1-Iodo-1-methyl

Cyclohexane

Q.3. Starting from Methyl Iodide, how will you prepare :

(a) Nitromethane.

(b) Methyl Nitrite.

O

Ans. (a) CH3I + AgNO2 CH3----- N + AgI

O

(b) CH3I + K O N=O CH3 O N O KI

Q.4. How can Iodoform be prepared from ethanol ?

Ans. C2H5OH + 6NaOH +4I2 CHI3+ HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

Q.5.Write the reactions involved in :

(a). The Isocyanide test.

(b). Iodoform test .

Ans.(a). R-NH2+ CHCl3+ 3KOH(alc.) RN=C + 3KCl+3H2O

1o-Amine chloroform

O

(b) CH3-C-CH3+3I2+4NaOH CHI3+CH3COONa +3NaI+3H2O

Q.6.How will you distinguish between

(i) CH3NH2and (CH3)2NH

(ii) Ethanol & 1-propanol

Ans. (i) CH3NH2(Methyl amine) gives Isocyanide test while (CH3)2NH do not.

CH3-NH2+ CHCl3+ 3KOH CH3-N=C +3KCl +3H2O


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(ii) Add I2& NaOH, ethanol will gives yellow ppt. of Iodoform whereas 1-propanol

will not .

Q.7. Propose the Mechanism of the following reaction ;

CH3-CH2Br +CH3O- CH3-CH2-OCH3+ Br

-

Ans.

CH3H H3C H CH3

CH3-O-

+C-Br [ CH3O-

C Br-

] CH3O C H +Br-

H H

(Nucleophile) H

Q.8.Give the uses of (a) CCl4(b) Iodoform .

Ans. (a). Ccl4is used as a solvent and also in fire Extinguisher.

(b). Iodoform is used as Antiseptic.

Q.9.Which will have a higher boiling point 1-chloropentane or

2-chloro-2-methylbutane ?

Ans. CH3CH2CH2 CH2 CH2 Cl has higher boiling point

1-chloropentane

than CH3

CH3 C CH2 CH3(2-chloro-2-methyl butane).Because branc-

Cl

-hing of C-atom chain decreases the molecular size and vander

waals force of attraction leading to decrease in boiling point.

Q.10. Rearranging the following in order of increasing ease of dehydro

-halogenation CH3CH2CH2Cl , CH3CHClCH3,CH3 C Cl(CH3)2.

Ans. CH3CH2CH2Cl < CH3CHClCH3< CH3 C Cl(CH3)2.

As per saytzeffs rule more alkylated alkene is more stable and hence is

formed.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

(3MARK)

Q.1. How will you bring the following conversion?

(a) Propene to Propyne

(b) Toluene to Benzyl Alcohol

(c) Aniline to Phenylisocyanide

Ans.

KOH(alc)

(a) CH3-CH=CH2 CH3-CHCH2 CH3-C=CH

Jr) CCl&


34/89

(Propyne)

(b)

-HCl

(c)

+ CHCl3+ 3KOH(alc.)

+3KCl +3H2O

Q.2. What happen when;

(a) n-butyl chloride is treated with alc. KOH.

(b)ethyl chloride is treated with aq.KOH.

(c)methyl chloride is treated with KCN.

Ans.

(a) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-Cl CH3CH2CH=CH2+ KCl + H2O

(b) CH3-CH2-Cl+KOH(aq.) CH3CH2OH+KCl+H2O

(c) CH3-Cl +KCN CH3CN+KCl

Q.3. Complete the following reaction;

(a) Cl2CH-CH-Cl2+Zn

(b)(CH3)2-CH-CH-CH2-CH3 C2H5ONaEthanol

Br

(c) C6H5ONa +C2H5Cl

Ans. (a). Cl2CH-CHCl2+Zn Cl-CH=CHCl+ZnCl2

C"#

Cl) hR C"Cl a3.+O"

2+Cl

C"O"

!"

!SC

4+O"alc.;

Jr Jr


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(b). (CH3)2-CH-CH-CH2-CH3 C2H5ONa (CH3)2-CH-CH-CH2-CH3 Ethanol

Br OC2H5

(C). C6H5O-Na++ C2H5Cl C6H5OCH2CH3+NaCl

Sodium (Phenetole)

Phenoxide

Unit-I Alc#"#lsG P"en#ls an% Et"es

P#ints t# be e(e(bee%=-+lcohol!:

Compounds containing one or more 2O" group directly attached to C2 atom of an

aliphatic system.


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$henol :Compounds containing T O" group directly attached to C2atom of an aromatic

system.

Ether! :Compounds obtained by substitution of a "2atom in a hydrocarbon by an alkoy or

aryloy group.

Structure o' 'unctional grou%:

" 1& pm sp#

sp# O EL pm

C 1B.E "

"

"

+lcohol !%7 H

C *

48< %0$henol

C2O bond length 1#Lpm; is less than that in alcohol due to T

1. Partial double bound character on account of the conUugation of unshared e pair of

oygen with aromatic ring.

. spstate of C to which O2atom is attached

1&1pm sp

" O "

" C 111. C "

" "

Ether

/he C2O2C bound angle is slightly greater than angle due to repulsion interaction

between two bulky 2$;gps

$re%aration o' +lcohol!:. Prom Alkene:

i; Jy Acid Catalysed hydration:

"4


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V C * C 4 "O V C 2 C W

" O"

ii; Jy hydroboration T oidation: "O- O"2

#C"#2 C" * C"4 J"# N C"#2C"2C";#J #C"#2C"2C"2O" 4 J O"; # Propan 212ol

b; @rom Carbonyl Compounds:i; Jy reduction of aldehydes and ketones 2

Pd)Pt)"i

$C"O 4 " $C"O" Primary alcohols;

!aJ"&$CO$12 $2C"2$1 5ec. Alcohols;

1 'iAC"&

O"ii; Jy reduction of Carboylic acids and esters T

i; 'iAl "&$COO" $ C" O" Pri alcohol;

ii; "OOr $1O" "

$COO" $COO$1 $C"O" 4 $1O".

"4 Catalyst

c;@rom >rignard $egards 2"O

i; "C"O 4 $8g ( $C"O8g( $C"O" 4 8gO";(

@ormaldehyde Pri. Alcohol"O $

1

ii; $C"O 4 $18g( $2C" T O8g( $2C"2O"48gO";(

Other aldelydc $1

$1 "O

iii; $CO$ 4 $18g( $T C T O8g( $ T C T O" 4 8g O"; (+etone $1 $

/est alcohol

5ec. Alcohol

$re%aration o' %henol! B1a25ro0 Haloarene! "Cl

X "ClL#k

#BBatm

4!aO"

O!a4 O"


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( 5ro0 6enene Sul%horic acid B

"4

4D(5ro0 diaoniu0 Salt! B

)H7 )7JCl *HX

Jen0ene

Aniline dia0onium

Chloride

1d2 5ro0 Cu0ene 1Manu'acture2

C"# C"#

"#C2C" C"#222C2OO2" O"

4

Cumene Cumene

"ydro peroide

$hy!ical $ro%ertie!:6oiling $oint B

/he J.P. of alcohols and phenols increase with increase in the no. of C2alones

increase in Mander waal forces;.

%n alcohols J.P. decrease with increase in branching decrease in vander waals

forces with decrease in surface area;.

iii; Due to intermolecular "2bonding- J.P. of alcohols Q phenols are higher thanhydrocarbons- ethane- haloalkanes and haloarenes of comparable messes.

Solubility:

5olubility of alcohols and phenols in water due to them ability to form "2bond with water

molecules. 5olubility decrease with increase in si0e of alkyl ) aryl group.

!aO"Oleum

O"5O#"

"O warm#2+

#BBatm

!a!o4"Cl

!4"Cl

O "4

"O

C"#COC"#


39/89

!a

C"O!a 4 " !a"

C"O!a 4 "

PCl

C"C'P(#

C"(

Alcohol (*Cl- Jr- 1;5OCl

O C "Cl

C"#T C T O" ) "4

O C"#T C OC"

C"#T C T ClCh#T C T OC"

O

+CrO ) "4C"#T C T O"

O

Cu) +C"#T C T "

O!a O"

!aO" COO"CO

+olbe?s reaction "4

O" O"

!O

C"O"


40/89

Dil."!O#4

!itration

O" !O

O" O" O! !O

Conc."!O#

O"

O" O" Jr C5 Jr

C"Cl# 4

4 # a3.!aO"

O" Jr $eimer /iemrnn Jr Jr

$eaction a3.

