ii lab manual final

8/10/2019 II Lab Manual Final

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DISCHARGE CO-EFFICIENT OF ORIFICE PLATE

Ex No: 1AIM :

To determine the discharge co-efficient of given orifice plate.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

Orifice meter, manometer, stop watch, collecting tank, sump tank and supply pump.

PRINCIPLE:

Orifice meter is a variable head type of flow measuring device and it operates on theprinciple that a restriction (obstruction) in the line (pipe) of a flowing fluid introduced by theorifice plate produces a differential pressure across the restriction element which is proportionalto the flow rate.

This relation between differential pressure and flow rate is derived from the ernoulli!sprinciple which states that in a flowing stream, the sum of the pressure head, the velocity headand the elevation head at one point is e"ual to their sum at another point removed in the directionof flow from the first point plus the loss due to the friction between these two points.

CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE:

#n a no$$le or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient ofdischarge) is the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the no$$le to that of an idealno$$le which e%pands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same e%itpressures

THEORY :

Orifice meter is a device used to measure the rate of discharge of any li"uid flowing throughthe pipe line. The pressure difference between the pipe section and the throat of the orifice metercan be measured from the differential manometer.

&d ' act/th th ' (*.g.+).*/*-**0 m1/sec act ' a.h/t m1/sec + ' (h-h*) % (2m-2l) m3here,

&d4 &o efficient of 5ischargeth 4 Theoretical 5ischarge m1/sec

act 4 ctual 5ischarge m1/sec g 4 6ravity m/s*

4 rea of the pipe m*


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*


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*4 rea of the Orifice m*

+ 4 5ifferential head of flowing li"uid m h, h* 4 7anometric +eads m 2m 4 5ensity of manometric li"uid gm/cc 2l 4 5ensity of 8lowing li"uid gm/cc a 4 rea of the collecting tank m*

h 4 9ise is water level m t 4 Time taken for h! rise sec

PROCEDURE:

&heck whether all the ;oints are leak proof and water tight.* &lose all the cocks in the pressure feed pipes and manometer to prevent damage and

overloading of the manometer.1 &heck the gauge glass and meter scale assembly of the measuring tank and see that it is

water tight and fi%ed vertically.< =rime the manometer properly.> Open the inlet valve.? @witch on the pump and ad;ust the control valve to allow the water to flow through the

orifice meter steadily.A Open the upstream and the downstream cocks of the manometerto connect the pipe for

which the friction factor has been found.B Cote down the manometer head.D 7easure the time taken for the h m! rise in the collecting tank to find the actual

discharge and hence the velocity.E &alculate the friction factor. 9epeat the procedure for different flow rates.* The graphs for Qact Vs H and Qact Vs H were to be plotted

TA!ULATION:

S"No T#$% &o'(c$

&a))*S%c+

Ma,o$%t%' R%a#,.s

*c$+

Act0a)D#sca'.% Qact*$/s%c+

T%o'%t#ca)D#sca'.% Qt*$/s%c+

Co-%&c#%,to& D#sca'.%

C 1*c$+

2*c$+

1-2*c$+

1


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MODEL CALCULATION:

5iameter of the pipe ' mm5iameter of the orifice ' mmrea of the pipe ' D.? FE-*m*

rea of the pipe * ' *.< FE-*m*

rea of the tank ' E.E? m*

+eight at which the water Gevel increases to collect> cm of water ' m

Theoretical discharge

th ' (*.g.+).*/*-**0 m1/secth ' m1/sec

ctual discharge

act ' a.h/t m1/sec ' E.E?FE./t ' m1/sec

&o efficient of 5ischarge

&d ' act t / th

&d '


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MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

The co efficient of discharge for the Orifice meter is found out and the necessary graphs areplotted. The value of &d '

VACUUM PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Ex No: 2AIM :

To study the given vacuum pressure gauge setup and measure the unknown vacuumpressure.


Hacuum pump, container with 5ial gauge and digital readout.

