iiimui.. - dtic · list of illustrations (cont'd) figure page 11-17 highest temperatures ( )...
TRANSCRIPT
AD-A13, 958 DESERT TESTING OF MILITAR MATERIEL(U) SOUTHWEST i/
RESEARCH INST SAN A NTONI TX B C D AL ET AL. AUG 81
U DAADO -80-C-0048
UNCLASSIFED F/G 15/5 NIIIIIEEIIIIIE
EEIIhIIEIhIII
II....ImuI..
- J 32
1. 1.6
Vt fW '*N I,[ fl% 1.6o~
AD A 13 1958
DESERT TESTING OF MILITARY MATERIEL
Prepared for:
U.S. Army Yuma Proving GroundYuma, Arizona
byB. Chope Dial and Roger H. Hemnion, Consultants toSouthwest Research Institute 1~T6220 Culebra Road DSan Antonio, Texas 78284 SEJIC --
AUG 3O01983 ~
A
avi e Qn,4( aProved
August 1981Zg uxe
' '3 08 29 109
DISCLAIMER
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an officialDepartment of the Army position, unless so designated by other author-ized documents. The use of trade names in this report does not con-stitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commer-cial hardware or software. The report may not be cited for purposesof advertisement.
.1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PageACKNOW LEDGEM ENTS ................. I................ ........ ixA B S T R A C T.. ...... .......... ... ...- .... ..... ... ...... .. ... x
SECTION I. INTRODUCTION
A General.................................................................. ............... 1B Regulations and Standards for Environmental Design.................................. 1C Life Cycle of Military Materiel .......................................................... 12D U.S. Army Environmental Testing ................................. 12
SECTION 11. DESERT ENVIRONMENTS
A T he D esert .. .............................................. 19B Effects of Deserts on M ateriel .................................... 34
SECTION Ill. U.S. ARMY YUMA PROVING GROUND
A Location ........................... ...................................... 73B Physiography .......................................................................... 75C Yuma Proving Ground and Surrounding Areas........................................ 77D Yuma Environment ................................................................... 83E Test Courses and Test Areas ........................................................... 113F Comparison of YPG with Other World Desert Areas................................... 119
SECTION IV. MATERIEL TESTING REQUIREMENT
A General Testing Requirement.......................................................... 131B Scope of Desert Testing ............................................................... 131C Test Facilities.......................................................................... 132D Test Support........................................................................... 134E Test Procedures................................................................. ...... 135F The Testing Process ................................................................... 136
References .................................................................................. 141
APPENDIXBRIEF HISTORY OF YUMA PROVING GROUND
A Development of Western Desert Lands ............................................... 147B World War 11 Preparatory Activities.....................................................147C Yuma Site Selection................................................................... 148o Early Formal Test Activities.............................................................149E Pertinent Establishment of Yuma Proving Ground .................................... 150
References .................................................................................. 151
ii'
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
I-I Life Cycle of Military Materiel (Development/Procurement to Ultimate
l is p o s itio n ) ...... ......... ............ ................................ .................. .. ......... 13
I l-1 W o rld D eseii ,, ................................................... . . ...................... 2 1
11-2 Desert Complex of Fastern Sahara ................................................................. 27
11-3 Ten Types of Terrain Comprising All World Desert Areas .................................... 32
11-4 Typical Desert [errain Structures ................................................................... 32
11-5 Stages in Development of Desert Landscapes ................................................... 33
11-6 Landscape Classification Coding (Wateras Experiment Station Terrain Classifica-
tio n S yste m ) .............................................................................................. 35
il-" Characteristjc Plan-Profile (-oding ............ .......................................... 36
11-8 Protecti\,e Respirator and (joggles Required for Operation in Extreme Dust
E nviro n m en t .......... ........................................................................... ..... . 4 3
11-9 Tank Throttle Linkage Bearings-Contaminated with Dust; Caused Linkage
to B in d .............................. ..................................................................... 4 3
11-10 T read Separation Failure ............................................................................ 44
I1-11 Tire Carcass Failure Resulting from High Load. High Speed and High Ambient and
Road Surface Temperatures .......................................................................... 44
11-12 T rack P ad B lo w o u t .................................................................................... 45
11-13 Sectioned Track Pad-Internal Damage (Blowkout) Caused by High Temperature
O p eratio n ........................................................................................... .... . 4 5
11-14 Track Pad-Delamination or Bond Failure Caused by High Temperatures During
O peratio n ......................................................... ...... ..................... .... . 46
11-15 Deteriorated Lubricant Deposits on Transfer Case Gears after 12,000 Miles at High
A m bient Tem perature . ................................................................................ 52
11-16 Highest Temperatures ('F) and Solar Radiation (Langleys) Observed with the M60
Tank During Desert Storage Conditions with the Hatch Open, 7 September 1973 ....... 53
iv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont'd)
Figure Page
11-17 Highest Temperatures ( ) and Solar Radiation (Langleys) Observed with the M70Tank During Desert Storage Condition, with the Hatch Closed, I I September 1973 .... 54
11-18 Tank (ommander's Cupola Bearing-Abraided Race and Plastic Balls from Dust In-filtration; Prevented C upola Rotation ............................................................. 54
11-19 Roadwheel Damage (Tire Separation, Chunking and Track Guide Wear) After Opera-tion on Level C ross-C ountn y C ourse ............................................................... 55
11-20 Brake Wheel Cylinder Boot--Scitened and Torn During High Temperature
O p e ra tio n ................................................................................................ 5 5
11-21 Amphibious Vehicle Operation in iHigh Temperature (>90'F) Water ...................... 57
11-22 Dust Cloud Typical of Wheeled Vehicle Operation -Operator and Load Subjected toH eavy D ust C oncentration .......................................................................... . 57
11-23 Tank O peration on D ust C ourse .................................................................... 58
11-24 Dust Cloud Generated by Firing lank Main Weapon. Shock Wave Produces Dust All
Around the Vehicle and Blast Wave Raises Sufficient Dust in Front of Cannon toO bscure V ision o f T arget ............................................................................. 58
11-25 Extrusion of Explosive Filler Around Fuse Well After Open Storage at High
T em p era tu res ............................................................................................ 60
11-26 Extrusion of Explosive Filler Around Closing Plug After Open Storage at High
T em p era tu res ............................................................................................ 6 1
11-27 Smoke Pot Fuel Block-After 5 Years Storage in the Desert Would No Longer Fit in
the Sm oke Pot Because of Expansion .............................................................. 62
11-28 M achine G un M ount- Legs Failed ................................................................. 62
11-29 40 MM Grenade launcher-Dust Contamination .............................................. 63
11-30 Discoloration of Meter Face (Left) of Chemical Agent Detector Kit After 12 WeeksStorage Com pated to Standard U nit (Right) ..................................................... 64
11-31 Dust Cloud Developed by Cargo Aircraft Operation from an Assault Strip (Represen-tative of Forward Airfield in a Desert Operation) ............................................... 64
I,.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont'd)
Figure Page
11-32 Dust (loud Produced by t o" Altitude Parachute Extraction System (1Iapes) Deli, ery
o f F q u ip m en t ........ .......................................... ........... ....................... 65
11-33 Dust Storm Created by Ielicopter Rotor Do%% nsash ......................................... 65
11-34 Dust (loud Produced by ('argo Helicopter Operation ......................................... 66
11-35 Helicopter Rotor I ip Erosion Caused by Debris in the Air Stirred Up During Nap-of-
the-E arth F lig h t O p eta tivn', ......................... ............................................... 66
11-36 Sand Impact and Dust Accumulation on Radiator Fins of Crawler Tractor After 400
Hours Bulldozing Operation In Sandy Soil ............. ......................... 68
11-37 10 KW Generator Set Placement for Extreme Dust rest ....................................... 69
11-38 10KW G enerator Set During F ,trcine Dust lest ................................................ 69
11-39 Fabric Collapsible Fuel Storage Fank-Seam Failures ........................................ 71
11-40 Plastic Sand Bags-After One Year in Open Storage ........................................... 71
I1-1 Location of Yuma Proving (round with Respect to Other DoD Activities in the West
ern U n ited S ta tes .... .. ......... .. ...... ......................................................... 74
111-2 Physiographic Pro'%inces of Wetern United States ............................... 76
111-3 Physiographic Provinces in A rizona ............................................................... 78
111-4 Yuma Proving Ground and Immediate Vicinity ................................................. 79
ill-5 fem perature Regim e, Yum a. A rizona ............................................................. 84
111-6 July Extreme Temperatures, Yuma, Arizona .................................................... 85
111-7 Temperature Summary-- April 1964 to October 1968 .......................................... 86
111-8 Air Temperature. Dew Point, and Relative Humidity Regimes 19 July 1961 and 25
J u n e 19 6 2 ................................. .............................................................. 8 7
111-9 Mean Hourly Temperatures Near the Ground, Sandy Plains Site, Yuma Test Station,
A rizo n a ....................... ........................................................................... 8 8
vi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont'd)
Figure Page
111-10 Temperature Gradients During Period of Strong Incoming Radiation at Yuma TestStation .................................................................................. 89
1l1-Il Mean Hourly Temperature Profiles for Sandy Plains Site. Yuma, Arizona ............. 90
111-12 Comparison of Subsidiary Climatic Stations, Yuma Test Area ......................... 92
111-13 Comparison of Sunshine and Cloud Cover ............................................. 94
111-14 Daily Values of Insolation ............................................................... 96
111-15 Mean Daily Radiation Curves............................................................97
l11-16 Surface Winds- Percentage Frequency of Occurrence by Direction..................... 98
111-17 M792 Operating on Dust Course. Muggins Mesa ....................................... 102
HUM-I Mean Dew Point Temnperature ....................... ...................... ...... 102
111-19 Mean Relative Humidity at Specified Hours ........................................... 103
111-20 Precipitation Regime............................................... ................... 105
111-21 Generalized Distribution of Surface Materials.......................................... 107
111-22 Desert Pavement ........................................................................ 109
111-23 Lag Pavement........................................................................... 110
111-24 Partial Map of Test Courses ............................................................ 114
111-25 Test Vehicle Towing Field Dynamometer During Cooling Test on Paved Dyrn'mometeriiCourse .................................................................................. 116
111-26 Restricted Air Space Envelopes.......................................................... 120
111-27 U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground (Partial) Characteristic Plan-Profile ............... 127
111-28 U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground (Partial) Generalized Landscape ................... 127
*111-29 U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground (Partial) Soil Consistency........................... 128
111-30 U.S. Army Yumna Proving Ground (Partial) Geometry Analogs ........................ 128
LkV1_
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I-1 Srummary of AR -t0X IcS lipeaturt, Solar Radiation, and Relative Humidit, Dail.
C( cle ............ ........ ................................................. 4
1-2 Summar. ol QS l.\. ;i.,0 [ernp.tature. Solar Radiation and Relative Humidity Extremes
for Consideration in lD ,igni of N ihjtzry L(qui IncI It ............................................. -,
I-3 Temperature and I-tu mid it, I imitation, for qui Lpmen Used by NATO Armed Forces
Operating .;i a (il ouriL I or,'c-S!at.Ag 2, ( Opcrating arid Storage Limits ..................... 6
1-4 unvronniental L:I.toi I iit:, (irouid I ,luipilnt as Defined by MIL-STD-210 ....... 7
11-1 D esert of he \\ o Id ........................................................... 23
11-2 (ompa .liive ( hal ar'[cl 1,1;c, ajorI .c ,.. .... . ............... 25
11-3 lerra in F a cto r ( o d irn v . .. ........... I. ... ... ... ............................. ...................... 37
11-4 r fect o f [zn ,.iro nnni ai a,.-io t3 . ....... .... . ............................ ...................... 38
II 5 M aterial l)eterto ra tion \ gen ' ..... .. ............... ............................................... 38
11-h um m ar\ ot Nljor t-n,.ironr en al [ ffects ........... ............................................... 39
II-" l)iffi,.ultie,, Pr duc:ed hls the )esert [nironnicn t bs Various Types on Ground Support
Fquipn e.nt .. . . . . . .. .............................. .............. 48
11-8 Suimrnar. of ( oolhrig PLrfoim a:e on Mlitary\ ehicles Mammum Temperatures Re-
,orded l)uring Itill-! oad (.ooling lest i urna P'ro ing (Ground) ............................ 51
I1-I (omparison o. deip Latire Va lations Betv, een Sand Dunes and Mobility Complex ..... 92
111-2 Upper Air Mean leniperature, ;.S.A YP(; ASI Yuma Met Team ............................. 93
111-3 Mean Weekly Dust Count for Specified Hours. Yurna Test Station, Yuma, Ari'ona ....... 101
111-4 V isib ilitN , Y u m a , A ir.,o n a .................... .......................................................... 10 1
111-5 O bstructions to Vix on ( , rbiliiy < I M ile) Ytuma, Arizona ...................................... 101
111-6 Frequenc% of (h..,:t rrcrr ..c of P recipitation ............................................................ 106
111-7 Soil P roperties. V ehicie lest C ourses ................................................................. 112
IV-I Group Classification of Armament and Indi,,idual W eapots ................................... 133
I t
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Wahner Brooks and Toin Mclntire, Methodology and Instrumentation Di.i-
sion. YPG, for their assistance in the preparation of this %olume, Nir. Brooks for making available his e,,ten-
5i-,e compilalion of historical and earl. test data and %Ir McIntire for hi, diligence in searching for ncce,,ars
additional material. Appreciation is expressed for the olunarv assistatce of Paul Krause and Hr ank Bl, nell,
Jr.. I.S. Army Topographic Laboratories, Mr. Krause in particular for use of Yuma Climatic Analogs and
related reports and ir. Barnett for permission to use his unpublished manuscript on YP6 surface materials
and terrain features, as %%ell as a voluminous terrain photo library. We are also grateful to Mr. Bob 0. Bell
and the Waterways Experiment Station Technical Information Center. for use of the Yuma terrain analogs.
Assistance of Virginia F. Dial, San Antonio College [earning Resources Center, for diligent searches of the
('enter's desert literature holdings, is gratefully ackno\k ledged.
A.5
ABSTRACT
[he regulalor. controls for testring m ilitar., maieCl Under adscise errsironmenital condition , of the
,orld desert,, are delineated. Ihe desert en, ironnient is described and specific characteristics of the major
world desert,, delineaied. Adserse effects of the desert ensironment on military equipment and materials are
discussed. I ie tI.S. Arms N unia l'romg (iround is discussed in terns ol its facilities and capabilit s I ore,,aluating the iuitabilit\ of iihiary wateriel for operation in analogous areas of the deserts of the World.
Desert testing iethodolog for specific types of Army materiel is discussed in terms of development and exe-
:utionn of rest plans.
____. II __I...,,%
1. INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL
The U. S. Army hats defined at desert as an area in sshich itheseasonal or annuital rainfall is less than (fhe
seasonal or annual es aporarion rate.'* Meteorolovical condition, common to all desert regions are glaringsuinlight . sudden and %olen t s nidstoris, and drastic changes in terniperat u. re -uttlier the most Inmportant
deserts- politicalk aird iiitiarils - are the Sahara ( k lirch Includes thle I ibyan and Nubiant lDeerl s in) North
Africa and the Arabian arid Seisirn Deserts inl the Mi ddle Last Also of importance is the (obi lDeser I in Mlon-
golia. These deserts are of importance because the separate two orf more spheres of political and religious
influence; they contain s aluable mnineral deposits; atid the), has e strategic implicatioins because (if their
location" (ibid).
Because military operation,. could occur in these areas and because thie phy~sical hat. - I ics of uc
regions could present ads erse influences otn tilitaiN equipment and personnel, specific critt llase beetn pro-mulgated in regulations atid standards for guidance in) the des elopmeni and Use Of iliir dqrireit Il tiledesert, Inasmuch as the des eloper is bound by thre performance limit,, and constrainis es 5hed h's theseregulations, standards and specifications, equipmetn so designed must be esaluated again jimitations
to ensure that it does pertot in as prescribed and thus ha' e at high probability. Of succeSSfu. , ration in hexpected ens ironment.
The purpose oif this manual is, to pros ide the detailed background necessarr for anl utIIStiding of (the
testing of militarv materiel itt the desert errsi-ritnetit - InI so doing. hosses er, only that Information coicerIngthe desert environment that is specifically pertinent to thle operation, use or testing of militar materiel rteims
wsill be discussed. Bibliographic references %% ill be mrade. "shere appropriate, to other sources of in-depth in-formation on specific subject, such as or igiii arid des elopment of wsorldwside deserts, detailed f aunal anidfloral characteristics. geology, terrain, soil structure, and cJnnatc. 0% ciall desert criteria 'A ill be discussed anddesert "analogs"' described with relation to testing.
B. REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
1. Pertinent Regulations and Standards
Recognizing the impact oif adverse enstirornmeital conditions on the operation, transportation arndstorage of militar% equipment, the .S.L Army, in coordination with other branches of the D)epartment of D~efense and those of allied nations, has established specific regulations, go, erning the design. development andevaluation of military equipment subject to exposure to such adverse conditions. These documents. ArmyNRegulations (AR): intersers ce MNilitary Standards (It1 -SiTD); and international agreement,,, QSTAG(Quadripartite- American- Britih-Canadian- Australiani Nesw Zealand); and STANAG (NATo). Providespecific definition of the ensvironmental factors and control lesekq desired to be incorporated into materieldesigned for worldwide use. *
*Superwrilli nilmrnets Indicate retente, ar ihe end of (his document
*t-quipment %hieh is i,, he enipiosed eclcusiseik in i intied re'gionl shoutd hc designed to meet the specifi& ad~crse Conditions of tharregtion rather than the rierhaps broadef reqirenicnis esrahirshd us these do~ umenis
cr~~~ t~ .P' at,.l
At~~~ ~ ~ I' .C ,i. I cqI
AR< '0-1 k ii ... ;.~ui~1U
h Iet i:- .*
a! "".
A\R '1) 38 --- l M~..: p. lLr1r' ~ aitri for F' rrcrne Climate
Conit ins~ II J ., -- 1 01 V. Il r' '! 'A 01,ic 1,1\ 2-1
f ARjj-t Ii ~ - ~ ~ i .'~c ~ rSv'''.. j~ ,'ir' '.'.hi' ItIrle hIC1, J cI!
It., -1 2:J i .\Oticcjrc.Do
%1II S11V21i' \~ ~ ~ .''' o I ifi c tt' r m I \Inr'ifr\il r Eqimtt I Ii t rc
AR 1O 'T Ba I, Ii .'h 1 's' ' t.i rrI ...... r c de 'ldto l
'~~~riIiiir,'i~~~~~~ 1 11 ,'' 1~ OI. Ii t II' .'i lir 'r~r,;~ : I~reI I 1 I, l ~i tII I \ tot
2I~IisI 1i 11C.'ru\ Ii~ 3C
M I -STD-810 - En~ ironrmen tal Fest Miethods.I I, 2afilad P poJe' Jt; aIIed Ijda[I,( e ll%
ronruental testing performed trIa'l nter. Imi!r'ct ,r ifatr111 \ -itirilari .riitirns. It dirlitcaic' thespecific tests to be condu, ted arid &Idel h e'I.% to tr c. 'e lle, :ed, mt 111,1111 the i-:Wra1:1 0I Meas urement' rimt
be obained. Exscept periphemalks iz does iI pr l\ ide kp~rm.kidamIIce lri te'trng III ntim esr et
QSTAG 360 -Quadripartite (AHC At Standardization Agreement, Climatic Frnvironmetal Con-ditions Affecting the D.esign of Milttar Materiel. 1 hi i W. - ear 1,*;ncl ,I~i CIC plotat'le extrem~e
climatic condition' It i u be rrmi k ivlil:,11 .- n-. .. i 1' a - a C. !f"I ''-nrja : 1 !t. N used
for test planningr. It sCIN OWi 11ine, ,iin;vrJ, .,nce -. niredri ':' i,rr oh'eti.ed in tour
types of w orld climates t hat Ina,, 1,ecT. -- e' a.';mrmrr I *Xrr mii,.a1 CALsjiteJr It itirtlier pro-
sides guidance in cisaluistion (if aceptibmlr !A1iLIevm IIe jin a.Iidare1 'AII anl eChI-lesr10j ~s:~nion of failure cos erimig four l c 'a. 1, ,! :- t...' r'Ln 11w.? L
STANAG 2831 - NAT(J Stinidardlization; rAg;,-eiient. Climatic Ensironment-Ternperature andHumidity Limitations for Equipment used b NATO0 Armed Forces in a Ground Role. Irut' agrteennt 1, cs-sentialh. equisalentIr, tohe iU>, V t, 36or ice.ne '- A 'I .; -- r.1 ail5 \2\10
ground equipment. It prosides nrarim. rin. r iiiU--rpnit aii' uiniidils limit. it opera-tion and storage of cquipmews In -- 'Cn -( !;-,h_ i .
2. Relationship Between AR 70-38 and Other Standards and Agreements
There are isso piirps io ic rr.c- Ve in \ 1 s it A' I ii1 an'! thle ottier documntsnlLoncerned w~ith defining hrmtiion oi it i'er-Ces,, nnr'
ki\ll s 1j) 210 arprnes &trii lo'2ic Jesmincd lt o rldssrdcas i., I hic oilier do~umntsi
pros ide criteria tot :11krr In mineiod 'oral fckzin . lcheliten ri cimatic categoriess thin thle korld%, ide o.;'c
* AR -0-1S Oix~ire mha: tiQ.-no- -1Crr inricri:'tnmenr tras induc:e
more seicre condirin Oi~ineF rvrn at n n1r1ocrmaturtin . The other dlocumients do
not Include thu- iore itririgecw ili~on ith,11gh tlre\ prescibe extreei cold temper ature
categories, not accrird Ir \K 'i< q S
a. On v Per, , wt R i . A
A poltc\ desigiramed is -one Pe 5ert isii - esruhhshd tn dcf iring heti limitations of the %va-
rious environmental factor in III \II A' 1 I) 2ji. I he',: e Csh of' c hufnan, elemetits 'lar are ecee ded notmore than one percent of the rinte of (thc rttIsr mor cenrth III IIn tiseage Year at the nro't 'evre locationfor that element. (F-or loss tcituperatincs, the: le ci eleccd ss a- tfo 20 per:cnt (11 the inre aid( tor rainfall, 0).5
percent.) The probability that tirateriel ss ill hc es posed it) a pericmsirotimnental element cmtretne cannot heaccurately computed; hosse)ser. these alties. k nios n a-. 'one perc:ent dcesign %alucs- are considered to be cry
conservative.' . tAt
Becatise olt ie sti rngenc\ ot thewe lint tar ions imposedC~ tor ss orldss ide use, \%here certain ofthe climatic elements acies e their one percen irn Sgl dcOine in) %. r limited locations, sonic modification ofthis policy is recogni/ed lin AR 70-38 and thle ititernant oal agre'emeti. hentce, (the climatic domain of theworld is divided, on the basis (if trniperaires. trio i'nes (fou.r for NK-\ 1 t and three for QSTAG 361) and
Si ANA(i 2831). lhee are further ,ubdi ided tiiih espck-t to pre. ipitation and humidity. In effect, this ap-proach allows the design of equipment lot use at one or the ther of the extremes. %hich establishes it as a
unique design situation. Other nateriel, not etpected to he emploscd under that conditton, would thus, hc
freed of the necessity for acconndating that lititaton to the extrcne degree other wise called ftr.
h. ( "Ollfoparatite J'fot Iins
Tables 1-1 1-2, and 1-3 show the -.omparatne ialues for thes climatic categories, and Table
I 4 summarizes the prosisions of MII -S -D)-210 and inc!udc, en' ironmental factors not treated in the other
documents. 'here are sonic differences in values for the artous climatic elements among the first three
tables, but these are essentially negligible. generall\ arising from conversion, between USA and metric mea-surement standard,. QSIAU 160 and STANAG 2831 are practicalh identical except for the omission of thewet warm and wethot (BI and 132) categories b\ S ANA 2831. AR 70-38. howeser, omits the "extreme
TABLE I-1. SUMMARY OF AR 70-38 TEMPERATURE, SOLAR RADIATION, AND RELATIVE
HUMIDITY DAILY CYCLES
Oe'ai orai Conditions Storage and Tarnsr
C onii on s
46-L" .N *'''2? A,,p- .~ 1-' 1. I P .• 4 + -e -
141 . ' l ri~.4', '4 ' !O?! ""
1,i iti
, ' t i4 l i-l, 594, 1 *k 33 -' '4 t, t
N eq I t'a ' (It 951? "k.t- q4 IS,42 1
H'e 8b ti.4
,. 8 t 5 t $4 ?42~ 4 ) toIS3h''45 I 9?,t' '5,
2t .35 J i,30.' Io 63
HiPk Hi'16-'~t, 31Y 1 41,,44 86 u! 14!5 1,1,442 enrl .4 1,3 t2o 30 So 53
2 t .2 "e.Jbq.1t,+ OAJ'd ' ti5 33' ioward
sahlrat ¢, Statalr.
1(d ' 3 ) I S. O41 Tendnq 35 to I I n qA ,' t, 46 Neqt,4, (' towald 3 11,- 46' "'Wald
%atr aho' salulahw
"..,,,,' - Tending 60 lendiQ
oW,,?14 Negliqilpev., 51,',1(1 !,A?4-?at ~f ln 5A4atul t'1ll
*"[)lsiqrrah ""'5 ",' l'a '"' t''sex ',1, ' '. ! ,'sri'Si. t'snq 1-4ii i ateqories in QOuad'ipa'thte Standardzaiion Aqreement 360 Cfs',nm t lnl,'.... ', ', "' ' ...... % '', . ' ".,', ' , sM, 4te,,p IW(i i the oSTA(G 360 alegones CO and C4 are not ise(t by ?h,
N, ) Ihe " ,, S'.iv' - I?"I ".'.h eitIi- ntl 't'ruieen? ll 4l the qjriq- and lIo i hntis of the rvyces that typ)fy dVs dWtNQ Whi( h
1t',' '.P ,,pF s 5'1 I' 4 0''0'* t ' ,,' I0- 1)2tl 2 % The ,-a-wou d tiavthne ?t npiedthire And 90 F is the rninltln lm nrihttlrtl In~l
in ........ .
k4
TABLE 1-2 SUMMARY OF OSTAG 360 TEMPERATURE, SOLAR RADIATION AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
EXTREMES FOR CONSIDERATION IN DESIGN OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT CELCIUS SCAI £
V. A T IMA' AN!" ,,1'A-- h"----- - 1
A. HA AA ',A t
',M~ HA'H 1 .A - IA! .1'I )IH ' IM hl',h '.
I A-,
S- N- 2 A,15 A'-,-
"4'
H: j,~~ 4, ,t, .1' I a f., ' r,- , - -'a S ,' . H H -
cold" (C4) category of -60' to -70|1-51 to -57'C)* and considers the "seere cold" (('3) categor.y of
-60'F (-51 "'C) only for cold soaking during operating conditions and for transit and storage (vithstandingl.
3. Unique Provisions of AR 70-38
AR 70-38 includes a statemnent identifying and classifying materiel failures, as related to adverse
climatic factors, as "reversible" and "irreversible," with respect to %%hether normal operation is regained
' in thim doument all rrneasurenicnr onlct,ion %,ill he I o Itic arri, o rder o>f pretmon, unle,,s ol he'r% ie %tai¢d
l5
I I I I I I I I I '- ,, ,
TABLE 1-3. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY LIMITATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT USED BY NATOARMED FORCES OPERATING IN A GROUND FORCE-STANAG 2831
OPERATING AND STORAGE LIMITS
OPERA I IN ., -Q S U A(A -
0-rh ,O Chatrr, Te per e t -
riar,, . I .r,,, , o- P.,'r A, V A a
E..ees 4 . .d. te , .. ,
+d t er ' kIdily $ 5It emr r. d. ~~ f i . , nr
8Sw At '4ot D'v 2I- I2 V. -I rCle ld r
Operting Inlerrr.ate 25 32 Trendo4 gow s t" ." I ., X 34 Taer j at
L r ts Cl Cold t
831 to( 313 63 '- .. 8 .3 Coastal
Terrnper te Intermoodate 110 44 "- I -' '4' - ' 'K - 's o
In l t A 2 H o t ol
Operatonq lnterrred.ate 25 32 T end.,g to-, t, t - - - 4 eod.3 -0"I' .r.alo
Colder ( 2_ Cold -46 Trd -. ... .. ...
Operating
Lt nts 3 Severe cold 60 51 Te-ldng lO-'rs s , a- , t' , 10 .4l ,.' d Sd-,.nlr '
C3 E.trernecold 70 57 Tefldr .rvsi trt ' - -- ' Trrdjo~dr s sat'8 '
when the effect of the adverse enviionmentalcondioun j, iernosed QS IA(J 361 and SIANAG 2831 categu-
rize such failures further into eight types, with tespe.t to the relatise degradation caused by enironmenial
conditions in excess of those for which the materiel ssas designed, a, tololl,,:
a. Reversible Fadlure,
0 Type A The equipment ma% continue to function but Aith reduced performance.
returning to normal efficiency after the more extreme condition, cease. It
remains safe throughout.
* Type B Ihe equipment may cease to function altogether but recoser normal effi-
ciency after the more extreme conditions cease. It remains safe throughout.
0 Type C The equipment continues to function but 4itlh reduced performance during
the extreme conditions and, in addition, becomes dangerous to life or to
some other essential equipment in the vicinity. When the more extreme con-
ditions cease, the equipment will retunn to normal efficiency provided the
danger did not eventuate.
h. Irrever.sihle Failures
* Type D During extreme conditions, the equipment ceases to function and endangers
life or other adjacent, essential materiel. It returns to normal, safe perfor-
mance when the extreme conditions have abated, if the danger has not
ensued.
& Type I The equipment may continue to function with reduced performance but
after the more extreme conditions cease--never returns to normal effi-
ciency. It remains safe throughout.
6
TABLE 1-4. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR LIMITS FOR GROUND EQUIPMENT AS DEFINED BYMIL-STD-2108
W IT H STAN DINGENVIRONMENTAL
FACTOR HIGHEST LOWEST OPERATION EDE', yrs 2 5
High Temperature 136(58) 1% 120(491 Temp.: 128(5,3) 130 15410F ('C) 5% 115(461
10% 113(45)
Low Temperature -90(-68) 1% 781 61) Temp. 86(-66 89(671 AIF (oC) 5% -701)57)
10% -65)(54)
20% 60)-5i)
50% -50 (-46)
High Absolute 35x 103 1% 30 x 103 ppm, 88 (31') dpHumidity 951(34) dew pt (30 day periods - variable) NATemp. 'F I* C) 5% 28 x 101ppm, 86 (30) dp
during day10% 26 x 103 ppm, 84 (29) dp
20% 25 x 103 ppm 83(128) dp
Low Absolute 2.05 ppm 5.24 ppm ppri: 2 82 2 22Humidity -91 (-68) 79 (-62) frost point: -87 (-66') 90) 68)Temp. IF (*C) frost point
High Relative 100% 84(29) 100% 78 (26) to 100% 75 (241 to 95% 751(24)Humidity, Temp, I F ('C 1 74% 95)35)
Low Relative 2% 110143) 3% 120(49) temp at 128)53) 130(54)1
Humidity. Temp, IF (I C) 3% RH(*C) Withstanding for wind gust speeds, i
Wind Speed 312 (951 73)(22), 1 % risk 105(32) 100 (30)fps I mpel SHD*, ft lm) r.2 (.6 1) 5 i1.5)
Rain Rate 1.23(31.2) 0.0315 (0.8010.5% extreme for 1 hr.' 4.0 4 7(12)in./hr lcm/ hr) for 12 hr.' 0.9 (23) 1 1)(3 0)
for 24 hr-' 0.611. 5) 0711.81
'EDE - Expected duration of exposure
*SHD - Shortest horizontal dimension of test object(1,2,31 Wind speed at height of 10 ft., fps Impel: (111110(33), (2) 84(26), (318(21)
TAL FACTOR LIMITS FOR GROUND EQUIPMENT AS DEFINED BYMIL-STD-210 8
WITHSTANDING
OPERATION EDE*. yrs: 2 5 10 25
1% 120(491 Temp.: 128(53) 130(54) t31 551 133 565% 115 146)
10% 113 t45)
1% 78, 61, Temp: -86(-66) -89(-67-1 92(-69 f 957(71
5% 70 1 5710% -65 541
20% 601 51)50% 50 46)
1% 30 x 103 ppm. 88(31 ) dp(30 day periods variable) NA
5% 28% 103 pprn 861301 dp
during day
10% 26 x 1J Dpm 84 (29) dp20% 25 x 101 ppm 83 1281 dp
5 24pprm ppmr 2.82 212 1 74 (3679 1 62, frost point -87 (-66) -90 (-681 -93 (70) 961 71,
100% 78 126 to 100% 75 (24) to 95% 75 (24)
74% 95)35)
3% 120 149) temp at 128(531 130 (541 131 (551 133(56)3% RH
Withstanding for wind gust speeds, not years
73)22) 1% risk 106(32?) 100130) 95 (291 90(27) 84(26) 81(25SHD ° ° , ft (m) 42(.61) 5(1.5) 10(3.0) 25(7.6) 50(15) 100(30)
0.0315 (080).0 5% extreme for 1 hr.1 4.0 4,712 5.2(13) 5 8(15
for 12 hr. 2 0.9 (2.3) 1.1(3.0) 1 2 13 01 1 3(3 31
for 24 hr. 3 0.6(151 0.7 (1 8) 0.7 (1 81 0 8 (2 O
8, (3)6(21)
* ii i i li " - " 7 11 I . . . . . . . .. . . ii | - .
TABLE 1-4. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR LIMITS FORGROUND EQUIPMENT AS DEFINED BY MIL-STD-210 (cont'd)
WITHSTANDINGE NVI RO0N MENTA L
FACTOR HIGHEST LOWEST OPERATION EDE' yrs: 2 5 1
Hail Size 5160142) None Dia. 2 6(70) 3 1 (90) 3.54dia. in. (mm) .001 % extreme 2 (50)
0 1% extreme 0. 8(20)
High Press. 31.89 (1080) Highest Highestin Hg. (mb)
Low Preow. 14.8(503) 1% 15(5081 14.8 (503) Highestin Hg (mb) 5% 15.2 (514)
10% 15 4(520)
20% 15.6 (527)
High Density 0.1110(.78) 0 107)1.72) NAlb/ft3 (kg/rn3) -90 1-68? 78)161)
at *F (VC(
Low Density 0, 04.41 (0 707) NAlb /ft3 (kg /rn3) at 57)17)
at 1500' (4.57 kmi
elev.)