Jr

O!a Jr O!a O"

C"Cl C"O C"

!aO" "4

O!aCrO

"5O&

O

O

+cidity o' $henol!:Phenol is acidic due to resonance stabili0ed phenoide ion.

+cidity B $henol V! +lcohol:


41/89

$henol! are !tronger acid than alcohol and water becau!e Bi; %n phenol TO" gp is attached to sp C2atom which being more electronegative

decreases c2dually on o2atom and increase of ionisation of phenols than that of alcohols.

ii; %n alkoide in- the negative charge is locali0ed on O2atom while in phenoide ion-

change is delocali0ed as phenoide in is resonance stabili0ed. "ence phenoide ion is more

stabili0ed than alkoide ion.

.i!tinction between %ri0ary- !econdary and tertiary alcohol! BLuca! te!t BAlcohols are soluble in 'ucas reagent conc. "Cland nCl; while thanhalides are insoluble and produce turbidity in solution.

%f turbidity is produced immediately it is test alcohol- if after min. it is sec alcohol and if

turbidity is not produced at roar keep. %t is pri. Alcohol.

Te!t 'or %henol:i; @eCl#test :2 Phenol gives purple color with @eCl# solution.

ii; Jr test :2 Phenol decolori0es Jrwater forming tribromphenol as while ppt.

$re%aration o' Ethane:"i; 6y dehydration o' alcohol!(

"5O&

C" * C"

&+

C"# C" O"

"5O&C"O C"

&1#+

1ii2 ,illia0!on Synthe!e! B 1lab 0ethod2

$( 4 $1O !a $ O$14 !a(

$hy!ical $ro%ertie! o' Ethane:1i2 6oling %oint BC2O bond in ethane polar and ethers have a net dipole moment. Jut inweak and not affect then J.P. which they have lower J.P. than alcohol due to absence of

intermolecular " T bonding in ethers.

1ii2 Solubility T /he miscibility of ethers with reasonable those of alcohols of samemolecular ware as O2atom of ether can form "2bond with water.

Che0ical $ro%ertie! o' ether!:a; Cleavage of C2O bond in ethers 2

$ T O T $ 4 "( $( 4 $ T O"

$ T O" 4 "( $( 4 "O

$O O"

4 "( 4 $(

b; 7lectrophonic 5ubstitution 2


42/89

%n Anisole TOC"# group attached to ben0ene group is ortho para directing and ring

activating and thus it gives ortho and para substituted products.

Very Short +n!wer ty%e >ue!tion! 140ark2

i; "ow do you account for themiscibility of ethoyethane with water=Ans:2 Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between ether and water molecule.

ii; ,rite the %.I.P.A.C. name of the following compound : "#C T C" T C"T C" T C" T C"O"

I I I C"# O" C"#

Ans:2 - T dimethylheane T 1-# T diol

iii; >ive the %.I.P.A.C. name of the following compound :"#C T C * C T C"O"

I I C"# Jr

Ans:2 T bromo T # T methylbut T eu T 1ol

iv; Among "%- "Jr- "Cl- "% is most reactive towards alcohols. ,hy =

Ans:2 "% has lowest bond dissociation enthalpy due to longer bond lengh- that is why it is mostreactive.

v; >ive the %.I.P.A.C. name of the following compound :

"C * C" T C" T C"T C"T C"#

I O" Ans:2 "e T 1 T en2 # T ol

?6$@ C"O!a 4 C"#Jr C"OC"#4 !aJr- ,hat is the name of thereaction=

Ans:2 ,illiamson?s synthesis of ethers.

vii; Convert ethyl alcohol to diethyl ether.

Ans:2 C"O" C"OC"4 "O

viii; >ive chemical test to distinguish between phenol and ethanol in seemingly similar

conditions.

Ans:2 Te!t $henol Ehtnaol'ucas /est: !o positive test Cloudiness appear on heating. Comp. 4 'ucas

$eagent

conc. "Cl 4 Anhyd. nCl;i; Ortho nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho T methoy phenol. ,hy=

Ans:2 Jecause nitro group being electron withdrawing- increases acidic character whereasmethoy group 2 OC"#; being electron releasing group decreases acidic character.

; Complete the following reaction T

C"#T C" T C"#T PClI

O"Ans:2 C"#T C" T C"#T PCl C"# T C" T C"# T POCl# T "Cl

I |


43/89

O" Cl

Short +n!wer ty%e >ue!tion!180ark2

>ive a chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

b; C"# T C" T C"# AndI

O"i; ,hy is phenol more acidic than ethanol=

Ans:2 i; a; Te!t $henol Cycloheanol1. Jromine ,ater test. Pale yellow ppt. of -&-L Does not give this test

/ri bromo phenol is formed

. @erric Chloride /est >ive $ed to purple color. Do not give any color

b; Te!t 7 B $ro%anol 1Sec( alcohol2'ucas /est : produces lubridity within min. !o turbidity

Comp. 4 'ucas $eagent Cl"Cl 4 nCl; I

C"#T C" T C"#4 "Cl 22222C"#T C" T C"#4 "O

I O"

ii; 1; O T " group in this group is much more polar than that in alcohol.


44/89

; O T " group in phenol is directly attached to the sp T C of ben0ene which acts

as an electron withdrawing group. 5o- in resonance structure of phenol the oygen

of T O" is 4ve- which increases the polarity of O T " bond.

#; %n alkoide ion the Tve change is locali0ed on oygen while in phenoide ion-

the charge is delocali0ed. 5o- phenoide ion is more stable resonance establised;

; ,rite the reaction of ,illiamson?s synthesis of 2ethoy2#methylpentane starting from ethanol

and #2methylpentan22ol. Ans:2 i; "#C T C"T C" T C" T C"# 2222

!a222 "#C T C"T C" 2 O!a

I I I I C"# O" C"# C"#

3 methylpentan-2ol

ii; C"O" 222222222222P-Jr2222222 C"Jr

iii; "#C T C"T C" T O!a 4 C"Jr 2222222222"#C T C"T C" T C" T OC"

I I I IC"# C"# C"# C"#

C"a.te @8 ALDEH3DESG KETONES AND CARO3LICACID

ALDEHYDES C'0')"# $" $* %! *21'"+ 72') ?CO@ $# 1'"! %' *21'" & 2'7!" %'0. ?R-CHO@

KETONES C'0')"# $" $* %! *21'"+ 72') ?CO@ $# 1'"! %' = C-%'0#.

CARBOXYLIC ACID C'0')"# $" $* %! *21'"+ 72') ?CO@ $# 1'"!%' O-%'0. ?R-COOH@

STRUCTURE OF CARBONYL GROUP-


45/89

T! *21'"+ C-%'0 $# #= 12$$#! ('20$"7 3 #$70 1'"# & 2!0$"$"7!+!*%2'" $" -'21$%+ ('20# $! 1'" $% O-%'0. T! O-%'0 # = L.. T!1'" "7+! $#


46/89

H3O+

&! si%e c"ain c"l#inati#n +#ll#we% b "%#lsis '

CH3 CHCl2 CHO Cl8/ " H8O

*/*0

*! >atte(an K#c" eacti#n '

CHO

PREPARATION OF 0ETONE":-

From acyl chlorides !

&R 1$ 1 $l % R&$d &R 1 $ 1 R % $d$l&

From niriles!

NM7B2CH3]CH=] C--N 9 CH5M7B2 CH3]CH=] CCH5

H3;9H=O

CH5 -- $CH5

From .en2ene or s3.si3ed .en2ene or Friedal cra4s acylaion

reacion!

$ 1 Ar 5 R

COY"Cl

Anh. AlCl#) CuCl#


47/89

% Ar5R6 $O6$l

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDE & KETONES-ii; B'$+$"7 '$"% B.P '( +!! & :!%'"!# 2! $7!2 %" 2'*21'"# &

!%!2# '( *'021+! 0##!# )! %' !: 0'+!*)+2 ##'*$%$'" $"+!!# & :!%'"!# 2$#$"7 )! %' $'+!-$'+! $"%!2*%$'" . B)% %!

B.P 2! +'!2 %" +*''+# '( #$0$+2 0'+!*)+2 0##!# )! %' 1#!"*!'( $"%!20'+!*)+2 H-1'"$"7.

iii;S'+)1$+$% L'!2 0!01!2# 2! #'+)1+! $" %!2 )! %' $"%!20'+!*)+2 H-1'"$"7 1)% #'+)1$+$% !*2!#!# $% $"*2!#$"7 0'+!*)+2 0##.