FORMULA :

>


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I Jrror ' (3a-3i) % EE 3a

3a - ctual =ressure in mm +g3i - #ndicated =ressure in mm +g

T%o'3:

The vacuum pressure gauges are used for measurement of pressure below that of atmosphere andthis pressure is commonly referred to as vacuum pressure.

Two commonly used units of vacuum measurement are the Torr and 7icrometer. Torr ' mm +g at standard conditions andmm ' E-1 Torr

There are two basic methods of vacuum pressure measurement. They are

#+ D#'%ct $%to:The direct methods of measurement involved measurement of displacement

produced by elastic pressure Transducer as a result of application of pressure.

ii) I,#'%ct *o'+ I,&%'%,t#a) $%to:These methods involve the measurement of pressure through the measurement ofcertain other properties which depends upon the pressure to be measured and the twoimportant properties are change in volume and change in thermal conductivity.

PROCEDURE:

&onnect the main chord to the *1E H, >E +$ & 7ains* &onnect the vacuum sensor to the indicator with the help of the cable1 =lug the vacuum pump main chord to supply< &onnect the section of the no$$le to the vacuum chamber inlet valve by using the given

pipe.> @witch on the instrument but do not operate the pump

?


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A


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? =lace the 9J5 / &G switch at 9J5 position and balance the bridge by using Keroknob so that the display should read $ero.

A &lose the outlet valve as well as the inlet valveB @witch on the vacuum pump and then slowly open the inlet valveD Observe the vacuum gauge reading and the digital readingE =lot the graph of the indicated reading and percentage error.

TA!ULATION:

@.Co ctual =ressure(3a) mm +g

#ndicated =ressure(3i) mm +g

I error

RESULT:

Thus the measurement of vacuum pressure was done using vacuum gauge and there"uired graph was plotted.

B


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!LOC4 DIAGRAM OF DEAD 5EIGHT TESTER

TA!ULATION:

@.Co ctual =ressure p(kg/cm*)

7easured =ressure=*(kg/cm*)

I Jrror

scending 5esscending scending 5esscending

MODEL GRAPH

D


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CALI!RATION OF PRESSURE GAUGE

Ex No:

AIM :

To calibrate the given pressure gauge using the dead weight tester and plot the graphs for(i) ctual pressure Hs True =ressure(ii) ctual pressure Hs True Jrror


i) 5ead weight Tester ii) =ressure gaugeiii)@tandard 3eight

THEORY :

The laboratory standard of pressure is the dead weight tester and is very often used tocalibrate ourden gauges and other pressure sensing device. #t is an absolute measuring devicealthough it can be adopted as a comparison calibration method as well. #t uses the well known=ascal!s law for its operation which states that Lpressure e%erted anywhere in a confinedincompressible fluid is transmitted e"ually in all directions throughout the fluid such that thepressure ratio (initial difference) remains the same.L3hich is given by,

Mp ' 2g (Mh)

3here,

Mp ' +ydrostatic pressure or the difference in pressure at two points within a fluidcolumn, due to the weights of the fluid.

2 ' 5ensity of the fluid.

6 ' cceleration due to gravity.

Mh ' The height of fluid above the point of measurement, or the difference in elevationbetween the two points within the fluid column

E


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FRONT 6 TOP VIE5 OF DEAD 5EIGHT TESTER E7PERIMENTAL SET UP

FLO5 DIAGRAM OF DEAD 5EIGHT TESTER 5ITH


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FORMULA

i) I Jrror ' =4 =* % EE =

3here,p ' ctual =ressure

=* ' 7easured =ressure

PROCEDURE:

8ill the oil in reservoir appro%imately Nthof total reservoir and make sure that the inletand outlet valves are closed.