Ozone, bf1 3(pg/ M3) 203 x 10' ) 325) 1 37 x 10 8(220) NASand & Dust 3.75 x 10 1(6) near aircraft 1 32 x 10 4 2 19) c<500 m dia NAlb/ft3 (9/m3) (<74 lim dial near vehicles 6 61 x 105 (11.06) w/50 fps
(18 mps) wind
at 10 ft(3m) ht /< 1000 mim dianatural conditions 1 10 x 105 (0 177) w!50
fps (18 mps(windt s1lOft (3m, ht/< 150 urn dia
TABLE 1-4. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR LIMITS FORUND EQUIPMENT AS DEFINED BY MIL-STD-210 (cont'd)
WITHSTANDING
OPERATION EDE*, yrs: 2 5 10 25
None Dia. 2.6 (70) 3.1 (80) 35(90) 4 100)
Highest Highest
1% 15(506) 148 (503) Highest
5% 152(514)
10% 154 (520)
2C i 156 (527)
0 107(1,72) NA
-78) 61)
0.0441 (0 707) NA
at 57)17)
1 37 x 10 e (220) NA
near aircraft 1 3 2
x 10 1 12.19) m<500 mdia NA
mar vehicles 661 x 105 (1.06) w/50 fps
118 mps) wind
at 10ft (3m) ht < 1000 mm dia
natural conditions 1 10 x 105 (0.177) w/50
f1 (18 mps)
wind at 10 fl (3 m) ht/< 150 pm dia
h/
" Type F The equipment may cease to function altogether, having suffered complete
and permanent damage from the extreme conditions. It remains safe
throughout.
* Type G The equipment functions with reduced performance and. in addition, be-
comes dangerous to life or to some other essential equipment in the vicinity,
this danger continuing for a long time (perhaps indefinitely) after the ad-
verse conditions hase abated.
" Type H The equipment ceases to function and does not recover and, in addition, be-
comes dangerous to life or other essential materiel in the vicinity, this dan-
ger continuing for a long time (perhaps indefinitely) after the adverse condi-
tions have abated.
c. Other Provisions of A R 70-38
* Rain
Operational rate: 0.03 in./min. (0.80 mm/min.)0.07 in./min. (1.80 mm/min.) for missiles and aircraft
Nominal drop size:
Diam. (rm) Number/im'
0.5-1.4 26261.5-2.4 3432.5-3.4 45
3.5-4.4 6
4.5-5.45.5-6.4 1
[Accompanying wind velocity, intermittent, 60 fps (18 mps)]
* Snow
Snowfall rate: - max. 3 in./hr (76 mm/hr)
Crystal size: - range 0.05-20 mm (.001-.8 in.)- median 0.1-1.0 mm (.004-.04 in.)
- blowing snow: 0.02-0.4 mm (.001-016 in.)
9
Horizontal NMas low in Air at 44 Ip, t13 nips) at the lollowing Heights Abose the
(iround Sti face.
(temperature range 14' 1- to 4 1.t I( to 20 ()doAj to -40 -(
ileight Above
Surface Na,, t-low
(fi) (in) (lb i co (g 'm r e. )
33 10 45 2 2
25 7.5 .08 ii ( 3.3
16 5 82 10 4.o
8.2 2.5 1.4 , .9
3.3 I 3.3 10 16
2.5 4 ; 10 22
1.6 .5 t.1) 32
8 25 14 1 6
. .1 41 2iI
.2 .05 109 I 53(1
Silo" load
Portable equlpmcu (tetage) !0 Ih ft (49 kg In-, 20 im. (0.5 m) at 0.1 sp. gr.
lenlporary equipment (Iigil tcr,)20 lb fl, I9 Kg n lt 44) in. (1.02 in) at 0.1
sp. gr.
Semipermanent: 48 lb ft ('l235 Kg ii- 9h im. (2.44 m1 at 0. 1 sp. gr.
" Icing
Operational: 0.5 in. (11 iml at 09 Ntp. i
Withstanding: see Mit.-S 1) 210
* Hail
()perational: up to 2 in. (51 trai diameter
* Wind
Operational. Sane as NIlI ' 1) . a! 1( ft ik iin) heghit
Stead. 71 fps (22 mips
(;usts 95 fps (29 nips)
I0
Multiplying factors for other elevations above surface:
Height
(ft) (M) Steady Gusts
1.5 0.917 0.946
10 3 1.(XX) I.000
20 6 I.090 1.057
30 9 1.147 1.092
40 12 1.189 1.11750 15 1.222 1.137
75 23 1.286 1.175
100 30 1.334 1.202
200 61 1.454 1.271
300 91 1.530 1.313400 122 1.586 1.343
500 152 1.631 1.3681000 305 1.778 1.445
Sand and Dust
Particle Size:
Range-0. Ito I(XX Mm (3.94 x 10 1 to 3.94 x 10 in.)
Median-74 pm (2.9 x 10 ' in.)
Operational concetitrations at 70' F 21 0 C) and less than 300o RH
Ground equipment in downwash of helicopters or aircraft
(unpaedsurfaces)-1.32x10 4 lb ft'(2. 19 gm m
Equipment near operating surface ,ehicles
6.61 x It 'lb ft' (1.06gm m ! ) in winds 59 fps ( 18 n ips) at 10 ft (3 m) height.Equipment subject only to natural conditions
1.1 x 10 Ib, ft! (0.177 gnn/m') at winds 59 fps (18 ips) (particle size tip to15(0 om (5.9 x 10 inl.)
Ozone ('oncentration
Operational: 1.37 x 10 lb, ft' (220 g:. m)
Atmospheric Pressure
Operational High-1080 ib (31.89 in.)
Lo,-508 mb (15.0 in.) at 15,0(X)0 ft/(4,572 m)Extreme Sea I esel I ow-877 nib (25.9 in.)
II
C. LIFE CYCLE OF MILI fARY MATERIEL
['he 'iLife-Cscle- o? a1 uisltoli arid Use o! thc Aseapons anid equiipmnti (mtateriel) of the Armyv is usu-
ails depicted in a sequcirt ia pi o% ess front pi o.1 ICI t to su te to the operational arm or sersie- -- I .
'%here rronexpenclablk iltidie c is ioiicyn ned isue and operational use niav in~ride intermiediate stage"
of field storage or maritenance and reissue before ltimateW .insuttllptron1 Or tfisposal. and operational ris may,
include storage I osaget and iristaillat loll Oh isehicles. liltiiiiietitattofl sais; arid artillery or missile launch-
eis. i e., tranisportration modes.
Throughout this sequence, ads cisc em~ irirnmental eft e~ I :an arid do alt e, the condition, operation and
efteetinseness of the materiel, and the delct.i ios aspet otihe~c ens ironnental factor-, must he under stood
aind taken into consideratiron duln i1i1t1L, .lce ci lttiii Idesigii phases. s hich precede the initial -procure-
mlunt'' stage lin the life-cs Ic sceene (orisidcraiion or ens roninidii factor-s ii testing of nmateriel. just as In
its initial design, or in esaludiioi Of irodifications to iw'pt ove its designi tmust be antecedent to the begininng
oif this life-cscie. T hat is, the 0tiet thce cs \I(, :oi~ci ted %k ith -OC Ureircrt irisoles not onl\ prodiK tioti
hut must include or he preced(ed h\ all of I lie Cric rul~erll ;:r'"C yr .e.ieccssari to it--design. deselopnient. test
iniz. an daprros al for production.
A more or less effectic Iicei ieo Ii0s NsTlm iri-kes ii 'ss n, to the prociing ageci.IDe
oping ( ommanld deficiencies, cnis i uritli alls 'iduced as *li ,rs opcrationallv induced. \Ahich occur after
Issue of (the materiel, as depicted hs t lie hr ,ker l ines ini I iui. -1 . lDepernding upon the seriousness and ur-
gitnc, for correction of these deficrencies. thes lids he corrected itt urrent produiction of the trn arid possi
his, even retrofitted to equipment alt adv deplos ed ot held for consideration of change in future production.
Such modifications should be subjected to ens ironmiertal testing, just as ss as the original design, in order that
correction of the deficienc\ Lanr he assured.
[-he several phases oh the litfc-.scic sequence forni the franxeo rk for the testing of materiel, particularls
insofar as ads6erse environmental factor s are concerned. Ntials se, of suitabtlitN must inclutde aspects of "tor
age. Irarisportatiort. maintentance, and safetv- in addition to operational adequacy.
D. U.S. ARMY ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING
I . Testing Under AR 70-38
AR 70)-38 is the governing docutment for adverse-ens iorent testing of materiel for use bs, theArnms. It specifically provide,, that ttmateriel under development is always tested in climatic chambers arid
usually undergoes additional. natural (or field) ens irotimental tests.~ er. paa 9 icmplha- addedt, Stich testing is asignificant part of the overall testing and performance exaluation process to \4hich all Army materiel is subjected during its development, as delineated in AR l(XX-1.
I he testing process outlined in these regulations, is essentially oriented to organiational responsi-bility rather than functional neest.Practically. it is of utrirost importance that preliminarN research andins stigatise studies of new muateriel consider thre effects oh the ex~pected operational ensvironment in its, design. Suich studies frequently necessitate esposure oif comtpornent elerirent% of the experimental or des elopmntrprototype item or system to expected adverse conditions by. or tinder the direction of, the development engifleer. These are frequently not acceptability tests of the component or item but c~periments ito develop funda
12
DEVELOPMENT W N - RC & 7I
P A CKA INGI
L"TOHA(,E (ON~l S
TFAN SPORI
DEFICIENCY C A LE OMREPORTS
TR A'P)R T~
LISE WITHORWI1HOu P-ACKAGING
L ISU W OR~ARD EPIREGION OF CONCERN
FOR ADVERSE
ENvIRONMENT OPERATIONS
OPERATIONAL STORAGE OPERATIONAL L IFE C'YCLE
FORWARD SUPPLY POINT STORAGE
FORWARDI SUPPLY
I - POINT
- - TRANSPOR
USE
OPERATIONAL CYCLE~RANSPORT -0 XPFNDABLE ITEMS,
~- MINTEANCEREPETITIVE C' CLE FOR RE USE
TRAN SPORTI
INCLUDES OPERATIONAL ON VEHICLE STORAGE
11I STOWNAGE, OR INSTALLATION
OPERATIONAL CYfCLE
NONE'XPENDABLE ITEM,'
FIGURE 1-1. LIFE CYCLE OF MILITARY MATERIEL (DEVE LOPMENT PROCUR EM ENT TOULTIMATE DISPOSITION)
iient ai pert or manle Jdit I fk t Le ii ( tr .'ci 'K ,, r "j C": c ;,i '! ' t '% ilt
li'i ' .t Ile (I, C , oiidlIr:Cte L,tr 1 1. ,ri i ,cd ;'L'it~c ,'t 1:1 :t [L I. *.k I. p fI C
spec Ifi int~orruation t or thle L10 ."(net&w''t !\''tJ trt'r!e ! J'cta!J
rients rather than test, It e'srt ill 'Itc ''~r< ttl w Cflh!lllcci [cqk]JcK ''.' fht t itilmlh h'
ultimlate aUthorits for the plan mill 1 : ''i s' I lni ui 11i 0 ILurI. to. fl it1 'he. ',pCer: rl 111c
field !n regard to NtA Pn-,!':tcr. id'' ., ''Et-i' t'. ' .~'i
J es I gr
ural :ondifton s. I isI par! tul irk L, I I Ic L . * '' s t ri' h.t'' 'i.' 1 s 1 ,n i 1 1., to'I ld.
has C impact1 on t hic per ti, of .1 W, I i 'K t 't i K. - I :, !: I
.ird insolation heciarli
A\nother t,,ple of tel~ltui, 1' tf, 1. 11'1K J-:
mlight a'o insole desert re,,1tirc 1 .
ducied hs the conitbat operat rona! iit. o!.'. . .
.luce operational (taoiical Ktpo c:. '~~" s. i.t
ti
2. Natural Environment Vs Slrnt tYskuso rnTO'
F'n\ irrtnniefitai tcst Ii.--'s t .' w lu~ .tr.-K l
un rder lid\erse enIi ronirstitIa Il nut:t I, K' -'Ii>' ''' . 'w'o;
tions, prec:ipitation, hurmiis, . ' ., wicru.t Ii t: S t
factor, representatiise of ft,,he ii ii'' ' I h: w 11. '1 me I11 cli :jl e Cic~tir a ot it
siuced .and ens remnmetital IC'i i ,', : .... ated diepet'ld:tw o:t fihe chrrtrrr t thec
ten being tested andth bct
Natural enriitr ir : . : -cttr I '': i wiit i. ,ije d r~riro itl the cvwr''l Or
regions of the %korld, or analov'otu -:. ,I 1 -' ( Ces t.c't t. - sw s en. "- ' ; nettai (, nditi ! t rttie't
can he found. The coinplete rinkc - - . n- 'l onk tu'. : , 'nich Ii r err ewrnated for 'A 'vId IL\ de "ers
ULC :ouIld tte SUbjected niIIht. hLi I r 'i iai )usittteti'ieit artcdeser t ropic: Ioull
rain, and seacoast areas in order o - T cai, F iAh I i's ul. ~Ic - ill I- sL~ 1 e role. Suc h te~rit w call be bothi
expensrs e and fitie-consuMitiri2.
Sirnulaied en\ ironnti I '~ jkjIT(.iK i o! esmite CsC of adsecrse ens irttnmcmalr 1aC-
torN against lhich the Itetm is to hr '. Ji ''' 'tr .ierd ie . 'ttIrtrllc.1i .rrmospherc - hamther. tet .cll.
test fisure-so that the Impact to .. 1 !i'' oentca! elecment" c"an he an~ri'i rd ,Iheltwaed
It iscesident thatt ther' -i 1 .r~l~'A I'd isd~~r~e I. cJch spe 0! errs ir'rtettl intt
@ ( titi'> . t'irte'tii ederecill 11. til 'l~lo. m! ]it,' yK'! ,I, thit 1nter rlatel.~k t)'J 0' ' II,~ neIftrstr. CI Iec1 ;ire deC' C1)CIe ,kiihr proper orI natural rela
ti~t 111 1p F 1 ' h Iri hjc~l 'I h11 C"!1
IL
* Adds ,,lppoedl' ininor or irecogni/cd en ironnicnital clcments A hi, h A.ould
otier s%, l'e no he take( I I it o ,ors o , llidcratIr].
I )iad. antages:
1)oes nor rImpose :he e irre lc nit of ,peciJfied enironineittal element,, eithet
.oncutrentil or. in man, instances, csen separateh .Acceptability for ceratin el-
cniental pertornian:e rn hit, ma hase to be deduced b, e\ttapolation from les
.t ingent operation during the tct.
0 1 elf condhton,, are shjc,t to the "atrabrlhtv of \ eather and climate. Hence. test
dela\s ma, he trcquent or length\ tscaonalt.
0 I esting condllons, Ar.' i cal-tlrlc.c hence, no reduction in test time of life-cycle op-
eration, ct. bc cadil, trade through accelerated tests (i.e., increased loads,
higher teniperatu res, in,i cacd dust concentrations, increased rates of precipita-
lion. etc.)
0 Require,, tuILtie test ,-,s with increased cost of tratisportation, instrumerta-
tion, facilities. test support, and tet personnel.
0 Require, iric.rcacd nuIIber, of telt tem, arid or time for rteting beaue ol mul-tiple test lite".
b. Simulated I tivironnient /csting
.Ads antages:
I rthlCs LdsCC effect, of ',pcificc errsiroiniental factors to be controlled andtIdiCd s, ithot relation to other elements. I hismay be of significant importancein car ly materiel de. elopnenrt
Major ensironnenral elements ma\ be tested in various combinations for detailedcontrolled studN.
* Performance under the specified extreme limits of each envtronmental factor may
be examined.
* -ests are not delayed by unacceptable weather conditions, travel to alternate testsites, or lack of test items (for successive or concurrent testing) and do not require
multiple test facilities or test personnel. Certain highly specialized or unique
chamber facilities would obviate this advantage if required to be utilized.
D lisad, antages:
Requires highly experienced, judgmental decisions as to the impact of specific en-
vironmental factors on the performance of the item under test, particularly as to
15
. .... ' . .. . ._ 4
; ,h~~~~~~~~~lI .ih. rl k wJ~ ih jr I: I" , I, J, ,d i c r,: rc-'J a i d l, ' f
c." I, I . j, I T,: I I c -I I IIIIgi\ I t" v.i .I, I, I III ":, vUIT I I I t i icII! ,d
I o , 'A h I liIi:I .... v 0. 1.lt. ,
l i ;j .c l hC. a v hen c ,,.
looked or igIor cd
-A '. I ;i t 11 O f: , ,, j I.T I a C .' fl I nillT ll0 t a I 2 d'd
A r\ hii:iT I ,~..I iiitI e 'TT'trnr ta7 L! ' d itnI , 2.' ' .Tt ''* I,' , '' ' ' I'TII pt' I ( 'd d I! pIk !O1T I li a .id oT-
, . inO , .' T TKIc' . ,, ", : , , ",,,' ,; ,: ': . . II iw Tlhd ,, i .[:tiic .'arc fe . 't TIST
[[IvIk~l .I T , I. . , T } " , •~ : .:'iH !'h :.: I~TT .~. Iei.t'v ar. p.0"'' :il 1
I I A 'I I I
t* oTI 2' v'' I L I.T'ri l' c i idtT'TJ c J nj a Iah-
1 Ti . io Il aIIt ' IC, I , I ',t T: a
.'ot ITT(IOt tl . : .::' ":I .I ! IA tI~.l iiTiiqtTic iidbit ,3! T'u iii'intj
k 1UE'rc: ; w .p, ., nii T p' tcm s often ca :in i be operated
fu l .Jnd C 'F It ',TII (J'_t i wn ce re i not rncavlred at the extreme
M a llc r a i .ete t ' a i, , : I, di . '-p , c , ri e e ,i , A !i fh an \ d e g ree o f
,'0Tll dell1CC
Practical Asre:', t,/ i :;i
l)r :.L . 1 I a \ cl TaI at n .d .. ' ! c:c C Ieet hc di.cepalTy bc et cc the n iccn lo ii ntaI
co ndiI I ons and eq uipiIeitI ii.s ,1d tor a,.'' , o, w 1 e. ;11 I Id tI sC cnsOUteIllcrcd t- Ih equlipment d nlllIng In,
service life. the greater tile risk ihat i he test lTu 'A ill t Ml tW dtiCoveI inadeq uiacies in the equipment , if nade-quacieN exist . . . It is true that chahleit I! o Ti;,T t,-t! iii ,in h1' contiolIcd, so that it is standardized and
repeatable. But these ads antacoes ,iv often piiruhisc ,it t .cost of .dCi eLd %ahditv in the licld ." ie con ludedIE(OM's (U.S. Army I esi and 1",ahliatton ( oinrt;jntdi ;itceenrt pohic: ill natural ervironmental testing is
based on its extensive corporate niemors As sc4I: .i, the regulat s gujdancc of A k -0- 10, ")-38 and
1)0- 1 . rECOM insists that all iey sysietll te estcd iii .l na:t i chambers I [(O i reconimends that all newt
systems intended for high deris s' cinplo),intit A-lo hc pmoed in adserse liLItjal ensttinents \When tile tla.
ter tests are infeasible because ot dollar. twt"i I I ihct PfrT't,Tmt) Ot, on tistrj ',. I I ( )NI attempts to assess llt
risk involved in its independeii c\ ilituotl refi ' 1
Tile adverse syvtigisn ot combinations of ensirotnietial tactors obtained in natural or field
testing cannot be oerenrphasiied. ( iscr ihe pa, %cii aTd nd ilh tLiaL dlifrt'llut types of equipnmen, there
I¢
rI'l emi rrl ~io ril ria It't' ol 11)C .i( 1ii. .lc \ I tc I !k IlkIII \ I, ACepi l\d i ciI rre'A kiipl i for ckli ilililuni
t-ourier the potential 111at iJ, of lit'. eI[~ ioiiriiitli [i, I, 111\ 01 11 ItiOIrI atofnli~litdk, ati Little', 11i1 JC
Nigrier or de\ Cloprireiit engitietil I' \% ell ~\ lc erh d ill Ill)ii ci i, kint i t iCN "AIll I C4111 I Ilit I lilt I~.Iil tt 11%CIN
C(III t i 0Itii N 111g11 itrrr!'ttCI 1t C . it[, fill ill, iii', -1 i it kJi* , I. al k. cl, Ilia\ he Idkle~iitIlk .1." orlirill ared
tA(C tll\c lhc' mtt c \%L- dcl (~p ;!It'd I nildI, ~. lil.kJ IIh( I.11( I ,>~n Nii , 0uti1101 ofe OIICnd Olli~r
1i11returgrnut'd tit a-uic,1itt 'iiil t 11'101 ll I' L'nI j i,t%. iti~ letrimrenital etleci, fi lic hI d 'Nor Tic
I I)I, , I,-Ii 1 11 lt IKr.r Ir r -;(,I n'.se H% cl ulki, d LIe t IueilL O& . l-Tii d Ill \'let
N nI I oili Itliam iiiici t ' nI '1 ! iel't, pit', I I hot citmic node Jilt ing toading tiP-
ei 010!I, ill 11,ii .'niirfli I I! !i IAL I T I..l Ien P p\ I oi~r Jtutrii%ah Ifad J H0tt'eCti , 0I~ItI IC (d I I j1 t!,I"IlICI iii eL 111,~ lit 1iivi .1i %kCre lTigeSred b\ thfe tIrJh)iCie.
d Ad it-Iling at Hi. (FiteR of thle OH--6A
X 11, P I LI:. I i hi Cal ! iiy , or1'hi , i ; c kitt h\ t I il' aind iriut f iierrr :ipak: IIi\
I it' , Old 'I[ II AI10 ! ( "Cl elil ;'t' ni fi h,, iot Hi ! i I S ariihieni :otid it ion' l T liner
.Ii1 i VT fly \N .1 illn I. : ki~e iIt M! .pp'!,eiil\ betall'e the lieli:op!e. ~n
I rr;'i ki 'JLf:i 1 IC1l-ilj 1 Myo .I1jc p;iitt ,'jctiic at Ii i , OeR\. unrpackng andi
1i.i1,111 o ri'i ii "e "', Wk, \\li "I' iII .tA I 'l\ 1 11C,' deil C e ilre k oid~ \Atearlrt'r Jhrlring
u % i k it il, .111ii ( -,. I .it 1) a <Old %kseitliect'l i 1 I Uth toHitri Iin ' pfcile P1O C I i tC 1 h
Iri i n 0111I.i\ C '(cli1 ii'iii!, [It r!t iu iil I O tI ui. kII d i arIth 1 ef t tI r ig hur I a M, i JSII 1
4 Iiit. ci I .': : ",'e1u11 Mrr'ii .I , 1iceinc X \ ehICic iTAke anl dHcts Sr b\\egeta-
IliollIA \u l1 JIx'l.. tii'll N kk k'i. VICO'e'A ,J lo i,. h. 1,tuirt cd een though norrmal I if-
CT AC Ck !it ; ilid ( luirHIhCI IC''! 'tif , id dlt' ' mtile i h, ef tect' ti1 norralk cxpecteddl M inlk, Iiiuik air. hit Oli t IhtC is ti thre itch? Ill rho\\n up hK tehille " lheel, .11d
I I Lil k 'A I !. kniuu ii 1.i pa" lt.d 11it 1 !i Te\ eCt l1
' f i('j tl'I
I h~i itl1ami hlorc Jgc \iho~agl not . Per iapt. a', pre\ .ilen fin desertt en t torlrremit, a'in
Ihlur Crriuodu ik IItt1)" dcriw \ ecetaruori blotking (if t I\ rig comrtponienti - \A. heels.
pi opclet thati I, Iccrtink IC Itiet[INIInIS-- by\ tough % rineN ant i boken bratiches or nasseN
Of PA kt'd %% Cetls itidi Via-e do.Ntte' OCcuri in I leld operaitions airuldcno be effeenis\elsslinkilard inii a hlaritre I hre ti-sigrier cIII, Pet 11ap1N. siialr/ Nuich Coniditrio'll" andIit\ It,
oet , orwe ithemr fi tin. ledcrr. hut onitl teld tes(ing tarn pro\e s ucll tietigri
Althou01gh 10orrI lilrt II it( sI toltid l I' a N11 e Aii l ft tiCId resting. e thenicies ttribthed to crack-
rrrg, hirudinig. (ir diNstrrorti rrrti t'tt' oloilo ilad , aii'd h\ dll lt eifiil cipatiNiori of component part'. ill ev.tremnie tfld or heatl. torrtertiirr t orin titi iisiri1iof litiiirrt atirtirpiti '; dust arnd NruoA infiltration. microbialgrr'% Ill, Iinect: damlage anti 'irtilira Nirrgiilar 0l :Leti'. NIoild be 0t ticr I t onIrr poper 1\. conduted chiamber teARN
1I.1 hatC tMyae nlot 1.1is10 osred ntill I reid tsts (ifi sert iC Ilse kit the eqiuipmient IN generally attributable to mrade-
qnr1,nne chariber testitrit Irf1 il e di et! IAl these. ciniaik fill.rot N irl cirI itbiron 11 liic, %%111IN ditiCuI it o imposSIbleit, simulate, that is monure r'akilkl tl'rrrirrahle bK heltd testing tharr tlK c.hattrhey letfig.
I,
18
IL. DESERT ENVIRONMENTS
A. THE DESERT
1. (Climate
"flrhough the desert ens% iror1Inrirt 1s vecitetrI depi'ced III Mt P1s of (hinrati, lti,,rgn il.( ce Al
w ith a hot-dr% cycle, it stiorttd tict ic,.oirwrcd 1 i dc~cits ina% esist sIl .II; I*nIatr, ic c es ofiA ( I arid C2 as
srdl; thus. mianN ottwr cli,itet is tttu IIUc t'C lisdere! InI (tc deimonrt ,I a SPLictire desert than just high
temperatures and aridlitY. I hie ptri rlecrt or1,10. hosi tis lnak I c .aridits. ssherelis thre potential
e' aporahion rate fromt the gr ound stirace esccd' pr cipitatiott D esert csrsr in tetirperat or cold regions as
well as hot, esen though high teIatt tixural t-isited ito 1.: a principal cliaraclcrrstii ot1 Oie dcset I
Characteristics of ropoyraphs tevir!am gcotitrr I. soil: selocjtrn and esen taunia are also e'sen-
tial in defining the limitations aid naturld Lottstrailtr. 11ttpocd hy the desertT I[he characterisrti desert aridrit
results in sparse vegetation on thin soils ot Itoy Jt cair!k jojjjIetr teadil~ erodLed My rain or \% Ind. Addtially.intense sunlight, wide-ranging seasonal atid d: m. al temiperatures, aridl suiddet.i rolrtt %k ind and rainstiorms,
are typical. Thle w~hole of these elemntt ttu: ric considcred to chara,-tettic particular desert errs ionments
Brooks, after coiriiderriott of rrt n ou' sotjres. ha' poe tire lrllo %rg d fine
tion.'14
pa~arhrased s hrcli is coticILuded to tie kijtlC ai.
"A desert is, a region skith art afid "11t1uat1 1:t s'l u1 he pote1ilrial esapoatiOrt tate C\-
ceeds the precipitation (aninual precLiprItrro t.ier (I\ it lkstre per rod t1 tit. IL arid
climate results iii thre characteristic scimtits %cgriartot (\eropli or drouight resrstrtI
of such regions. I ack of segeranrirt il trrn. te'ilts Mi soil of loss or Canic content anid
conitributesto thiecharact(eristic shraptrrgI 1''Pographs hs xkadiet arid aeoliarrfole
By this definition it nia\ hc seen that eseri !1totr1ith p'teerpri(riII kou occurs. possibis cer at high rate,
in teris of quantities per unit oh time lunches Per lItil), [it- 11111al or seasonal es aporatron rate Is suchI that
es aporation exceeds thle rotail preci pitat Ion for the period. aird, ai rrid soil1 results B~rook s furtiter statesoiidi
"tis definition inifers thre unitabilit. ot at dcscerr or agrICUltre due I to ilck of wsatrt
and poor soil conditiuor. It also inrfer, the Iiintied populatiotn sAlic i a desert cart support
w~ithouit artificial supplies oh food arid %sater. lif Ire ned population. in tn itrulers the
lack of des eloped commun t nicat ion s st etirs. [lie t vpe of iopoe i aph Is also ittterred,
being due to frock disintegrarion rarher than dcas I tlerarri-mres are inferlred b\ tirerequirement for at relat isels hiigh e aporation rate. Wm[t ernel\ htigh teniperat oires are
not typical for all deserts, since lom. precipitation requires ontlN a relatis els lo-s es apora
ion rate (to marnitain trecessar\ ar idirvi anid coirrespotidinigly. relaris ely lows tempera-
turesw canl occur anid still achievec adequate es aporation rates. e.g., the (6obf and G;reat
sialt Ilake IDesrtsjl'
Of tire 56 nmillruon squrare miles (if land area of eath. aibouit 19 percent or Wi. million square milesis considered "'arid". it I anothter 8 million sqruare miles categoried as sNerm arid"'. I hie gtreat deserts ofAfica and the Middle L ast lire ast ride tlite I ropic of Cancer those of N oui It 'errca anid Australia are on therropic of ('apricot n . ( nlx those of iniddle Asia a rid thre ss estern n rited States lie at hnigher latitudes. 1-igut e
II (iatica I ', thIIe eqIla 1to 1d .1 ca, t:% h clthe I ropics10 are (I itn at I, ( scle 113,i) irtumtd. iojiseaisonralI, orscaxoial ax theN approach the troit kintirhlr2
2. Deserts in General
I tic desert acId tic, s %it . hot .lrs. ( sjck A2, l'axic hot di',. ( sJe I 1, baxic co~dl and ( sdeCC2. cold I he 1Is tn.ijoi ttlesci . oznjlccs !ound in tc, cit aa oit the A~orld nma) he subdix ited Into small.contiguous, regions, hasmy mn ole d r''ei ii strrrt ,haiactciisiics. hut cxc er sithin these tnaller elemlents,%idc %ariabilitN vmisis. part cilarix \%il ;h eardI It, topograph\ (terrain geonretr\ I; soil (geologic factors): andeCgetatlott. Fable 11 1 ICIILIC deltCea cx itexedee t : cax, the climatic categorics of x h ich are generally consistent
s% ithiri a gtixcii region unless It icr c i sc\(ixioti1 into higher latiudes, or elevations., I e., change front Cycle Alo -%2 or (1I (orriparatise cltirattcri'twcx of mrajor dexerix are indicated in I able 11-2. F-igure 11-116 sJOASxhese "lir ILI oi I11 k it tire ,1 .iw-d I, itc~cT 1, 1% :caxor of LJin1ate. terrain, s0il, and hiota. \n IIlstra-lion tit the great sarilcis of terramin cxiurc, anrd suil chiotcet ixtics that arc met in mnost desert region% is Nhos~i
In I tizrr- re I 21 for Ire sahiara I)C ic~t It ix es dci Iia. the ty~pical desert scene of rolling sand dunies ix presenitIII mlairs area, of this desertI, bit t LcrC t als AO ht c. citixi\ plains. gras ci arid rock\ floors, salt basins,, rock
r i~opx. anid Iouintains. i ll c~I and crisc Clcdxeodted streamn beds, dikes, alluvial oultwashes, and es,arprneits. Soil t' thitt toI ionleviiti a' i, alNx' segetaijti
1 lie tinechaltI'll)x oft 1 Ih [af Il. limate and terrain that result in thre generation of the miajor
dsrsate s'orldxtdc III ,0op( irid oe i, ;heir !i1i: er relat lollships,. A L rited Nations Conference oill~e'er i 5ttoi I YT' ilx, ssedI tse cto s
Significant rairtall i,. *il)as 111i'e I"1ilit Of 110umid air, but rain does not fall excii
front humriid air xire.lirt ulessC : INabIlit is disturbed to cause uplift. Many arid andseiI arid rcgioits, srith IN Psakistair and nion hxsest India (Yhar desert), has e highl\humnid air fo., major portions of the seat, bitt because it Is, stable (not uplifted), rio train
occurs. A ir is stable M~ ien it, toni ct in tire decreases only slo% Is %kith altitude, but itsemperatutre inas cxcii rise tinse Inii) a\ s oc:ur x lieul nox ing over cold ocean sur-
faces:. e.g ,Atacanra dlesci t ot SothI Amterica. Naim b of Africa. and the %outhvestern
deserts, of Art-' ralta
I lie maiti ,.iiie oit audits are.
Ii \\ Id CspI cad L. itI 10I'lterI k. xI bIIr lI CII
I Iris is inhlereit III the irilt1a1itisr of the general atmospheric circulation of the Larth, producing r -ioiis ot xCIIIa caltixdettc lin the regions, of tic Tropics. (28.6 N and S of threI quator) ith rLeIitiels intot seasonial shifts noi thsard diurinug Junte to August and south-xs .iid dii tg I )CIHO 10ib to IU t~r\ . Ilie Sonorani Desert olt Nlesico atnd southwkestern USA:tire Sahaia "ii outhealt \s~tte Natnib Kalahari of sotherii Africa; and the Australiandeserts all lie beneath th1 ei ronr of subsidence.
(ii I I ircaltied lirbxiLIltice
I lis, is genirrall Induced b\ major nmountain barriers that cause uplift of humid air on their%k inrd\,ard faces, Innlios cd b,, stibsideice onl thre lees~ard side. Westerly s% inds produce sucharidirlit in ceierti Noiti Amrerric, lit southern Argentina, and parts, ofitinner Asia.