#. /est /o Distinguish Aldehydes And +etones

1i2 Tollen! te!t: Aldehydes give this test but ketones do not.$C"O 4 Ag!"#;

4 4 #O"

2 $COO

2 4 "O 4&!"#4Ag

/ollens reagent : /ollens reagent is Ammonical 5ilver nitrate solution

ii; 5ehling! Te!t: Aldehydes give this test but aromatic aldehydes and ketones do not.@ehlings reagent2 @ehling solution Aa3. Copper sulphate solution; and @ehlingsolution Jalkaline sodium potassium tartarate or $ochelle salt;

$C"O 4 Cu4.

4 O"2

$COO2

4 #"O 4 CuO $ed brown ppt.;

"aloform %ndoform; test: Aldehydes and ketones having methyl ketones C"#CO groupgive this test. Compounds containing C"#C"O"; group give this test of ethanol.

()!aO"

$ CO C"# $ COO!a 4 C"(# (*Cl- Jr-%;

"aloform;

$eaction due to 9 hydrogen+ldol conden!ation : >iven by aldehydes and ketones containing atleast one 9 T "2 atom 2

C"#C"O C"#2C"2C"2C"O "B C"#2 C" 2 C"2C" O" aldol condensation product

Aldol

C"#

C"#COC"# C"#2C2C"2COC"# C"#;2 C* C"2COC"#

O"

Cro!! +ldol conden!ation: Aldol condensation is carried out betweentwo different or ketenes

Dil.!aO"2"O

6a1*H27 2"O


48/89

C"#C"B4C"#C"C"O C"#C" *C"C"O4C"#2C"2C" * C"C"#;C"O 4C"#C"*C"C"#

C"O 4C"#C"C"* C"C"O

*ther reaction!:


49/89

6) 1#( al*l "ali%es an% "%i%es=

H80 RCOOH 9 C+

-

RCOC+

H80 RCOOH 9 HC+-RCOOH

?CH5CO@=O =CH5COOH

B) 1#( estes= COOC=H5 COOH

CH3CH=CH=COOC=H5 CH3CH=CH=COON 9 C=H5OH

7) P"sical .#.eties=@) #ilin! .#int= 6! $7!2 1'$+$"7 '$"% %" A+!!# "

:!%'"!# " !6!" +*''+# '( *'021+! 0'+!*)+2 0## )! %' 0'2!

!%!"#$6! ##'*$%$'" '( *21'+$* *$ 0'+!*)+!# %2')7$"%!20'+!*)+2 H-1'"$"7, $* $# "'% 12':!" *'0+!%!+ !6!" $"

6')2 #! # 0'#% '( %!0 !$#% # $0!2 $" %! 6')2 #! " $"

2'%$* #'+6!"%#.8) S#l'bilit=!*2!#!# $% $"*2!#! 0##@) Aci%ic nat'e= *+!67! '( O-H 1'"

8RCOOH8Na 8R-COO-Na9 H=R-COOH NaOH RCOONa9 H=ORCOOH NaHCO3 RCOO-Na

9 H=O CO=8) Cleaa!e #+ C-OH b#n%=

i) 1#(ati#n #+ an"%i%e=

8RCOOH RCOOCOR

ii) EsteiFcati#n =RCOOH RJOH RCOORJ H=O

4 C"O"

!aO"

Jasic

hydrolysis


50/89

iii) Reacti#n wit" PCl5GPCl3an% SOCl=

PCl5

RCOCl PCl3 HCl

PCl3

RCOOH RCOCl H3PO4

SOCl= RCOCl SO=HCl

i) Reacti#n wit" a((#nia=CH3COOH NH3 CH3COO-NH4 CH3CONH=

S'bstit'ti#n eacti#n in t"e "%#!en .at=@) Hell 4#l"a% elins* eacti#n-H+'7!"%$'"# % %! ^ '#$%$'" '( *21'+$* *$ 6$"7 " ^ - H %'0 %'

7$6! ^ +'7!" *21'+$* *$C+=P?R!@

R-CH=-COOH RCH-COOH X ?XC+,B2@

8)Rin! s'bstit'ti#n- E+!*%2'$+$* #)1#%$%)%$'"$" $* %! *'' 72') *%# # !*%$6%$"7 " 0-$2!*%$"7 72')

COO" COO"

!O*)E M+RK >/ESTI*)S B

i; ,rite the structural formula of

a; 12phenylpentan212one b; #2oopentanal

Ans: 2 a;

Conc. "!O#4

Conc. "5O&


51/89

O O

b; "2C2C"2C2C"2C"#

ii; >ive the %.I.P.A.C names of the following compound T

Ans: 2 2ethylcyclopent2#enecarboylic acid

iii; >ive chemical test to distinguish between phenol and ben0oic acid.Ans:2 /est Phenol Jen0oic Acid

!a"CO# /est: !o $eaction. ,ith effervescence CO

Add a few drops of is evolved. a3. sol. saturated; of CL"COO" 4 !a"CO#22

!a"CO#. CL"COO!a 4 "O 4 CO

iv; ,hy do acryl chlorides have lower boiling point than corresponding acids =Ans:2 Acyl chlorides do not have intermolecular "2bonding while corresponding .

acids have "2bonding.

v; Complete the following reactions and name the maUor productsa; C"#C"O 222222222222

b; C"Cl#4 C"!"4 #+O"alc; 2222222222222

O" O

Ans:2a; C"#C"O 2222222 C"#2C"2C"2C2" #2"ydroy butanal or aldol;

b; C"Cl#4 C"!"4 #+O" alc.; 222222222 C"!C 4 #+Cl 4 #"O

7thyl isocyanidesvi; "ow will you convert 7thanol to Acetaldehyde=

O

Ans:2 C"#C"O" 222222222C"#2C2" 4 "

7thanol Acetaldehyde

vii; Arrange the following in increasing order of acidic character :"COO"- C"ClCOO" - C@#COO" - CCl#COO"

Ans:2 "COO" W C"ClCOO" W CCl#COO" W C@#COO"

viii; ,rite the %IPAC name of the compound :

C"#2C"2CO2C"2C"# C"# C"#

Ans:2 -& T Dimethylpentan2#2one


52/89

i; !ame two important uses of formalin

Ans:21. Ised as preservative for biological specimens.

. Ised for preparation of Jakelite.; ,rite the structure of phenyl22phenyl; ethanoate.

Ans:2

; B Mark! >ue!tion! B

1. %dentify the unknown organic compounds. A; to 7; in the following series of

chemical reactions T


53/89

. An organic compound A; having molecular formula CE"1BO forms an orange red ppt J; with-& TD!P reagent. Compound A; gives a yellow ppt C; when heated in the presence of %odine

and !aO" along with a colourless compound D;. A; does not reduce /ollen?s reagent or@ehling?s sol. !or does it decolourise bromine water. On drastic oidation of A; with Chromic

acid- a carboylic acid 7; of molecular formula C"LO is formed. Deduce the structure of theorganic compounds A; to 7;.

#. A compound A; with molecular formula- C"11O- on oidation forms compound J; with

molecular formula- C"1BO. /he compound J gives iodoform test but does not reduce ammonical

silver nitrate. J; on reduction with amalgamated inc Q "Cl gives compound C; with molecular

formula C"1. %dentify A- J Q C. ,rite down the chemical reaction involved.


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;. a; i; +etones are less reactive towards nucleophiles than aldehydes. ii; Jen0oic acid is stronger acid than ethanoic acid.

iii; ,hich acid is stronger2 Phenol or Cresol= 7plain.

Ans.a;i; /he Alkyl group in +etones decreases the positive charge on the Carboyl carbon due

to 4 % effect- makes V C* O less polar than Aldehyde and decreasing the attacking

tendency of the nucleophile.ii; ii; Phenyl group in Jen0oic acid has weak 4$ effect and thus destablises the

Carboylate anion- makes it a stronger base. 4% effect of 8ethyl group in Acetic acid is

still greater than 4$ effect of Phenyl group. /his further destabalises the Acetate ioncomparatively- makes it a stronger base than Jen0oic acid. 5o- acetic acid is weaker

than Jen0oic acid.