* Cow open the inlet valve and withdraw the handle until the piston is filled with the oil.1 &lose the inlet valve and place the pressure gauge of the instrument which is to be

calibrated.< =lace standard weight of E.>kg/cm*of the weight carrying assembly e"ual to the

estimated pressure.> pply pressure through handle in clock wise direction gently until the weight carrying

assembly is at a raised position.? Jnsure the piston is at final position and note down the weight added and take the

readings.A 9epeat the above procedure from step < for different weight and calculate the True

pressure and I of error.B fter taking all the reading open the valve and rotate the handle in clock wise direction so

that oil is accumulated in the reservoir.D The graphs between

ctual pressure Hs True =ressurectual pressure Hs True Jrror has been plotted.

RESULT:

Thus the given =ressure 6auge was calibrated using the dead weight tester and there"uired graphs are plotted

*


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E7PERIMENT SET UP OF 8H MEASUREMENT

TA!ULATION:

SAMPLE SOLUTION 8H VALUE

5#GTJ +&G ()

5#@T#GGJ5 3TJ9 (CJT9G)

CO+ (@J)

1


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MEASUREMENT OF 8H VALUE

Ex No: 9AIM :

To measure the p+ value for the given solution.


p+ meter with p+ sensor, buffer solution with known p+ value and solution of unknownp+value.

THEORY :

p+ meter is an electronic instrument that consists of a special measuring probe (6lasselectrode) connected to an electronic meter in order to measure and display the p+ value.p+ is ameasure of the acidity or basic of an a"ueous solution. =ure water is said to be neutral, with a p+close to A.E at *> P& (AA P8). @olutions with a p+ less than A are said to be acidic and solutionswith a p+ greater than A are basic or alkaline.

The p+ of any solution is a direct indication of the amount of hydrogen ion concentration.The p+, may be defined as negative logarithm to base E of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ionconcentration.

p+ ' - logE+Q0 ' logE/ +Q0

The measurement of p+ value is done by immersing a pair of electrodes iBDnto the solutionunder test and measuring the voltage developed across them. One oDf the electrodes used in a p+cell is called reference electrode and is kept at a constant potential regardless of the p+ value of

the solution under test. The other electrode is called measuring electrode, the potential of whichis determined by the p+ value of the solution. Thus the potential difference between thereference and the measuring electrode becomes a measure of the p+ value of the solution undertest.PROCEDURE:

@witch on the p+ meter.* .&onnect the glass electrode to the p+ meter.1 9inse the p+ electrode with distilled water.< #nsert the p+ electrode in the beaker with sample solution.

> Cote down the p+ Halue from the display of p+ meter.? The p+ meter should display the p+ value which should be R A if the solution is acidic

and will be S A if the solution is alkaline in nature.

RESULT: Thus the p+ value of the solution was tabulated.


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STRAIN GAUGE SET UP

>


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TORQUE MEASUREMENT

Ex No: (

AIM :

To determine the tor"ue due to dead weights using strain torsion meter and to determine theunknown weight.


i) @train gauge torsion meter.ii) 5ead weight.

THEORY :

Tor"ue is generally referred to as an angular twist (i.e.) the force that is being applied at aparticular angle. Tor"ue can be obtained by measuring force at a known distance.

Tor"ue is given by T ' 8r Cm 3here, 8 ' 8orce in Cewton, r ' 5istance at which the force is measured in meter. The tor"ue measuring device used here makes use of four strain gauges that are arranged in a3heatstone bridge model. 3hen an angular force or a tor"ue is applied two of the strain gaugesundergo a compressive force while two other strain gauge undergo tensile force. This result inthe change as far as the dimensions of the strain gauge element is concern which in turn changesthe resistance. This change in resistance ensures a production of an output voltage which is ameasure of the applied tor"ue.

PROCEDURE:

&onnect the strain gauge torsion meter to the power supply.* &heck for calibration of initial $ero tor"ue.1 Cow change or fi% the hanger so that the shaft is sub;ected to tor"ue.< Cow keep the deadweights in the hanger gently.> Cote the indicated tor"ue value from the strain gauge torsion indicator.? 9epeat the same for different weights and tabulate the readings.A Cow repeat the same procedure for the given unknown weight.