2o1
FA-2 c03 -0
v be
F'~' F
Ao '44r'~% c2F b23303
a24 %
IA~JUF AUUT-A l
c ~ ~ CL WITWPEII ATE 20URR0NTS
WID 4c-22 I 0
c133SXTEM YARID I0t c2 , , i4-
4 MOR THA 300
ARI
500
C0314 a0
60 / 1 F ka3-F!
b333
f4 40G 3 c 2 04 03
c24 Fc2~a24
a1a2WES WIN DRF. -
(ANTARCTIC CI CU PO A bUR E4FS 3-
004
a03 TA -A-
a4 b23
4 / a 3:
24 . .3 a24 :-,a24 b 402A F"
~> -b 3 z'20 / '
s24
a3 b~A \A-
FAP oF '30 / * / / 406
a23A/-~~a1
.~- F 'low'~
-20 /0 i0
FIGURE I-1. WORLD DESERTS5 "o
4 %*A
., i lII i2 3
TABLE 11-1. DESERTS OF THE WORLD
AfiaCode* Asia Code'
Kalahari Ab23,' Acl3 GobiNamib Ea22 Ordlos A&03Sahara (34 106m") Ala ShariaOGreat Tanezrouft Ea24 Bei Shari A&03Spanish Sahara Ac23/241 Tsidam A&02Soithern Sahara Ab23'Sb34 Gachoun Gobi AaO4Libyan Erg Acl3/Ea24 Takla Makan EaO3Grand Erg Occidental Ea24 Turkestan
Grand Erg Oriental Ea24 Kara Kum Ac-04Somali Chalbi Ab24 Kyzyl Kum Ac03
Middle East and South AsiaNorth America
Arabian DesertChihuahuan Abl3/23 An Nafud Ac 14 Aa23 24Bolson do Mapin Abl3, 23 Rub al K'hali Ea24'Ea34Great Basin AcO2'03,14 Yemen Ea34Black Rock AcO2 Negay 20Painted Desert AaO3 Iranian Desert AcO4-A0l4Great Sandy AcO3 Dasht-e-Kavir Ac13Sonoran A c24, Ab24 /Ea24 Dash -e-Lut Ac?3Mojave Ac23 '24 Dasht-e-Margo Ac14Drsierto de Altar Ea24 Ab24 Kavir-i-Namak AC14Bata Peninsula Ea24/Aa24/Ab23 Dasht-e-Naomid AC 1Indian DesertThar Aa24-Ab24South America
AustraliaAtacama Aa12'22Peruvian Ea23-33 Arunta ISimpsoi Ab23Monte Patagonian Ab23-Sb23/Acl3-Aal2-Sa12 Gibson Aa24Venezuela Ab33 Great Sandy Ab24Brazil Aa33 Great Victoria Ac23
Sturt A&23'Moto's imrc Code A. p. tI, Is-lariditvl (precipitation) (mean low t emp. (meani h iqh temp.Aridity
E extremely aridA - aridS semi arid
Precipitationa nonseasonal precipitationb major precipitation in summerc major precipitation in winter
Temperature0 <0-C1 01 10, C
2 10'20'C3 20' 30'C4 30 C
23
24
TABLE 11-2. COMPARATIVE CHARACI
SONORAN CHIHUAHUAN ATACAMA, MONTE, KALAHAPI SAHARAN SOMALIPERUVIAN PATAGONIAN NAMIBIAN CHALBIAN
TEMPERATUREIoF) K N
High 134 120 92 118 i11 107 1364 122
Low 30 -6 42 22 16 25 31 37
Mn Daily Max-Sum 107 104 80 90 94 75 110 11
Mn Daily Min Win 9-42 27-40 54 31 34 45 37 3544
PRECIPITATION
Annual (in) 2.2 12 0 5 12 1 003 6
INSOLATION [Max theoretical = 1322 w/ m2
/hr Actual depends on latitude lAngle of incidence, cloud cover. etc
Mn Daily Max.(w/m2
/hr)
WIND VEL. (mph) (Note 1) 5-8 5-8 1-4 2 2-4 4 7 4 5
HUMIDITY
Mn. Summer(% RH or
DPI 45-60 6872 62-66 45-66 71 91 95 5063 57 65
OZONE
DUST (Particle size < 150 mm) Bp 120-126)
Natural (g/m3 )
(Dust concentrations depend primarily on wind velocity and height above ground surface little variation with resoect to regions I
On Roads
TERRAIN 1% of Areal (A)
Mountains 8 16
Badlands/ hills/ fins 34 19
Flats/gravel 24 39
Playas/ salt flats 3 7
Dunes 0.6 18
Salt lakes, marshes
Total Area Ixl J0Mijl 05 0,18 0 14 026 022 3 5 0 3
CLIMATE (Note2) A2,AI A2.A1 A2.A1 A2.A1 A2.A1 A2 A1 A1.A2
Fauna (Note 3)
Man affecting ARI ARI ARI ARI ARI ARI ARI
MdI. affecting B1 a1 B1 B1 B1 BI E1
Note r Euciradsw itnd.C wndS
Notr.2 AR 70 .rIChmatic 0l Cycle CleqoosE AI Hor tdr (A2iee.H.or ICri ao CoCd C2Coid-r.o, -noi ,.ll
NOrO3 Pte...nceoidanr~n Do..onouoor heelNlfne ln 'N)dr$ co~p~orrs eFln.. hei,tn .wr rts (MI os I h M perr)cui.., bsd..no veo(t ii I AI€,
Notl 4 iP?*nelsCo wdoQr YPG bonwbev .. Oe cn o.0-d
wU A-e,*I p.
I I I . .. .i
WPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR DESERTS
4ARAN SOMALI ARABIAN IRANIAN THAR TURKESTAN (AK8 -ST9ALA% YP( AR 70 38
CHALBIAN TAI -4 MAI, A, LIMITS
1364 122 123 127 126 122 '- 123 123 120
31 37 19 4 30 19 4- 22 r.
110 17 105 108 106 102 '] 95 1,, 10 90 120
37 3544 38 24 27 4651 23 3( 42 4
4 3 1 60 6 590 3 2 8 1 8 5 020 3 4
4-7 4 5 4 10 2 3 6 8 3 7 39 NA 6 1 73 sleadv 95 gui
fps
-63 57 65 5060 4652 70 73 5566 45 55 25 40 64220 -,. m
I wth respect to regions I ]g r-,WIi m,
16 Is -
19 26 160
o
7 6
3.5 03 I 0 (I 1 1123 u' ,,'
2,A1 Al A2 AlIA2 AI.A2 -I.A2 N2,.( I ,2 ( \2 '.2
ARI ARt ARI .RI RI ARI k ARI ,k1I
el 81 BI BI HI HI I ' , III I'H
ml S 5.i,.......g
PS) Is
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'44 7 /
A
A- :4 A B
(ti) Absenc( atritinfii distwr ances
Steppe areas. sr1i it' Iesa arnd O(klahtomta, ria' he I'ilrrts' tar long Periord,, eseil' fticn o%
cred bV humi111d air ott (tic (tif of Miexico if no ss leis 'irisrng uplift ot thai tiurild air pass
thrtough the region. I he ai dis of Mediterranreanr suimiter ocirr sirnirlarts , aid IN hitti
cases, subsideihe trin the gecneral serti~al circulation ,onirribie further to 'iii hi aidit%
(i1% A1,C1te (It trunid airsircanis
Some regions of tre ',sorld are juist too remiote fromr regions Ashere humriid airstreairis usisi fit
ats Ipiecrpiratioi to 0Ccs oh an, regularits I hie iiiner:oritincntal region, coniprising the
deserts and steppe, of central V\ia are ul off fromt the humid inorr'ooiial A inds tramn the
southt hv tie Hiala\ a and t(tic I ihetari plateau, arid iinlv dr , cold air r,h tie themn "hen
sinds are trin the north %% estern Atriui is subject to the almost irnhroleii dorninarice of
dr%, mid.Saharal; airsti earn 1I suc rei1ri', ants highls eria ic atiospheric conditiosir 'Aill
Produce 'ainfall.
lit suninarN these tactor' result in the pia~ductran ~4the \xorld' deserts, as tollo%4s,
3. Air and Ocean Current Circulation
lIn Nonrth arid ',outh Nmerica. soul hern Africa and Australia. the prevailing Asind,,, both A inter
and summer. are train the kr..tics tossarJ thle I-q uator and front the ssest . i.e.. onshore. The major Saharar,
w inds are to\Aard the south arid ss esi in tie IA inter (offshore tossard the Atlantic Ocean) and so0Utherl\ fromn
the Mediterranean in sUtItner. escePt it the southssest regions %%here the Amid is to the north. The Arabian
penninsula, Iran, and the trar are ~Uhject to north and northss esterlv- isinds in the \s inter but is est o- south
westerly to south is inds in the summer Cold ocean currents-- the H umboldt along vsestern :Soutti America.
tire California along isestern North Arirerica. the Benguela hr,. southern Africa, and the Wkest Australia cur-
rent -- coupled Asith mountain ranges tin tic North and South American continents, cause inassis e air drying.
F igure 1I -1. Air flossting t brouyh the oilier desert areas is predomlinantly front the Asiatn or eastern 1-uropean
interior, origiriatingF initially ftotn the cold. ctr\ Arctic regions. A*ny iorture it mright acquire tin passing over
intermediate forested or platits regtotis is %k r urrg out b itersveninig Mountain ranrge".
4. Topography and Terrain
Aridity arid temtperature effects are not, perhaps, the most critical adv erse aspects affecting nih-
tary operations in desert env ironients. Of major importance are the terrain and soil conditions, cht aaterisii-
cally encountered in these regions. Numierous studies of these factorsi i"- -"i- have led to descriptis e classifi-
cations, that alloss. themn to be categorited in terms, in which difficulty of traverse or degradation of operation
in other ways is implied.
D~eserts can be broadls- eategoriled as sandy, stony, or rocky tibid), but in relation to defining the
physical characteristics, upon vs tich limits of operation of military materiel can be established, much more
detail must be considered relating to mobility Itirafficabihity, surface roughiess and penetration, slope, Pro-
file): dust and obscuration: easer: or concealment. These have been espanded under the follovsing broad
type% to include clay deserts and subclasses ti each category to provide more descriptive delitneation
a. SandY errs
I. Sand sheets2. (las pans, and] gravel deposits,
29
. and dunes
4. Heterogeneous deposits
i. (;raelly l)eerts (predotryinant type)
I Desert pas cment (grasel-cosered plains, serir)
2 thin grasel seneers (hammadas)
3. Allu ial out sashes and xalleys
4. Cirasel terraces
5. (Orasel slopes
Ntorn and ROck Deserts
I. Rocky surfaces
2. Rock-and boulder-strewn surface
3. 'ang yang depressions
4. I.asa flo\ s
5. Steep-sided hills, mesas
6. Rounded hills, losw mountains
7. Badlands (malpais)
S. Rubble-cosered surfaces
9 Dissected plateaus, cliffs, escarpments
d. Clay l)eserts (limited occurrence)
I. (lay plains
2. C'a\ panis (playas. evaporative residues)
3. (la, slopes (shale-derived)
4. I roded cla landscapes (clay terraces, yardangs)
5. Saline and alkaline pans or areas (evaporative residue)
6. Miscellaneous (kas irs/salt beds, beaches, etc.)
C. .V4ountams
I. Ranges
2. Block mountains
3. Volcanoes
4. Domes, inelbergs, buttes
I lie geology of the desert areas of the world is essentially unchanged over the past 10-50,(XX)
years, with fem, possible esceptions (Rift Valley, Africa). The mountains, hills and plains and the drainage
basins found today in desert areas are the underlying structures of these areas as they have existed for
millenia
30
other tI ic'a I cl I t el 1111 , t h )i's lit -si! i Ii ! 1"011(-afII-I ,I t 1 t Ii 1Sil HilL t. il J 1it t . ctlitdict tI'l l I IIN II It LI 't
de~crt rairis If Wr LIe iCH Idtioll0 ,'& litI ('t \ Iic i rcu pjirallsli Il, o; ,iL: -'l; 1 1 i N to k~a e afidit % anid I s i l.:
(o~ \sPal' w eNch I Ncget.11t l l. * i-lla l Ii~i t I -' , c' ls'l Iill , tl,'Icilu hti l I s 1 l I illiIil ill lI ll ) I lit-'w h'.I i' .111d1
lOckk 'sub titt?~tc ad cti( mp i icu !ill i? ai ici li,''L. 11. ''Ic it "''ci li' Is' 11c I 1 1 411., 11 " s 1ti %
the de.el t et duhi 'sI fl Ii: 1 ,' I Cll I 111.I tit ;I A 'ti[1 m,i!.ut'srihCc 11i:1 tk lll hbill 'tu' heclk m r the 's1uF
f; aI Jit SNiild 11, 11011 lsti 1hc 's S 'c iI
lit 111cl arijl s' 5 i '111 .t I O 1,c iiu. ll~s'Lll Ic n lo l lls'k. thuu -dalu l isl1,iilmn
itiium l and ground "iciitc ''I I .,, TC':ijss ,Vc"I i Itd . l 's111 .1 iliIS 'tsc l1,1h\ JIlL] !L~h' :1
peraitures, Can cicls.U I fie i!imgp 'p.11. -111d ii~iisl 55~I c ,iIt' ,I lI~alN 'sIl, Illi~t Itic1i JC;- C1
ups spallirig alld l Idc'klcCk alits h t ;-o !sc H ' iii I 1"i"1,0 .iIIJ es i ll",'' t"I'slt\ uIlIiied t's ti\dii,11,l t
acoliati I oirc c'
tec)No i o f 'i rta I I 15,lclsi ; c i ,I o I.., 1 iOr iti t 1 11', si'li Of iiitiir'thii h% !hC 11N' lii I hIM's'1 s.1 'Asid'
rany~ecit pattu:idtm' slip'. A MA-tICIs ls! sOf sI, till I ' !!5 ,sill lItlts ifli (,fille I\j'lm' (11 NolifiC Ill'l'~ I I Je
mtuch moure ahrasr.ve I ihin I;lc
B~c,:itIIs' N..ilh id .11!11 \k' 5 iI I\ c~il I 11c 't CII ll'! i1 ,L Ill. s Il( t ie le Ih' 'TlN 1 0llttt l Iti. OhiCI
pcteniiuallx tdscrs ct tcc' t-mil ht, KenI , lu'stIimltt\ ii Ill Ili t'iiiii 1iiii \ CcjILiiJ'1illi aiid he st.c'ih
icatlk es% alit d Ili (tsiiiie ii Ilmalci lit lot it\ ,usiIihitI\s lt oc rdiilii 1) Oic dtel".t
g-5. 'Cs lust st ib, sss 14141 '~ l it' V lc , 1is 1 - wl,':s i , i l1!1, all ..S ' It l'011 ~ IWI 111111 0" Wn ''~i Ili' 'l,'Ss
I'srwill dc'eil lilsis Vl,I's ghi P s5~ .1'5' I, ' I ' 0i , SC : (M o ,"' l~ ' I Ni I ;I 'rV I- -' HIi'l if h t ..... ;w1i11llllil
SDimity. l"Id"~ii justi III)'. ScI Iili I ri I :,)j ils'. sl itisicil )1_,,! Ilipil "Iii ., ilg.iisl Rist's , AI! I iC - 1 , 'I ls \ l ' l ls is
51
III v 111, pi is I I '1,1 i I i 1k 0ji 111 slsls' COX t' its,11 ".0lX ido siS 5Ci, Nmli.pv m ilii, si Iiilk,\,-, i c is5 5 111I i '
illi fcy.1 1., t l- "I * .. I, li l''sl \ ,I ,1 m '' i Iif t 'l is w1,11 Iiis'lI11 hiSi ss1 , 'c' C\!11 o ill' 11011''; pik i ' i . tt
1.7111)h %1). .1 1
. , I IIJj ' '.,, , sisll -I' !i ;1' r rf J CII ,tVS " I 1c ;., ifl ,1) 1
11 d SC'l'ili. [d' !~s ss;. sI I I1, ; 'l h i si .1: s''lii l.s .VilI'i'41 I ' I T, iss t, in Si h i, 5li ' i!!biSl~c~
I i, d I)C hr ig , 1 f 1 , "nI- ( .1 5$ Si if ilj skil , ti'. I' l~j a~d I flmt m , tiN" i RI c I' , ,v v -
Rc lsl kiIIsII'I i I Ii I .Ilsig N iiIiIiN
\1, gl on,,i~i'lsi 42 wisl 1
'511 dill llcan -ti
tA l e i '', I luI iI
'SI~~~~~ ~ It iiih 94isislS i s~ utV 1iiI
a I ' ...W p, I 1 4 1I
VOLCAN C COMES
9:~ ! ,
7 , ."- - " -".°' ": - . > / , -
s F ,- 401 ,
PLAYSLCy'
P A Y A
AA I
SB F OCk
FIGURE 11-3. TEN TYPES OF TERRAIN COMPRISING ALL WORLD DESERT AREAS
L " Ew - k NGITUL)INAL.
AND l l CTION
A . LATEA,
d/
y. -. I %N~A 'I
LA,
EEA,A') 'RN LAKE)
'AMMIIDA IDET'RIT
AL Svw)PF(BE DROCK;
FIGURE 11 4. TYPICAL DESERT TERRAIN STRUCTURES
32
04
< -
FIUE1 5SA E I LEOP ETO DSR ANSAE
I If I, 's. 0 It f 0". f of The, Ill ILI, hu I fr purposes of
iilermta dcs. i ;op.i'i1 Mo in.: I a o, v1L wt t'd In1 0,, tos-iAmtpitt detailed limiits of
descrt %ktt ~lte 'tc s i i pi tcied \Ii of Owt~s dcll. TACIT ti on tat'ulaiotts found ITT reference oiirIc,
te consolihdated 1Ltie iTO I.-Atii;t hev' jt% ,Iahltts hunl if is hiphik ecoituetided that the relerencd sources,
Otls I Ls ,i 4tin ll I 1 .t''! -.111i lilt ".1 . di i., ' i' i I tic tIlttt% Ing~ lalleN pltt ide a Loirpi C
C ,is 'tes " 1 tic i '>..: I.. ' ' I n i. pI idc su pport for thle eniphasis I r deein phasIs)
S D~esert Ilerrain(lsiia o
Dc'scff it lColi-p I c0.re.' kJn o'u j' on'iponuwt terrain 'tructures. IIese
koitpiiri :ali he v.01ti' wnli p'i tic ' i'pn urpow, 1 I .C~N~e II mo1(untafins.
hadlands and I titi fal w, 's'11..n.1!. , t Wd;, dirties2 drI t1ids. lach heading is dis-
,Iccl ~.t ~ more Idoal b. 'k I I,, II Ns J n ~.O'~t ecriprions1 anid pwssble further
hrak sk :ne7terred I.in. h S e;.. ''r .! .n'ic h\ (thc orps, of t nineers Water-
%4 a, spcr imeti i -N'. I k I' I ,:miar iniait and tgeonitphi, studie'.
I he Wi- I,, dsdt ', 1,n n , j dicWit t &d I hese touit digits Canl heC wed to
cLCS I I be CeIther COnipo1 tienI t P" A'C, '. I I I I ne nt-i .tiftr des. fltihe hti :haractervowi plan Pre.tille as iouil InI I lglit 11 .1! 1: e i -A i ' ii V- t- ~ i~-OCII[Cure CC, Altaractetrst,
slopc, and dlara Tci tti~~i - - 's A
\lIi I [ iI t ~ I i TIC ik I;-- J' I': 'tI i tCer I "I it~l Ls'tIJetctts I hec map" ate
I lic 'Aaa etni; -e t W. li lic ' n- -mmititmi i'.o. pim) protile A ithuin a region. It
rvti he vithtr greIs ot A- .n -Nro ,!, 'ill 111itt Ic ,ic Int iim he st'i idcd into !s\i resttictise corn
portent plant-prot0s. n. iiust.l.ir !'he Oft !AC OI'.ke tind tn 'tissplit-profile. Random samphnigt"1111 citie IC 1 ile 111 it (' it 1,11 11 liilltte'l is 11d '1" d e! niiiiirtrc theC 1r,' prktfile. Randomt sampling sulth
itteN I inli t h kri I ITT t'tt't1W~c use5 tlwk i n n' -;111 :11 ict plan-pri-ile I ocal relict of less than 10
l ach of The lilt) k ~ltht.11 it i !gte 11 '1 dioirates at landscape represetitati\Te of it specific
Plan profile, tspe It should Itt vmnplwa't/cd thiat s% iihm Itue dited iits ot each tvipe, a \kide strict\ of land-
'apt, sttrtigttaIM1iui 4t1C -'
B.LUUH M-l~;I F )IRI P ( N %1A I I.1 I
f General Effects
It 'sot i11tiur're rTo ! 1 .1 1 :'c ,-: I III OHM ti itilt ill ittIttCiItt .I kuttt% lhos the deselt
ens u01ituturtit 111.1 Ie es '- ' I - n! 1 -11 1n e 11 Ic .1- irml 71" 11t111t\T11- pil ttc latlk inastuh as\ ad~-erse
14
Ie A 11
A ' [ IN I A I -To 3i 5-, ) f 01 tI
-M 1000 T 0 500l I A P AF R
/t
IU. " " .,,( 2' ./ //
PLAN- OCCUR- EL ;L FPROF if RUNCE
A "ARA L t F tSWf ' t ARFA W TH /F4F F It ', VH.M 1 10
10) PAU F- AF- ' I ! H I"L tlf. (.,,l I A . ,,, , 1 t T * E N 41D
AND I () 0 F T AN 0 ! IlH (,HlAR'AC fEtSlS 1- Si (OPE BE-
TVVEEN 25 AND W0%
FIGUREI 116. LANDSCAPE CLASSIFICA ION CO(DING (\A)AI ERW AYS EXPERIMENT S illoTERRAIN Ct ASSI CATION SYS I -N,)
S -.5
010 V, AR M
i~m a - I'W,-W
, PNR
FI(.,'IRE II 7 C.HARA . TI :N I I(.1; PLAN P'RO.FIL.E CODING
TABLE 11-3 TERRAIN FACTOR COOING
Fa~cto( Description
Slop 'dr tet, 'ra I'SA
X),r n .. e~ii
#5 0~,i,.e
5Sln of t- en o m na ..-or zh r ~ 'i L) cc!o~rto at mn dac t Jon h
opeatonof qupm nt difreta ep ar'o tit co u casn bidn oritrfrne
ofdut iler, an of -op nc~' -0C M ,h Uflll%: ceeae ~fVLUV cpuraceae aincatxlhhihrwparanofen!o lvi npmm Nm
dece iou efetaeSnrn i -ie.[i cl fc nhm to so \ 011Cld air 1a p'a
advers deer fathe, etiinuena factrors condraitrion-tlcdee opeano biase ho" peditic iif eofi t th
pa in of deuipent: daffeetby eipanuionta iiicndpuenic oais cJtuI binding 01 or terrce. , ranfal o
ofg drust irs inducn bsrhincheiof coroin: ofhe ehi'ie nacil b r .iulliise. (celrae ardgaedn of
I~ expoure Tcbler 11d6faists caued brifciplel efet,~ priUi, and sofig eliot laic idcmpe t hv ancii
dengletru evifnetae facnr'snch-ire..teresult of d comiations 0 cr15 mjronmentil t~c~ efr'i and apaitic
a e cnureni tagtl efprened --l rec toh cause radin o.ad glsd effc.le nlso t r hih el airtp aur
an hamong dst nenttomet. lcniiw hudntb ooee loia.Ri o, cmild~
1r~s ablqenv in- doretiae, east tOfg degrtion t, %k cin cosequenloodisten, ase afmud bal
rasrshc desit fatorpav ord itiduce d ighnt hi oition -\trnb-rhcic indircas boss Peit Aatcr psof mate-
ridalollaytiegadn erselvtaffecteden etis ironrmentall nindug c p\xia 01e clemicl pttitio.F~lid,ith~. , rinfll othighnon huii iendcia-nhoch carol croi o.( openurface nialet ama or sulihc fot 50 aisin arent n if
Ln cin dasert roabe hillits thye itprici effects and coit espottdiitg eti, che indifued by, ,tpecifc
ingu' lartenironcmalfars mc la abctsNCo deertiuai opei atIons. e adr N t telsedfet atld ;pac lures
areteatie witrcagt forn ar ss trpeuct ocueat.fet h teuin0 ihrltse ndt n
Mrosrfeqel ailo ent taiwesio o thug shrct. of sed~ storms, it fcnseqemn foodtug deem i d\ sal
tands flotaonnther s mojretal cab4 is molg particularl itoae); tand usnt ifa ticsd alit~l spaces at
themnselves with that informiationl because It is not1 cotiidetedI feCasible to lepeat sutch a s (liiitiious, complex
TABLE 11 4. EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS'
Mo''lVI aiannw .dforna "Ir 9'I"' 'altgue il'SS Of stf1ffg?" 'e"... [ratlre -- ''Ttt -le, '.-'.'d" I
0 %ko9ltae ra' "q -,l, 1110.-q %rid'' rf d.ff an a'.. t.!10.'-I o11,3 ,I ' "" "a. 'I.
.11 ' 31 ~A'' -W, 1-t4l>fqa 'ga ar'
tot-. at,' 0eea ''od. ....... at ae' Sij l-e 11 o toa 5 'th O
.d a' eapo'S el' 'STatd, t(1- haro 'lfalllI 31f''S r
S-11" .lff~' -lC1I-31f' el '.< 'da' ;sW' T'ahS'rss'Cr'
A.,' I. 'e e.u.s'' p IC ta' -a, ""e' .t"atri,or -ate'. ,a,18
st ... k o' ".a.el 1hr,frdef Tral".,Cr S!rttf"' haust o-so
'Amended
TABLE 11-5. MATERIAL DETERIORATION AGENTS 12 '
Metals Me', haf-~t a l'..f he-o, all'. ,,d,,( eli I- so- ff''l7 Slttj3 010 p'it r o .Ol'sSt
G. a s so'. A l'!ilr,j irl esses' 't' '. 1 1dr 1 I. t''lr- l f' I0' I etirsfort il
'Jirlr,. o'ltoqlc a! f'lftslf'
I'ffZf l ' ll rt. l ofll ica- itta( k stres CS. e'~te rifraltrl"
t~l rrtlitflif'Ildfl'k "-effthar al stresses ,5fjt'flflf fotttfnrell i'oN'
'9,1' air,,f 'rea~s' 0f,-k ai ctls'.ofi o11
l1' afi~''''4ld avtac k e'.apcoratffw
'43(mfl B'Ioq Cfcl.'Soff fat all41 k ... '' q4 phlltltf4. iif'I3't t'tltlftt' wa brf wf' i m t k a,
Amended
38
TABLE 11 6. SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS' 2 *
F "-,'on-vertI factor P-1, Pal eflects T ypadif.l 5 c.
A R 70 38 L, , t,
kOgh temoperature ,1,15 F Thermal aglog 1115- 41l I ."i 1-, 61!oe.
olweaiori 160 Fstorage, Orddtrun Pic Tpe'!C a re' 1, 1's rL'.
Stru. rural change 'A 6"'N -
Chemincal reaction
Softening mrelting ano s t"11 a
Viscosity reductiorn a-1~ e.p '.r' it" ro'
Physical eMpans'o-~. A'
4 0a"',
Sow lerrperalte ,40 F storage increaseci iosov dinon s,d. 3 i f .,S "t I, all, (
21) F operation wirthout aciss Ice formation .,e 1. '"'er -,es~
Embrittlement .s nr',asr n
Physical corntra(ct'on '~.'a' .er.1~
High rerat,,e humi~dity Dew Moisture absorptiorn ,ater , .r0 *''L't d'. rr, 'n'< s
on' lersainr 100~% RH collecting inn poorls v~entiated bineal. down irss of ffee' A-
ernclosures loss- if mrechanicadl stre'git!
Chemincal reactinon ,ri-e+erpn-e wrtf 'li ,~-i rr' finer orardrnal
C or osion L 055 of elet fc al prcrper? es
Electrolysis In, reasel . ', r, I rSla!cins
Bfiologincal propiagatinon
Bac terial
F ungal
L ow reinapse huiitnty Dessincation L os% of -P( eharn~cal sirength
Embrittipment St. ctlraI collapse
G r arrua t, n Alteration if electrical p-rrterlws 1, ST).
Hingh or 5,,, ompressn 10 ic 1ar Collapse Sea' penetatin
inrterfernence with funrctionr
tm, LreSure E rpansion f rac tunre of container explosive expanson
alteration of
Outgassrrp electrical properties loss crf
mechranical strength
Red,,, ed drielectric strength of a'. Insulatinon breakdown and all: over corona
and ozone formration
"f-r radiation Actrnll and ph~rsl- hprn, al reac tiOrS Surlace deterioration diffrrerrtial
Ir mrr 'ttile-rifr e rpanrsron alteratin (i f Mloctr al
39
1ABLE 11-6. SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS (Cont'd)
~ n tt r ttro r rta Ia. to Pr:n pal effe, ts T p,( di failures rduced
l,-p eri. e5 jSCo;,rar ,r ado
lieat . d,ret I o al1 fadrtg of materiais o.',)rre
toott aaron
'-,a d a dus: Abascr, lr'creased wear
Clogging Interference with functori
etching of ,son de ,ces bloking mo-ing etenerts
alteraton of electrical properties erosion
o' surfiace coatings
Salt Sorav i-nnudrrg sait dust in Chemical reactions Increased wear loss of mechanical
coastal areas and salt beds Corrosion strength alteration of electrical
properties interference with
function
Electroivsis Surface deterioration structural
wseakerrng
increased conducu,t
A rt Force application J Structural collapse interference with
function loss of mechanrcal
l strength
Transport of materials Mechanical interference and clogging abraston accale
rated
Heat transfer
Loss (low velocity ' Accelerated low temperature effects
I Gain 'high velocity) Accelerated high temperature effects
HA... Physical stress Structural collapse
Water absorption and immersion Increase in wetght
Biological propagation Structural weakening
sacterral Accelerates cooling
Fungal Electrical failure
Erosion Removes protective coatings, structural
C s likening surface deterioration
Corrosion Enhances chemical reactionsMud formation Mobility reduction
Warer immerstorn i Corroston of metals Structural weakness seizure of parts
I Chemical deterioration contamination of products
Dissolvtng out and changing of materials
High premurs ( 13 Ib at M ft depth) Mechanical damage
40
TABLE II 6. SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS (Cont'd)
.u ) .... rental td, T r Prrl pal etfect, t pl t dl fadr 'es ,i - -I 1
AH 70 381 t
lnsristS and hat trla Ponrretratr (nr rro e1 )punent Blrrr kage 0A srall part l,r s i1,
A - .. al, Ntbbr br y r -anmals ternites Damrage I, ast at)e or other
rose, I IdF a adr adr'!ts organr ,rsulatlnI fndte lis , aos,
sh-rtr, str, , 1,1 taSlltr-
.)f
., (1 ( lth art ;.appr elerrrerts
I ,rrrIjr Grf .~thr ,, nulds i ,5
hde [)a" 'a.'a ' I, r (i a! erlr)' t alh,
,, h ,' l<t . r€ t- o, kage
- i ,r,,Ia Laris eters et, tlearrk ."
,-i r, t, ji sternr tt ,,I all ugar., rdte',r,'l
.1ttej'Patl ... l Paper a',. fth
Terrl t.ratru.e shot k Me(hancal stress 0?' . ' , 'tI "a r ,eaber.+' !.'rl1*0Q
tivxti'er, ri l ra w r vrwlture chdarrwg' ^" 'J 1 a'is rea dar'a4 44
tlir ,r speed part ' les H eating ' P.',,,a aqrq, Ihearr, a' 'ra -n ',
i rn.. ar l r adraton J",r r a
r
Transrnutatio and lOrlZaton
Alle'att......f he-r, al ptsr, Al arld
eler ir, a! psi'pe'l1es "ot-r ri
A gases a rd se Iddir r part. ies
)zone Chemical reactions Rapid oxidat-on fdrng
Craz ing1
( rackirr Alterat on ut hen', al anh dl 3
lecIT.al propetieS
Fmrhr.ttlerner.t Los% of mechanical strenr.th ('ra, king
Granulatirr Irterference with fu r rtion
Redl'ed drelec trrr strength of anr Insulation brreakdowr and arc oer
Fplrrsrsa Ieco-pionSrOn
Severe rmechant.al stress Rupture and cracking structural
collapse
Dissociatend gases le. Chemical reactions Alteration of phvscal and electrical
hauist gases missile and ammu properties
ntrirrr, propellant gases Contaminatiorn
Reduced dielectrrc strength Insulation breakdown and arc over
Ac ( e.irratrrrrr Mechanical stress . Structural collapse
Vrhratrn Mechancal stress Interference wrth functon increased wear
structural collapse
Manrrtrrtrufields Induced magnetrzatron Interference wrth frunction
Sert Iomagnetr Radiation Induced cTurrents Alteration of electrical propertres heating
I i t rlOWavR . .....
41
fiNciusioi hcre. elletI hloiugh itNt i rier 1IL nili IN Ittro [-fIilt I th 1le 'IicI of Itatcerivl tes~ting In Ilie destr I
h It im' i tt these lak. or, as delincatedl fin \R -It Is al,' ,,III Iollmiw tm hti dcer tiitition of ilit peit fot iamic
oft \i III% iiaier itIIOCd (II it o II iIcrIaI I 1 Iittei i It I ti he 0,~ cf%',L I ftc A\k 'I I I Int %alI I ( iot t In It cC1
ronmienial takctor, co S cd are n tIII I abeit. 1 anild ,Cttiol II ioB itiditaic csl' f the'e tdtsi(rN that nuts!I
bic nlet A ithotit ad% c:r~e et! f, I- '0 tire eqltpiiieili kwdt coiiidvraiIon . ( iti las or HOT 11. ILuttd InI thepI lirtals kClimatological CotteCinI o\R '0i-T ,Iae hlock tcliii to lrog, plfild (t ic r-lil cettec:t, . I it a'miobilits of \Cehic --eriplaenteni ofl atillci I i Ild 11reait C ) .HAlIn t 'Iill, c oAI!IC11(f sIa)Idge I(C
icaniowifla~gc)ms atuifers and rocker '~A I Iead J itipa, ! cI , \k hiItfl!tlt L ccLIi ct ti pb *11 f1n hIt I, t~
Al the soiil are of ma~jor[ impi iat c
It geitetCIA Most %ehicikilar problcill, ;1)r'cc 1ftoedesNci is iritiei dit I-,,s - ail,! and
Just anti b,, estrertiels 111.0 ICezurerarUre. Deep 1,1110 WinI 1-1)eICcd J~l and !hfe infiltration ,! 'and Jti, and1
grit cause personnel problem, a, A4e11 a ploblitII 'lt Lh0 i cf l iof':li owi~ h r colixgii, ltii
sehiclcs. Figures I I-S atd IIko
PnCUMarIL trtC for vs heeled seh~ic 1.1d soI~jd rIibbet Itad A heels to Otracked sehicles are
seti~slsdtt'cedbs hear buttl Ill IIsC te rtLII\ Lc~'~ s.:1i' t inikdngiticad epwtation) vshen
operated at uigher specd, ,ii hot T)ie gri.ci foad~ and ark, readikll I)t h harp, ,,dIed ro-ks 54hen ()Per--
ated off roadl~aN. Vigures 11 Ill throuigh 11 1-4
I rnsnisioi'Andi CIl,1tnes tail nutir mole rdpidlk w ilit i temperate uses because of increased
poixer requirementN. Is ",,-it as tie higher micratue Bi slartteries deteriorate more rapidi\ because 0f the high
eniper aliirc (otrtattrinatirti tront 1 iingal ad biological v'rois hs and particulate matter fin the form of dustand Fr.t is a, serious princi, piriieniars \A. ith fueck anid luiit. i
I hie pieseui~e oi bacterial or futigai onititailno i' 11eCt1011 ii pected in the drN ensironnments tsp-
cal oft desert regiotn . lloseser. in) po)orlv %cr0iraed enlsrs uh as, fulel tanks, oil reseri otrs and the like.
uroisturc Loitdonses frotu thic a;T mnide Thewe essk Is %hei nighlnie tcruperatureN drop belo\As the desspoinlt
Nutel mroi'stutre itid nor1 be re-esaporated during ihe da% becauIse Of the lack of %entilation and builds tip sulffi-
Cietitlk to pros ne in n'. ci iltriltini hiighklsI oniie to bacterial atid fingal propogatioti. Numerous instance,,ofitItfernal ~ot rosioti of lfuel linec blockage. itijetor blockage, and lubricating failure hase been tiaced to this
sOlit ce.