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Cresol is a weaker acid than Phenol because 4% effect of T$ group at the ortho and para position

increases electron density on the Jen0ene nucleus- decreasing stability of ArO2ion making it a

stronger base as O2" bond becomes less polar. "ence- substituted Phenol is less acidic than

Phenol.

/nit"48 *rganic Co0%ound! containing nitrogen$oint! to be re0e0bered:"


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?@R!)*%$'" '( 0$!#R-CONH= R-CH=-NH=

R-CONH= L$A+H4 R-CH=-NH=

?F@H'>0" 12'00$! !72%$'" 2!*%$'" R-CONH=9 B2=9 4NOH R-NH= 9 N=CO39 =NB29 =H=OPH3SICAL PROPERTIES=

6.?@B'$+$"7 '$"% $"*2!#! $% %! $"*2!#! $" 0'+!*)+! !$7%. P2$02 "#!*'"2 0$"!# 6! $7!2 1'$+$"7 '$"% %" %! %!2%$2 0$"!# '( #0!0'+!*)+2 !$7% )! %' '##$1$+$% '( $"%!20'+!*)+2 2'7!" 1'"$"7 $"?1@S'+)1$+$% - +'!2 0!01!2# 2! 2!$+ #'+)1+! $" %!2 )! %' H-1'"$"7.S'+)1$+$% $" %!2 !*2!#!# " $" '27"$* #'+6!"% $"*2!#! $%$"*2!#! $" 0'+!*)+2 !$7%. A# %! +:+ 72') 2!'0$"%!# '6!2 %! 0$"'72') %)# +!## %!"!"* '( H-1'" $% %!2.. asic c"aactes #+ a(ines

R-NH=9 H=O R-N9H39 OH-

L27!2 6+)! '( :1 '2 #0++!2 %! 6+)! '( :1 #%2'"7!2 $# %! 1#!. I" 7#!# #! 1#$# #%2!"7% $# # ('++'#T!2%$2 0$"! #!*'"2 2$02 00'"$#B!*)#! '( %! 2!#!"*! '( !+!*%2'" 2!+!#! +:+ 72') $* #%1$+$!#00'"$)0 *%$'"# " 0:!# "$%2'7!" )"#2! '2 +'"! $2 '( !+!*%2'"6$+1+! ('2 #2$"7.In s#l'ti#nS!*'"2 %!2%$2 2$02S%1$+$%$'" )! %' !+!*%2'"-2!+!#$"7 !>!*% '( +:+ 72') #+6%$'" %2')7 H-1'"$"7 #%!2$* (*%'2$"2"*!

?C=H5@=NH ?C=H5@3N C=H5NH= NH3 ?CH3@=NH CH3NH3 ?CH3@3N NH3A2+A2'0%$* 0$"!# 2! !:!2 %" +$%$* 0$"!# " 00'"$.R!#'""*! #%1$+$%$'" '( 2+ 0$"!# 0:!# )"#2! !+!*%2'" $2 '""$%2'7!" +!## 6$+1+! ('2 2'%'"%$'".I" *#! '( #)1#%$%)%! "$+$"! !+!*%2'"-2!+!#$"7 72')# +$:! -;CH3, -CH3!%* $"*2!#!# 1#$* #%2!"7%!2!# !+!*%2'" $% 2$"7 72')# +$:! NO=,-SO3,-COOH,-X !*2!#!#1#$* #%2!"7%.E.7. $"*2!#$"7 1#$* #%2!"7%. Al*lati#n=

R-NH= R=NH R3N8. Aclati#n= O

R-NH= 9 RJC-C+ R-N-C-RJ 9 HC+

*$ *+'2$! R-N-H= 9 C+ C-RJ R-N-C-RJ 9 HC+

4$2Jr 4$2Jr

2"Jr2"Jr


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O H O

CH5-N-H 9 R-C-O-C-R CH5-N-C-R 9 RCOOH H O O H O *$ "2$!

RNH= 9 CH5COC+ RNHCOCH5 9HC+ BENOYL CHLORIDE


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B2B2

b& Nitati#n= NH= NH= NH= NH=NO=

NH= NHCOCH3 NHCOCH3

NH=

?D& 5RIE.+LCR+5TRE+CT*) A"$+$"! '!# "'% )"!27' %$# 2!*%$'" )! %' #+% ('20%$'" $% A+C+3,%! L!$# *$

NH=NH=A+C+3-

C"#CO;O

PZ$%D% C"#CO

JrO"2 O$ "4

"!O#- "5O&

+

PZ$%D%

4 44

"!O#- "5O&

+

O"2 O$ "4

4AlCl#


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.I+A*)I/M S+LTS 1 R)J7#"2

P2!2%$'" 1 $'%$%$'".

CH5NH= 9 NNO= 9 =HC+ CH5N=C+ 9 NC+ 9 =H=O


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8) Reacti#n in#lin! etenti#n #+ Dia# >#'.C')+$"7 2!*%$'"

OH-

N9 NC+- 9 H- -OH

-2'''1!"!"! 9H

?O2"7! !@

OH-- -NN---N9NC+-9 H- -NH=

P-A0$''1!"!"!9H=O ?Y!++'

!@Very Short +n!wer ty%e >ue!tion!

140ark2.


61/89

A"#. )%!2"2 00'"$)0 #+%# 2! )#! # !%!27!"%#.

.5.H' $# "$+$"! *'"6!2%! $"%' ')2'1!"!"! 9 -

N8C+ NH= - N=BF4F

A"$+$"! 1!"!"!$'"$)0 *+'2$!F+')2'1!".4.A22"7! $" $"*2!#$"7 '2!2'( %!$2 1#$* #%2!"7%?@C=H5OH, ?CH3@=NH, C=H5NH=.?I"*2!#$"7 '2!2 '( 1..@?1@CH5NH=,?C=H5@=NH,C=H5NH=.?INCREASING ORDER OF SOLUBILITY IN ATER@A"#.

?@. ?CH3@=NH C=H5NH= C=H5OH.?1@. CH5NH=?C=H5@=NHC=H5NH=..5.E+$" ?@.*')+$"7 2!*%$'".?1@. S"0!!2J# 2!*%$'".A"#.?@. B!"!"! $'"$)0 *+'2$! *')+!# $% !+!*%2'" 2$* 2'0%$**'0')"# +$:! !"'+# " 0$"!# %' 7$6! '*'0')"#. T! '*'0')"# *'"%$"# NN- 1'" " %! 2!*%$'" *')+$"7 2!*%$'". CH5N=9C+- 9 CH5OH N CH5-NN-CH5-;H ?@ -HYDROXYAOBENENE?1@!" 1!"!"! $'"$)0 #+%# $# %2!%! $% *)2')# *+'2$! '2 *)2')#12'0$! % 2''0%!02%)2!, *+'2'1!"!"! '2 12'0'1!"!"! $# ('20! .%$#

2!*%$'" $# :"'" # #"0!!2J# 2!*%$'". CH5N=9C+- 9 C)C+HC+ N CHC+ 9 N=

Short +n!wer ty%e >ue!tion!180ark2


62/89

?$$@2'0%$* 2$02 0$"!# *""'% 1! 2!2! 1 G12$!+ %+$0$"!#"%!#$#?1@2$%! %! IUPAC "0! '( CH3-N-C-CH3C=H5?@ ?$@ T' 2!0'6! %! HX 2')*! )2$"7 %! 2".?$$@ A2+ +$!# ' "'% )"!27' ")*+!'$+$* #)1#%$%)%$'"ITH

POTASSIUM PHTHALIMIDE. ?1@ N-E%+-N-0!%+!%"0$!.