B The unknown weight is interpreted from the graph.D The graph is plotted between deadweights and indicated tor"ue value.

?


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TA!ULATION:

Ta)%: 1 Co,sta,t L%,.t ; $ts"

S"No D%a 5%#.ts *.$s+ I,#cat% to', 5%#.t*.$+

To'


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MODEL GRAPH

RESULT:

Thus the tor"ue due to deadweights was determined using @train torsion meter the valueof unknown weight was determined.

B


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E7PERIMENTAL SETUP

DIAGRAM OF DIFFERNTIAL PRESSURE SENSOR

D


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LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER *DPT+

Ex No: ?

AIM :

To measure the level of li"uid in the tank with the differential pressure transmitter intermsof m.


i) 5=Tii) &ontainer

THEORY :

The differential pressure detector method of li"uid level measurement uses a differentialpressure detector connected to the bottom the tank being monitored. The high pressure, causedby the fluid in the tank, is compared to a lower reference pressure (usually atmosphere).The tankis open to the atmosphere therefore, it is necessary to use only the high pressure connector onthe differential pressure transmitter. 3ith the lower pressure side being open to the atmospherethe differential pressure is the hydrostatic head of the li"uid in the tank 7ost of the tanks aretotally enclosed to prevent vapor or steam from escaping, or to allow pressuri$ing the contents ofthe tank. #n this case both the high pressure and the low pressure sides of the differential pressuretransmitter must be connected.

PROCEDURE:

3eight the empty container and calibrate the $ero level to cms.< 9epeat the same procedure for the descending order and tabulate the reading.> graph is plotted between the li"uid level and its corresponding current output.

MODEL GRAPH

*E


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E7PERIMENTAL SETUP OF DIFFERNTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER

*


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TA!ULATION:

Table: scending Gi"uid Gevel

Table: *5escending Gi"uid Gevel

RESULT:

Thus the li"uid in the tank was measured with differential pressure transmitter and thegraph was plotted.

**

S"No L#


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E7PERIMENTAL SETUP OF SAY!OLT VISCOMETER

*1


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VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT

() SAY!OLT VISCOMETER

Ex No: BAB

AIM :

To determine Uinematic and absolute viscosity of a given sample of oil and to study thevariation of viscosity with temperature.


@ay bolt Hiscometer, Thermometer, @top watch and ?Ecc 8lask.

THEORY :

Hiscosity is an internal property of a fluid to offer resistance to its movement. Thinner theli"uid the lesser would be its viscosity and thicker the li"uid the greater would be its viscosity.Thus the viscosity describes a fluidVs internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as ameasure of fluid friction.

T38%s o& &)0#s :

=rimarily there are two types of fluid and it depends on the relationship between theviscosity and the force. They are,

#+ N%>to,#a, &)0#s:

Cewtonian fluid is a fluid whose stress versus strain rate curve is linear and passesthrough the origin (Or) many fluids undergo continuous deformation with the application of theshearing stress (force) such that this force produces a movement (flow) and if the force-flowrelation is linear ,the fluid is referred to as Cewtonian fluid.

Cewtonian fluid obeys Cewton!s law of viscosity

i.e., W ' X dH/dy3here, W ' @hear stress X' &oefficient of viscosity dH/dy ' Helocity gradient

ii) No,- N%>to,#a, &)0#s:

non-Cewtonian fluid is the one whose force-flow relation is not only non-linear but alsochanges from material to material. 7oreover it does not obey Cewton!s law of viscosity.

*


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MODEL GRAPH

TA!ULATION:

T%$8%'at0'% T*P&+ Sa3o)t S%c*t+ 2t.$/cc 4#,%$at#cV#scos#t3 *C%,t#-st'o=%s+

Aso)0t% @#scos#t3 *C%,t#-8o#s%+

*>


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T38%s o& V#scos#t3:

&onsider a plane of area in a fluid as shown in the diagram. #t is moving with a velocityof HQdH parallel plane in the fluid at a distance dy from the first planes moving with a velocityof H so that the relative velocity is dH. The change in the velocity, dH, is due to the shear stress Wcaused by forces at the faces e%erted by ad;acent solid surfaces or fluid.