ItigirieI ptohIleu fit die'ef povsered schicle, iil N P6. it titne instance, reskealed the follos%kirg orga
iiis to he present it thre fuel and assumiedhs oligittatitg front (ti \ehticle fuel laniks. It must be rnoted that
54atrr iist be preset fot hl(e otgantstns~j to be \table:-
Ihactet inti'ed toahlclgns pseudotuallei. aetoiginosa, cepacia)
1utgts, Scopuhfff opsis
lutgtis .-'spergil/tts
lungivs I'cr-itirru
1-tingliv I uIsariurti
42
4F
FIGURE 11-8. PROTECTIVE RESPIRATOR AND GOGGLES REQUIRED FOR OPERATION INEXTREME DUST ENVIRONMENT
FIGURE 11-9. TANK THROTTLE LINKAGE BEARINGS -CONTAMINATED WITH DUST; CAUSEDLINKAGE TO BIND
43
MAWA
FIGURE 11-10. TREAD SEPARATION FAILURE
Arr
FIGURE I1-11. TIRE CARCASS FAILURE RESULT ING FROM HIGH LOAD HIGH SPEED ANDHIGH AMBIENT AND ROAD SURACE TEMPERATURES
44
mU
Oki,- Ili lI , "'
FIGURE 11-12. TRACK PAD BLOWOUT
FIGURE 11-13. SECTIONED TRACK PAD INTf RNAL DAMAGE (BLOWOUT) CAUSEDBY HIGHTEMPERATURE OPERATION
45
Or-
FIGURE 11-14. TRACK PAD- DELAMINATION OR BOND FAILURE CAUSED BY HIGHTEMPERATURES DURING OPERATION
Fungus AlternarioActinomycetes
Organisms of this type, which are commonly associated with soils, can synthesize chemical com-
pounds that are corrosive to metal parts. They are generally restricted to the water-fuel interface. There issome possibility that water in fuel tanks may result from rain or vehicle washing or stream fording, but these
are unlikely in desert operations; the above mentioned condensation of airborne moisture is considered to bethe predominant factor.
Forced ventilation is needed to provide clean, cool air in enclosed spaces and to maintain properrelative humidity for human comfort. Ventilation equipment frequently does not completely filter fine sandand dust from intake air, resulting in damage to equipment and to personnel. especially in moving vehicles.
Problems of photographic equipment in desert regions are those of high temperatures, whichcause changes in processing variables and rapid deterioration of both unexposed and exposed film, togetherwith dust infiltrating cameras and film processing equipment.
Shelter in desert regions is not as critical to survival as in artic regions; yet, in many cases it must beprovided for protection from heat and high solar radiation. Problems with electronic equipment in desert op-erations involve the high temperatures induced by solar radiation when added to normal operating heatsources. Hot spots develop around operating components that dissipate heat and are further aggravated bydirect heating by solar radiation. Fine sand and dust contribute problems by infiltrating mechanical movingparts, causing excessive wear, interference, and jamming of equipment. Generally, in desert areas, electronic
46
equipment must be provided dust -free, cooled air to maintain operational reliabilit, I able II pi[eseIIs sorine
of the difficulties produced by the desert ensironment on ,arlous t pes of ground support equipIiel
Summer desert tests conducted at the Yuma Proving (round on the performance of sehid.e', arid
equipment revealed many problems resulting from severe mechanical and thermal stresses inpoed hb desert
operating conditions. Although solution- for these problems were, in general, not di ftciuh, the equipment
would not have performed satisfactorily in the desert without corrections for these dete,!s being rcsealed b%
the test programs.
2. Specific Effects
a. Vehicles
I) Mobilitv
Mobility testing of wheeled sehicles indicates that decreased tire pressures H,.rsc sC
hicle mobility, enable vehicles to climb steeper grades and longer slopes, increase tractie effort, arid de.rtase
resistance to towing in soft soils and loose sand In addition, comparatise tests between single- and dual tired
vehicles of similar types reseal the superiort, of vehicles equipped with large. single tires in tra%ersing deel.
loose, sandy terrain. In tests at Death Valles, California, the mobility of the T43E I tank sas hampered h, the
protruding gun striking the ground Alien trasersing gulleys, not uncommon in desert areas Th, can be a
problem with vehicles carrying long-barreled weapons in either the "reads' or "stowed" modes.
(2) High lernperarutes and Related 'roblems
Most sehicle cooling systems function satisfactorily during desert cooling tests under
moderate stresses consistent with normal road load .onditions. With more rigorous test conditions, the cool-
ing systems generally do not function satisfactorily. The cooling systems of tracked vehicles are generally ad-
equate for moderate test conditions but not for more rigorous conditions.
lable 11-8 summarizes the full-load cooling per formance of a cross-section of sehicles
tested prior to 1973. It will be noted that many show excessivc temperatures under this operating regime. In
most instances, these inadequacies were of degree rather than outright failures: i.e., exceeding cylinder head,
transmission, or gear lubricant temperature,, when operating at full output at sery low road speeds at limiting
ambient air temperatures. Lubricant breakdown results with sludge formation, reduced lubricity, and load
carrying ability, Figure 11-15. Higher road speeds, even at full throttle, would bring these temperatures down
as ,,ould also reduced road load, i.e., reduced throttle. In most instances, these conditions were rated as
shortcomings rather than deficiencies.
Fhe M6OAI tank showed transmission oil temperatures would exceed the 3t ) F
1 149"( ) limit at ambient air temperatures in excess of 115" F (46"C) at 2.7 mph in low range. In another test of
the XM I ar,, using fuel has ing a flash point of 145'- (63'.), fuel tank temperatures of 159 1 171 ( ) were
measured at 1(4"F (40 'C) ambient temperature. When fuel temperature is abose the flash point, solatile
gases are present in the fuel tank and would be released in the eent [the filler cap were opened. This \ould
create the possibility of a fire if an ignition source were present and negates the inherent adsantage of distillate fuel over gasoline in preventing fuel fires in combat vehicles.
47
I AH igi El1 DIF V ICU L II[ S 'H 'i" E I) H't If tit A H'f ENVIRONMENT BY VARIOUS TYPESON G-]ROULN SOP PORT~ EQU IPMENT
,i'd tvS, 0... "t v. 1,' .s.':. f ij,l 1 dld sh I liif I'll ntnogs wei.Wht
f -- .illi. 11r.* 'i ti',r r l l si n o
diii. ,I t., tl- qt i~l'...... ' '
qhJi dayt .... m ,d fo rip~ illwl It--t 1ri 1ei to. ?i ileoendirig or)i the i
'i' jsi' 'I"r ...... II~ ill .'"I" tti ;%i., i s r'i.. , use ah'dstQI 'esss
~f''l',dt lii li. dI ( ot,- lii',il ,'i I-i I w i I ?ti i ' -,,i-i l aeililwiitii he ( orl.1 he rlsd i th n e tor fal'
...... -a o . 1,30 T --i,,i This o+b ris dle ti preseice of iist anit SaInd
(i' ,I, (fu il 'ii; it rl Ill h' er
ttii'li tiiood.iI. 'I dI ''esert $4 iw f cciaise grdvel will oie
ot wirlil ext i.atio mondi founda tin S
inas, maitdeisats .In the diesert Whren propl riv I oistifui tedi earth shelter% mial, last for a
liiiom P-- it lo, , lirnates
...... ' 1ii i'ol,i doir i I'.tlooi hiii'. ti l io-s i - oct f- i Hu d-it s SiOld tiav roof Insulationi If pits
ititr,'I'iiC llt-ti til iet., it heril' ti' l's iliiialp iools (it stitlable Ifisu
'iiifiiiq -aiteridiis it Ir'iitble
I otitrrcarit ffir'b6tiiorvi ofI l ,1- dovii iII III -'s"'. Inn .. req,,-i 1it tim cleiiig, arid erihant ild
.... lt , cii'' , .ii... I dljjr pillI %,o, "iiit -,rl ritenant ie are ltiieei to keep cdust and
Air le,dioeSI .I hI, h,'t...... w i1
'5,iti' tii It leaners as freqv. ,Iv as eurli,It I Vlit't iii I ni .... I n ll, Iiw ois lIi a' itiidit ns Use p, firlled graides
the1, ha"', al;- iiiV5,ti' di'i tyes if ohio ants
I-ABLE. 11 7.2FF LL11
Elect", a, poweA gwnhifs.ig
equipment
qerierairr4 eq,. I''r ......
4..
.1 1.14
Serfp'ee~id . .. . . ., . ~ '*''~', "~) 1 S',' '1 ,5' e loal
TABLE 11 / DIFFICUL 11<35: PRODUCED BY THlL DFSERT ENVIRONMEN1 BY VARIOUS TYPESON (,ROUN[) SUPPORT, EoUPMENT (Contrli
Vehicles, rCont d)Powei plants ait, hast jtrr 1 ')''' ol,, 'Iteit .. ri. slit'. t)e ir e, Intii.' lt'i~sqT parts arli 1 sulirtring
components itnint di T j r'%!' iol teI,v -t,'41* ie Tri sTr ,ctres ii, ;--cr Ole vater %rwr k sitengt
BrA( kets f~ tri firTpers r'xaist pl g-~'rrs arr oge
ann ether ur,rliar,rrms 'rrludir '' , nlt a-t
praneli 'l~ &-eor'cr
rfansrnlssron and Gearty .1rle',ris or T'r, ns,,r i'Ye -se Plugs sh-Jii be designeit To pr ,idet ease ofart lier' ri~ftiii ut o er tilt.rr r, t l' -Ir'ioeai arnd replacerr e,. Aroatic Trans
iil.r'' wt'e' hrrt Frrio v- sh-tr ,f 4 er , 'e, -issor's shorili l, iOesig'rerl 1, m-tet Jesen
r'ossi,ter try i ,r~ !to "' '-r les.'' -jr stresses and sfif rrrrrcrrisys Shriuld otrer
ri1 'teen) sar:. TSP', r-1' a 4 <a' " ed ate easrly tor frequent usewrta'
Rubber (lrmponerrtS Rt,.te irr a' I r rr''el. 'IRer ,'rr 'nateirrs 5i''iulijt h e e t )or 'he
Terlr' hI)eat J-r' -ior'ir it erper tedi -onrlor,s Chassis c il-oorrentsrns seals and r"s,- e5 %1r ,Iri he hot soldl lie located- Io avord roateria trownr
'lqqen rnrid, retarn. -~'rt,'as on an'! ;' Lr inninq gear
redIL;el 5 trr'ngtl 'Iarf ant "r 0 r~A.' firm
rrai x , Orwhel abradeslt 4l i *'s'e' -- rop,
Tra To The 'leep sairt and 1 rw ay rI To desert T 05 ist ' larg i ree sigle partially 'n
gise f--' Ilar tin f!,r wneejle ~i* ' flatei' -i 5 cnies d lor- sal stactory trac
I-qy. -1 .r irrler hyd'r rinds rrrir T - iriile trires
Brakes Sart, a' d 'T A.~ -a ere-Se sear Hatdes inst ITTr shielded t to~'~ entrx it
sand ind 'lust
(oonir rg sstems k~Sr SrStt''151 becoe Ciogge S -J wt usT requent inspertron followed byv neceSSarr(.',rx ase tecelops si idIge Beai"'us ,ir'ode rrrartenarr. e arrd use, of pilpel ni1ateas
A)",ri ants Heacs, list -ra,, req,.,e , hanirq . ,, -'r , ng."e sluidge raarl be previented wth Ore
,.,I..... ly ut .. aiing j~lat l~o- I sd, r'treld lirInrtsl anld rna'ntenanr erhearirrg
p-i"'ie r~. -'rtrteruals , tlil rti cmrosroi try the uise of the prescrrbed bun,,Iu.CP'r' dT rt'r 1 risr'A, I''' -- o out ir)is rduce! rspectin and marnterrarrie
if t'arnrtq -inas, he(r' yre 'r'sttter' t-rraje jrsnq ;,roprer ''resy 'rbedi :ihriants rtlr spit
'la, attrnl1r. To seals icreer 5 and oar ling is
Srariers I personnel 71.e Of,! I rU' er ie at 'e,, i l~ ( Ca lt,f Air ,rrolirr q slsos either per nanent ' n
hoirs:,rg oprson rie I' eS i etf Cierl'v i IThe ollin fotrr stalled or external are a r-esst tor miax,
I, ti-Ife litlilta in mon, effis en, vPartI exte'rior sirlaces with
ight olired radiation 'eflectnng p~aints To ei
du( e solar heat abrsorption
f leirirn ! itlOiI ' ..-. '.it TO ire'atp at
Sii .-rrpert 'es of tio t $; Fstiffer a set
t o -%,"iV WIeS- tni --- taT Initl' ri 'r'rt and renaar high i ap'a -I, a'- filters
aIir antIdus tie erlatig ~ser
andrrti .ri.- i -d '''I 'i'' 2' ii~'A -it aI All att, heat! -ti-2r arir shn dd
r --i",'rr, aise et 'ri" a., ,rrti .~ di -pr I'4 %he', r' -aIsiialertHrthi-renT eros instatr-rl or monliwie Iis~'r wnthstan ".P h shri
PIP
I ABL Ell 7 DIFFICULTI ES PRODUCE0 WIy 1H Pr IIStE I NV IRINM ENT H' A IU;'i'
ON GROUND SI PF'uHT I OU'PMENT 'Cool d)
"pd,(. palls T.d.. . . . . . . . s
ABLE 11 8 SUMMAffHI i h,'AZ, E ON MILITARY VEHICLES Mtl- %A
TEMPERA' RH'- H[ V'. . FC !L LOAD COOL ING IES'T
4' 1 .4 4
M4SA I l A' 9'
4M69s 'A,
- t%4 .-
V2* '3'*1
84'' 4 . ''
'A4*~ .AA P 8t '..
V!
FIGURE 11-15. DETERIORATED LUBRICANT DEPOSITS ON TRANSFER CASE GEARS AFTER12,000 MILES AT HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURES
In one desert test, only a fe%% types of gasoline-powered. ,heeled sehicles equippedwith engine-mounted, vacuum fuel pumps could be operated A lthout sapor lock occurring During another
test, the only wheeled vehicle found acceptable at high temperatures Aas one equipped with a submerged-type
electric fuel pump. In general, the replacement of the normal, external purp .%ith a submerged-type pump
eliminated vapor lock. Most main engines (gasoline) in tracked combat ,ehicles tested at Yuma appeared to
be immune to vapor lock, but the auxiliar, (gasoline-tueled) engines \.ith sshich they \%ere equipped experi-
enced severe vapor lock and required major :orrcctise treatment
A- of 1980, sapor lock problems, hase iargely disappeared because of the use of dieselengines and submerged or in-tank fuel pumps. (asoline i, still prescribed as an alternate fuel for multi-fuel
engines, however, the technique, de.eloped for correcting thee deficiencies in the past can be applied in an,future developments. Further. such techniques mu,,t be considered not only for sehicular applications but for
any engine-driven equipment. such as portable construction, pumping, air compressor, and power generator
applications as well.
Iracked ,,ehid.e. particularI, those %ith light-w4eight band tracks, are subject to track
misguiding and breakage %hen operating in loose ,and and rocky terrain if track adjustment is not properly
maintained.
52
11ii: ac c~i' nttc.u of 'llt A2,, I: T. i I
Nchicc utnder 'ItCh pI ii IrIIIu
parl'. :al CdU'i. ec\1c'~\e%(!NCi aino :Pil ''.0 OtW . : 1: ~ Lil fe
nrsof a road Nkheel flow it; \1 I I cd ;' &' C 7 tji'[ ,,l > -'( fill '
et ' of road and :ft,,N -cor l
high anibient eteau' tn i... i
i1 t i ifl al 1m10d Vi I N1 , 'Vo N ed fc i 1 .i. i k \
m en ti i nd 1 iat CL rfeh.L'11 , i , I , . ,ei , .tt d.!.I 0!.'! kC C 1 j I it . 1 : e rl '. .
glad ho\ did 11t flaN tc I K c-p haln IIC' Jll! JIl ' ' J .I tt: ktAj01 " IC:a 01 1
1, 2 1.
VNOPEN 7,. S *M,V R 197
i 3, 30L
" + "+- +-+2" '
%. % 'E ..
'EN J % .%I v i-
SE S I -1" I P, *-F k4 A'
'V>'!+ S'% et% + •!. '- 'V "' ' -, \ ' . . . . ..
S, NSO %1 )c % Aq E ' A !A'. ''A )-,E '-j ASE
FIGURE 11-17. HIGHEST TEMPERATURES ('F) AND SOLAR RADIATION iLANGLEYS)
OBSERVED WITH THE M70 TANK DURING DESERT STORAGE CONDITIONSWITH THE HATCH CLOSED, 11 SEPTEMBER 1973
FIGURE 11-18. TANK COMMANDER'S CUPOLA BEARING-ABRAIDED RACE AND PLASTICBALLS FROM DUST INFILTRATION; PREVENTED CUPOLA ROTATION
54
i S
!I
FIGURE 11-79. ROADWHEEL DAMAGE ITIRE SEPARATION, CHUNKING AND TRACK GUIDEWEAR) AFTER OPERATION ON LEVEL. CROSS-COUNTRY COURSE
FIGURE 11-20. BRAKE WHEEL CYLINDER BOOT - SOFTENED AND TORN DURING HIGHTEMPERATURE OPERATION
w~eapon sisem, addeI it) tnormial %seft:IC treat, ssOIiild Miake 01uthioni itolerable if Josed upl Dust jarimic.J
the actuator %a1SC of the nightight tcooling botite, pulitig the sigfr i of operation. Dtust jammed litthes ()it
the cargo hatch and caused the locking pinl to hind D esert i %egut at ot knroc ked a grenade storage host off the
side of the %ehicle
An articuaItmed .otitit. (it sumchc asi mie a po%%cr sect ion an d atI tr aiu A ot1 setiorts
"lanil of Mi lttar- F ngtnecr ( 'list r Ui tt 1 '.Juuptneni I A NI ( I ). experienced a tnutmber J:udficien.ties in
test operations on the dust course mttrl I Lli'ds:
*Sand. dust anid gras I on tire :"'upler frj~mu htousintg and lock ring sliding surfaces
tnterfeured sAlth lock ring rolttoti
* ( ab floor tetmperatuires, utrapiatudJ to 12s 1 (52 ( .ruicfted 224 1 t 12P(
uttdt itill load operxion,. I 1t6S .umtdcr road load atid 190 f (88 J ur-
Ing earthtmos tg opvfaimoits
* Nioistttte cottdcnsation in lie cotpesdall '-vsten t -uscd l usting of tile (u111A
discotnnect hiting fall Jlt'.s \Alses) aid filure11 to close. ('Orisequent1 air loss
tcaused hi ike failure.
\1ost cootlug te'.t'.w ondueted on the dsnantmonecr course tita-mirn loading con-
ditions) or cross-countrN itr ott the htigltu~is I road-load cottdiiiotist. An tru ;iesie,mddiion it a.h i operaiton
Is that amphtbious sehiclcs, such as tirte 1, S.N .(l I . 1 igUIu it 2! tti cool adequall \ s1 lithe Is" 11T1
ftting in Asater at 95 F (35(
rests are Runl Ott the dust course horfi ssoth at'other sefticle choselN itt ftot ; [lie rest
tchicle and " ith the test elticle alone to determnine tfme efficiemcN ot enigine air cleaners, 1- gurCs If22 1
and Ill I ".Inl such an atr cleaner test. Aitih rto lead %chicle, art \160A I rank. ss ftich c:an obtain its, enigt intake
air fromt thie crew conmpartment, s%%as otupared wAith ar \M NI I des elopmetiialt i k , ss ficf oh-taintid it, otttl
bustion01 air through engine compatmemt gi mfles, I hie %160A' I tank ss as opera ted for S. I hours bef oreu the aui
cleaner restriction dropped ito 25 in. (11 ,0h whereas, the N NI operated for onls 63 tytnittes In it secoid trtial.
after cleaning the filters ss ith conmpressed air. rthe fat tet ran for 80) mrinutes. I his cornparsomt is c:ited to Ils
trate the difference in serviceability that can result frorn mot ig tle cottnbtist ion air intake to a locatiott \..here
dust surrounding the s chicle i, minimal. 1 sen had there been a leading setlrcle, the dust concentratton at the
les cl of the %160A I crew compartmnent itrakes Asouild hte beetn loss er tItan am the les ci of the X%1l ititakes,
h. Ileaport s and( Related ( onponerts
Most %c apoit ested required special em placemtertt ott t ftu g ra el and hard -groti td terraint
(otitd in the desert en iorntert fiowes ur, the 10) trnh i e seated satmsfak-toril\ in all ty\pes of desert ter
ratn.
One of the miajor problemns of grottnid -based ss eupomt lhas been nituile blast (ort hrevch blast
it the ease of rocket Iaun chers and rec tilles'. "caponts), I igutre 11-24. 1 h t presents, anl almost itsiurmotitable
problemt of secujritN front obse~ts om atnd, partilrijlarlv Itt thte Case (t artihler! attd tank grins. make' obsetr
%atton of lire effecr most difficult.. Besides the phoblnit changes ini ballistic thiracterislics arising trom htghi
ambient temnperatures. e k-sated tettperature of propecilatis attd JIt demmsmt\ eLtanges, ss itch catt he comrpen-
sated for mote: or less, satisfactot lls. olier etfcc!. sItsf as Cmiudattoti Of esplosts e filler in atmtmunitiotn ate niot
56
WON -0 -.
FIGURE 11-21. AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE OPERATION IN HIGH TEMPERATURE (>90°F) WATER
FIGURE 11-22. DUST CLOUD TYPICAL OF WHEELED VEHICLE OPERATION - OPERATOR ANDLOAD SUBJECTED TO HEAVY DUST CONCENTRATION
57
FIGURE 11-23. TANK OPERATION ON DUST COURSE
r-- q. mw w
Ap 4
FIGURE 11-24. DUST CLOUD GENERATED BY FIRING TANK MAIN WEAPON. SHOCK WAVEPRODUCES DUST ALL AROUND THE VEHICLE AND BLAST WAVE RAISES
SUFFICIENT DUST IN FRONT OF CANNON TO OBSCURE VISION OF TARGET.
58
Ntrcontrollable Mid Inra\ CCu j)ts. II 111,11 it!' ')I 'ilS ,' sts 10' i 5~' "t iJtiiId k iit)' Oil iI' 'TOi t j .t!
%lowed ill combat % ellIcle" rI x, I :giltc II c' 'i
.AXmc.'llar> csqiiit)iII(ls.r 01t iACA'sts0 11 s i s.s it Is., Itd hi, isi I ii ts. s I". IIIif
o~peratio~n. \'I ront l et icrr ar's i,, c 'I I ,I !I Is it I "i,/'t 'I' j I ~' ts' L Ii [' i~i. Ius I~..t.. Ci It It'. - TiLJi.1
tit sight, bitt mi J:t ,(-I Jolti" l'tit ts.'m ,It i c~ its, -i , ('i.' tissi! ;,-s' .1 1,1. ''' ' ' l.('s' ''' l' 1 st'~ t'
that break do\rr i it s,ixws~c Otx.ii s.Iiait 1 .1, :is' s~T s' s ,ti" M. dc.''tts.'.s'! s't''' Wt.~d
litation control atnpt'ficir si thus iiciil ililt i.' ' s ' t' ' .tts'!t2Ls. .' 5 51 AtIt m ttl
on thte gt itund. precItrirtg pis ipci 1 s''-ti.'s '' I I .i :*'t'. i t.ts s Ii' "I' ds. !tt
normal flight oprationirt oft 1i~s'5i~ !Ci." ts !! Il C1 I. II T 1 1 .i I I '':. i ' st .I't I Lp0
the-earth operation): olatr adiai. t is. i It~' Ii' f 11, 0' 1 ,t11s~ Js: I C.,t 'i. rt sst i.s' t, ri i rps ss.'s h
eitg in e I R s U P PrIsL.sIt I Cotp stc ' Ltt )'' I I*~ I5Ss s..' t1 )5 .' Iiis* Ct111t11. 'i
of laser designator Ii s'.s L ~it 'js sIi1-! . ~ :,1 -1 -A, 11 s1 ,:J it. i . k~ Jitlls '
dant riemor,, losse\c,
Ihle 1 1 561 cc..'s. ss .'i 1 ,' 'tt'5
C ''
os"et~ f [tic %14h I arik diu~t'! itls'' t, '. in .s1"!tS ~ i 7 -tn 5
chargeable miore to~ ilii iuggt-s'i 1t; ,s' . 'l' . .5 s ' ' . s..i. . ' s.
Mounte1d InIC1IstuCgtsrr hrt~ . CIUI' 'I? 01'', .'!!' .. K'sil t.. ~
a miosrg %chicle hCrsssks.'tt 'C i~jiit' K'sis S'i ' '' .. , (..' I t l
range to the duxt cl.oud ",'as it'tIttts.2 1t A55 s', ' 1 ' '' .5t~, ' '. . . ' c''
acc~urate rangtng bec'ssid 'i U ssi.. ' hn' ' s i ' tit..'.s;'s''. ' 1.1' C:~ ti Is' )
the optical elletis
Ill a light A~ciltlt kll i l t't 1111 .. . ' I' ' ~ t t ' t
te hs inding of tire r'oclkcrs. Ii ill,- 1-si' I t' .. ' . s5 I' j's.5 . st'
haiardiu ,iatrhion \ sttlt't,.''i I ls.5 's'
mieter faLC. MAkng It ds't lttli~l;:i Wn .>.'K!s
a rtsarnd a tmtiidtrati li it tt'!. Ii' l .I' l ' I 'itt'' . ''''' s s i sIsi( i'
1111pol11il in1!t: : '
rag r e. aV 'sgu .'! in" 1tsri ;411 11~ 1 i' 1 . ~ s' 'i' I 1it 'P ; Cn 11i' Itll 111".' i '.ii's ', ( 'll 55 0,
tt')V of~as t i s fl i t;l m~ I I'l Is I I I'1'i.5 ' .5i s '' 'K. '. .s Itlci I' ' I' I 'Ts I *i'K s'i
CIngei mode, I,', t~ bc l I, 1iii t i I! i ., i% Ic 1, tii I ' I t 'iiij' '1 5. 55 ' i i' .''s5 til1 'ir,.i 15Si
down a,,h an , Ij, ,..J ,!\1
e m e 1% o d ol r h m le It 'I l - i l iII I- - o il , 11i I Il I11itit 01 '\ L" %(' 11111 lIC1's1,
I m ic l- g u r it 1 , h i , r i,- : f ir, ii,? i r,"ll ll \ 1
ii0
40~
FIGURE 11 25 E I XRUSION' ' P. ;'IVI k I ; t f Al (,i 'J L i OPEN
'WI
FIGURE 11 26. EXTRUSION OF EXPLOSIVE FILLER AROUND CLOSING PLUG AFTER OPENSTORAGE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
61
FIGURE 11-27. SMOKE POT FUEL BLOCK - AFTER 5 YEARS STORAGE IN THE DESERT WOULDNO LONGER FIT IN THE SMOKE POT BECAUSE OF EXPANSIONpA
• I.00 a I
FIGURE 11-28. MACHINE GUN MOUNT LEGS FAILED
62
W~Ar -7;
4 IF 'A
[* ''
%now
FIGURE 11-29.40MM GRENADE LAUNCHER DUST CONTAMINATION
61
FIGURE 11-30. DISCOLORATION ff "AE" ACi LEFT OF CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTORKIT AFTER 12 WEEKS STC HAG[ C JvPARFD TO STANDARD UNIT (RIGHT)
a--
4 FIGURE 11-31. DUST CLOUD DEVELOPED) RY CARGO ARCRAFT OPERATION FROM ANASSAULT STRIP IREPRESENTATIVr Ot VU2'WARD AIRFIELD IN A DESERT OPERATION;
FIGURE 11-32. DUST CLOUD PRODUCED BY LOW ALTITUDE PARACHUTE EXTRACTION
SYSTEM (LAPES) DELIVERY OF EQUIPMENT
FIGURE 11-33. DUST STORM CREATED BY HELICOPTER ROTOR DOWNWASH
FIGURE 11-34. DUST CLOUD PRODUCED BY CARGO HELICOPTER OPERATION
FIGURE 11 35. HELICOPTER ROTOR TIP EROSION CAUSED BY DEBRIS IN THE AIR STIRRED UPDURING NAP OF THE EARTH FLIGHT OPERATIONS
66
High t iEll c alill' '!I 'ind A: I. f K
(Cd1iCtIon In air denCii 'Ah 1: .ic ir ;..'.:y ... I'~ ., ,c!! - icr
range, cargo citpacit , o! YuiiLi oiis oad' jrI. .r c.A J I i !P" cl!'T tI, C
rapidlk from the elflct\ ot high aiibriri a17:: Il j.'r1: JIcd )Ltij r&' i~'taid. "hia cni al-
ion the groiind. etx~o,,ci. poori ririd .i C' If' .:'.A, win1 irpi iIn
In relation to !Itoi A 'i t~ i ' A~ w~r 'i c:kC'. 1a
[unction'on (a tindC dif rPI L!'ii
I1 I rniiIT~n i a nYC'., !,I. . .:tL ' '-
(3) 11 '( ) Iragc '11, .2. ''' -
L [nit t o p-,~ th'l -"
10) ( a ht cr d , Imc i I 'cr ,v
Miuch of III!-, c..'j V: . , , . .I nl~c .' ,nm.
ltiri a,, chicular materiel . I-jin:' 1 ci) .. . t, ,
rquipient to pro~ide "eaithir nio ;:m.o I. rj :i imm. , ''ck C . cm 1 1
et r,:ited to cn u re t ha t tr:, cnio - , r. 1tri : l !Iw!!
and that cooling air for thi ciioc . miedV cii citi .
fins anti that 11 1' Of adeynmcitr 0!hu'UTIIC i. ""'Wmr.cm iiri.cr hr mL
Me. rriuit he fan -cooled anid tui h i -~ c n . ' -. i c. ii i~ 1)r J, " C If 1 I f( .r
II I- and 11-381
In a dust ie~i of a o, Ai ;,j, t .j !o- c< m ~ ~ ' .'i air a!!nd ofj~; '
dnwr from cooling air Aere inadeq~uatir. ama:, tl(! I V (Iw dCi 2. i( . t, v-%' ed.
a A ftler I "I ho u: tt 1 1 1 10 riie dc Ji . Wi hou' of etr'etu ;~~i he tur
hine "hee)I hr'4c ri'm ounrc\ia 4'.aiandImmid aIpn di~a-semhk
1. 1r jeuj i hoi;ii:
2r p- k )i r t .,, mdc o rtt -x ccdinin
air . ikiMn 'id ''
- -- - /~ ---- - -- -- -- S
"-----a--- - - - - a S
.- - - - - ---. ,--- - ~ - - - - - -
- - - - -- - -. - - - -- --. ------- - - - - - -
- - - - - - fl
-- -- .. - -. --- - - - - - - ~.- - - - a
---. --- -a'- - ---a -, -- - - - - - -- = ~*- - - - --. - -. -- - - - - -
-- --- __- - --
* - - - sr - --- - a-- - -- - -- - -- as
--------------- - - - a - - - - a a -
- - ---- -------- -- - ---
- - - - - -X.7t - - ~g-. a a a a- - -~ 'C- - - - - ~~~~~5- - - - - ----- - -
-- - -~ - ~~~~~~5-- -- - - - - - ** - - - - - - a - a
- 2 - -. - - - - -- -- - -- - - r - - - a a
- - - ----- -- - - - - - ---- -a - a - a - a a - -
- -- -- ---- - a -- - - a - - a ---- - - - - a - a - - - -- - - - a a 5~
- ~- - - :.... - a a a a - - - - -a p - -
- - - - a ~ - -- a - --- - a - - - a a
- - - - - - a - S -- - 'Y _- - ---- - - - - - - - ~ a a a -
w - a - ----- a - w a - - -
- - a a - -- - - - - - - u - a a - a - -
- - -~-. - - - a as -5= ~
- - - - - - - - a a a a a- - - a a a a -
- r - - - - - - a a ~,.,., ..- ~---- a a a a- a a a a- - - a a a 5~- - -- a 5 a a a a -
- - a a a - -- --- - - - - a a a -- - -- - a a a a - S
- - - a a
* - a a_- -_a a aJ717 --- :
- - - a a a a a a *a a a aat
- a a a a a a a'- - - - - - - - - - a a a a -'
-- - - -. - - - a a a a a a -,- - - - - -~aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa-* a a a a a -
-- - - - - a - - a c-~ - -- - a a a- - a- - -- a a a
- -- a a
~I6URE 36. SAND 'MPACT AND DUST ACCUMIJI AlIGN GN HAGi A7'H- 2 F-i~s Q~ G~4~A~ ~-~<
TRACTOR AFTER 400 HOURS RLJLI.DOINC, OPFRATU~N N ~>AN)~ S~L
-p '-'--------
FIGURE 11-37. 10 KW GENERATOR SET PLACEMENT FOR EXTREME DUST TEST
FIGURE 11-38. 10 KW GENERATOR SET DURING EXTREME DUST TEST
69
I f )I I I ,- 1, 1 I t I ll wK.; ,
l9 in 1 fm11,1 1 r t w d ill ,N
mcron, Pit.. VN
h1 Batters m.ell cap ce zo,' 9'!. 'K, 'l!. C, 'A. mt!1'-s'v'ed mtt
In another e't W ck Liipi '' ol a 11;vO~ ili. 'e i n a9~ l
on roads and cross-Countrs X r~. ei~e. It ,
3 (ra, ng of the taumi x ni ia . 7-. t' <.iJ J~ -J XWOf '
IaCC arid separ,!0 )iFi ur k1,2; , mv i 1i, 1: ,i -. Oi! n;!:
h lira k c. uri j m, l u;.k I,,i d .ij . 95 , 1 "ca ) I,, , .- 1
C. CiraJki dce lotpedl at mutt: fmuni L) iI I, : ,6al d L' I in Ih Iih mar h eim I k ;W-1
Pad tceis traiuIn ;t.oitIt vyc aom
(ortjinerS ~ 4.1',TlTL (11e NLu C se ' Inli 11N artii im I i lain jmtf l w e Jeterioratv anid failunder long term exposure to) high temlpetilt'' c '. Jt'i C 'ut l . epccn at YPi :w>I c It
39 illusrates seam failure of a ollap'ahle I..-! &tiral,:Ci t ,uI: .'I *a jj mItitel pa~jtv aad ha rn itmrria!deterioration and failure.