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

2!*$$%%!# 0!%+ # 2'$!# (2'0 0!%+ #+%# CH3NH= 9 H=O CH3N9H3OH- 3CH3NH39OH- 9 F!C+33?CH3NH3@9C+-9 F!?OH@3)!#@ 22"7! %! ('++'$"7?$@ $" !*2!#$"7 '2!2 '( %! K1 6+)!C=H5NH=, CH5NHCH3,?C=H5@=NH AND CH3NH=?$$@ $" !*2!#$"7 '2!2 '( 1#$* #%2!"7% CH5NH=, CH5N?CH3@=,

?C=H5@=NH " CH3NH=?$$$@ $" $"*2!#$"7 '2!2 '( 1#$* #%2!"7%?@ "$+$"!,-"$%2'"$+$"! " -%'+$$"!?1@ CH5NH=,CH5NHCH3,CH5CH=NH=A"#@ ?$@ CH5NH=CH5NHCH3C=H5NH=?C=H5@=NH ?$$@ ?C=H5@=NHCH3NH=CH5NH=CH5N?CH3@=?$6@ ?@ -"$%2'"$+$"!"$+$"!-%')+$$"!?1@CH5NH=CH5NCH3CH5CH=NH=-4 G$6! +)#$1+! !+"%$'" '( !* '( %! ('++'$"7$@ 2! 0$"!# +!## *$$* %" +*''+# '( *'021+! 0'+!*)+2

0##!# 2$02 0$"!# 2! 6$"7 $7!2 1'$+$"7 '$"% %" %!2%$2 0$"!#$$@ +$%$* 0$"!# 2! 6$"7 #%2'"7!2 1#!# %" 2'0%$* 0$"!#

$$$@ ?$@A0$"!# 2! +!## *$$* %" +*''+# '( *'021+! 0'+!*)+2 0##!#

1!*)#! %! "$'" ('20! $# "'% $# "'% #%1$+$! !"')7 )! %' 2!#!"*! '(

)"#2! !+!*%2' $2 '" %! "$%2'7!" %'0.iv; R-NH= RNH-9 H9

6@ ?$$@ I" 2$02 0$"!# , "$%2'7!" 1!2# %' 2'7!" %'0# !2!# $"

%!2%$2 0$"!# "$%2'7!" 1!2# "' 2'7!" %'0 !"*! %! 2'7!" 1'"$"7

$# 0'2! 2'0$"!"%. T$# $# 2$02 0$"!# 6! $7!2 1'$+$"7 '$"% %"

0$"!#.


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6$@ ?$$$@ I" 2'0%$* 0$"!#, 2+ 72') # " !+!*%2'" $%2$"7 P!"+

72') '" %! "$%2'7!" %'0. I% !*2!#!# !+!*%2'" !"#$% '" "$%2'7!" %'0

" 0:!# $% !:!2 1#! %" 00'"$.

CHAPTER-@9 IO MOLECULESPOINTS TO E REMEMERED=- SU>AR=-S)72# $* 2!)#! (!+$"7 #'+)%$'" " %'++!"#2!7!"%.

E7. G+)*'#!, (2)*%'#!.B) NON REDUCIN> SU>ER=-$* ' "'% 2!)*! F!+$"7 '2 %'++!"J# 2!7!"%.

E7-#)*2'#!.

S%2)*%)2! '( G+)*'#!7) C3CLIC STRUCTURE O1 >LUCOSE=-T! #%2$7% *$" #%2)*%)2! '( 7+)*'#! $# )"1+! %' !+$" %! ('++'$"72!*%$'".

?@I% '!# "'% 7$6! %!=, 4-DNP %!#%, S*$> %!#% " '!#"J% ('202'7!"#)+$! $%$'" 2')*% $% NHSO3.

?1@T! !"%*%%! '( 7+)*'#! '!# "'% 2!*% $% NH=OH $"$*%$"7 %!1#!"*! '( CHO-72').


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?*@ I% !$%# $" %' $((!2!"% *2#%++$"! ` " a ('20# .T! 2! *++!"'0!2#.T! $>!2 $" '%$*+ 2'%%$'" .T! 6! $>!2!"% 0!+%$"7'$"%.

HA:ORTH STRUCTURE

`- D G+)*'#! a- D G+)*'#!

) STARCH=- M$" #%'27! '+#**2$! '( +"%# # %' *'0'"!"%#0+#! " 0+'!*%$".


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T! #!*'"2 " %!2%$2 #%2)*%)2!# 2! !#%2'!, '"+ 2$02 #%2)*%)2!2!%$"!. !7 *'7)+%$'" '( !77 $+! '" !%$"7. @B) 4ITAMINS=- T! '27"$* *'0')" 2!)$2! $" %! $!% $" #0++ 0')"%#%' !2('20 #!*$* 1$'+'7$*+ ()"*%$'" " $# "'% #"%!#$! 1 ')2 1'.@7) CLASI1ICATION= -ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SOULIBLITY IN ATER OR FAT.

?@FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN - T! 2! $"#'+)1+! $" %!2 1)% #'+)1+! $" (%.!76$%0$"A, B, E, K.?1@ATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN - V$%0$" B & C

4ita(in

S#'ce %eFcienc%isease

A CARROT, BUTTER & MILK XEROPHTHAL MIA,NIGHT BLIDNESS

B YEAST, LIVER, GREEN VEGETABLE BERI-BERI

C CITRUS FRUIT.AMLA SCURVY

D SUNLIGHT ,FISHEGG YALK

RICKETS

@) NUCLEIC ACIDS= -T!#! 2! 1$0'+!*)+!# $* 2! +'"7 *$" '+0!2#'( ")*+!'%$!#. T! 2! DNA& RNA.@


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A)BO)2 1' '!# "'% 6! !"0! $* !+ $" $7!#%$'" '( *!++)+'#!.)7 Na(e t"e .'ines .esent in DNA; A)7A%enine" 7)"$"!.):" ita(in C cann#t be st#e% in #' b#%;A)I% $# %!2 #'+)1+! & 2!$+ !*2!%! $" )2$"!.)ie tw# e2a(.les #+ n#n- essential a((in#aci%;A)


67/89

)@0 :"at is %i,eence between n'cle#si%e an% a n'cle#ti%e; A)@0 A ")*+!'%$! *'"%$" '"+ %' 1#$* *'0'"!"%# '( ")*+!$* *$!"%'#! #)72 " "$%2'7!"')# 1#! .B)% ")*+!'%$! *'"%$" ++ %2!!*'0'"!"%# '#'2$* *$ 72'),!"%'#!#)72 " "$%2'7!"')# 1#!.

SHORT ANS:ER T3PE UESTION$ (a*s&

)@DeFne t"e +#ll#win! as elate% t# .#teins

A)Pe.ti%e lin*a!e ) Pi(a st'ct'eC)Denat'ati#n A)@A. P!%$! +$":7! - T! 1'" ('20! 1 *'"!"#%$'" 2!*%$'" 1!%!!"00$"'*$ $" 2'%!$" " '+!%$! $# *++! !%$! +$":7!.B. P2$02 #%2)*%)2!- T! #!)!"*! $" $* 00$"'*$ 2! +$":! $% !*'%!2 $" '+!%$! *$" ('20# 2$02 #%2)*%)2! .C. D!"%)2%$'"- T! 2'*!## $" $* =&3 !72!! #%2)*%)2! '( 2'%!$" 2!!#%2'! 1)% < !72!! #%2)*%)2! 2!0$" # %! #0! $# *++! !"%)2%$'". )8 :"at ae essential an% n#n-essential a((in#aci%; >ie tw#e2a(.les #+ eac" t.e)A)8 E##!"%$+ 00$"'*$ - T'#! 00$"'*$ $* 2! "'% #"%!#$! $"

%! 1'.E7. V+$"!, +!)*$"!.N'"-!##!"%$+ 00$"'*$ - %'#! 00$"'*$ $* 2! 2')*! $"

')2 1'. E7.7+*$"!,+$"!.

) En'(eate t"e eacti#n #+ D-!l'c#se w"ic" can n#t be e2.laine%b it #.en c"ain st'ct'e;A)O!" *$" #%2)*%)2! *" "'% 1! !+$"! 1 ('++'$"7 2!#'"#- . D!#$%! 6$"7 %! +!!72'), 7+)*'#! '!# "'% 7$6! #)$># %!#% . =,4-DNA %!#% 1. G+)*'#! '!# "'% 2!*% $% NHSO3 %' ('20 $%$'" 2')*%.

*. T! !"% *!%%! '( 7+)*'#! '!# "'% 2!*% $% NH=OH #'$"7 %!1#!"*! '( CHO 72').)9 DeFne t"e +#ll#win! an% !ie #ne e2a(.le #+ eac";$a& ISOELECTRIC POINT $b& MUTAROTATION $c& EN3MES ?@ ISOELECTRIC POINT- T! PH % $* "' "!% 0$72%$'" '( 00$"'*$%:! +*! )"!2 %! $")!"*! '( " +$! !+!*%2$* !+ $# *++! $#'!+!*%2$*'$"%.

E-A00$"'*$ !$%# # $%%!2 $'" % PH 5.5 %' .3?1@ MUTAROTATION- S'"%"!')# *"7! $" '%$*+ 2'%%$'" !" " '%$*+*%$6! #)1#%"*! $# $##'+6! $" %!2. !.7. `-D-7+)*'#! !" $##'+6! $"%!2, $%# '%$*+ 2'%%$'" *"7!# (2'0


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UNIT @6 POL3MERSP#ints t# be e(e(bee%=-P'+0!2# P'+0!2 $# 6!2 +27! 0'+!*)+! 6$"7 $7 0'+!*)+2 0##


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?$@ A$%$'" P'+0!2# - T!#! 2! ('20! 1 %! 2!!%! $%$'" '( 0'"'0!20'+!*)+!# 6$"7 0)+%$+! 1'"#. !.7. '+%!"!#, '+2'!"!, '+#%2!"!.?$$@ C'"!"#%$'" P'+0!2# - T!#! 2! ('20! 1 2!!%! *'"!"#%$'"2!*%$'" '( $>!2!"% 1$-()"*%$'"+ '2 %2$-()"*%$'"+ 0'"'0!2# $% %!!+$0$"%$'" '( #0++ 0'+!*)+!# +$:! %!2, HC+, NH3, !%*. !.7. P'+%!"!,B:!+$%!, "+'".?@ B#! '" 0'+!*)+2 ('2*!#-

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CHAIN INITIATIN> STEP=CH5-C-O-O-C-CH5 =CH5C-Od =dCH5

O O O P!"+ R$*+B!"'+ !2'$!dCH5 9 CH=CH= CH5-CH=-dCH=CHAIN PROPAGATIONCH5CH=-dCH= 9 CH=CH= CH5-?CH=-CH=@"-CH=-dCH=CHAIN TERMINATING CH5-?CH=-CH=@"-CH=-dCH= CH5-?CH=-CH=@-CH=-CH= 9CH5-?CH=-CH=@-CH=-dCH= CH5-"?CH=-CH=@-CH=

P#lt"ene?$$& C#n%ensati#n P#l(es # Ste. >#wt" P#l(es=-T"e ae +#(e%

b !a%'al ste.s) S#(e I(.#tant P#l(es=

NAME O1POL3MERS

MONOMERS STRUCTURE USES

P#lt"ene E%"! -?CH=-CH=@"- I"#)+%$"7 $2!


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)#%1$", %'#

Te#n CF=CF= -?CF=-CF=@"- O$+ #!+ &7#:!%#.

Telene #Dae#n

CH=OHbCH=OH 9

HOOC--COOH

-O-CH=-CH=-O b -"C- -CO

O

R'!#, %2!*'2 ,S(!+ 1!#2!!# & 2!##0%!2$+#

Nl#n-BGB H=N-?CH=@-NH= 9HOOC-?CH=@4-COOH

-N-?CH=@-N-CO b bH O H

-"-C--?CH=@4

S'*:#, 2'!# ,12$#%+! ('2 12)#

Nl#n-B O H CH=C N

bCH=H=CCH= CH=-

O H bb b -C-?CH=@5-N"-

T2! *'2, F12$R'!#

'na-S CH=CH-CHCH= 9

-CHCH=

-CH=-CHCH-CH=-CH-CH="-

F+''2 %$+!#, (''%!2#

'na-N CH=CH-CHCH= 9 CN b

CH=CH=

-CH=-CHCH-CH=-CH=-CH" b CN

O$+ #!+ %":+$"$"7

Nat'al R'bbe CH=C-CHCH= b CH3

CH3b

-CH=-CCH-CH="-

U#! ('2 %2!#

Ne#.ene C+ bCH=-C-CHCH=

C+b-CH=-CCH-CH="-

C'"6!'2 1!+%#7#:!%.


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Nl#n-8-Nl#n-B H=NCH=COOH G+*$"! 9H=N-?CH=@5-COOHA0$"' *2'$**$

O-C-CH=-NH-CO?CH=@5-NH"-

B$'!721+!P'+0!2

RUER=-


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= I# ?-NH-CHR-CO-@", '0''+0!2 '2 *''+0!2A"# I% $# '0''+0!2 1!*)#! $% $# '1%$"! (2'0 #$"7+! 0'"'0!2.3 2$%! %! "0! " #%2)*%)2! '( '"! '( %! *'00'" $"$%$%'2# )#! $" (2!!2$*+ $%$'" '+0!2$#%$'"A"# B!"'+ !2'$! [email protected] 2$%! %! #%2)*%)2!# '( 0'"'0!2 )#! $" %! 2!2%$'" '(

$. T!'"

$$. PVC.A"# ?$@ CF=CF=?$$@ CH=CHC+.5 % 2! %! 0'"'0!2# '( 1:!+$%!A"# P!"'+ " ('20+!! HCHO. 2$%! %! !)%$'" )#! ('2 %! #"%!#$# '( "!'2!"!.A"# "H=CCC+-CHCH= ?H=C-CC+CH-CH=-@" % $# 0!" 1 6)+*"$#%$'" '( 2)11!2A"# T! 2'*!## '( !%$"7 "%)2+ 2)11!2 $% #)+)2 %' $02'6! $%#2'!2%$!#.8 % 2! '0''+0!2

A"# T! '+0!2# ('20! 1 %! '+0!2$#%$'" '( #$"7+! 0'"'0!2$*#!*$!# 2! *++! '0''+0!2. O" %! 1#$# '( ('2*!# 1!%!!" %!$2 0'+!*)+!# $" '+0!2 %' $* *+##'!# N+'" -, 1!+'"7A"# I% 1!+'"7# %' %! *+## '( 12!#.


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[2O2C"2C"OOC C

A"# O" %! 1#$# '( 0'+!*)+2 ('2*!# %! 2! *+##$! #< E+#%'0!2# "%)2+ 2)11!2= F$12!# "+'"-,3 T!20'+#%$*# P'+%!"!4 T!20'#!%%$"7 +#%$*#- B:!+$%!.

S"#t Answe t.e 'esti#ns$(a*&


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A"# T!20'+#%$*# 6! +!## $"%!20'+!*)+2 ('2*!# '( %%2*%$'" 1!*)#!%! 2! "'% *2'## +$":! " 1!*'0! #'(% '" !%$"7 " *" 1! 0')+!.T!20'#!%%$"7 '+0!2# 6! #%2'"7 ('2*!# '( %%2*%$'" )! %' *2'##+$":7!. T! ' "'% 1!*'0! #'(% '" !%$"7.@?@ H' '!# 6)+*"$%$'" *"7! %! *2*%!2 '( NATURAL RUBBER? ?1@ " )% $" %! "0! NYLON-AND NYLON -f

A"#?@ N%)2+ 2)11!2 1!*'0! 0'2! 2 " !+#%$* '" 6)+*"$%$'" )! %'

('20%$'" '( *2'## +$":7! $% #)+)2.?1@ N+'"-, $# '+0!2 '( $$* *$ " H!0!%+!"! $0$"!, 1'% %!0'"'0!2# # *21'" %'0 !* N+'"- $# '+0!2 '" *2'+*%)0 $**'"%$" *21'" %'0.


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A"#. T! '+0!2# $* 7!% !*'0'#! 1 0$*2' '27"$#0#. !.7 PHBV "N+'"-=, "+'"-.P2!2%$'" '( N+'"-=-"+'"-- OHOOC-CH=-NH= 9 HOOC-?CH=@5NH=-------N -C-CH=-NH-CO-?CH=@5-NH-G+*!2$"! 0$"' *2'$* *$ "+'"-=-"+'"-?4@ H' '!# %! 2!#!"*! '( ')1+! 1'" $" 2)11!2 0'+!*)+!# $")!"*!# %!$2#%2)*%)2! " 2!*%$6$%

A"#. T! "%)2+ 2)11!2 $# *$#-!*%$6! %%2*%$'" )! %' !:$"%!20'+!*)+2 ('2*!# '( %%2*%$'" .T% $# %! "%)2+ 2)11!2 # *'$+!#%2)*%)2! " #'# !+#%$*$%.?5@ H' *" ') $>!2!"%$%! 1!%!!" $%$'" & *'"!"#%$'" '+0!2$#%$'". G$6! '"! !0+! '( !*A"#.

ADDITIONPOL3MERISATION

CONDENSATION POL3MERISATION


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Unit-16 CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

$*I)TS T* 6E REMEM6ERE.