rhe ixide :1itin 0-l& r I.t 'l, -13 u Ofteme teqoureC that deti:ed ntuds
ot eac:h specific inern rrecede at-, le~l mit o i e:1 hrk 1:41 ht maew delermine all aspectl of I!,cmplo ment, serv ice, tflaiiienantlc, artd '(01ragc ce IC m ! , !Iv aI L" Ce4LO ire' ( mt re'Ut Of an', ptm~ I'lICNtng
of this or related items, In partik ular, i ii .Ni rieskin ten. rep'ort, if ;tvnt' ha'. rig ielated or NlItnular mp
nienits should be reiiewed. I he prittitpol cotive im it 1 -ii casNO. h " , Iu .' , Jr ar c Nil d AnHLd dUst a.,'U[IL u i~i(t1011 oil.
and abrading o1, moving sir face', iu-e effixt w i high i-''*PC' alkI OTt ! 1i , at' anm,, tock, and a. Ccca Iion N
impoisd h transport o'er roulgh el : t, i rant
C, (iener~iI (peratwon'
D~uring Lrt's, coutr, k~w itloni, J,tu t I atd, immmk ei oh\ irt~i ' em t'mt t.hi iits1111 ll11( to
a cotisider able extent and beti a, tiostons. llrIng tests ofif t acl.,ed, a, nimired infat r ). chi( les. peNontiet cotit -pdriment temperatures ranged fr mn I S tom I qi I tX HYV ( 1akovc1 1 -t tire alllmmt nihmciik tcmiipertmitc, au Ing
considerable crewk discomfort. O penitng of venttilatiom pll atloin duit mo enter the pe'mtlconmpartment.
causing further crecw discomfort. 1 hir piiomi :it topr~t~ mt ,,l , mpan-. I, "nell as mm1posed
method% of air intake, is deiahle hiot im. 1- ditcmt.(.t-'m.ise of tespitamuit. 'it ih tenipetaintes is
71m
FIGURE 11-39. FABRIC COLLAPSIBLE FUEL STORAGE TANK-SEAM FAILURES
FIGURE 11-40. PLASTIC SAND BAGS-AFTER ONE YEAR IN OPEN STORAGE
71
'=* ... ,, ,1 i
IleIt atlid iy pc ot \'j If I~ If; Id '7 I\li ; dit I
I rt; ' , J II li I t k W s 1v -1 11
I gi I ci 1\F WV f i
cdK V
111. U.S. ARMY YUJMA PROVING GROUND
A. I OCATION
i11li P'Fii Inig (.oiii l i P'( lIII c I \1i IIi I) m it i I Jc x I 1cI cT II d cT . 1 1T I,i wi ic X TI I 11
iitA ' of icl ouI NTI/ollT , i c tc i lt - (i I[i% jiTli NItiiiiiu~ll 'fioiT isi TTT , '11Ilt 'IijWlis il In T")5 Ml ICti
i) Ili(- N4crrT kl(i:T ! Iii J III :1( ir scTs ho'iTIMIic . NI 11111d Pf0%IfIi W 'li ITT ir I!sC Jeiii ~,is c I M1igA
mT the~ Siifsioi dcsTT. om, oi fw i ie % r!Ti \file[ 1ciT stcCT I XTChII\% MiC,!sii II fi(' i I 'I
desert region,, are sitt-N tivT i 1 -\til i.. N.%. III, \r I cr~c ,aiii~ hc~iiiis . t cilur ri i
etisriijttettal &i,ira,teri~lics. Mi hiThIT 'Wi III I 1IWlIiTd1C' Tie 101,1is0ti 0 '( , "1:11 ~ i I
thewe maa anid ss ith to ;'c. 1 is' C'TT oas' 11c' 1'spiLITi ctdr' iTd pic'gdlaj IItca"Ifc
I ttise indi. ated if
L* 'Il \ ! ' 1 1,1 ) I: iTS si .. l .j I ". ,1 I ; ) f II. "s m I TI hlT, TIi, 's A ~ T Il ot .!, .1
"I'iT lT . il ,' I I 'Ir, Ch . :c 11- \11nT. IT.Ic1Iigvr~cc (en er injili~l~uc:'.
P1TTT ),i ~ .: Ii !' ,I Iiilk
11o -I,+r~ 1; h' i . j1 !1: , ' in'! J i -pIITCTII ,IlJ
'A a ra I TI ; ci. ad A: J' t 1 \k I hI I j'ulT i"1 0 i [ l 'i , ('1 ITT l1): -i 'Ti.
li s itT!,C I I ~ II', .11 Os , ' I . i-
11 .Ita N ki Ni \A (.I; i p, 'C I\i j ,u (Ii - ( o t i- RjfldstiT ' \k.T I s. T~- IiI
abi-OIJ 2'S 1iiiles J440~ krlT Ti ilrlipis I I ( irl Md X-'I h t ell iti d !,,I15pTTCT all~ i i
Vl Ii r I ,~ 'A I r t H i i t IT, %Tid , I I) ud I.; i'd i I I 1! 1 iii ter I5 Ni , I ! I'
* ch v~Ii. t I li i a's i-! N5il., ' I c Tilng W oI " i5
5 icIc a l Kit 'Ifa Ill "'C\adaiw 1h", IS
Vegas atld ihi'iitl 4")) ntide kil )TT miii ;11I
* I ljkc-'.' llliTmi \Tt Fi d or )TicTe Holl m! d ( ITItIT\ Rd:iic is' ditcClI\ IMLT1 It T I"
tiiI 'itcld T Iiil c TT'.. ' .ih.l 11s T \i?, 11:e5 .AFIu , 'C' 1 \I,'Tsnh C IrT N i~ 4IT~e iilte C'
east inl Ne' Mc'ii liT, ktTT TiTi A I i' Vo IQ-,
D Ieath % illcl\ , iii I(X) ilile, T4, ii k iti nor1(h 'STctlA fT,ii 't N . us a rcyoililts o iTle. IllieaP
of I and NlaiiigTTT1u oI [lie I '5 I)eCsji OtTCII "I (lid ITITIt isT1ad, alt0ough not dedLic:ated 10 deleft
testiflg, is tiscd i It I,( , proJviC tiliT] pc 5 ta;i arianvemd~t il'i 5 ti the National Patk 'seT's lc \iie
IMIL11C~lt Cf'T)%T0iit IILI( I 0iaita ii I. ill icta aie eceded
S an IDiegn is iIpsris'imtt cl, I fl fit TiTicd 4 kitl 5 cst on tlt, I'acii, ls
SI
L _ _
SI sA " •CO .A~
_ /
\
M t x I I-- --
FIGURE III 1. LOCATION OF YUMA PROVING GROUND WITH RESPECT TO OTHER DODACTIVITIES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
74
'N fC id ~ ~ ! J ~ [I' I
a
It- I
I id I '! 1
48 ) oma r! a. a
1-1c .IS k il ) ( :,
'At I u i' . t. .
2 S ' 4 m
Io t e Pa',I. IT ( I I'
of.e I i j
'I a~ I~.Rd -
lle it an lI l
Dcfl il\ i iI
he,,\ aloi 1"(' ii I I "II 1 1Ikk
hInimrde; or i IIII11 "
Ac1111111. Ict C II I
IT"lic I t t~i I~ ' I tlI( ' . \ . , -
x I'
FIGURE Mi 2 PMh SIG(,RAPHF(, PROVINCES OF WIK; TRN UNITED S-TATES
N it !III 1 I'n 1 A!n il~
~I rj
Vi/ iol it '4 I
w o I' I h' I, : LI ~II
S I -ii IilII Ti' I t
I n I I r tio I I i u I i ' I f ' *
P 1011 ititi ,l W I IIii it,1I I '' ' I I'. l
aUlo~ IIA FR \I 1 \lN 'I ll\ 'lA
cot 10,9ARIZONA
Prescotl Si Johns
FIGUE II 3 PYSIGRAPIC POVICES N ARZON
*Xro'th ooad isC ~t hir ( nIc 6)ki).i asnddneaea~ alal frcl deioblt n
duaiit etsi ha r. omni icc~~ hbgh~s r wrn fncesr, i he(t o ima r
zoa nd()niv alfriiaIkeiitdaeSi usttePoig(on Saffrd h O (ig( r
iona)NaYioaWllfReig.lngaosinit tiofterernoadmerlad(blaN
althroughe Iimicd ras Riter lpeialo Ret ugkaein it fo fordin tea ai ie for %chArefue mas he usetan
duaiI tcI~, ar cntiatutwirng uaPoin g ( rlu.% t ash"i o -of !: th f larg e \ unn aite areas\ of thena I. rid
otaes an(lbn of liorn Int~l aes wi.dMI linlt Otli the o Ia inge ( Irou open tire north A( itg o4 rl
/otn)t ialost dlifaes Re~gc k niti the o~ r i n h h dire tion ~ cti arid I iae (lt m east arst h l s Nete
inrth-s lutliar aRrfues. f rct i nv o ' mrlm It tod (-' ki) i ( i alie enastr arm A i lng th) kinoitore
Rl~c l" w s' o heI'oiig ro nd hp- cljc ar io rutrck wc i ro in 0 o ndte,1atoTlX
L F GE D E
T I tjLE) L A IAttA \LLI lRFBEI
* A~(\LV~~l~rF~-~~ IECISOLAZ.
a0WILDLIFE REFUGE
c a
WILDLIFE REFUGE
N ~ ~GLAMIS oo
0I 0
SAPDOOUNE AREA
00c %
0000000k'YUMA
MEXIC a::~
22KOFA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
frS -
cr c c
0 7.
000S. 00M
.. . . . .YUMA PROVING GROUND,,
FIGURE 111-4. YUMA PROVING GROUND AND imMEDIATE VICINITY
s a I, r-
I
I 1 0
. c
I rc
forV I
ADA131 958 DESERT TESTING OF MILTARY MATERIEL(U) SOUTHWESTRESEARCH INST SAN ANTONTO' TX IT C DIAL ET AL. AUGDAD RNC1O
p UNC ASSIFED DA0-0C04 / 55 NEIEEIIIIIEIEllllllhmllllEEEIIIIIIIIEEIIIIIIIIIIIIIuIEIIhhhhE
.4
14of I-
ot the Imperial l)unes, or lot ,si purposes at Y I'6 simpi% the sand dunes or sand hills. They occur in a bit
about 40 miles long (6(0 kin) and I to 6 mile, (5 I0 ki Iide. roughly paralleling the Southern Pacific Rail-
,Aa,'" and the, include extensi+c areas (it ands plain,,, sand hills, and a sariely of dune formations, with
natural sand slopes Lp to 60 percent tor mobility tests." In the central and southern part of the dune area,
,ole slip I& C, es. 21)0 to I(N) lect 16t) <i in) high and oserlook large, flat-floored, sand-free depressions inter-
preted a, s o'sT'd pa is t the dsrt fHoot os eA ss hich a suc e ,ion of barchans is advancing " A 7-mile (I Ikn) marked course 'Aa, used b% ')P(, for mobility testing. Although this natural dune area has been under
BI M administration siic 14Th. the Pros it Iround caF use this area by coordinating with that agency.
(lirnati,. characteristics and tmeriait features, it ) rna Pro ing Oround and comparisons of them with
similar neasures of other orld deserts are containfd ,i) Malts puhlications, and some are suggested as refer-
ences to, more detailed inftornation. :2 " - ' ' ;1 ,, '' - -- , s :.s a hot desert tet center for Army materiel, the
suirinier cns ironmenl of 'PG i, t,!; principal iiitcre,. i aUlhough summer tests hase extended into fall for test
completion because of a late start or interruption during a cst Too. if desert terrain and topography are of
oserriding imiportance to test objeties, and climatic and terrain Cactors are not synergistic, tests outside the
usual desert -summer climatic conditions ma, ati-,1% test reqiiir,-nerims Certainly, military operations in ex-
tremek hot, dry desert regions. such as the Libyan l)ecrt, have encountered ensironmental conditions not
usuall, thought of as characteristic of that en ironinent.
It is worthw hile. therefore, to onsider the total annual Yuma climate, characterized by long, hot sum-
ners, wide diurnal temperature ,ariation. intense solar radiation, low relatis'e humidity, high visibility, and
scant annual precipitation." Maimurn, minimum, and average salies of climatic factors at Yuma are con-
tained in Table 11-2. It is useful, however, for the materiel designer, test pianner, and project officer to be
aware of diurnal, seasonal, and annual variations and in some cases the location of the meteorological station
reporting data of interest. It may also be pertinent to knos the frequency of occurrence and persistence of
ensironmental phenomena.
The Yunta Weather Station in downto n Yuma. mosed to Yuma airport in 1951, was the sole source of
meteorological data for the sicinity prior to that time. With reactisation of Yuma Test Station and establish-
ment on the reservation of a meteorological station by the U.S. Arms Signal Corps, observations directly on
the Pro\,ing Ground became a,ailable. Initially, the Signal (orps weather station was located in the main post
area. but in 1954 it was moved to the present Mobility Complex. Several studies have been made of the influ-
ence of station location on recorded meteorological data 11. '1
, 7r Some are concerned with correlations be-
tween d a developed bv the U.S Weather Buretu Station at Yuma and that obtained by the meteorological
station on the Proving Ground. !' Others are concerned with correlation between observations at various loca-
tions on and in the vicinity of the Proving (,round..-'2 Records of the Yuma Weather Station date from the
early 1870's and, because of the length of record, provide reliable data bases for determination of long-term
maximums, minimum, means, durations, etc. Available studies do not differentiate between obsersations at
the two Yuma weather station location,, but apparently. consistcncy and correlations are satisfactory. Re-
search Study Report PER-16 compared meteorological records at Yuma rest Station and Yuma Weather
Bureau, and no significant differences were found in temperature, precipitation, winds, relative humidity, or
cloudiness.6 For the 5 years covered by that study, mean monthly temperatures at the two stations differed
by only 2'F (I. I C maximum; Yuma Test Station aseraged 0.55 inches (1.4 cm) more precipitation a year
than the Yuma Weather Bureau; winds were 2 to 3 mph (35 kin) higher at the Weather Bureau than at the Test
Station; differences in mean relative humidity were slight. I he Test Station experienced slightly fewer clear
and partly cloudy days than the Weather Station. The study concluded that differences in climatic obser-
vations at the two stations did not appear great enough to necessitate consideration by test planners and that
82
conditions within a lec tig area night ditter inole than those observed between the tio meteorological sta-
iot5 . '* A series of cilIItic analogs for Y Pi. ith other der, cr arcas of the " orld' ' , accordingly used the
records of the Yuma A eather Bureaun. Meteorological obserations at disbursed sites in and around the
southssetern segnlent of the reservation indicate quite close uiformit, for maximum summer iemperatures at
li' standard height above ground surtac. Ambient ternperature records for the main weather station ott the
Proving Ground can. acc'ordinglI, be uied for general test planning purposc,. For tests in ,hich significant
ta:tor,, are alt temperatures at other than standard heights above ground surface, at or below ground surface,
wind, dew point. relative hum idity , insolation, etc.. the particular site to be used should be in, estigated in
detail beforehand and pros isio is made to measure those factors during the test period. Some of the climatic
factors of interest to the test planner and charajIeistics of those factors at Yuma Prosing Oround are out-
lined in the follo" ing section,,.
D. YUMA ENVIRONMENT
1. Climate
a. I erripera tire,
(I) Ambient
An absolute mainium of 123 1 (50.6 1i was recorded at Yuna in September 1950.
measured at tile original w eather station Ioaton 1in dossnton Yuma. More useful than this statistic,. lo -
ever. are other temperature characteristics of the area, such as the calendar periods of occurren :e of specific
temperature levels, frequency of occurrence ssithin those periods, hourly duration, etc. Some of these phe-
nomena are indicated in Figure 111-5, which is based on temperature records dating from about 1910. The
curve for mean maximum shows temperatures of l(t'K)f (38_) or higher for each month from June through
September and 95 F (35(_) or higher for a slightly longer period beginning in May. The hottest month of the
year is July. for \Ahich a mean maximun of approximately 106'F (41 C) is indicated. [he cur.es of mean.
mean minimum, and absolute minimuml are useful in the planning of tests in cooler s, cather or for those con-ducted over extended periods, such as static exposure. Figure 111-6 consists of two curses illustrating the fic-
qiency of occurrence of daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the month of July. It shows, as anexample. that temperature,, of I(X)-F (38 (C0 or higher can be expected on 29.9 days of that month. Data for
these curves is from an analysis of 25 years of weather records, which developed similar curves for tile occur-
rence ei extreme temperatures for eaci month of the year. I hose curses are available in the same document."
Somewhat similar data in po!,sibly a more convenient form is presented in Figure 111-7, covering tie 7 hotter
months of the ,ear for 5 years and showing occurrence of temperatures of 95'F (35'C), IOOZF (38'(-), and
105' 1: (41 C) during each month and diurnal time and number of days of occurrence. Confirming the
previous illustration, this chart shows 100F (38 C) or higher temperatures occurring on 30 days during July
n(i a later time franie than the pre,,ious example). In showing time of occurrence of 105'F (41 'C) or higher
Irom 1345 to 1745 hours in June and July, it is also in general agreement with an illustration. Figure 111-8,
from still another study by llewelyn." I his figure is a simplified presentation of the occurrence of rnaximumtemperatures for 2 days only, one in June and one in July, out of a total of 97 days considered in the entire
analysis. From the curve of air temperatures, it can be seen that maximum levels (in these cases about I 10'F
(4 11C) or higher) occur between about 1400 and 18()O hours. The set of curves shown, including de\, point
and humidity for each maximum temperature point, was developed from an investigation of climatological
conditions favoring occurrence of high temperature at the Proing Ground and pro,,ides important informa-tion concerning the high temperature ens ironment, of use to designers and test planners. Its consideration of
83
TEMPERATURE REGIMEYUMA, ARIZONA
L ength of Record 71 to 73 years
10 -4z iiTK90 -
110
70 z
900
0--- 0 en Mx~m-
202
844
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE (PERCENT OF DAYS)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ao 90 100'________ ____ _______T -- T
,30 -JULY
125 EXTREME TEMPERATURE _"
FREQUENCIES ,
120 YUMA, ARIZONA
Length of Record 2 5 yeors1,5
105
100
,oo -' i -S 95 1 -
I -
w F
65 / __ __ _____ ____
60 -
55 --------------
50
0 2 4 6 6 0o 2z 4 16 1S 20 22 24 26 26 30FIREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE[ (NUMBER OF DAYS)
- Number of days (or percent of days) the daily maximum temperature maybe expected to equal or be greater than a particular temperature.
- -Number of days (or percent of days) the doily minimum temperature maybe expected to equal or be less than a particular temperature.
Example. A maximum temperature of IO0eF or greater may be expected
29.9 days during July.
FIGURE 111-6. JULY EXTREME TEMPERATURES, YUMA, ARIZONA
685
4 !;
APRIL
~0 R E 28[ 95 OR M ORE 28
1 100 OR 1 MORE 08
L, IA¥
95 OR MORE 135
100 OR MORE 5.75
F10 OR MORE 175
JUNE
95 OR MORE 21.7
100' OR MORE 16.5
1050 OIO RE 17.6 .:
JULY :
_________________________________________30.6 <
95" OR MORE 0
0
100' OR MORE 30.0 r
w
17.61 05"' OR MORE 1. z
AUGUST
95" OR MORE 30.6
160' OR MORE 28.6
105- OR ,RE I18.3SEPTEMBER
95- OR MORE 22.7
100' OR EORE 13.5
[ 105'" OR M.ORE I5
OCTOBER
95' OR MOREl 10.25
100" OR MORE 1.25
NOTE TIME TEMPERATURE ATTAINED AND DURATIONI I I I I I1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
TIME
FIGURE 111-7. TEMPERATURE SUMMARY - APRIL 1964 TO OCTOBER 1968
86
120
AIR TEMPERATUIRE / '--"
100 __ ___ _
LL 25_F_ 1W
o
80lJ
I-
ii 60 0000210204
I-.
.. F /
0100 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400
TIME HOURS)
FIGURE 111-8. AIR TEMPERATURE, DEW POll T, AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY REGIMES19 JULY 1961 AND 25 JUNE 1962
the occurrence of high temperatures, applicable not only to Yuma but also to other desert areas as a result ofinfluences of environmental factors, shows relationships between each, plus supplemental information con-sistent with the purposes of this discussion. Basic data used in the study is identified only as "meteorologicaldata taken at the Army desert test station near Yuma, Arizona," and this study is limited to presenting theanalysis of data observed during days with "afternoon temperatures . . . of 105'F (41 C) or higher. Ninety-seven such days occurring during the warmer months of 1961, 1962 and 1963 are used in this study." Af-ternoon temperatures are defined as the average of the hourly shelter (weather station shelter) maximum tem-peratures for a 5-hour span. The 5-hour span encompasses, essentially, all of the comparatively flat top of thediurnal temperature curve which occurs, with few exceptions, within the hours 1400 to 1800. The hourly dura-tion of ambient temperatures is indicated somewhat differently in Figure 111-9, based on temperatures ob-
served in July and August 1956,." a summer microclimate study. In this figure, mean hourly temperatures areshown for various heights above and below ground surface, as well as at the 200 cm (79 in.) level. At thatlevel, mean temperatures of 100F (380 C) and higher occur from about 1300 to 1800 hours. The data upon
87
_7-
MEAN HOURLY TEMPERATURES NEAR THE GROUND
SANDY PLAINS Silt. YLUMA lEST SIAIION. ARIZONA
ILIt, I. AN ALIGUS I 1956)
I x
LU I
11
I1 I
I .1.
II A
,Ahich the Isotherms are based ikere recorded a , s'ards P'aii one of three sites specdi cally inirumented
for summller microclimate stud\. I he site is gerci diiy i[presetti I is . of tihe most used in miany tests; the datais, accordingly, applicable with some confidence to olher similar test sites and areas, although it-, use shouldbe tempered by amareness that the data Aere obtained during the hottcst months of the year at Yuma. In I ig-ure III-I0, temperature profiles at three observation ,ites, including ",and.s Plains", are plotted." lempera-
tures at the 2X) cm (79 in.) level s ar bv a masimum of o1ly 2 degrees (I. I () among the three sites, suggest-
ing confirmation of other tindings of urnftorn it, of ambitnt temperatures at ,arious test sites T he\ \, ere ob-served under selected conditions of mamhium ground surface teinperature, ho, es cr, and do tiot indicatepossible influences of mnm factor, a, site eles ation aid , itd speed and tcion ai each sire. A
Temperatures belo%% 2(X) cm (79 tm.--Figure 111-9, referenced in the preceding par-agraph, presents composite isoitherIis fr the 'months ot Inky and August for the -Sandy Plains'' ite 1cem-
peratures were measured at 2.5. 7.5, 25, 50, lt14, and 20 itn I 1. (4, 20, 39, 79 in.) aboce ground ,urface.
As might be expected. temperatures from just aho, e the ,urface to the 2(X)c.c (79 in.) level are relai t el uni-form, about 8gOF (27 C), during early,' morning kouis of dat kness, but begining at about sunrise. tempera- Atures above the 7.5 cm (3 in.) iceel begin to lag ptgr-. iel,, hehi:id those at and just aboe the surface, reach- A
ing a maximum at about 1530 hours At that finc, the zeaipcrature is 130-F 154C) just abose the groundsurface, 106°F (41 ) at 16 in. (40 :r), and t()1-1: (38 0 at 20) cm j79 in.). In Figure 111-10, temperaure
profiles from ground surface to "0X) crt ("9 in ) s-ho, temperatures at 2.5 cm f I in ) above the surface laggingground surface temperatures b about 25 F (14 (') -\I the IPX), m (39 in.) level, temperatures are only slight;shigher than at 2W0 cm (-9 in. ). ,imtlit data is p Jesent i I- lgille I11-1 1 for hc .rite location during Januar.and February (1957 only).- During the period repieeed. air tenperature, P ,,m just abose the surface to
the 204) cm 179 in.) height are unjt r mflIv aronurd sio I I ltY( ) from midnight until about 0830 hours. At that
tine, temperatures near the surface begin to ri>- recLIhing a imaximum of about 80, F (44(. ") until about 1500hours, vs hen they begin ito decrease steadily to 5 to 52 1- 110 to I I C) near midtight Air temperatures
AVERAGES AT THREE SITES WHEN SURFACE TEMPERATUREWAS GREATER THAN 129-F, JULY AND AUGUST 1956
2 0 0 F7T r -. TTV
SANDY PLAINS DESERT PAVEMENT LAGUNA TOPAVERAGE OF 267 AVERAGE 0 234 AVERAGE OF 140
OBSE RVATIONS OBSERVATIONS OBSERVATIONS
I
2,
TFMPEPATjRE oF)
FIGURE III 10. TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS DURING PERIOD OF STRONG INCOMINGRADIATION AT YUMA TEST STATION
89
L . . .
MEAN HOURLY TEMPERATURE PROFILES FOR SANDY PLAINS SITE, YUMA, ARIZONA(January & February 19571
50 50 55 60 65 65 60 55
0 %-1II III
I 9 0
belteen 1030 and 1630 hours are differentially lovser A.ith increasing distance abose the ground surface.reaching a maximum of 65 1- (18 C at 200 cm (79 in.) bet%,een 1230 and 1630 hours. From 1800 hours until
midnight, temperatures are uniform from jus( abo-,e ground surface to 79 in. (20O cm) abose.
(2) Soil and Sut lace emperatures
Soil temperatures at seeral mneteorological sites on the Pro% ing (roud hae been mea-sured and studied. but findings are much less coniprehensis e than for atmospheric studies. -[he summermicroclimate studs found an absolute matu-num surface temperature of 150'F (66<C and mean maximum
temperature of about 138 1- occurring at 1430 hour,. Surface temperatures reach 130-1- (59C() at about 120hours and remain at that lesvel or slightl higher unnl about 15W hours. A minimum surface temperature ol
about 8o I- (27'1C occurs from about 0110 to 01153 hours Figure Ill-9). The absolute minimum surface tem-
perature is 62°F (17 ('), shich is also the tmnimutu at 2.5 cm 0I in.) and 7.5 cm (3 in.) below. the surtacc A
later study " of 1961, 1962. and 1963 summer data found a maximum soil surface temperature of 155 J
(69"C) Ahen air temperature Aas 110 1- (43 ( ) Of 9' rteasurements in that study, 3 perient of the surface
temperatures %Aere betseen 150 1V () and 155 F 168 C ' Ahen air temperature,, sere IO8<- to 11W F142
to 43 C. and 78 percent %%ere beteen 138 1- (59C) and 150: F (66 C) w.hen ambient temperature, %ete from105 1- to 115 F (40 to 46 C). Both mamitnum and minimum subsurface temperatures lag behind surface tern
peralures. In the summer microclimate ,tud.. the NOWl iCteari houry teRerature at the sun ace' oc. uIIC: .,
14310 hours, the highest mean at a depth of 25 cm belo, the surface 110 in.) at 2230 hours, 8 hours later. Simi-
larly, the lowkest mean surface temperature occurred at 0530 hour,, the lowsest mean at 25 cnt depth at 1210
hours,, or 7 hours later.
The sA.inter microclimate studN in Januars and February 1957 " found absolute raxi-
mum surface temperatures of about I 10.5'F (43.6W) and mean maximum temperatures of 84 F (29 C) o,
curring at about 140) hours. Maximum surface temperatures reached 80'F (27,) at about 1231) hour, and
remained at that les el or slightly higher until about 1530 hours. Mininum surface temperatures of about "i I(10 () occurred from about 0230 to 080W hours (Figure il1-11). The absolute minimum surface temperature
"as 29.5'F (0.4'0.
Comparison of the summer and \Ainter microclimate data sho, that maximum surtace
temperatures occur at about the same time of the day, vwith mean summer temperature being about 13S I-
(59' C), mean %inter 841- (29C)., or roughly 50'F (28 C) lo\ser. Summer and ssinter minimum surface tetiperatures also occur at about the same time of day, summer mean minimum about 80'F (27C). ,inlter about
50 F (IOWC) for a difference of only 30c1. 1 7'C).
(3) Sand Durres
Air temperatures in the sand dune area are slightl. higher (2-3YF; 1-2"(-) than thosc onmost of the Prosing Ground during hours of darkness, and slightly losser (2-4 F: 1.1'--2.2 C) during da\,lighthours. Soil temperatures follow the same pattern, at I inch belo\% the surface being 10' to II- (6 to " (.)higher during nighttime and as much as 14 F 8() lower at about noon. The Handbook of Yuma [oiniton
ment I reports a 1952 study of air and soil temperatures at 12 -Aeather obsers ation site on the Pros tg
(Pround and areas off it used for testing, including the Sand Dunes. A\,erage data are presented in tabular
form in Table I11-1 and in the curses of Figure 111-12.
91
TABLE I1 1. COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS BETWEEN SAND DUNES ANDMOBILITY COMPLEX
Temperatures , at Time. HisLocatri 0030 0430• ---- 0830 - 1230 1630 2030T
a Ts Ta Ts Ta Ts , a Ts Ta Ts Ta Ts* - I- /
Sand Duries 91 '00 8' 97 88 95 96 107 99 114 95 108Mob Comp 88 88 84 P4 90 90 1 100 121 101 111 ' 94 96
To Ail Tempefature
TA Soil Tempetaure
. .. . . , .
... . . ..... j. .> . ... ......
. -. -... . . . . ..
-
. . . . . . .. . . . . . " ".....