4( .R/3S B .rug! are che0ical o' low 0olecular 0a!!e!- which interact with0acro0olecular target! and %roduce a biological re!%on!e(

7( CHEM*THER+$" The u!e o' che0ical! 'or thera%eutic e''ect i! called

che0othera%y(8( CL+SSI5IC+TI*) *5 .R/3S Ba; ON THE BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT"drug! 'or a %articular ty%e

o' %roble0 a! analge!ic!"""""'or %ain relie&ing(b; ON THE BASIS OF DRUG ACTION"+ction o' drug on a %articular bioche0ical

%roce!!(c; ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL ACTION".rug! ha&ing !i0ilar !tructure (eg"

!ul%ha drug!(d; ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR TARGETS" .rug! interacting with

bio0olecule! a! li%id! - %rotein!(9( E)AMES +S .R/3 T+R3ETS1i2 CATALYTIC ACTION OF EN ZYMES"1a2 eny0e! ha&e acti&e !ite! which hold the !ub!trate 0olecule (it can be attracted by

reacting 0olecule!(1b2 Sub!trate are bonded to acti&e !ite! through hydrogen bond! - ionic bond! -Vander

,aal or di%ole Bdi%ole interaction!(1ii2 DRUG- ENZYME INTERACTIONS"1a2.rug co0%lete with natural !ub!trate 'or their attach0ent! on the acti&e !ite! o'eny0e! (They are called co0%etiti&e inhibitor!(

1b2So0e drug! bind! to a di''erent !ite o' the eny0e called allo!teric !ite! which change!the !ha%e o' acti&e !ite!(;( +)T+3*)ISTS" The drug! that bind! to the rece%tor !ite and inhibit it! natural

'unction(


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N( +)TI HIST+MI)ES"The drug! which inter'are with the natural action o'hi!ta0ine! and %re&ent the allergic reaction( eg"rantidine-tegarnet- a&il(

( TR+)>/LIAERS"The cla!! o' che0ical co0%ound! u!ed 'or the treat0ent o'!tre!!-0ild or e&en !e&ere 0ental di!ea!e!( Eg"idardil- i%roniagid-lu0inal-!econdeOuaOnil(

4D( +)+L3ESICS"They reduce %ain without cau!ing i0%air0ent o' con!ciou!ne!!-

0ental con'u!ion or !o0e other di!turbance o' the ner&ou! !y!te0(Eg"a!%irin-!eridon-%henacetin(44( +)TIMICR*6I+LS"They tend to %re&entde!troy or inhibit the %athogenic action o'

0icrobe! a! bacteria-&iru!-'ungi etc(They are cla!!i'ied a!1i2ANTIBIOTICS"Tho!e are the che0ical! !ub!tance! which are %roduced by 0icro"organi!0!(Eg"$encillin- o'loacin(NARROW SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS"The!e are e''ecti&e 0ainly again!t gra0 %o!iti&eor gra0 negati&e bacteria( Eg"$enicillin-!tre%to0ycin(BROAD SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS"They kill or inhibit a wide range o' 0icro"

organi!0!(eg" chlora0%henicol-tetracydine1ii2ANTISEPTICS OR DISINFECTANT"The!e are which either killinhibit the growth o'0icro"organi!0!

+nti!e%tic! are a%%lied to the li&ing ti!!u!e! !uch a! wound!-cut!-ulcer! etc( eg"'uracine-chloroylenol P ter%inol1dettol2(.i!in'ectant are a%%lied to inani0ate object!!uch a! 'loor! - drainage - !y!te0(Eg" D(7Q !olution o' %henol i! an anti!e%tic! while 4Q !olution i! an di!in'ectant(

47( +)TI5ERTILIT .R/3S" The!e are the che0ical !ub!tance! u!ed to control the%regnancy(They are al!o called oral contrace%ti&e! or birth control %ill!(

Eg"Mi'e%ri!tone- norethindrone(48( +RTI5ICI+L S,EET)I)3 +3E)TS"The!e are the che0ical co0%ound! which gi&e

!weetening e''ect to the 'ood without adding calorie(They are good 'or diabatic %eo%le eg" a!%arta0e- !accharin-alita0e-!ucrolo!e(49( 5**. $RESERV+TIVES" They %re&ent !%oilage o' 'ood to 0icrobial growth(eg"!alt-

!ugar- !odiu0 benoate(4;( CLE+)SI)3 +3E)TS"1i2 SOAPS" They are !odiu0 or %ota!!iu0 !alt! o' long chain 'atty acid!(They are

obtained by the !oa%ni'ication reaction - when 'atty acid! are heated with aOueou! !odiu0hydroide(They do not work well in hard water(

1iii2 TOILETS SOAP"That are %re%ared by u!ing better grade o' 'atty acid! andece!! o' alkali need! to be re0o&ed (colour P %er'u0e! are added to 0akethe0 attracti&e(


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1i&2 MEDICATED SOAPS" Sub!tance! o' 0edicinal &alue are added(eg"6uthional-dettol(

4"7 ,hy do we reOuire arti'icial !weetening agent!+n!"7 To reduce calorie intake(>"8 ,hat are 0ain con!tiuent o' dettol+n!"8 Choloroylenol P Ter%inol(>"9 ,hat ty%e drug %henaticini!+n!"9 It i! an anti%yretic!(>"; )a0e the drug that are u!ed to control allergy+n!"; +ntihi!ta0ine!(>"


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>"4D ,hat are 'ood %re!er&ati&e!+n!"4D The !ub!tance! that %re&ent !%oilage o' 'ood due to 0icrobial growth( eg" !odiu0benonate(

SH*RT +)S,ER T$E >/ESTI*)17 0ark!2

>"4 Mention one i0%ortant u!e o' the 'ollowing"

1i2 EOuanil 1ii2Sucrolo!e+n!"4 1i2 EOuanil" It i! a tranOuilier( 1ii2 Sucrolo!e"It i! an arti'icial !weetener(>"7 .e'ine the 'ollowing and gi&e one ea0%le"1i2+nti%yretic! 1ii2+ntibiotic!+n!"7 1i2 +nti%yretic!" Tho!e drug! which reduce the te0%erature o' 'e&eral body are called+nti%yretic!(Eg " $araceta0ol1ii2 +ntibiotic!"The drug! which %re&ent the growth o' other 0icro"organi!0!( Eg" $encillin(>"8 )a0e the 0edicine! u!ed 'or the treat0ent o' the 'ollowing"

1i2 Tuberculo!i! 1ii2 Ty%hoid Tuberculo!i!" Ster%to0ycinTy%hoid" Cholororo%henicol>"9 ,hat are tincture o' iodine+n!"9 7"8Q iodine !olution o' alcohol water i! called tincture o' Iodine( It i! a %ower'ulanti!e%tic! and i! a%%lied on wound!(>" ; ,hat are arti'icial !weetening agent 3i&e two ea0%le!+n!"; The !ub!tance! which gi&e !weetening to 'ood but dont add calorie to our body (Eg" Saccharin - alita0e(>"< How are !ynthetic detergent! better than !oa%!+n!" < 1i2.etergent! can be u!ed in hard water but !oa%! cannot be u!ed( 1ii2 .etergent! ha&e a !tronger clean!ing action than !oa%!(>"= ,hat are !ul%ha drug! 3i&e two ea0%le!+n!"= + grou% o' drug! which are deri&ati&e! o' !ul%hanila0ide and are u!ed in %lace o'antibiotic! are called !ul%ha drug!(Eg" !ul%hadiine- !ul%hanila0ide(>"N ,hat 'orce! are in&ol&ed in holding the acti&e !ite! o' the eny0e!+n!"N The 'orce! are in&ol&ed in holding the acti&e !ite! o' the eny0e! are hydrogenbonding - ionic bonding - di%ole"di%ole attraction! or Vander waal! 'orce o' attraction!(>" .e!cribe the 'ollowing gi&ing an ea0%le in each

ca!e" 1i2 Edible colour!1ii2 +nti'ertility drug!1i2 Edible colour!" They are u!ed 'or dying 'ood(

Eg" !a''ron i! u!ed to colour rice(1ii2 +nti'ertility drug!" Tho!e drug! which control the birth o' the child are called

+nti'ertility drug!(>"4D 3i&e two ea0%le! o' organic co0%ound! u!ed a! anti!e%tic!


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+n!"4D $henol1D(7Q2 - iodo'or0SH*RT +)S,ER T$E >/ESTI*)

18 0ark!2>"4 ,hat are 6iodegredable and non"biodegdredable detergent! 3i&e one ea0%le o' each(+n!"4 .etergent! ha&ing !traight hydrocarbon chain and are ea!ily deco0%o!ed by 0icro"organi!0! are called 6iodegredable detergent!(The detergent! ha&ing branched hydrocarbon

chain and are not ea!ily deco0%o!ed by 0icro"organi!0! are called )on"6iodegredabledetergent!(>"7 ,hat are barbiturate! To which cla!! o' drug! do they belong 3i&e two ea0%le!(+n!"7 .eri&ati&e! o' barbituric acid are called barbiturate!(They are tranOuilier! ( Theyal!o act a! hy%notic!( eg" lu0inal - !econal(

>"8 ,hat i! the u!e o' B1i2 6enadryl 1ii2 !odiu0 benoate 1iii2 $roge!terone+n!"8 1i2 +ntihi!ta0ine!1ii2 $re!er&ati&e!1iii2 +nti'ertility drug

>"9 Identi'y the ty%e o' drug"1i2 *'loacin 1ii2 +!%irin 1iii2 Ci0etidine+n!" 9 1i2 +ntibiotic 1ii2 +nalge!ic! P +nti%yretic!1iii2 +ntihi!ta0ine! P antacid>"; .e!cribe the 'ollowing with !uitable ea0%le"1i2 .i!in'ectant 1ii2 +nalge!ic!1iii2 6road !%ectru0 antibiotic!1i2 .i!in'ectant" che0ical! u!ed to kill the 0icro"organi!0! can a%%lied on non

li&ing article!(1ii2 +nalge!ic!" They are the drug! which are u!ed to relie&e %ain ( eg B +!%irin -

Ibu%ro'en(1iii2 6road !%ectru0 antibiotic!" They kill the wide range o' gra0 %o!iti&e and

gra0 negati&e bacteria(Eg" Chlora0%henicol - o'loacin(

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""


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6I*M*LEC/LES

Carbohydrate!: The!e are o%tically acti&e %oly hydroyle or ketone!

or 0olecule which %ro&ide !uch unit on hydroly!i!(

Cla!!i'ication o' Carbohydrate!Carbohydrate! are cla!!i'ied into three cla!!e! de%ending on wellbeha&iour toward! hydroly!i!:

Mono!accharide:"The carbohydrate! which cannot hydroly!ied'uther( Eg: gluco!e- 'ructo!e(

*ligo!accharide!: The carbohydrate! which ha&e 7 to 4D0ono!accharide! unit! on hydroly!i!( Eg: !ucro!e-cellulo!e( $oly!accharide!: the carbohydrate! which gi&e large no( o'

0ono!accharide! on hydroly!i!( Eg: !tarch-cello!eSugar: The carbohydrate! which are !weet in ta!te are called!ugar( Eg: !ucro!e -lacto!e)on"Sugar!:The carbohydrate! which are not !weet inta!te(Eg:!tarch-cello!e(

Reducing Sugar: Sugar! which reduce 'ehling !olution andtollen! reagent( Eg: gluco!e- 'ructo!e()*) Reducing Sugar: which do not reduce 5ehling or tollen!reagent( Eg: !ucro!e(

CH*

H *H

*H HH *H

H *H


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CH7C**H Structure *' 3luco!e

Cyclic Structure *' 3luco!e:The !traight chain !tructure o' gluco!e i! unable to e%lain the'ollowing reaction(

4( It doe! not gi&e the 7-9".)$ te!t- Schi'' te!t and do!ent'or0 hydrogen!ul%hide addition %roduct with )aHS*8(7( The %enta acetate o' gluco!e doe! not react with )H7*h

indicating the ab!ence o' CH* grou%(8( It ei!t in two di''erent cry!tline U and 'or0!( They are

called ano0er!( They di''er in o%tical rotation( They ha&edi''erent 0elting %oint(

CH7*H

Starch: Main !torage %oly!accharide o' %lant! ha! two co0%onent!a0yla!e and a0ylo%ectin(


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$rotien!: $rotien! are long %oly0er! o' a0ino acid! linked by %e%tideband!(they are e!!ential 'or %ro%er growth and 0aintaince o' body(+0ino +cid!: It contain! a0ino and carboylicacid 'unctional grou%R"CH"C**H

)H7E!!ential +0ino +cid!: +0ino acid which cannot be !ynthe!ied inthe body and are obtained 'ro0 diet(eg:Valine-Ly!ine()on"E!!ential +0ino +cid: The a0ino acid which can be !ynthe!iedin the body are called non e!!ential a0inoacid(eg:gly!ine-!erine-%raline(Awitter Ion:In aOueou! !olution the carboyl grou% can lo!e a%rotone and a0ino grou% can acce%t a %rotone-gi&ing ri!e a di%oler

ion called a! witter ion( )H8J""""CH""""C**"

RCla!!i'ication:4( 5ibrou! $rotein: $oly%e%tide chain! run %arallel or anti%aralle and held

together by hydrogen and di!ul%hide bond!( 3enerally in !oluble in water(eg:collagen-0yorin-'ibroin(

7( 3lobular $rotien: Chain! o' %oly%e%tide coil around to gi&e !%heical !ha%e( /!ually !oluble in water(eg:in!ulin-hae0oglobin(

.enaturation *' $rotein: The %rotein! in it! nati&e 'or0- when!ubjected to %hy!ical change like te0%erature-$H etc undergoe!

uncoiling and lo!e! it! biological acti&ity( Thi! i! called denaturationo' %rotein!( The !econdary and tertiary !tructure are de!troyed- only %ri0ary!tructure retained(eg:coagulation o' egg! while on heating(


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Vita0in!:The organic co0%ound reOuired in the diet in !0alla0ount! to %er'or0 !%eci'ic biological 'unction! and it! not!ynthei!ed by our body(Cla!!i'ication: *n the ba!i! o' their !ouliblity in water or 'at(

a; 5at Soluble Vita0in: They are in!oluble in water

but !oluble in 'at(eg: &ita0in +-6-E-R(1b2 ,ater Soluble Vita0in: Vita0in 6 P C(

VIT+MI)S S*/RCE .E5ICIE)C.ISE+SE

+ C+RR*T-6/TTER PMILK

#ER*$HTH+LML+-)I3HT6LI).)ESS

6 E+ST-LIVER-3REE)VE3ET+6LE 6ERI"6ERIC CITR/S 5R/IT-+ML+ SC/RV. S/)LI3HT-5ISH-E33

+LKRICKETS

)ucleic +cid!:The!e are bi0olecule! which are long chain %oly0er!o' nucleotide!(They are .)+ P R)+(Co0%o!ition *' )ucleic +cid: they are 0ade"u% o' a %entane !gar 16"."7 deoyribo!e in .)+ d 6"."ribo!e in R)+2- %ho!%horic acid andnitrogen containing

1a2 .)+: 6a!e adenine1+2-Thy0ine1t2-guanine1g2-and cyto!ine1C2(

1b2 R)+: Contain adenine1+2- guanine1g2-cyto!ine1C2and /ralic1/2(

Eny0e!:eny0e are bio"cataly!t and are generally lobular %otein eg:

y0a!e-0alta!e(

VER SH*RT +)S,ER T$E >/ESTI*)S


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>4 ,hat are carbohydrate!an!" The!e are o%tically acti&e %oly hydroyle or ketone! or 0oleculewhich %ro&ide !uch unit on hydroly!i!(>7 )a0e the de'iciency di!ea!e re!ulting 'ro0 lack o' &ita0in C and

.an!" SC/RVand RICKETS(>8 what are the na0e gi&en to the linkage which hold together to0ono0eric unit! in %oly!accharide+n!"3lyco!idie linkage(>9 )a0e the eny0e which con&ert !ucro!e into gluco!e and'ructo!e+n!"In&erta!e>; ,hat are the co0%onent! o' !tarch+n!"+0yla!e and a0ylo%ectin(>< ,hy i! cellulo!e in our dite not nouri!hing+n!"*ur body doe! not ha&e eny0e which hel% in dige!tion o'cellulo!e(>= )a0e the %urine! %re!ent in .)++n!"+denine and 3uanine(>N ,hy &ita0ine C cannot be !tored in our body+n!"It i! water !oluble and readily ecreated in urine(

> 3i&e two ea0%le! o' non"e!!ential a00ino acid+n!"3lycine and ala0ine>4D ,hat are di''erent ty%e! o' R)+ 'ound in the cell+n!"4(0(R)+ 7(t(R)+ 8(r(R)+(

iim cluster study material chemistry

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