FIGURE 111-12. COMPARISON OF SUBSIDIARY CLIMATIC STATIONS, YUMA TEST AREA
92
F'sat rcer1~c p 1 11 "' lJ j' :\I l~pt1 il, l rait Iloud -r I i III- clils pprol 'l ' t:tt u p i
l l l f c lf II r (\,- i t " I 'i > ' t J A t l ' pt c t c I 9 - h ' a il di ( a l ; I u r I ' h i u I l l i tI t t'1C i I~ I ! 1 ! j 1 r a i
IABLE It' 2 UPPER AIR MEAN E MFEPATURE P U S.A YPG ASL yuMA ME TEAM
IC' AX) ,
1 0) 3200 980 2 :' 4 ' ' -t
s'
't 1 ) qe ' ' 'i 62 H 2(j850 0 4& ii 48 tm 4A 84 1t 34
800 64001 950 II 1
750 81lOc 2421 7 ' i' ' iF
700 9,l 3 '2023650 l'*' 36')'j ', ' " 5-.600 1 38(X 42171-,
550t 164-02 43 11
400 236,00 72-1(' al
350 26W() 8' 36. o4 .53 M4 3 t t
.150 344MW ITG316 5.' o2 9 81284 '1 , 4, 7h "200 3871)2 I !'8, 58 1 72' A'" 51'-,W 9' ' ~ 5' '50 44" 9;' 59 "'. 59' '1 t'c 'A f3,S' N' 6 '
1'I 576373 1 6T~ 64' '1$ 4' 94- 64' tIC 43 62 t- 8' '
t f. P t ",1.-'.A Mt''SI~_ I'S A1 '1 24--Au
10t 3701 J' 3' 1 3' J, Q 4' 14 ' ' 6
4110 1w4 17 r, -1 isL 1' '*3' R 1 84 '
"13 F,4(i~ ')l I 20)8 6914 2o o 68' 'H' 5y' j 5 38 11 F 94750) 330 247') 16 t, b' ' ,19' '1 4'' ~7x3 CKX) 30"{' 12' 518 1w p 434 11 33 t F 1
650 ll80(l 3. ' 1 4-, I R H I 2 ..8 24 5fiot) 1380.7 42tV p] s17 " -' 1 3 6 4 "4 5 4 ', ?4 H
550 16(113 4M*1) 2 2P 2 1 ' :$ 8 6'8 6' 2'. IS(xl) 14300 5Xt3' 174 ''' 4 8 H 1 t, 145f) 2080( 6W4( 13' o1 0' i 131 2 P 1t , 'Q
400 23600 12711' 18 4 'I 18 '6 199 34 779 '2 1 14'3150 2,600 3110 25 4 137 25 3 135 27 2 lt 31 74 13 8AX)3 3*100 9140 SlO 285 1A9 13 33 316 39qi 134 4'; C ' u) 4250 34000110361 430i V,4A 432 4A 44 1 47'4 4 ' ,1 49 4200 38700 11800 ',3'l1 65 n 534 '1 5 o 5M8 643 8 f 5 's 57 ' ' ' i s150 144700 17,11 65,1 852.- 653 R'5 (47 , 3 K4 h "11 62", i' '1lo4 53000 1615I0N 6(2 1> '3 92 6A96 9 44 6W if' o ' t 1 Id, '44
91
ieat it, urIace arid at ISlI) ft ("0 I)n Abos e I8(h) It (550 mi, temperatures, decrcease corin stentl. Aith in
creasing altitude. During the months of April through September, temperatures follo, this pattern near tlhe
ground to 18) ft (550 ml. L)uring the months of October through December, hoeer, temperatures are
,,ightl, higher at 18(X) It than at its surface. Another aspect of interest is a slight shift in maximum annual
temperature, Aith inciease in altitude. Near the ,urface, maxinum temperature occurs in July A ith increasing
altitude, hov eser, ocurrerlIe oL tIatmum temperature shifts slightly to%,ard August until at 2 <,(XM) to
3I)(X) It t76X) xXX) to) tempcrat ur,.', in these t% o months become equal.
h. In,,t/aUnion
I ike most arid areas,. YP( has a lo%% incidence of cloud coser, and receise, almost the maxi-
rourti posible sunshine and insolation. Mean annual cloud cos er from sunrise to sunset is 0.25, much of the
,0loud iO 'r conirsting of thin alto-cunmulu, alto-stratus, or cirrus clouds that intercept only a small part of
the incoming solar radiation."' laminum cloud :,)%er occur, during December through March, minimum
during June and September ., ,an be een froiti the loer urse of f-igure Ill-13, mean annual cloud coser i,
not c\ceeded from about April through Noseniber. siih minmums in June and September and intermediate
U S WEATHER BUREAU AIRPORT STATION, YUMA, ARIZONA
SUNSHINEz
-.. . . . . .-- 5 ] &- '
zzz
0 *- - 1921 1950 -
CLNO,.AL 0
------- 0- 1951 -1962PEROD OF 0
T.IS RrPORI LIb
-- 0
Li
z
>:
z
z
CLOUD COVER
-w. AF6 yn t A' N A ALO "fN(M
FIGURE 111-13. COMPARISON OF SUNSHINE AND CLOUD COVER
94
highN Ini Jmis and .*ugusN: I Ilie 111ountl of possibile sunshine receuseCd duiIng the s~ear is, high. aiseraging 91 per-seiit A\ iita1\im1um of 97 p,., .1t or higher is receis ed durinig Nias .linte. anid Sep-ttember (uipper curse of I IgurcIII Ill. tali Al inont hs ece't~l D ecember receis e at least 901 percent of possible mamirurtr insolation- D ail.%%aliis of itisolatiori recei. ed at Y116~ for the \ear, ss ith points oif Jails estraterrestrial insolation hs haifttr,'irilis are 'hossI In Ii Figure Ill W4." Var dot1 represents tlic total dlails, irisolitiot i rceused for cdli (IiAi 4drecord. indicating the general trend anid Shoss ing the scatter in i alues, at tarious1 time,. (of the Near, I-or exam-ie. tirhe concentration of dots around 7501 isLatigleis) in Mai, anid June indicate consistenc\ in insolation
recers ed. %shich Is, further esemiplified by the limited eiiceptiorrs belo'A the mean in those months, none hclo,,'(XI li. in May and only four Inl Juone. %lean daili, radiatiott curses are presented in Figure 111 -15 for the mnonthsoif May through September. 1952."' and indicate that peak insolation values occur betwseen 12101 arid 1 3Whours itt June, slightly less tin May, anid pr opressis el\ less in July through September. Rough Integratiorn of
insolation for Jutne os er tire rime ohWX to 1 90) hours totals about 830 Is, which falls wsithtn the data for 1952-1962 slios n in F-igure 1l1-14, Itt the earlier disc:ussion of soil temperatures, the lag in air temperatures behinidNoil surface temper atures during dlailight houirs is pointed out. It is of interest, also, to relate these phenom-ena to insolar ron. In Figure 111-9, the time of rin IIIIIUrn air temperature at 2(X) cm (79 in )is about (W510. MnIi-niurn sur face temperature at ,cro depth is a itt irim from about 02W8 to 07(X). At about 2.5 cm (I in.1 depth.minimum soil temperature occurs at about 0 6W) I hec curses, of Figure Ill-15 are approaching minimum at06(8), thie minimnum abscissa. but by obsers atiori %% ould be mininmum for wrime period before 053(0, mndi.atingthat insolation would be rising before minimurir air and ground temperatures. Air temperature become, may.mumi at approsiiarels 15301 hours,, niaitri11 surface temperature at zero depth about 1350. at about 2' 5 cm(I ir.) depth at 1350 ito about 1551). Insolar mon reaches inammir betvseen I12WX and 11WX hours.'c~dinsthe ews, thlat air temiperature lags giound tenmperature, and ground temperature lags insolation are confirtried by6 these data.
C* Wind~
Surface inrds amre geireralls light throughout the \ear, ranging front 4-12 mph 10-19 k ph I '5
percent of tire tite. ailhough in August 1959, \i rd sped of 92 trpir during a passing thunderstorm si as re-cordled. Nionti nrean %%IrIrd speeds are highest. 9.2 to 9.8 mph (14.8 to 15.8 kph), from March throughAugust. D~uring fire renmairder oftite Near, rthe.% range f rotm a nminimtun of 7.6 mph (12.2 kph) in October to anmaximtum of 8.8 trph 1 14.2 kphi) itt Decenrber and I ebrrtar% (see Figure 111-16). Gusts aseraging 16-17 mph(26-27~ kph) occur during Septenmber through I ebruar)v and 21-22 mph (34-35 kph) during March throughAugust . Strong in rds niay begin at arty tinre of tire da,% andi may persist for 24 hours or longer. The strongestgutrs recorded at the Central Mieteorological Station sias, 71 mph (114 mph) on 20 March 1970. Gusts of 5(0niph (81) kph) or higher occurred in fise mronth%. during the 20-yeTar period 1954-197., always accompanied b\considerable blowsing dJust . D~uring trigirttrei hours, firomr IS 81) o0(7(8, in d speed is 1-2 mph (2-3 kph I, pick-ig up rapidly ito 5-' ripir (S-IlI kph) after sunrise arnd remiaininig at approiiately that lei el duritng tire day'"Irhese generalities apply ito plains areas of lo%%er elesation (abotit 4W8 f 0 such as the Mobility Coniples. Inl themotuntains", as esemlplifiedI b\ tie North L aguna Moutntains, wind speeds fluctuate similarly during July
and August, bitt from about 5 mph (8 kph) to 13 mph (21 kph). D~uring Januars and February. however. theNremain relatively constant at 6-8 mph ( 1(0-13 kph) throughout tire day and night.'-'
Dutrtng late ws inter andi earl\ spring. pre\ ailing As inds are from the north; strong gusty w rIndsfront tire north and trortiriseq may occur at any time of the da% and niaN persist for 24 hottrs or longer. [Dur-ing tire suimmer ntonths. pres ailing \iinds are from tire southwest. Nutnirous small mountains and %alleys%may affect local in d directions.'
95
-.- - - -- - -
If -~E
0
10 z
C4C
* . 0
* VLz-
* *J
LAJ o
484
I('4~-1 -JIJO 1 j
Li, * - . - .96
MEAN DAILY RADIATION CURVESYUMA TEST STATION, 1952
MAY JUNE , Uj LY
.ii\ \2 .
/: , ,
.00 ,6 . .f
U G OJ S"
S E P T E M 8 E R
"* ,\. .4.00
i~~~ 6 4-7 a
0- 0
DATA ARE FOR SOLAR RADIATION ME'ASURED ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE BY AN EPPLEY PYRHF:LIOMETER
To compute the ovetoge total for any hour, multiply the midl-p oint by 60
lOn e L.gly .= I -ol / ¢M2
FIGURE III-15. MEAN DAILY RADIATION CURVES
97
, e.. . . .. ,,,, ,, , ,, i IcI I . I 4 . 7. '" , . .. - ]- " ... .m .a ; .. :tL ] 2 .. " "-
YUMA, ARIZONA
JANUARY
NFEBRUARY AC-A
NN
(2475 Obs)
Meo,, wind speed 8 2 mph (2380 Obs ) (263e4 Obs
Mean wind speed 0 Bmpn Mean wind speed9 5 mph
API MAY JUNE
43 68 5 0
(2 5 46 Obs
Mean wind speed 9 6mph C2 63 1 b SMean wind speed 9 mpph P 'S3 8 0 b
Mean wind speed 9 2mnph
FIGURE 111-16. SURFACE WINDS -PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE BYDIRECTION
98
YUMA, ARIZONA
SEPTEMBER
N
JULY AUGUST
(2560 Obs
Meonw ,d %peed 78mph
263' j 2629 Lbs
%lean - -d s-eeod 9 3'nphMean wind speed 9 8nvh
NOvE M'A8RN DECEMBER
N
OCTOBER
5 4 3 5
(2 9060Cbs)(2873 Obs)
(2630 0bs) Mean wind speed 88mphMean wrnd speed 8 3m ph
Mean wimd speed 76mph
5 0O '8 2o 28 30
FIGURE 111-16. SURFACE WINDS - PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE BYDIRECTION (Cont'd)
99
d. Sand and I)u1.t
Official records for YFPG document airborne sand and dust principally in terms of ,sibjirtt
distances and airborne particle density at standard meteorological height."5 Particle size and petrographic
analysis of soil sam ples flout specific areas suggest probable characteristic o the particulate iatIcr Allen
sand or dst stornis are encountered. Because of soil and \Aind sariables at diers isocattins on the P'rosing
(;round. occurrence of blowing sand or dust and nature of airborne paricles also s ar, ALcording to
Bagnold. ' wind ,elocity of I I mph (18 kph) at 10 cm (4 in.) above the surface is jus: strong enough to set in
motion grains of sand on the ground. Clements, et al. " obserses: "Winds tn excess of 30 miles per hour are
required to create sand and dust storms in the desert in all area-, except for regions in the lee of sand dunes and
sandy areas . . . Winds whose selocity is greater than 30 miles per hour are rare, and as a consequence sand
and dust storms during the course of a year are not common events. The frequency of strong A indstorms in
the United States desert area is certainly not more than three or four a year." Occurrences of gusts above 50
mph related in the preceding section indicate that significant occurrences of blowsing sand and dust are rela-
tively infrequent on the Proving (routd. Tables 111-3, 111-4, and 111 5, pertaining to atmospheric sisibilits
and particle density. may be similarl, interpreted. U nofficially. YPG experiences three to four dust storms
per year: amounts of sand on the Proing Ground are insufficient for sand storms to be of consequence. In
general, however, tests disturbing ground surface dust are a more likel, cause of airborne dust than natural
causes (l-igure 111-17).
C Retlatit e fIuntdtY and Oe% Point
Mean monthly dew point temperatures are pictured in Iigure 111-18, mean monthly earls
morning and late afternoon relatje humidities in Figure 111-19. Diurnal des point and humidits data for tso
summer days are represented in l.igure 111-8. )ew point is lowest during winter months, ranging from 32' to
3 "i (0 2'C). increasing progresiels until June swhen it begins an abrupt ric, reaching a maximurm of 64°F
(18") in August. Thereafter, it falls steadily and rapidly, reaching minimum again in November and winter
mtonths following. Relative humidity at 053) hours (Figure III 19) reflects the abrupt rise in atmospheric
moisture during June through August and its de .line in following months until Nosember. A maximum of 65
percent is reached in August and a low of 52 percent in November. ranging around 55 percent from December
through June. The lower curve. showing mean relative humidities at 1730 hours from about 15 percent in May
and Juine to 36 percent in )ecember, represents Yuma's, and other deserts, characteristically low relative hu-
itiidity. lata for Figure 111-8 (ambient temperatures section) were selected from three years' meteorological
observations. They were selected as days of maximum and minitmum atmospheric moisture with similar air
temperature profiles. As such they may be considered roughly represenraisc for the months of .tune and July.
but not absolute nor mean maximum or minimun. Viewed from this standpoint, the dew point on the day of
high atmospheric moisture ranged generally downward during the lay from about 65"1. (18( ') at 0100 hours
to about 50'1F at 24M0 hours, with excursions upward and downward from that trend. On the day of low at-
mospheric humidity, the dew point ranged from about 25"IF (-4') to 21"1- (-6°C) between 111() and 21(M)
hours, with a high of .34"U (1 I between 04(M) ,'tnd , g) hours and another of about 5)"F 110 (') from 221X)
to 24(X) hours. Relative humidity for the same day followed the dew. point pattern, varying from about 9 per-
cent at 1I0 hours to 4 percent at 210M hours, with an upward excursion between 1M(X) and I(XX) hours, reach
ing a maximum of 17 percent at about 0600. A second high of about 30 percent occurred from 22() to 24(X)
hours. 'he sharp increases in both dew point aiid relative humidity at this time are attributed to advection of
moist air from the Gulf of California as a small, closed low-pressure area developed over Yuma.
100
TABLE 111-3. MEAN WEEKLY DUST COUNT FOR SPECIFIED HOURS, YUMA TEST STATION,YUMA, ARIZONA
HourWeek 0f0 1200 ( 1600 2400
1 July S luly !46 716 l 64 tli*-
6 July 12 July 560 68) 656 48913 July 19 July 410 538 471 608
20 July 26 July 510 729 677 597
27 July 2Aug 654 817 871 859
3 Aug 9 Aug 767 1083 929 65710 Aug 16 Aug 549 773 910 676
17 Aug 23 Aug 482 736 697 713
24 Aug 30 Aug 473 735 778 1 557
31 Aug 6 Sept 615 682 777 447
7 Sept. -13 Sep 829 753 944 953
14 Sept. 20 Sept i 91 907 695 79021 Sept 27 Sept 60b 6,98 670 576
28 Sept. - 3OCt 53 644 734 536
Average for Period 594 749 755 654
'Data obtained from the Signal {lorps Weather Station Bldg 822). Yuma Test Station
Samples of air were collected at a height of 2 meters from the ground Amounts are num
bar of particles in thousands) per cut)ic foot of adr
TABLE 111-4. VISIBILITY, YUMA, ARIZONA
Visibility Jan Feb Mar )AApS i May epJu Jw A (j Se Oct Nov Dec
0to1S 01 02 00 01 00 00 01 01 00 0 '
Otol114 02 0.2 100 0 1 00; 00 02 '02 00 04.0 to2 32 03 Q11 01 02 0 1 0 1 02 03 0 1 06
to3-4 02 03 03 02 02 01 01 02 03 02 06
0to2114 07 04 07 07 u 15 2 04 03 01 04 03 09
Oto2 1/2 0 7! 0.5 07 0 7 051 07 0 4 0 3 0 1 041 0.3 091
Oto6 19 12 16 22 1.3 05 d' 08 03 7 0.8 16
01o9 26 2 1 2 2 26 1' 1 1 1 3 1 4 05 1.0! 1 2 2 2tOandOver 974 9 978 974 983 989 987 98.6 995 9 988 I 978
'Indicates less tan 1 2 of I 10 peicent
The climatic data presented in the above table were obtained trom the Air Weather Service. USAF
All data were machine computed and are suutjtct to sinall rourding errors
TABLE 111-5. OBSTRUCTIONS TO VISION (VISIBILITY < 1 MILE) YUMA, ARIZONA
Obstructions to Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecVision .
Smoke nd Haz 0 0 0 0 0 0'0 00 00 00 00 0 ISmk n ae00 00 00 00 00 00 00 100 100 00 00 001
Slowing Snow and Dust 01 0 1 0,2 0 0.2 " 01 * 0.3 01 02Precipitation and Drizzle 0.0 0.0 00 00 0.0 00 0 00 0.0 00 00
Cause Unknown 00 01j 00 00 00 1 102e, 0 O3_ 0 3 0 1 0Total 02 [2 03 031021 0
'Indicates leas than 1,2 ofI, 10 percent.
The climatic data presented in the above table were obtained from the Air Weather Service USAF
All data were machine computed and are sublect to small rorindinq errors
101
b
p'-.
FIGURE 111-17. M792 OPERATING ON DUST COURSE, MUGGINS MESA
YUMA, ARIZONA
To
6
55 - - - - - --- - -so-
40
Jeft. Feb Mapr Apt May Jun Jul Avg Sep Oct 140v Ova
Dewpoint temperature data were obtained from U.S. Weather
Bureau Monthly Climatological Summary with Comparative Data
(January through December 1948) for Yuma. Arizona. Length of
record was not Indicated.
FIGURE 111-18. MEAN DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
102
... ..... ..Ap Mo J_ un J. ... . . ..e..Oct... D ,ee-" ...
MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURSYUMA, ARIZONA
(Length of record 25 years)
90 j 90
855
75 75
T0 A 7C,
65 -6 5
60 -6(
s5-0 05 30 hours,.,
5O(-z
45 4
40 4
50-3
0-3
jarl Feb mor A~r May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oci Nom Dec
FIGURE 111-19. MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT SPECIFIED HOURS
103
I. Prtscipaitonii!
I o some extent, I re~o a rtha's st ate ment concerning desert pre k ipi(trIon is, applIica blIe toi
Y umia " it is a general rule. isort ih of memorization, that dependlabiliy of precipitation usutall's decrease',
4 lit (le i i llotiiit ", N 1iii 111iit I liiit-Ili J asetgcs 1, I In i' lx )kIII). N tCi f Iinig 19W and I )()
laititall III tile Colorado and,, (l1i Ri'c erssaterslieds a.IuCd lite (olorado to oserflov, into the Saltonl I rough
and r establish tile Salioli "ea. lDning a period of almiost 310 ears. i ecords of mean frequency of thunder-
siormsN at Ni irma show~ none Irem N oseniher thirough Juine. one( da fin October, tw o dla. in September, three
inI Jutls. and four in Augii si" Before c-Onttstru,1 rOnf inCtestat Highixsav X, oil one occasion thunderstorms,.
olk two suiccessise daN fi August, , ashed our1 approaches, to a bridge on 1-1. S Highssay 80 between Gila Bend
and N~ tria os er w~hit w as norma lli a dr% wsash. [In contrasl es cr5 niont i of the year, in almost 30 N e ars, has
,.spctikenced no mneasui able rainfall."' I- igine Ill1-2 It 'ows ni rinium- mean, and maximumi rainfall for each
mothi, plIn thle greatest prCL Irar ,j i in1 24 11ours and~ :llujt ates the r~rm1 o ain fall during April
through Juily. table III 4b shomos s e frcquecnc\ of o~c eieof raintfall front zero to 2.5 in. (6.4 nmj as
recordedk os er a 2' - eat period. Nias and June stanld owi. as the driest months. wsith about 98 percent of tne
days III that lite Itasing experieniced no rainfall. I It Mai, only 4 days experienced more than a trace of rain.
thle greatecst precipitat on1 being less tati 0.25 inches. [In J inc. 3 days experienced more than a trace, the high -
est rimtall being less thani 1' 1I in. (2.5 nun) onl eish of thre two days.
D~uring helt varl I Y1111, %.VnNa i s coid~cercd to be One of the areas of high ozone concert-
irat irr fit thle cent inenia I Init(-d States arid. hetnc, a candidate area f or stan ic: rests of ozone effects on nat itral
and s. rithetic elastomiers . In t he I ederal gos in nnent \snthetic rurbber prokiramn at that time, "ozone crack-
in"in, tire sidlewsals %-.as, or so)me concerni a, ss as possiblte deter torat on of mnilitary tires in storage, fromt ef-
fects of ozone. Since then, studies oif atniospher ic ozone and is, effects at ground level has e indicated negli-
gi Ole e t s on the unstressed ClAII[sOrtiers. I or or mr pitrose'. 1;os l r.crrent les els oif ozone concent ration
arfe of Interest. Ao.\ki 197', thie itrirospheric coicentraitton furasrited al the (. its of )Yunta Monitoring Station
%sas If) M~g ft' I hr muaximum..n I P A priniar\ and Nec:ondar% trancdard, are 160h pg tlm . Because of the large
cspairse of thfe Pros irg (Iiroirrd ('loie .oncenfiration rtIa,\ sn \ from site to site arid nlas differ fromt that at
fie rnotirorirtg station it I tirn. I or tests in 'A [rich o.'orte estioskire is, a factor, these possible s artations, should
he irecognized arid arrait.eirits should be tiradc lfo ozonle Inonitoririg at thle test site.
2. Terrain
file Prot(\rig (iroittid i[Ii, ties a sariets of terrain features. Rugged, deepls dissected, corn-
inrths linear hedrock miountain,, alternate wsithi grits elly arid sand\ lowlands cut by steep-sided is ashes,46 The
desert plains of Tie Pro ting G round rinse hfront about 3(X)-4() ft elesatiott along the southern boundary oif therveen tion arid from about 2001 ft along the Colorado Riser near the Main P3ost area to I15M( ft along thle
rtirthestfert birtndar ,. to IO (t hrnorthswest at (the eastern rip of that arri of the "UI." Mountain ranges, andi
small miouintam groups, Itt effect. are sirper imposed on t lie basic pla in and inrclude Tank Mountains arid Palo-
iws Mountains, tn the eastern armn . Dornic Rock Miounitainis aird In go Peaks in the extreme northern end of
thle \isesrerI rill. I rigO and ChOColate Niintairis sotuthif thiernt Middle tirountains near the base of tile isest
I104
YUMA, ARIZONALergth ot Hec...rJ ' .9ye rs
50
4,,0
0r'
3i 0~ - ;77,,
2 5 p'-/K
30.9.-
25
W X/
0JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN. J UL AUG SEP OCT. NOV 0O7C
SMcximumr Monthly PrecipitationMean Morithly Prec[itcion
0 Greatest Precioitation in 24 hOLJrS
Mfinimum Vlonth /,y Prec,,lof ion inl poc/ month iS
FIGURE 111 20 PRECIPITATION REGIME
105
rABLE 111 6 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF PRECIPITATION
Jan F Fet mar Apt Mat Jun f
Days Days b Days Days ' Days Tr Days "
None 681 87 9 587 83 1 705 91 0 709 94 5 162 984 1732 '97 6
Trart0 36 46 56 79 36 46 27 36 9 12 15 2G
01 8 10 7 10 4 05 3 04 1 01 (" 00
02 05 17 22 18 26 9 1 2 3 04 i 01 1 01
(3 to 12 1 6 12 1 7 1 -7' 3 04 1 0 1 2 0 311 25 11 14 17 24 12 16 2 03 1 01 0 00
26 50 6 08 6 09 4 35 7 01 0 00 0 00
51 100 3 04 2 03 3 34 2 03 0 00 C' 00
'01 250 1 0 1 01 1 * 1 0 00 0 00 0 00 '
58 63 34 14 - 4 3T otal 100 I (0 ',. 100 100
* 75 Y 06 750' 7(
Au . Se Oct No, , Dec
Days .Days I 05 I Dys b Days 4 I Days
None 68 88 9 655 84 5 692 92 3 712 91 9 690 920 672 86 7
tace 45 5 8 64 8 3 22 2 9 X 3 9 27 36 44 5 7
01 9 12 4 05 3 04 2 03 4 05 10 1 3
02 05 13 1 7 15 1 9 0 9 8 1 C 12 1 6 14 1 806 10 5 07 11 14 5 0' 8 0 8 11 12 15
11 25 8 1 0 11 1 4 10 ' 4 5 06 5 07 14 1 82650 4 05 6 08 4 05 4 05 4 05! 3 04
51 100 1 01 6 08 4 05 4 05 0 00 6 08
1 01t250 1 0 1 3 04 3 0 4 2 03' 0 00 0 0041 11 56,1 ~ 6------3, 13 59 I
Total ' 100 0 100 10 100 100
775 775 750 7 750 775 I
'Number of days with precipiltatron greater than a trace in relatsor to the total number of days to( the period of record
ern arm, and I aguna Mountaits (iFigure 111-21) in the extrerme southwestern sector. Along the base of the
". (atle Dome Mountains extend southeastsard from the KOFA Refuge, and Muggins Mountains and
Red Blulf Mountain are located along the southern margin of the reseratton. Peaks range from about 1080 ft
in the I aguna Mountain% in the southwest of the area to 2152 ft in the Tank Mountains in the northeast, 2822
It in the eastern ( hocolate Mountains, and 2878 ft in the eastern Dome Rock Mountains. Intermediate peaks
rise to Il(')-l9()) ft in the ea,,tern Muggins Mountains, 1560 ft :n the Castle Dome Mountains, Mojase Peak
to 2771 ft in the Chocolate Mountains, and to 26Wh) ft in Trigo Peaks. Maximum local relief ranges from 980ft (southern Laguna Mountains to the Colorado Rier) to 2578 ft (Dome Rock Mountains to the ColoradoRiver).
h. Relief
"Although the total relief of each of the mouttain ranges on the Prosing Ground is rela-
tikelv litw the combination of steepls faulted margins, extensise intra-range faulting and jointing, and severe
mechanical weathering has produced impressively rugged topography, with slopes locally exceeding 40'.
Relief of the unconsolidated desert plain materials ranges from ses.eral inches on the exten-sive unclssected gravelly piedmonts (desert paements) and flat-floored kashes, through a mean of about 7
-• ..*. -.. ..............-.. ..
U.S. ARMY YUMA PROVING GROUND
BEDROCK MOUNTAINS
EII VOLCANIC ROCKS
ED GRANITIC GNEISSIC -~d SCMISTOSE ROCKS
= SIDkMENTARY -. d MTAMORPHSED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ALLUVIAL LOW LANDS
FIGURE II 21. GENERALIZE DISTRIBUTIO OFASRACEMTEIL
1077
C Ii IN I l i 1 x e1c l " aIn d ', h1 1 " 1 ill, 1 1 tlo ' - I t('(' I (lit' 11rigl l J I , 'C ' t d. g e ll \i p re d lt io if l iiti ir p sil
flcd,Ir A lio'jrrailx
lhdro k 1rioIlIrIJilix ha% C ['('(Ii ICItrIl\ little tiled anld are of1 111irr0r irtptirtath C fill mratcr tal
rcI 11 1[1I Iiir Iti' r Ic, I hI IIi I P !I I L ( 110111111 \A ill liisrii more deaiied considleration of bedroAk charaxitis
It 1.1 It k c\Ailli IIk .411 Ciwr I, tiai ic, , 1Cx Ill .AdiictIed. the posrh it.\ oI seismic "hockIs of ha/ a rdows IF)
lcixiic n;Itii hi i'iixidered trotHl I( xrarzdpOlit (If deniies, elaxircities. anid structures, of lte bedrock assoc:i-
:L.'ii ! littitlalrtiph? ato1 a11id i,I'Cr tlirkTr d:"I irririariori .1d mar king must be considerd it re
Va.id II li! ICTlC Al~lpip' ia! n rllC,!IIC ofi tcdro,k akro d'PrOpertiC's Of I O~ks. as, they relate to thel" t 0 1leltivilt. t I t .Ci'x noi \,1011 lniix he .onxidcred F. Using remrotelk sensed detection oif
Berok ~r. Jt Orei 0H. rO\'nrsir (IrourId surface Volc:anic rocks are'i1oric i dslifiirani. mirakiii [I;, Oline toithb Ili c\poxd bedtosk I hey are most abundant tn the Aest
1 iltc, 1( hofl" 0..1 It:". 'ill, MI~JtK, *\lI1~:, Iand Ili tlie northeast l Iank anid Palomas Nlountainsi
IItit(, Izllr .illad xi ii k, .Itc flsi ill abrl:ii curr Ing principally in the northssest and alonglit x1iilhi%Cxti 'rr lIi (It I! C P!n ''i r'UIrd \11110T Oiirsr.lps (If intrusis rficks and slightlN consolidated or
'rda i.allui\ iai .ird O.iixl a,!:X iti rAr tr 'riiir nand around (tic bedrock mountains Sedimentars
-rit,, iiic!.riorI~ pliOxes'Iriia ru1~LIlI o k, make ii M0, 1 thie riortiel niit part of the Pro\ Ing Giround andnIlli Atti, Cix eOICIC w I s dii.i-gext tlir !Ir ( AIic I orrie Plail is, Underlain at rclatiselv shallolio depth
h5 bdrlot. that tit hi, I, ht-iectli It 11riot depJls Inliedl \kithi allusiurn as is common in Other areas. Bedrock'A. ri~riirierc atthe I MI 11 Jptl iil a \Aell at ( astle lDorne Heliport Ii the northAestern area of the plain.
-A 1/11 l di I .14 I.tI.NLI
-\llus rl lolklarid' are the prinw pal areai useCd for testing at V PG. Gras ell,. and sand.% xur-
laiccs irc tic -hard" arid s'oft- grounrd, r expecct l\ for impact tcsttingof material dlelis ered or emplaced b,,aircr.litt. ai Hers, or hand I hec rolling hills, sarnd\ plains, desert pas ements. "ashes, and gullies are the land
or inn rril'st sortlable for mobilitts testi rg and are representatise of the terrain most frequently encountered insleeii ruilirarN operations.'
Su // irfaicex
r a sels ruierials predominate inii ll plains areas except on the La Pozsa Plain (the north-CASIstern edge of (tlie Westerni armi of the Pros Hg Giround), southisestern areas, including the drop zones;I agiria \ini5 Airfield (omnples; the Mobility Complex; adjacent land south to the L aguna Mountains; andKiny \alle\
(,rasellsN plains oif nearly flat relief are comumonls surfaced iih "desert pavement'' (FigureIll 22). Pebble to cobble si/c grasel forms a contintuous single- fragment- thick sheet to protect the underlyingmaterials front further erosion arid deterioration. Quite frequently, the exposed surface of the gravel has adar k patirra of d'Leset s arnish" if age and conmpositiorn are appropriate to its formation. rhe s arnish is a sur-fieal, dlark brim~n-to-black stairn, predominantl\ of iron arid manganese oxides, formed on the upper surfaceof gras cI ll [tie combined effect of condensed atmospheric nmoisture and action of biological agents
I 08
Mvo
FIGURE 111-22. DESERT PAVEMENT
on the gravel surface. The soil profile beneath the pavement is described as follows, applicable specifically to
the "pavement" at the northwest corner of the Muggins Mountains (site of the Dust Course):4 -
"The surface materials are mostly pebble size (1 to 1-1/2 inches in diameter), mostly of
gneissic composition and darkly varnished. There are occasional cobbles to 5 inches in
diameter.
"Under the surface fragments is a thin 'film' of grayish to reddish-brown, silty, very fine
sand seldom more than one-eighth inch thick.
"Blowing or brushing away the sandy film reveals slightly rounded 'caps' of friable, vesicu-
lar, roughly hexagonal columnar soil peds about I-1/2 inches in diameter extending down 3
or 4 inches . . . The peds are composed of light grayish-to-reddish-brown clayey. very finesand with no admixed stony fragments.
"Under the ped layer, which is quite uniform in thickness and which has a clearly defined
lower surface, is a 6- to 8-inch thick layer of loose, almost 'fluffy'. reddish-to-grayish-brown
granular, assorted sands with minor silt and clay and very little gravel.
"Below the loose layer, with a transition through only a short distance, are the generally
grayish, sandy gravels that are the parent materidls i.-f the profiles developed above them.
"The soil profile characteristics affect several aspects of testing and tactical use of desert
pavements; moving vehicles squeezc the sandy film up around surface stones and thus leave a
109
clear, temporary record of their passing. Bearing support for vehicles is proided by thecombination of armoring surface materials and the firm ped layer. These elements of theprofile, however, are inadequate to support heavier vehicles on multiple passes; once the lay-ers are broken, the vehicle sinks abruptly to the base of the fluffy layer, with consequent rut-ting. Any disturbance of the surface becomes a nearly permanent scar that is difficult to
camouflage. The ped layer is the principal source of dust or disturbed desert pavements, con-tributing the materials by means of which 'signatures' of moving vehicles and artillery im-
pacts are evident. The dust deteriorates polished surfaces, filters, seals, and closely machinedmating surfaces. The essentially gravelly composi. .,n of materials under desert pavementsmakes such areas the 'hard' ground desert for artillery fuze functioning tests, airdrop
delivery, and foxhole-emplacement device tests."
f. Sandy Surfaces
"Sandy plains occur in the La Posa and Palomas Plains, in King Valley, and in the areanorth of the southern Laguna mountains (Figure 111-21). They are developed on thick, pre-dominantly sandy deposits whose uppermost materials have been redistributed by wind andwater. Layers and lenses of clay and fine gravels occur at depth, but sands and silts predomi-nate. A new well (1972) in King Valley near Mesquite Jim Well, logged to 1105-ft depth, in-tersected only one gravel layer (at 15-30 ft depth); the remainder of the hole was in sand, silt
or clay.
"On the plains and in King Valley, relief is low, consisting mainly of narrow, vertical-sideddrainages seldom deeper than 3 feet in the finer materials, and of wide, shallow swales inareas away from the active valley axes.
"Lag pavements (Figure 111-23), commonly varnished, occur throughout the sandy plainsarea north of Laguna Mountains and border other areas of the sandy plains. Lag pavements
4, .
, I[< ,,1.
FIGURE 111-23. LAG PAVEMENT
110
differ ftron desert pa%enients primarily because the materials under them affect testing andmilitar., operation, ditferentl and because theii mode of origin is different. They are lessestcnsie than desert pa'emens because the\ are deri\ed from thin, commonly discon-tinuous layers arid lenses, %,iihin predominantly sandy or silty deposits, in areas formerlysts%.ceptiblC It rapid CIOiotll by flooding I heir suratc ts |suall, ,lightil higher Ihai adjacent, nonpa%eiuenid fitter iateriils,.
"I he sand plains ate ea,ilNs trafficable for los ground-pressure sehicles, but the loose, fine-grained surface material,, and narrows %ertical-sided drainage,, can ,Io\, or hinder movementof sheeled %ehicle' ith ',tandard tres. I he sandy plains areas are the 'soft' areas desired forcertain artillery impact and airdrop dehser\ tests. Dust on undisturbed areas Is raised bN %e-hidle and helicopter moscrents,, but to a lesser etent b\ hehLopters than might be expectedbecaLe a %er\ thin, friable crut armor, the surlace."
3. Petrographic Data
Petrographi,: anaxse,, of koil saitple, t rom sarious schicle tet courses are presented in Table Ill-"
4. Vegetation-
a. (encral
Vegetation in the Yuma lest .. rea ,.aries from the sparse, typically desert types of the sandplains, gravel surfaces, and hills to the dense, moisture-lo ing plants of the river bottomlands. The chief cri-teria used for classification are plant sie and s.egetatton densiix because these, rather than floristi, distinc-tions, are a chief concern iii militar planning and tcting. (amouflage. concealment, obstruction tomovement, and abrasion are all related to thee baic factors of sic and density. Vegetation density is defineda, the percentage of the ground area cosered by the do%, os ard erttical projection of th-: foliage. I he ",egeta-tion types thus distinguished are dense mar,,h plant,,, cUltisated crop,. dense shrubs and trees., Sparse shrubs.and vcry sparse shrubs. I his classification considers only the perennial vegetation; for a brief period in thespring, there is usually a relatively abundant gro, th of loss annual herbs and grasses cosering much of theground.
h. I)tens' , etartont
The "dense" types are all associated vwith the silt botiomlands adjacent to the Colorado and(Gila Rivers. In these lands, the ground ssater table is frequently, close enough to the surface to proside amplewater for a relatively dense groth of trees and shrubs. and the soil is sufficiently fertile to permit the cultiva-tion of farm crops under irrigation. The dense marsh plants are submerged much of the time. These plants arefrequently found shere silt is being deposited behind a dam or \here shallos overflo%% \,aters from the riverform an intermittent lake or marshland. In the dense types, the characteristic color of the landscape is that ofthe vegetation- usually grayish green where arrosseed or tamarisk brush is dominant.
C. Sparse Vegetation
In the types designated "sparse" or 'very sparse", density never exceeds 30 percent, and thecolor of the landscape is determined largely by the color of the ground rather than that of the vegetation.
Ill
TABLE 111 7. SOIL PROPERTIES, VEHICLE TEST COURSES
SartlaPrn( p5l PnnicoalSen~ ww scl Abresw Ncet 4nabtase POriKhO Shape RemarksN~~rnbet Abrsve M.,wate Nwxlss MWi
2 vapo, L~xk Gulch 23 Quartz 17 Carbonate Subbound to nl on cl "Km &ow 3 -,icr,nAnguta, u-w.nluded heire Parlichis
below 3 uher l, 'hrta.able"r r1ontent
9 Tank H,11 Couro. 13 Quartz 87 Clay Gyoun.r Angular to Sup Seine a aborreNgh NHlfa ChiorrI linguiat sticept
'ounfll carbtonate
is 1 link Level Coe OU 3 7 Quartz 61 3 Cloy Gypsaum At-sow Graine Sao" as above,~rtyWash Amphlbota Carbonate Angular to sub
Magneto Carbonate angular nonab.Mrca '0u0d to subround
18 1ank L trel Cross 186 Or Snz 111 5 Carbonate Abrlerve Grawna Soase aboveCrounrry, Foot Hills Clay MKca sbround to Sub
Mice anguts,
22 Iruch CIO"a L try 96 Q.0riu 90 6 Clav, Round to suboround Samr s above Clay occura inL ght O~c*nlI Feldspar Carbonate aggreigate That .1 Separaed
woubd increse the norawe
percentage
23 T uck CrossaCountry 2 Quartz 96 Clay Angular Fibrous Seeremarks undersample 2Dlark Volcanic Feldspar Carbonate to aubround Comossiod almnor entirel of
clay and carbonate mruch of ifwoI' statined
2 Vspwr Lock Culch 71 Quartz 29 Clay Round to subroundCoasta Gypsumr
9 Tank H,11 Courso 71 Quartz 22 Clay, Hard Grama - Minarsl assemblage ryprci ofHrgfr HOffS Gypsum Subanguilir to uifared gniss - we Yuma tackt
Angular, Nlonabr samptles R 2 and A 3Rounrd
i6 Tan& Levef Cross 77 8 Quartz 22 4 Clay, IrOn Subangular Ro~und Abrakere grains IrrrcldaCountryk Wash Stained gritin, Magnetite Ferfl.
Gypsum
16 Tank Level1 Cross 51 5 Quartz 485 Cartbonata Angular to SubrorrdCnozntry Foot irlls Gypsum Clay
22 Truck Croaa Country 73 Quartz 27 Clay MKSc Angular to Round Felalepar usual highlyI oght Volcanrc Felidasa weathered weaY un rock
Sample R 22
23 Truck Cross Country 84 Quartz 36 Iron saed, Sobrouno to sub Badly wonl iterned graraDoA Volcano Fold",a grens, ANular feldIspar osualty highly
CLaY, MrKS wserd we Yutma rocksample R 23
w hichi Is, lwavs drab, either dull green, gray, or brownirsh. [he plan! s. whethier shrubs or trees, ate generallssmall, rigid,. or woody, and have extensive hut not especially deep root sNstems.
d . N)Aious Plants
Fhorniness is more likely to he encountered in the tree grossths such as mesquite, ironwood,and cat's Claw than in the shiubs. Trhe only plant in the area that might he described as truly noxious IS, thecholla, a cactus that is found occasionally in all of the dry (sparse) types; the penetrating abilty and micro-%copic bairbs of its spines make it a plant to he asoided. Trhe spiny (of thorny plant%, however. except inl thecase of mesquite thickets in some of the bottomlands, can he avoided w~ith relative ease.
112
F. TEST COURSES AND TEST AREAS
I. General
Test courses located in the southwestern area of the Proving Ground are indicated in Figure 111-24.superimposed on a representation of the types of surface materials on which the test courses and areas aresituated. lest sites outside of the mapped area are included in the following list of test courses and areas:
a. rruck ill Course
I his is a 2.7-mile course located in the hills adjacent to the Mobility Complex, with grades upit) 20 percent. Road surfaces vary from a rough, rock surface to loose rock, gravel, and sand. Operation onthis course requires frequent braking and transmission shifting under load.
b. Tank Hill Course "B"
This 5.2-mile course is located in an area of rocky hills in the Laguna Mountains south of theother test courses. It includes short, steep slopes (35 percent maximum) plus slopes with less than 20 percentgradients. Drising surfaces vary from sand and gravel to exposed bedrock, including a large proportion o,loose gravel with sharp stones and rocks.
t'. lest Slpe Course
Forward slopes of 5, 15, 20, 30. 40 and 60 percent grade are surfaced with gravel, asphalt orotitretc. Vehicle gradeabiliry, brake holding, and fuel and lubricating systems, functioning at various vehicle
attitude%, are checked on these slopes. In addition, 10 to 40 percent compacted gravel side slopes providemeans for checking %ehicle stability on side slopes.
d, link ("rat el ourse
located just south of the Mobility Complex headquarters, this 3.6-mile, graded and c:om-pacted gravel course consists of short, straight sections and curves of various radii, simulating secondarygra.el roads. Operation of tracked vehicles and heavy trucks on it provide test of steering mechanisms at me-
dium speeds.
e. rank te~cl tcros.-Countrt' Course
Also just south of the Mobility Complex headquarters, a 6.7-mile course incorporates natu-rally the many ruts, bumps, and dust conditions typical of desert cross-country terrain. Vehicle suspensionsystems and overall durability are seserely tested.
f. Sandy Slope Course
(;raded sand %lopes of 10, 15, 20, and 30 percent were prepared by bulldozing and are main-tamed in uniform condition by disc harrowing. Vehicle stability is observed on 10 to 40 percent side 0lopes.Surface material is loose, dry, wind-sorted sand.
113
/N
/ --
-NN
'\A / • .
o l. -, ,. ,
filL PAf,,
FIGURE III 24. PARTIAL MAP OF TEST COURSES
114
g Sand ~t)rwitoiter (UiNs
Vehicle speeds and traclis e effort in sand aie deterrimed on this straight. lesel c ourse ofloose, dry sand.
h 'dpOl I 'kA ( O lIs/,c
located in a dr, s%%ash, it s, hich the sOIl Is a loose, deep iIIXILJIC Of coarsely graded sand andgravel. this course consist,, of loops o 1, .3. and - wic, in i it e a in s hich smmer temperatures are generallthe highest in the Prosing Ground. Of use principalf. for gasoline-fueled sehicles, it is still used for diesel-
powered vehicles.
i. )ust Course
I ocated 3 miles south of K( t \ R LtW- arc t A, hC i the soil ik I iiels di. tded silt and sand, thisI-mile oval course is a site for %ehiclc and coilnponco: I",t, titder txiertiel. dusts conditions
j. Laguna Nlountain Truck Hill ( 'our se
I ocated just suIth of the lank ( ti c! ( our,.:. !n,5 rin: .'ourse tras erses slopes of vari-otis degrees. The 20-ft roadwaN, sturtaced ws ith a natural o;!, Inj udirlg sat jio -siLjC rock and grasel, is usedfor testing components of % heeled Neti,-es.
k. MlobilitY ( "omplcx
Topographicall '. thi,, area colsix, ,I flat tcfr ,i n bordered to the north and west b% lo%,-lying hills. It is relatiselv close to the K( )\ Rivc. i a,u n t m%'s -\ l,c, ('ornplex, Main Post. and numerous vehicle test courses.
I. Truck I etc/( Cros.s ( outfo r, ( {,i;
[raseising typical desert terrain. consisting of desert paserineitt. sand and grasel, sashe,and loose-sand areas, this course is located 0.6 miles west of I agi ia \rmy Airfield Complex. Vurabilit of
wheeled vehicles is esaluated on its 6.4-mile length.
m. Laguna Army Airfield C(omplet
Located just north of the Mobility (omplex area in the center of a large, flat valley with low-lying hills to the north, we,,t, and south, it pros ides a suitable location for aircraft-related facilities and opera-tions. Approach 7ones are considered unobstructed be-i.au of tOw ,absence of predominant land features
within 1.5 miles of the main runway.
n. Phillips Drop /one
A large, flat. sandy -surfa.ed arta used for tests ins ol ing personnel airdrops.
115
ItA
o. Dynamometer Course (surfaced)
Located 1.5 miles northwest of KOFA Range Complex, near U.S. Highway 95, on very flatterrain, this course includes a 2.0-mile straight section, 30 ft wide with 500-ft radius turn-arounds at each end.Vehicle tractive capabilities on paved surfaces are determined utilizing a mobile field dynamometer, Figure111-25.
p. East Environmental Test Area
This is a long-term climatic storage area located on the plain north of the Muggins moun-tains.
q. West Environmental Test Area
Located on a broad plain bordering the southern portion of Cibola Firing Range and sur-rounded by gently rolling terrain, this area is used for static climatic testing.
r. Coyote Drop Zone
Also situated on the broad, gravelly plain just southeast of the West Environmental Testarea, this area is used for cargo airdrop tests.
.
FIGURE 111-25. TEST VEHICLE TOWING FIELD DYNAMOMETER DURING COOLING TEST ONPAVED DYNAMOMETER COURSE
116
S_ Roadrunner Drop /one
The third drop zone in this area, Roadrunner Drop Zone, lies generally east of Phillips and
Covote /ones. It is used for hazardous cargo airdrops and for tests of [APFS, I ow Altitude Parachute Fix
traction Svsteit.
. (Ira % el Course
This is approximately 3 miles of abandoned high ay (no pasement) located on relatisels flat
gravelly terrain.
u. KOFA Range Complex
Only a portion of the KOIA Complex is indicated on Figure 111-24 Range tacilities are lo-
cated just to the west of the Firing Front. The range proper extends almost due east for 40 4 miles and is 5.6
miles wide. Range facilities are situated on flat terrain and house functions related to tube artillery and Aeap-
ons testing and test data acquisition. KOFA Firing Range traerses the relatisels flat. grael,, Castle Dome
Plain and King Vallev with Castle Dome Mountains intruding partiallh from the north don range from theI:iring Front. It is the focal point of tube artillery at YPG.
t Rocket .Alle
Ihis is a ground-based 2.75 in. rocket test area. It is 76.5 by 0.6 km and has three markedimlpact area,,.
a . lruck Ora% cl Course
An elongated loop just east of U.S. Highway 95. about midway between Castle Dome Heli-
port and the northern end of KOFA Firing Front, on the flat, gravelly Castle Dome Plain. the course is 3.1miles long and 40 ft wide. With a graded gravel surface for vehicle operation, it simulates operations on sec-
ondary roads at convoy speeds.
V. (a. tle Dome Heliport
Located on the broad, flat. gravellN, Castle Dome Plain, continuous north and south, the
heliport has rugged mountains to ttie east and Nest. It is used as a staging and maintenance area for aircraft
and aircraft armament testing.
s. Castle Dome leliport AnneA Graze Firing Range
This area is in the foothills of thc Middle Mountains, northwest of Castle Dome Helip,.,t
and west of U.S IIighwaN 95. In addition to test support facilities, it contains a combination 3(XX)m target
range and graze range for ground-to ground developmental tests of aircraft armament and component,, lhe
I arge MultiPurpose t-nvironmental Chamber (LMP;C) is located here. This chamber can temperature con-
ditton large complete systems. Weapons can be functioned by firing through ports.
117
LA
Moving laiger Range
This range has a l-mile ,traightaway and loops at each end. the rail and target carrier are
protected by earth berms.
2. Other Areas
)utide the area mapped in Figure 111-24. or other, ise not indicated, are the follo, ing:.
a. (tbola Range (omples
(ompri,,ng all of the western arm of the Prosing Ground north of the West Ens ironmental
lest Area. the complex is approximately 40 miles north-to-south and 18 miles east-to-west. Mountain barrierN
surround the central portion, making it ideal for aircraft armament testing. Rocket Alley and the Iosimg
Target Range are both in the Cibola Range Complex.
h. Pyrotechnic Firing Range
located at the extreme eastern end of KOFA Firing Range, this range is used for d.nanic
testing of tactical luminarits.
c. Rock Ledge Course
Approximately 28 miles north of the Mobility Complex, this course lies adjacent to U.S.lighwa., 95 and is used for testing vehicle suspension systems and components.
d. Pased Courseo
L'... Highway 95, which traverses the Prosing Ground for 50 miles, and a lesel, 5-mile paved
course adjacent to it, are available for endurance and engineering tests of wheeled and light, tracked vehicles.
e ObStaCle and .Slope Courses
Located throughout the Mobility Complex area are six courses, three obstacle courses con-
sisting of a sertical wall, bridging device, and a simulated shell hole and three slope courses with vertical
slope,,, side slopes. and sand slopes.
f. Vehicle Turning Circle
This course is used to measure vehicle turning radii and to evaluate fields of vision and fields(of fire.
g. Bore Sight Range
This is a 15(X)-yard range for aligning and checking sighting systems on targets at 500, IOOO.
anti I S( yards from the sighting position.
118
t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
I ocated in the Mobilis (omplex, this facility i,, employed to determine the effectis eness of
%ehicle sAmer seal',.
I a ((~I t Ia.I te
* hlo'Like to; nied bs I IrIAttirai dserSIj Ort o thle ( 0lordJO Riser, \%Ihere i urtn
\%a-h eet' the Riser V'alle,. i' ',cietiiiies JIiCLd I,)r 111,1loss lording iestN.
*\rt;-i~alea doss ;'ItearII ot I asruna Parn onl tile Artona ,ide of thle riser inILIde': a
iirh area usfltot e!rrCNI L ue 1I)tI 0tIL Jutatt hTIJd!rntir ekUPIptnent.
( U 'cnji; lk .i'h Rc'ci %on;
I ortired on heI, ( altr r Idc. rrp-treanrr tton Imperial l)am, tlis re'ersoir is basicaI\
tot irigation ssater 1111MpoundmentI lCcaru'e o! It, depth and uninier time high temperature. it miaN be used(fr re'.tttw aIrtp~hrbtou hile to Itreet I'Uelertrrr ,I operatrot ii high-temiperature Aaters.
3. Airspace
B-ecau'e cit thle titiihler\ and airci aft armiament te'r rig at Y PGI certain airspace restrictions are trec-e''art I- igrire 111-26 decpicts thle %arouN air~pace en' elo~pes, their designations and proportions. RestrictedAir space R 230'. sutiface to urnlinnited ceiling. cos ers the artillery firing range portion of the KOI-A Firing
Range. R2108 "it",. stir face to SO.(NXt feet, coixers the extreme northeast leg of the installation. R2308 "A"'I .00 to 80,AX) feet, :cs r all of thle ( ibola F-iritig Range, \%ith thle exception of a small strip about I mile
% ide and 10 mfnile,, long northf arid South along thle s esterri boundary just north of R23()7. R2"306 "C". surfaceto 17T,(X)0 feet. co ejn at Nsall portion of the nor rlnsseNt (ibola I iring Range. Yumnia Pro\ving Ground controls,the nse oft R 2 306 A. 11 arid (" R-210)7; and R-2108X A arid 13 airspace,, e~clusis clv. These areas are released tothe I ederal As talioi Agenicv vdhen there is, io DM01) rCL4Uirennrt, . xxhich occurs, on a dlaily basis, normally in
the ectmcig hour,, and oti xx ceketids. D~uring these periods, corminercial aircraft regularly overfly the Proving
(it ound. flne Marine C orps Air Station (%MCAS) Yunma makes extensive use of R-2306 and R-2308 abos e
I (ttMXf feet for tactical training mnaneirN r.
F. COMPARISON OF YPG WITH OTHER WORLD DESERT AREAS
1. Gieneral
fitn I able 11-2. errs tronnieitl characteristic.s of YVP(; and ot her world deserts. are tabulated, allow%-Ing the reader to make independenrt comparisons depending on his specific interests and upon asailable data.
I or ItIrt-hel detail,. the w'en) oIJiV i1e otHIs piiblic.itiotr is urge',d to useC tire ) tuna Climat11C .Analogs" " prepared
b\ thre ( iiarterrnastC Rvwcaicft aiid I rigirneerring ( eniter atnd the I ertairi Analogs prepared b\ \\ater~axs, Sta
tioli. ( ompN ofI I ivirter. '' I Itese ss orkN ate tinnieti x aluable tin the exteni of data compiled and anlalszed-
119
U.S. ARMY
~-- YUMA PROVING GROUND
R-23 0 6 8 180,000-80000 _ F-1
R-2306C17,000C F>.
SUSURFACE
- -2-0
80I(D FT0
SIJR0CE'0 -
FIGRE 11-6.RESRICED IRSPAE EVELPE
95R-207
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olther %%oil'] dii'.rii'. I fic analog)1' mldi.)8Ie' (ft e a CII other AiCl~idc i~ti' j11iC(lo I IC' N PC(,
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rnialti'. oft fie Iigiohall I I meal 8 11281 811 plecillICrikl Illt C\,.C' ofie 1 artiouli aiop 8CIIPIC ll,' 8'., 112 .11! C'
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12) .\'irfhiea t A [ricit
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121
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Imit ~f~ a4 I e i V411.
kiilllnci ~ li kkm c- tcIa to , ol e il %%l her, C it ai e ~ ho~e t ithid ~ Cd.1,110 u [It I hot I~ iiit l eule tc'tt 0]11 lilt)'!
i rc tIfif cllt [ifiar c I i uptr aiiiict .Ini tug thek tI are'1 f m onthl lito ile at'giiIi .Ilo i l h lo~iit% 111 , 1I
N 'ii p t ithlre r t R11 t. I \e nlie x cai of ow blt\dcIi\ I i II aetton'I,:h~c 41 lnciie Nltriaofile and c toa Ili mICI'-
rillr Il' hig lds r to' tinsi III )nhg tiii Iri I' enic iuci nIaii flin Jii le N tolict mothi .htil lit .ud oo
highillbe fiaogolN o fle ~lli a efa c 0 P, 123l it ll JC~ T W1101 oO
th n 1 iI)a l Im.,fi l, 1d i r %I~ fl 1 1 1 M CI ite V a h NIm rkck 10 11
VT-' L l ' l i,,'\ ' * ' l i.- I 'l, \ , ) . ( ' : [ ,~ l . . I , k " | L L ' ] ,
J k
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'II L
I 4 I ,
I i I I I I I 't I c ', I I c . I I I I I I
01.11 1" ,Ili t I' I' 1 I , I1I~ V I~ll k ,1 ' I ' " ' I l 0 111 hCIIlI I I 1 ' I M CL 01I ,l~
\1i.!\',I'M I Ct I"I l' l JIL I,' " [ A') 1 I t I k I I ! ,, I C I Ild tu 0 1 \ I~ l l ,1 l *1 C I I I ,'III a o (,I I hI ' H T I 1h'1l1
l ','!,11 c]I } I ll ' l Il I; ' I' I "fl') , l l I ) , I ' Il 1 .1 \ . A TIJ I. l k ~ ' IW 1'A .',1 t~ I '
Ik L', i, L' j C I I I 1
124
ogotis tot rieart dill% kItipet1catuIe dIttIlg the Loldesi month \nlopois Itteall dails It IItpetltuie fatiges atefountd ithroughout most oft -5.genitiiti I rugui. aiid lParagUaN aiid at %ar-ious Ce ilts11 inI the Andes, and tfie
upland teIC9n1S Of thle northeirn countiles In file siudN aica. A small area of absolute nasruui temperaltiire
analogs exs tin nor-thern Argentina. A narro\A strip ot precipitation analogy is found in Perui and es iends
s.outhi~ard to central Chile betskeenl the tit er coastial loss ands and the Asetter uplands, as, well a,, in totisesi
emiiifeergtina. Watniiest iiotiih cloudine1ss, atialogs Is found InI the %%esietr foothills ot the Atides, between 22'
and 37 S01I h liii;tide. Attalclgous area,. kfit id speed are founid os er most of the stujdy area. I here are no
regions, of mean dews point analogs for the \karmest mionth or mnean ielatis e iumnidhi for the driest mionth in,
South Atmerica.-
-IIhe chlmate In muILch of' .. ustralia is, anialogous, to that at Y uma in one or mnore el -
ettients. especial).% utealm mlohl hicnipti at tire. Iftic non-anialogous area,, are the higher mountain areas, andthe easti coastal lo%% lands,. I lie corn inetti is mu1.ch mnotecIAparable to Y umra in %sinter than in sumnmer. Most
of the coninent receis es too iniuch precipitatitorn for close analogs ot more than I\, o elemients. except in the
I alse Uyre basin. I-s en here, the analogotis delimitation is based on extrapolated s alues, rather thtan on station
data ss iihin the region . I- ci the di test siatItI in .- usi ralia reccietss more rain than Yuruma. Mean relatise hit-
midities. howses er, tin more thant half the Conttintent are analogousN to those at Yuma. [he absolute maximum
temperature, 127 - . at (lonFCUrrN conmes \A, ithin one degree of being too high for analog. .A general paU1cts
of interior stationis pres eros a thorough anals sis, of Australian cliates, and any chinatic analog study must be
considered pros isional.
h. Terraint
(I) (;rietjI
Ife ef fect oft scale is also signif icat in appl\ Ing the terrain analogs, and ill e% aluating
their usefittimess. possibl more so t han A iti espect to thte cliatic analogs,. Whereas, climatic factors, at N uniaare retatil% ey homogeneous, from area to area and w it hin usual sw orking heights aboi, e ground surf ace, consid-erable variations ma\ exist in terrain characteristics at ground surface and belows wsithin those same area dif-ferentials In addition, (the relatise significance oif terrain characteristics depends heavily on the intended ltr-
rain use, such as, moseenin of material or personnel os Cr it, excas6ation, construction, camouflage, conceal-menit. projectile impact. seismic shock. etc. Giranting thle importance of those variables, estimating thecomparability of YP(, and other desert areas is heavily dependent on the accuracy with wshich terrain charac-teristics of each are represented. Qualitative methods consist of written descriptions and photographs or otherpictorial represent atIions. wh.lich depend oti skill in word usage, photography, artistry. etc., causing suchmethods to he subjectise amid] difficult to use for comparison purposes.
The terrain atialog-2 2 adopt a quanmitamise approach in which the following terraincharacteristics are represented numericalli; (see also Para. llA.5 of this report):
Characteristic slope Soil consistency
Characteristic relief Surface rock
Occurrence of slopes greater than 50) percent VegetationCharacteristic plan-profile (ienerali~ed landscapeSoil type
125
B\ a,gnuu rt of nitricil salt 's to %ar-ot , degr.r" or c iiposition ,,l h c,+.harac,
itelrih on I mlapped area, a nunerical representat ion is achle%d for it" gro )und area mapped [ he degree ol
analog% het eell t o areas., sLli a, i '( ir rd a s olld desl I a[ra, i,
0h ls replestited b% cornparlori of nu
ilerical des:riptorv, I'igure 111-2' is such a reptesntation for YP(G plan-profile. I -gure 111-28 a representation
tot veneral landscape, anid l-igure IlI 29 a representation for soll ckti til5 '. itih the a"me teatnenl
a'Lodet sorte otlhl desert area. tic degie of analog% tom these spcitic fealie is ascittatiahle hs nureri
.Al LoimpJrisOnI. In I irtJrr III 3tt, a (i uto irs) Analog or I andfornr ,nalog (cotniprioi g appropriate anal!,ses
Of such a, I- igures Ill-2 ' and 28) indicate, the degrce of anialogy bet% \ci: specific areas of N P(I and ilte north
ett Atrican tl[)esrt tnot slihss nil I or example, %%I01 the analog" for both areas aarlahh.', it calr he Nen that
Kinig , alles I' anialogo 0 t a lirge atea in ltor'thk-'st Ni!er. arid portions of the lank ,ountain', Palonwia
,loitllmtr:r. (astle i)ome Mlntaiun ss, Mliggills \loitarris, aid (hocolate Mountainis are analogous to an ex
Itctiie area iII ,lgeria nortih. noifth" , ard nortlica t',! rI , rf I ape i;lne. Sinirlaris Asth appropriate terrain
alaiogs it hand, atz of *lP( tellain, analogous oi not alallgou to other A.orld deserts, could be accr
iftnted I 0 date, there appear it)o e tV 501'tbsCtaW o Osx of the terrain analogs for materiel testing anid te',t
planiing. both hearing on a!curacv. Some of tie' tr tctor nlap , such as (ihaiactenltic Flan-Ptofilte. are
onsed on faindoiln salpling of art-as NAithin a I rile diam+rcctr 5 itclc, in Ahich diffetinces in snrface elesatior
,,I less I liai li ft are not considered. Another olstacle i tha t of decribing tite boundaries of aii area of inter -
extl i th liifticvlnt accuracv that ii can be located pre, ciel> ol a plane map. [)epending on the type of material
, he tested. :1 ciange in ground lesation of 1it or the profrle of a \%ash nmay present test conditions nol
rih repreetilat\e of the ptrfOlinallrce requirements of tihe iteni The obstacle of accurately describig and
delineaing oil a Imap tire ground locatiot t a speciicfr groird area has to to sith probllmis of ct ogr'ph\
ild riii reproduction, modification, and interpretation. -s esaniples, the N'P( areas of terrain chaiacter
izcd on e ci plate ot tie re rain arralog, cos er air area of Olte degree of loigitude and one-tialf degree of lati-
uide., .i ,liajor part but trt all W N P0. Indice r relerernce are tire lines of longitude, 114 (K)' and latitude.
I It W<'. lh Iics indickatlig 15 liiler\als, along tile 31 i line. Ihe Prosing (round boundaries are TOt
sho-%, ri l ie scale of the printed area is approximately I :44K),(K) Identrfication of a salietnt mapped feature orn
tie P1os i1g Ironind Is. thu, subject [to diswrtiovs irlicrnth ir reproductitorn processes, mragnifred b,\
Ohe Inil scale
2. Conclusions
( onhirsions ilt the sarious tertain analogs take such forms as tie lollowing.
In general terrs, tire terrain of ile Noilttlm est African desert is moderately analogous to that at
Yumia Ptomig (,round. ApproinatelY 221 percent of the study area is highly analogous, 41 percent is moder
miely aniatlogus, I5 percent is slightly analogous, arid 3 percent is inappreciably analogous to terraitn types
f,ound at Yima. l~o areas of the lagant Plateau in the extrnem southern part of Mauritania, occupying Is,%
than I perCten t of the ,t ridN area, fall ssiniln the not-analogous categor.
Highly analtrgotis areas are found Aithin all of thfe phvsiographic units of N '% e\cept the plateau
legiont Mon rtaitnOu regtons mapped as highly arlogrus itnclude thie Ahaggar, tire eastern part of the Art
aid (tire ,\fill Allas
Ihe eastern half ofl tr ( irand lrg ()rietntal. the i-rg (eTch. the dittile and hill lands of Spanisih
,,im., and numerous desert plain areas scatfte rd throut irout tihe stutd\ area %ere included irt flc flighlt
1ii~trniul t r 12
I 26
45--S 3P Vks THI1 44 Atf A AA[1 IFLAT
RPt F ( I tN Nt Aft AND 6ANCIII
. . . . . . . f .q( P44ONOUNCIEF -(41,HS 0I- LOWS
FIGURE 111-27. u ' ARMY YUMA PROVING GROUND (PARTIAL) CHARACTERISTICPLAN-PROFILE
EJ ; M H>,,LMil NTANS
4M,11NTINS
PIIB.l,40 HILLS : S
A 1 2I6 '4 CS
F1 4415 26 455C
FIGURE~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ 1-8 U.S ARM YUM PRVNCRONPRIAL EEAIE ADCP
A1 1 2LI7N 5 . S
I 72.
Ct..\>'3 ~n.. I
S TX,.'. A~1''-'7 ,,
Ct? K-
V- is
xc" 1
GuF4 F...' >. i..5 (hkJ2 NV * L K'N§it. CNC'
-7
(
1*' ~<
I.
Nt1 ,. r
p
I IhUBF III 0 . V 'M/' p~iO'. N:, ~HujND 'PAR tIAi I (1 F0M1 TRY AN.u (AS
Plains comprise the majority of the physiographic types within the moderately analogous cat-
egory. Ihese plains include the Tanezrouft, Aouker Basin, Fl Djouf, Admer, Northern Tenere, the depres-
sion plains of Algeria and Mauritania, the flood plain of the Niger River, and the Tunisian coastal plain. The
High Atlas. Saharien Atlas, and the western Air Mountains proed to be moderately analogous to their Yuma
counterpart. lie hill lands of Adrar des Iforas and the dunes of Irrarene, Makteir, and the Grand Frg )ci
denial were also mapped as moderately analogous.
Included in the slightly analogous category are the plateau regions of El Hank, Tademait, the
Southern Tassili, and the ltamada du Guir; the clay plains of Southeastern Niger, the Southern Tenere and
numerous other plain areas throughout the study aea; and the dune areas of Southwestern Mauritania.
Inappreciably analogous areas are confined chiefly to the Algerian High Plateau, the Iassih-n
Ajjer, the Spanish Sahara plateaus, the Hamada de Tinghert, and the Plateau of lrhaquriten.
At the expense ot repetition, these documents develop analogs of foreign desert area% w4ith YPG
(inherent in the analog design), whereas ii is the intent of this document to show areas of YPG that are anal
ogous to other desert areas. The generalities of a summary of such d-tail as contained in the terrain analogs,
do not compare specific areas of foreign deserts with specific areas of Y-u. To elaborate in detail necessar,
to do so, although very useful, might result in an overly cumbersome document.
129
1 30
IV- MATE R111A iTISTING RELA~RLMLN 11
A. (EFNFRAL TESI ING RII1IREM-NT'S
I it. \ at fellIlx : wid l lI cll ' o ii~ IIIcA pI% I '11 tcoh lolt 'INi 11 Il T I ki flhl : II Cii b\ thcakt ikhCI\L IiictiV, o
111C dCLLi Iit il c utIIi 01ji 11101 t01I\ tt i ' \ i ihi ,\ cI'. mohp.C\I h~rc kmdl m
I c I It~ > It N~~ ! 'k, I) I ..c,I t 1 1 1( (11 ~i j)(I\ \ t t IICJ i\C d!IP t t t~l, t'f ,,k tf I )0I it( 110 . - ,c'ill
pct if ~ I I al a I il 'I 'pc 1 1 ,i a C, ; tc' 1, 1n \ t 1 k Iw I IIk.L III tAl i" 1L'VI d I1 11 \111 /k -11 1.I
I\ il II it 11 tlltt.1 I Ile II ita -,-it 1k.I Itd ii il al11 :1iI kI 17 1 ca I l, c o t m a lItc
Pt'. it all apIiit 'T\1-0 1
al- a ii t i'- all "1 1 if -i -- I Ii'~ J .1 I C k
111-1\111
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I it I c , I A I I I ''(,!Id It!, ij I c I
k tit I i-,! c 1 i t I L. I I J I r,
I I I I I It I I I I\- c, I! It It C % 1 c I e apihi tit kit operal it arld set 1, c pet ,ill Ile]
;let Im I Il I Ilk! I tit- licst." "I I\ ad I tis I file nt,, I i1hr I k ilk 1011. 't I I d I I !I) L fc,11111cd lot plopel Of)CIM1011 Of file t'LIL1111
!IxTll ml aditi'llilcim, fit !ll't'lL A 11 10111 -0,1!- Plitt I \, i" 'L 'ill fj Cl ' ( if) LIhTICii!IoYl he III1Jjk 'ki!!
0111 1 111: 1 \,C1IICI\ ".01 1'! ! !J A wow Jxivct of dirl " 11.111 -1111XIII
li'li wr I )" .1 J) I I,! It I ell' - 11 AI Ii, I k p- ',I! I CI it, ot panels, or c\,xTition al dc\tcw \
:o I, it I Ill , h .I I ! , , I, ioi i I
I I k I It 1 .1 [1 1 1 , I , I I I I 'i I Y Ctj 1111' 111 ' 111 t 11 il I r Cl j el 10 Its 1111113, 1 O ll
tho'c 'Ift"t %k III, i! 'I i II !L ilIC11 11 11 10,':mon of , imtio!, for ct 1;,:iew opcia
:Wll IIA\1IIILl!I' !C\ I'll rl 1"oll .j 1), 1 C Ill J),,'l I ( LI f C :1) 11110 1 Icd air co tit I (I r i a It Iit t 'Ilcd L:\ III, , C, '111 M. V It'% 1"C'
cw allf 'CA I 1 0 op(i,:ifl f!IILr, lot % Ic III
mi It mi-li A-11 - IT 1 11'111 e\!I1ttI1t it'll '!]I Ijl
e I C I I I tl !1,1 x e:lc III\ ill .1 'll'o kill ';life CI 1 C, 1', 10 I)CI
p I
11 1) 1 1 IA C r f I L ;'Ic j!u l loll Ilc Of the subject 11CIII 0! \,Iclll 10 Olk
1-11C, I, I t :Ile jd% CT C C 1! [11 !Jill, it I il I) It , Itid 1! !"It . 't ! I il! I I ion to alld %\ it hill t lie oPC1 ;it lonal !,, lie ( I (It
I I A Jcro; lild I IcIki I.-ILI III I lllt ;lj it, c, 'Ind ";Itcr I I ional CTII plo.% 111clif k\ clpons \k III he If I I\ ell
%% ( , I , I I I I I C k I t k , I I , I t, I I I c I I I . i , , -I I ! I e I I . Ill 't I I I I 'I I I ed , \ I C C , I I I I J t I I c 'i . a [I I T11U P IT to ll %N III
c I n I"'A' cd ilk orl ,' r , j , '11. 111, , I, 'i'lld I I, ed . 1111.1cs \k ill tic kit 1,L cil oll 11101%k I% ,
,Ili,! I., , ,I [it I ll , W ,' It CA Ii 1', i CIC, I I 'Ill 1, rl .l 1.11I)RICIII , iIII :I a I I alh ! , 0 1, 1! ti, I W TI
it; lpil'' il"ll"'T A I 'kj tj I 'I Ilcl) X)d %U i)[11 It-, 'N I ; I I 1 1 be I I .! r.,;-o! ted . '10T ed 111,1111 la I tied . let 1 1, cd I It,!
'I J j I kLjr I W:i ' 1 1 1 ; ej !!j I Lll: ! I'J I' % IT) Ci!, 11 'lrc, o r I Ile ICP T L" CrIla : 1% c Ill
I UN T V A( 11 1 1 11-S
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1 IV, t I 11 .111 1; Ix Il';I. 11 1 Hill CICHIL-Ill I tit 011111k 'I'( L , Illd IlIvIldil, C dild IC, 11111, Ill ell.0illect lll ! , Ill
'11. 1 11 1,111 A Ild , IIIIIIII Ill, 1, 1' 1 Ilk , 1 111fed
I Rangc
11"I t , 'r, 1,11.C, %k ldc -, 'if It I\ I! A(,Woll, Alld 'IFII(Illp, Fim I10111t
And 'I" , Il :I - 't'lil - J , ItI'll"ll !1w 1,11 I't I III)! :" ,It 0 : (ilk' ItCI lCtIM ICIU CIIII ill O lC IC [ tl, 1111\
It ;,Vll" ;I, , .1i 'III IC J'k of ',% Ot .111 "1 Oic follo\% Ily
I It lilt 1, Ill 1111 it,- cs"If \ Ill, : I micili'll foil Im flicilsill ille 1111VT lot '1111,1 C\Icf I'll halli'll,
;,tit 111 '111, 11.1. & '111vill'I'm to[ It". 1;1,I plel"ll ill [(Ili ls \,capon Illsilet. (Ioll 'Cl \ we tllkt
M 11W', 11,11), 1 1 Al 111' 11", Alld I"C' 1 1,0 Cl \ 111d \\ 01 Killp
L
I'l Intrg r sirges Ot adequjtet length for file s eapoux1 to be tested, "s ih sale %err cal airspac:e andsN idih andi sy ith adeq natc Impact areas and targcts. as r CLijired. Ranigs lor tank guns and air -
ro-ground missiles require both fixed and nios ing target ranges hasin ngrecessalI increased
imipact dispersion limlits. Ar eas used for emplacement of inres under precisely control led
Conditions shold also be 1ottsIdered as range facilities
C. Non- tiring ranges, or target arras for determining perlorniarce and acCuracs of sighting arid
ranging 55Nstemis, gunr-pointing ss stemis, and iss ile guidance and control ss stern',
d, Transportation of %seapons arid muniutions Includes tras el os cr s aried terrain, iilat ink
Corrrrrruknrcation torte to !0orn ard depot. toriikard depot to forward siipl. polio. anrd t~tc
transportation to point (it emiplacemlent or use. 1-vpildlkv such rase i igiht inc,:lude P ed
and secondar\ roads, and cross-c:ountrs cou.rses iii sands, gras dlv. and rock.% desert rtrain
onl such a schiedule as:"N
Io I- or%% ard D~epot 5,0-mi pased. 150-mii ,ecoridar\ road
To Forssard SLI' iv Point1 15-mi secondars, road
Tactcal M*os ernent "O-nIi sanidy desert. cross-countr\10-tin gras ells desert, cross-CoUntrv
"s-til rockv desert, cross-CourltrN
Tactrcal deplosurient might he mte specifically di ided, as Indicated in Table I - I. itnto isNpes of
cross %coutttrN terrain, %%filh regard to the ty.pes of ss capon s\ stetnsis olsed. for more realistic sirliulat ion."
TABLE IV 1. GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF ARMAMENT AND INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS
- - ___-- ----- ~ Light; and Medium
Desert Individual Small W ieigrht Crew Toe SelfTerrain Arms (Not L Served Weapons* oe Propelled
Component Crew Servedi Hand Vehicle Weapons WepnCarried Carried
Secondary Foads' 01050 '020
Mountains 18 8 12 21 22Badlands' Hilts 3 I 35 i 8 9Fans,'Washes 8 8 11 19 20Plains/ Flats 19 19 27 47 49Dunes Fields 7 7 10 20 20Dust 10 10 10 10 10
T'otal- 5 5 75 12513
(Not includingSecondary Roadsi ) .
*First deployment cycle onlyntt enidclisoi adtid(ie- Some crew served weaporis are hand ca'ried te g .the 90 min recoriless riflel and others are vehicle carried P g , !he 10)6 rr-r
recoilless carried during tactir a[ deploymenr as applicable In othei words ime cane or the other will apply not both- The total mileages given nr this rable are generally arbitrary However deviation should be avoided so that subsequent tests may
be effectively compared
rhe dust course mileages are subtrar~ted from the total mileages. and the remainder is divided amont the world s principle desertrttrain cnmponents accordfing toi the perientageofi total world desert area that each component occupies
133~
I A It I I , .
3 Siorage andj tLxrm..tjre %itcs
'I''
it I
I' c I t c To I , M id I t .I
kt!I * <~ ; l t . . ] I'l . I "'" , I j , c" < 1 1 , <
r I r aT n i 1n,1,,1 1 11
I *\hI , eP wNt Ill, k i t il,[ I ' ic 'i iulol I t Ila I it I ICt M line CL J , t I I c h p oilm t i i , c I l.
nut d \11 111itm Itm II I M ol m icn i'ie t dmIt le 11 iiri it 1 d , co i ci ; proin l it 10 1 t1 e 1r 11).Vd re All' i at c 11 !.I
ini 1ti tY A~I tttiid ItheI .. 1 I Il Iitc-c\I, ~Mii 2 iii! C11 te I l' I I Cltic' pci. l e L en? M111co c n d.Ai a m -
pro i ion', for thfe t ollo\ it In!
" Test Preparation. %%1,1 cit Ithi 1 hC !c~id. i Idi!i and intomticiii 10 he 0 "tliiei.
* Recording Test item. Ideutit ing (he tLt 11ern mud1, eTt iilk tL Mm dit:1f mit mii (tietd i
" Inspection. I In i IA. mid Afer et ch tor~i ae tprl rit uad opcrainon phdac)
I* I I Ite tit R in'-- Asnin tg thItat th1)e Iitemn jx read for teInt
* 1 er Nomtt D ~nx eteriliiliw chalikCe' 0-:kImring Il tile Itetm reIhlin ll oni, hm :t
* Storage and Exposure. it, itnmtitm !otinm\d dellot. foinin aid 'tippik Poit, and 0pi)Ttlio0tI field
milpplit tit tot ivc
* Transportation. to timtultte transporitanot it) forininrd clepot, foiNafid nuppl\n point.1 And1 t10 IInd
around thie nine dotnlatn (hatt ICe-I~hed
" Functioning. 11a~n tile eint Itern inl mipe,winal eottilmil tton ininih nJLCC'mdt pelfhiilalicet thUe~
miring iiuitntir hiogmirph\, .and data rcemrdliig ' el'intalled, operatting \ith i applopr In conk trl anI td at erd ti re1.111C rI Ilit I l IIlC -ll pttnn per LortC arI Id Cen In ronnt c111 Ile I iCItIIC
* Safety.
* Iun !n I it \1Iit v , I'T iti 'I I li cittm.1! l toll'n hettte tu" i tu mtrtutin e-aCh li tloe It rite tc'i I cI.%
',,11 1 'll ('111 it' t Ai Ii. ld i e1%IC 111 eeCnC I pmIi u O I' \ C\CetC I eda d thIatI na ICIt Ilunl I;i I l
Ii Itim NJ! Iii It'i ' I dl, .111 11Itminititl 1itilino i it? 11 the ICti Itig tnicutti tol
id il~tI C1,111 !I. III I. I~ Iti~ Iic le t i.!% k~it)Id ble iiicaril IL ell I ir t Si.d arid fI iI c I r it II I:I i Ii i I
. 111. Tel lk ii e.ar I I I \cd I I I, Ia ii 11 tlIII inlde d aIIta t I I lM 1i 1it a nd I c or d Irg a it d oinputert terni n a l ,
III, I \ii hIL IaItIsIjITl 11 111( 11,111 lil li i I IIo h 11 11 alie~ I!t CeelT Ioiiiet , pritu iIIcr i 'ini Iiit ic .. rlil'i j Itt l. tr itn
1 T d Vt 1111 kIllCIt'tI TIm labo t Ij t at . hiTra hi L!Criii ,%iea it )d ,vop cil.I k Ltiin i. l eitii Hk!all I a (Italts Idl
U TEST PROCEDURES
c spa r ate I c, perasrvn, : Aiirt. I II '' I haI- hkeer IdesC\Cehk'ped IfoIr eac:h I I Ie fot mateI el . dr N J I
iiiLI'I h' stuidied to dceeitIliek insrlt i 111',rW '-! 111' IT isen te . "Iilh tell r.'edujre, dei neate pr-
%'1011 10 !hTttttddele !itC ~ c~Ti,, %J5 f.t~ttr lhitpe it test itern concrned, and ca~h p~e
durk: onllne'c lpe'11 iti. i ' ji t he ltleed ill!104 !1 hC I .iccr: Il hed Ini orinion. ftie'e procedure, rid-od
pfI'lons for the tolioss inc'
" Test Preparation. k(<Cs es s%N, ln :0 he re'ted. tili data and in formiation to be obtaitted,
* Recording Test Itemt. lderiit\m inche rest retc and e l~wno as ailabiti, Of ali operarting and mirn
* Inspection. lmIntiail, and) alter ealth sora~rc. tra ttportatiott and operation phale
" !c~ t em Readatess-Alsnring that the Itemn js ready for tes;t
* cI esifrem ( hane cs )et ernming changes occurring in the Item resulting fiont ea~li telt
ph asie
* Storage and Exposure. 1o simulate for% ard depot. formsaid supply. point, and operational field
,,lippl\ or ltot age
* Transportation. T-o kinitulate transportation to fors~ard depot, for~ ard ,upplti point, and to and
arounid the usert domnain (battle-fIield)
* Functioning. Plaicing the tet iterm i operar tonal cotifiguratnon, Asith necessary performance Inca-
luring int rUntentattori. photograplh\ and data recordring stesinstalled; operating ,k itll appro-priate control, anid ,alegruards arid recording all pertirtent performance and env~ironmnttal criteria
* Safety.
* It(-- Icst I tniirintrg. prior to onperatitort and before and during eachi phase of the test cl c,
hut1 all latetly stwaenetit and releases base been properly esected and that sa fet\ limiitatinare: under stootl anld obsers ed 11% all perslonnel ins oh d in the testig operatitorn
.. N ll t e c i T tt l I t.in ( ,I % :I k, 1 1 1 WI I.~ d j c II IV C IC ,i i i l l t C . I ' jl i I I I ' I K l
* Seciiri! s
I~~~ ~ ~ ~ .,-. t.. nLilI 11J 1 J
0! Lit.. 01 K 1
, ' I .' A 1!l Ojn C A' I 11111o ITT Of:~ !I~i tc~ C Ti
I' ItiC .iC~~~~~i .... cl 'I .TTTICI C '1 , 'wIT. CLllI 1.1 . -1110r'L ! CiL':;; tifril, i l'n & rc ~I
.1 ~ lC Cl~CT .'\I~C I~I I C FC ,11t 1112 p T II IIT.. IT XlIC tt!'CI IIII IOIC01 PCmktV lII lk
IC'II i ) IdI 'C J ~ , )I , C:j 1 l I , -I C : , TI C,(h tlc ) j , ,,e k :~ rn a lc m t reI% fII(
I :Ic C IT' 1-' 'iT, i C. 1;1 al IC.I I ctr C Id la t Iidi pow n In h nT e andI rep rt ,Ihc it v. ! h
I 1 . C'J .i IL C1 t1 11 ~ 11 iT Ic'.1101 01J TT 11 h J ff'IIitaeJIa e ]taI Il
FH I I I'.T /I~ ' I'(
I ni. Tipi l~kT I i~rtlng I~il~dlilfl, !T"C~iIII~l I~fltd'ilfl
ic~lilly 111, k I 3
(b) Alternative reliability assurance-Must rehahilitN be inferred from engi-
neering analysis of deficiencies rather than from statistical frequencies
(e.g., testing of one tank as compared to 5W) rounds of arnnunition)
(3) What ranges, dri% ing courses, exposure sites are to he used - ne, facilities required'"
(4) "'hat data must be collected-- ins rumentat ion, technical photography required?
(5) Data analysis-How is data to be collected, recorded, reduced, anal,,ed-conputer re-
quirements, data graphics needs?
(6) What maintenance, ser% ice and supplies are required?
(7) Support requirements-re, iew needs and arrange for:
(a) F uel and lubricant analse
(b) (heinical and materials anal ,ses
Ic) Meteorological data-- -special requirements
(d) ( omputer support
(e (graphic,, suppo t --drafting, charting, illustrations
I f chicle aircraft support
(g) (onstruction equipment support
(8) Personnel availability (test and support -professional and technician- orientation and
training)
2. Test Item Preparation
a. Identification, Marking and Recording-to ensure identity of the test item(s) throughout all
phases of the test program-may include photographs (Some portions of the identification
process precede unpacking, but the process continues into the operating and inspection
phases of the complete item and its component elements).
b. Preliminary Inspecion-to ensure that all components are present and undamaged upon ini-
tial unpacking; record and report deficienLies with photographs or drawings as necessary.
c. Detailed Inspccion- performed, as necessary, after phases of life-cycle testing, including
operation, to determine effects of the prior test phase on the item and before any subsequent
137
~i n I I fl t 1::, 1: lri e e' 1 ' t a di~ Ih, c s C. : nC i C I!trIirtiend I n !. m , a\ i c u;I,
II efc I' tII: 'I 't \'IiII ,I en. ci I I l iI2 A" ~ Il I0,I ci }vpig~ Jf.,>
d ,W~lhv (II f Ic I e tiI I , .',I c. I CI a!Oe ' oCI l11!U 1 Ii no \ l, idi -Ik.a CId' if) ! k
dlk k~tn and I) Ia U lIc. [Wr tg,!,,1 1111e o 11\ itioin1,, (l ilcIkoI , ia
qllc II t C: 12 - iIO iu I .C: CI I L 'cilCFMhal ;) i ':! a lll 1 . .
.cWC "> rii, \1 Imp' [c 01 .* C l' j!i 2li, . )1hIC\ in A that iltdfl C T111,111 t13%a . HI~
in .11g;In id el. ," i Ill ' - ii the C p ',l man ce, hc fen item . Itr. um~ed nan miial.hC ILJ:Fcae
'I i.,i hei ,,;;, T I,!- I i i: IC . :,cI1 I1i ail i,, ACii~ :rntI - a I , )Ii' i nd t
li:Io :,l ,I t.&., I-'. *.d an, iKI.i ci M ce ir1,I lie i\L In]tell) - .I C I :1 j
I> eC. IngI a'uale nd Di l' tai CoiV,~ I it- ti~pr ion) I
!ean;n it -I I .l ; i Iiena 1 in po l ie I ii ' hcc ni0". i!I i I. fc ciIn~ ,tpancc' Ah l tI I;n n. fr " - ILC )'
neat th1t itr.er.e ("f 'p01ic. 1 .li c qu 'pildleif recoIl, Cd LiCII al Itii P TIC. l MCIti M Cd,~ ii: a lc-
ruthr hIl. t Ii10fA Lo. il :1e lie . iici 01* Ic!t , hii i'. to la' ,wand pec.it iti kv Yo ipose fr th a nl af, r it o llh
is ti IIii lti CIn i'lt',*Cliii !, 'ii I . , ,i It.1iIC !k- LC11 lienre TO~iia e lipol it I'l eI 1L ialm it IC
I I in r I I TIII C II IIcat11 h , II L
.i~~~~~~~ikl~~~~ ~ li :- l i'7 1 1 1 1 1iC 1 1
pi e0rMrre for thle aitrUs Miajor types, and systenis Of miateriel and, athhfioul gcneriU115 conlsistenit '%s ift respelto Cxposure and transport phases, are relati0ely distictive and uniique in their pros sions for operational esal-
uittorts Becauise the concerns are for performnrce es aluatiort, this area requires the most sophtisticationi ii
dat a feather ing ss stems-inst rumen tatiton of physical fu tic tit ing: per formance parameter measurIemrents.
data. trainsisioln anuf rC Ording sstm.possiblN Including hard Avs icOr radio iefenneii anid spcct;iliied.
citrilplesk tusn urneCItS such as iIIetliCOdohites, Noc oiar ra~s, and( fireld LI vnarirorlrter s
I lie sped ics of tfunrctiornal test, of thle equipmiernt are to he found in the applicable l est fOp-
clattons I'iouedure. It is essentrial that this, as \%ell as test report', of earlier Items, of the sante ty\pe. be closel\
studied ito asist III prepar altloll ot thle rest pil anid selection oit appropriate test technique,,. test ranges, or
couirses, arid Instrumentation techniques.
IhIe data iedfuctioir plan is also inherent In~ this phase anid mrust be \\orked our in Loordina-
ton vs th the Comlputer tr', iit. iticluldil rw posibl\ real-tinme data recording through a computer term trial, as
%cll a,, data analysis tiront cinletheodolite and highr-speed ciriegrapliic or video canera coy erage arid ( R I dis-
pla\N of transient phenomena.
Pholograph 0of %isuall\ itriporiari or interesting aspects, of the itemn in operation can be
Most %aluable in describing its character istic, It Is most iniportant rtfat deficiencies, defects, or failure, o!
coinponerit he %surall portiraed, it possible. cit her by photooraphs, drass ings, or skeiches.
L'.Sie and If jurnta Paciir N
Thiese aspects of resting are closel% related and, although t1lie are of sonic concerni in th ie\posue ad tansortphae o th lie-cc~. ae, more importantly.. nmatters. for continual su rvcihlarice during
o~perattng phases uf the equipment under test. Again, the pittiars concerni here is to analvi/e the effects, oif thre
desert environnient in these areas, eveti though deficiencies that0 mitif occur in other ens irormerits should riot
goi unrioted.
Since -safety- is protecttort of of, 7 rut1 or adjacernt personnel frorm fta/ardlous eff ect s of
the niaterief and hunari faictors' also relates ito funrctitorinrg of the eq uipmrenit in conjuntrct ion vs ithf its Opera
tory, or those around it, these factors, rmust be kept in mind diii tig all test phiases. Appropriate surveys, check
fists, and inters iews withI operatirig person rid shlt~ d be des eloped prior to the initirat ion of testting arid obscr -
,at tons recorded by experieniced specialists, iii thiese technical fields during all phases of thle test progail
Areas of i.,ncern might be the eff.cts of hot tietaf surfaces or sand and dust on the hunian
operators' increased water needs; quicker onset of fatiguec: higher ambient air temnperat ures: perspiration oii
hands (slipping on controls and rtools); suinglare. lack of coifr~ ofstm sunlit arid shaded mlark rigs Otoi r oIIls.
and increased workload necessary to keep equtipmnti clein and operable
d.,iaintenance
Tyir aspects, of mairnternarrce of Hie~ test itirrr In ihi ifsert errsironfirtil are (if pririar\ con~
cern:
I)I Ate special iii enhaniiced nirrarienrirri Opfcrairii irrsrree'ai\ Io prosld (f eliable perfrir
rmalice in Itre desert as compared vsit norrirtial operations'
139
12) D~oe, tich desert etiroiienit hi% C .I kt ~C It.1. t'll IIL- t,
equipmient. arid mraterial, ttsed( for iintciuiiw 0' ,I!,,t- t
Somie geneicil a5 eels tit dIlti~iili\ MI iii,10iiiiatliig v~iliiti(r ii III11 11itA, I af, 'h
anti preseunce (if blos~irg sandt atnd dust. presece of hot sutditfa. ton equilniut i hcting kse% --. hc .-'If
Ing jIitrCjarablv liot Iu s )It tng 11n the hot gr oliid o[ InI tic snii. anriil~i I o t,,i'i I(t pr- rmind I I-t, !
genterallI, increased reqlitircinciits or changii! o! ind it, ' iII er' addi r ,t 1,i Int I. tple nI UcII " 1v I i4'X
l iquids. arid m aint ain Ing klIeaIile-c, in'ide itnd d 1 011 Hd cunin I W01s. S"Hs ithcs, and uupr'ci iiit- clcriiit i ti, !t
Item
1 ach Itype of' tniaeriai is J Iffcren IItls atc, -Ia in thitis Irespect , and speci fic pro\ isions t oft Inn
tenailce ev.aluat ion are pro% ided ? r each !n itwli I e,, ( I pcf i! ton, P otcd u res. [he principal concern, hos %k s el
I'!all maintenance Conduct ed 01n thle tes II Tit be rC1 cirded. I hec record shou ld pro\vide cornrnen is anird i n
to. l~ation as to w~hether nmaintenance a1:1101i' Lre s.:jjCtdU1d or unscheduled, the parts or component,, in-
v.ol',ed, the amount of time required, case oit acorili sh itt each task. ncessitv for special tools or 4ills, and
adequacv of manuals arid inst Iiltions, A %k ith prt c, uli attention heingegis en to the effects of (the desert
1'he record should be complesclca]:it "s h respect !, the Imipact o!t ihe desert and. Mi ere practicable, sup
ported by photographs o; driAss igs Illustrating ams detficiencies observed.
e Sec urtv
the desert ens t onini, at moci I incs, presents a difficult problem in prev ent iti obscr
%at ot otf detect ion of matrel b anl cnern \s s1ibi!IT ts islUalls very good: ground cover is spar se: and onl.\
terrain irregularities -gullevs. duties, humnnsocks OT roAYv hilk---pcu\ie poss;ibilities of natural concealment.
Veh11ic tracks in open terrain reriairi sisible for long periods of time, and vehicle movements, artiller\ and
rocket firing can raise densek clouds, of dust thai can be seen at long ranges.
fach [est I )pvra' tons Procedure has specific pros isions for resting feasibility of concealing
cat It vpe oif material front oh-,ct satori and detection, usually, in a muttliplicty of terrain t. pes, Stich as open
desert pavement ss11 Ilk) riOCOS FiOrscks or boulder stress i desert floor wsit h no cover; desert floor sv ith non
mutisilerit xerophynt icseget at-on . surfaces cortiposed of louse or drift 'aild.
I vpical obser% ation ranges, of 'tX), I uXt and] 30WX meters are used both at ground les el and
cles ated positions, as well as, truni aircraft arid at different timecs of the day and with s arious amounts of
cloud cover.
Specific efforts are made to pros ide optimlUm camouflage for emplaced weapons, storage
sites fun supplies, and parked s chidles, uniliiing equipment painting and camiouflage net garnishing materials
best stiftled to the desert terrain.
)bser satiunis are made and rccti dcd with recard ito signttaure effects, during transport, ern
pla~ emlett and rise of file equiipment ii relation to operational noise, dJust clouds, flash. smioke, track pat~inis, I- M radiation, and the like, as% v6C li' asComments conicerninig static concealment. Photographic records
of these tests, should be anl integral element oif the analysis and report, Color and B A' still pictures,
rinregr aphic, and I H phimnogr aph should he :onsidered for1 i ndusroti in such cos erage. depending on thle tNpe
of rinit under studs'
140
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142
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61. Robinson. W illiamn ( anid Arthiir D odd . Nnia Analogs No. 6. Analogs of Y nina Climate in Chinese
finer Asia
62. Nelson. Ronald AV. \pril. 19S6. N una Analogs No. 7, Analogs oif N urna (hInate in Last Central Africa
I1 1 irnbull TIhiomais (I.,. (1)ciober. 1961. Yurna Analogs No. 9, Analogs of Yumna Climate in South Amer-
ik a. Research Repo(rt P1-R K 4
144
64. N Lima Analog,, No 10,. Nnahlog's Of N Gina ( limate in Sout1hern Afrksa. Researlih Report P11 R-35, Jlune.
1961
6S. Anstes, Robert I - O ctober, 1961 Ni umia Analog,, No. 1 1, A nalogs. of YVunia Cliate in Australia. Re-
,,eartch Report P1- R 36
66. Nelson. Ronald N .No'.eriiher. 19S' -( omiparii son 0) 'lrua I est station and N Lima Weather Mctero-
logical Re~ords 1952 rhi ough 1013,- Research Report PI-R-16. Project ReferencC 7-81-()l -(9)5A
67. Barnrett, Ii. I rank. Jr. SuwrIace Materials and I errain I eafr re of YVuma Prosing Ground. Part I Sumi-
marv Description'' L . Alin-, I-i-ngincei fopographic laboratories, I ori t els oir. Virginia 220)6(0
69 P~ritchrard, SI- C J ., 1i.1- ( (cci Hager ts.N 20 J ul> 1964. Climatic Analog-N UVnia Pros ing (jiourid
lDugway Prosirig GrouLnd-Id..ards \Xir Force Base- Fort H uachuca- Wh ire Sands MNile Range,
U.S. ArmN Niererological Veam. YVunta Pro'. ing (rouind
69. Sunrise. Sunset anid I\,'. ilight Tables. uma lestl Station, Arizona (32 52N, 115 26 \~ISignal Co(rps
Weather Station. Undated
70). 1 emperature Sum-narN, Climat ological Summn-ary, YVumia Prosing Giround, Arizona, . S. Arm.
Nieterological leamn Yunra, Plros iri Ground, ArVizona, Jutne, 1966
71. D)odd. Arthur V . arid Hlarrs S. Mcl'ltiliirrs. No'.ember, 1953. YVuma Summer Microcrinratc, I echnical
Report [1-1121) Headquarters, Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command U.S. Army. Natick,
Massachussets
72, Ohman, Howard I . anid Richard I . P~ratt, June. 1969. YVuma Winter Microclimate, Technical Report
66-7-I-S U.S. Army Materiel Command U.S. Army Natick I aboratories, Natick, Nlassachusetts
71 Williams, LHeselyn, Janul~ary. 1967. Clirmatological Conditions I a'.oring Occurrence of High Tempera-
tures at Yuma Prosing Ground. Ariona, Techical Report 67-42-ES, Earth Sciences, Di'.ision LS-28.
United States, Army Natick I aboratories. Natick, Massachusetts 07160
74. Average Hourly Insolation D~ata. ASI. YVuma Met leam, U.S. Army Yumma Proving GIround, YVuma,
Arizona. (Includes hourly average \salues of pressure for 1966-1974, prevailing hourly v ind speed and
direction 1966-1974, hourly asecrage temperature and relative humidity values 1906-1974, temperature.
soil temperature and WB(GI- index hourly average values; 1966-1974, upper air mean temperatures, 1956-63 and 1966-67, U.S.A. 'VPG, Surface inversion data September, 1959-August, 1960, incl Methodologyand Instrumentation i\r ston Records, 'VPO). October, 1975
7S. U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Nationral Aero-nautics, and Space Adm inist ration, United States Air Force. Washington. D). C. 1976
76. Bennett. Ivan C., March 1965. The YVuma Test Station. Artiona. Hourly and 1)ailv Insolation Record195 1-1962, [echnical Report ES-IS. U.S. Army' Materiel Command U.S. Arm\ Natick l ahoratorres,Natick, Massachusetts
145
77. Bagnold, R. A., F.R.S., T965. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, Methuen and Co., l td.,
I ondon, England
78. I.S Army Yuma Proving Ground, 1969. Desert Enironmental Testing of Armament and lndi,,idual
Weapons, Materiel Test Procedure MTP 3-4-0Jl
79. Brooks, W. L., 1968. Handbook of Desert Environmental Testing, Chapter 18. Ammunition and [x-
plosives, U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground. Technical Memorandum MI-12-68
80. "Laboratory vs Field Tests: A Limited Survey of Material Deterioration Studies", Dobbins, D.A.,
Downs, G.F., Ill, US Army Tropic Test Center, Methodology Report 73-07-002, 1973
146
A PPIN NI) I
BRIEF HIS TURYOF U.S. AR!Y YUMIA PROVING GROUND
A DEVELOPMENTO MA F-Si [RN I)TSI RIVI AND)'-
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I I lit II t' %s'li l I1' In I t i %k i t- itr u (I) i iit C'. ') inns urt Fais1s w.4 Isilsb b s 'i o - ' '
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resla'Fis theF ' abl: is's % ' i t wrid I',' F- rni iFtrnimm ictire I tirem oi ('4SF li,,hmcw a ;)finsal i'rm.c deliro tl lit
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1) EARLY FORMALU. VEST AcTIVITIES
I. Corps of Engineers
I 'I:I IC! Rkv'caii and 1)csclopm1CII (enteir at It Ieft oir icsalsida pefill'iifiilt tc~i (C.1iflali 11'i nia S:itioi In 'hc spriik of 1951. 1 hi team., designated tire ( oip of I ngiflccrs C liitni f Icid Ic-iI Cam.1 c0ItIIILICd p11ts 10ou' 111 *tsatto'III ile area, 'oitducctd desert tcst' of cmnstrUc:TIOnI C(4uipincnt. andpros idcd 'cicrititi .pot" I. 110. 1 risU Cf' ond tcenaniitl . I hi, ef fort :ontiriucd until the Arms reo(rgvani?.tioit of 1962, bshic 1t1oII'e the teamn ssa, kno s a, the( orps of Lngoicers Deecit lest Aclij its.
2. L)~nance Corps
I hie It Ir ( 4,1dna;!t ( Or[) dc'ei! C't rti ogr am' at X unia I ct' Station %% ere ond uicd in 19' and
N"42 bs thle Or~idfWnC ( hinatic 1Ct lDctachinnnt. "shich operated In the summer at N Ura and in the %%fie atlIt ( hurchiff. ( anada. lt 196(). its nission had hccn csparidcd to Include dcsclopmcttni tcsttnnu of frec-flight,
sh* ranec roc eis, tc't ite! of f uels and luhricants; and condluctIing st udies of air-drop effects on ( )rdniarc.,e
nmatcrici n ithte air dchtsci S pbograni.
3. Quartermaster Corps
I he Qtiartcr master kc'earcit and I: ngitnecring C oiniand of Nat ck I aboratories, Massachusetts.,ci icams : Y unIA Icsi ,iat ton starting wsith thc summcir of 19S3. A small Quartermastcr dctachmcnt '5 asperrmanent[I\ statitoncd at N~ ima, opcrating a pctroleum laboratorN for thc Ordnancc Test Actis its. but testteamns isiialls stas cd f oi ju'.t a port ion Of thle sUfnucr. [hc Quartcrtnaster actis t% for testing air deliscrs 55 s-
tems." miehods, and icchttniquc' s \a' transfcrrcd from i. I ce Blackstone Army, Airfield. Virginia, to Yumna inI 95M. liosscscr, t his sa not csscnitails an cut ir0ncntal tcstatiis
4. Chemical Corps
IThc ( hecm cal ( oi ps transferred a small partN ito N umia for ensironinental tests, in 1952. 1- acilitics,.including a toxic chemi,,ailathorators, werc built for environimental and suirveillance tests of agents and protec-m is equipment. Subsequeicn ,s rcsportsibilif y for thc act i ty \%as transfcrred from Edgemsood Arsenal to Dug
%as, Prosing ( routtd. and [ic work was reduced to stirs cillance testing of nonboxic chemical weapons anddesert ens ionnhcntal tcs t of protectise e quipment.
5. Signal Corps
T he Signal ( orps pros ided a permnanen-t meteorological detachnment beginning in 1951 lest tcamsuli/ed the rest Station for at ceast the suimmiers of 195 1-53, concerning primarily desert env irotimental tcstsof radio antd laridline carrier eiqiipment and shelters,. In the late 1950's, thle U lecironic Proving (.round, A hichhad been established at Fort lfuachuca. instituted a pr( - im of test flights of surveillance drone aircraft fronmYuLma lest Station ito H-. II iachuca, utiliuing. in part. it), station's% airspace. A permanetnt party, the Surs ei-lantc D~rone I esi Detachment, Aas formed at Yumina in 1 959.'
149
F. PERTINENT ESTABLISHMENT OF YUMA PROVING GROUND
FLoltoming the reorginiiation of the Army in 1962 arid [he dissolution of the lechnical Scrs ices, I he'u una I est Station %as redesignated Y uma Plroving Grouind, effectk~e I July 1963, under the Armi MaterialCommand J est and I-, aluiarion Commland) and a% a major IDoI) range test facilitsin managed bv the D)epart
merit of th ' Arnis, 16 August 197J.
150
REFERENCESBACKGROUND OF ESTABLISHMENT OF
U.S. ARMY YUMA PROVING GROUND, ARIZONA
I. Ies i " .I aglrra Darnl in - Drrarind IDsili Ing Nk orks '', ( ,tiserninent Printing W )ffice I-elrulars
2 ( ,ole. Alfred F . Reclaniration in thc I nited States." (ivi 1: ringneering Series. Nic~ra% H ill book
('orpanx. Ir,.. 19;2
3.Irsing. Da id . -I hie I fail oft he I o\,- As on Hooks dlis ision of the Hearst (or poration, Nev. York,
4. Kidder. AWk lIniper al IDam arid Dcesitrin Work,, Bureau of Reclamation "D~amns and I)esrling
Works,"' (ioserment Pritig O ffice. I cbraai 111S
5. " Register of D~anis itn the U~nited Staic' k. otipleted, L rider ( oist ruet lion, and Proposed,- NMci ml.
r. W., Chairman. Ciommit tee or) kecisier of Damrs. NeGrassH ill. I 958.
6. "Risers, in Harnes. ( hilton Book,. 1962.
7Brooks. Wahner 1: L,'n[puh~ihed( histoi N it )i urria Pros, ig C round atid decrc ilmon of facilities. Mieth-
odology and Instrumentation 1)is son Records, Niuma Prosing ( Iround, Arizona.
S. Hawsorth, Hosward I "Water Resources of the Desert Maneuser Areas, Califot nra and Arizona, Parr
I.- The Engineer Board. Corps oif I rwrneers A .. 'rni - , -ont Bl\ oir, Virginia, I-ehruary 10, 1903. In-
complete, sA, ith appendices.- al,,o in~omrpleie
9 t hi, Ldvsard 1-. "Road C onstruct on 1echriiiues for D esert A1i eas, ' Interim Report No 1, Corps Of
Engineers (Iimati Fieldi I est I earn. VIrna les S!c tat ori. I urna. Arizona, 1)April 1953
I0- Hemnion, Roger Hf. W ersonal file, C ol [lemion ss as the Ordnance Corps t epresentatis c oin the stirse\
team.)
151
I
DATE
I I LM E