#+ Fo' a, #%a) N%>to,#a, &)0# @hear @tressbsolute or 5ynamic viscosity X ' Helocity gradient

' W / (dv/dy) ' (8/)/ (dv/dy)

3here 8'@hearing force on area C.The @# unit for dynamic viscosity is Cs/m*.

ii) Fo' a, #%a) N%>to,#a, &)0#

bsolute viscosity X

Uinematic viscosity v ' 5ensity ' 2

The unit of kinematic viscosity in @# system is m*/s.

FORMULA:

i) Uinematic viscosity Y 't 4 /t0 centi stroke 3here, ' E.EE*< % E-1 , ' .A % E-1 and t ' @ay bolt seconds.

ii) bsolute viscosity ' X ' Uinematic viscosity % 5ensity ' Y % 2t

3here, 2t ' 29 F - E.EEE?>F (T-t9)0, t9' 9oom temperatureand 29 ' E.B1gm/cc.

PROCEDURE:

&lean the cup and make sure that the ;et is clean freom dirt.* &lose the orifice with the valve and fill the cup with the given oil.1 #nsert the thermometer in the holder.< =lace the ?E cc standard flask below the opening of the orifice.> d;ust the flask so that the stream strikes the mouth of the flask to avoid foaming.? +eat the oil by switching on the heater and the water bath is stirred by using the heater

continuously.A &are must be taken so that the temperature of the bath does not e%ceed the temperature of

the oil.B &ut-off the heater supply while taking the readings.D Gift the valve when the oil has attained the desired temperature and then collect the oil in

the ?E ml flask.E Cote the time taken for the collection of ?E ml of oil.

RESULT:Thus the kinematic and absolute viscosity of the given oil and its variation withtemperature was determined

*?


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E7PERIMENTAL SET UP OF RED5OOD VISCOMETER

*A


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() RED 5OOD VISCOMETER

Ex No: B!BAIM : To determine the kinematic and absolute viscosity of a given sample of oil and to study thevariation with temperature


9ed wood Hiscometer, Thermometer, @top watch and >Ecc 8lask.

THEORY :

Hiscosity is the measure of the relative resistance between layers of flowing fluid. #t is dueto the cohesive force between the molecules contained in it. Hiscosity of a li"uid decreases withtemperature and that of the gas increases with it.

Hiscosity is an internal property of a fluid to offer resistance to its movement. Thinner theli"uid the lesser would be its viscosity and thicker the li"uid the greater would be its viscosity.Thus the viscosity describes a fluidVs internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as ameasure of fluid friction.

T38%s o& &)0#s :

=rimarily there are two types of fluid and it depends on the relationship between theviscosity and the force. They are,

#+ N%>to,#a, &)0#s:

Cewtonian fluid is a fluid whose stress versus strain rate curve is linear and passesthrough the origin (Or) many fluids undergo continuous deformation with the application of theshearing stress (force) such that this force produces a movement (flow) and if the force-flowrelation is linear, the fluid is referred to as Cewtonian fluid.

Cewtonian fluid obeys Cewton!s law of viscosity

i.e., W ' X dH/dy3here, W ' @hear stress X' &oefficient of viscosity dH/dy ' Helocity gradient

ii+ No,- N%>to,#a, &)0#s:

non-Cewtonian fluid is the one whose force-flow relation is not only non-linear but alsochanges from material to material. 7oreover it does not obey Cewton!s law of viscosity.

*B


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MODEL GRAPH

Temperature Hs 9edwood seconds. * Temperature Hs Uinematic viscosity

9edwood seconds.

1 Temperature Hs bsolute viscosity

TA!ULATION:

T%$8%'at0'% T*P&+

R%>oo S%c *t+ D%,s#t32t*.$/cc+ 4#,%$at#c V#scos#t3 *C%,t#-st'o=%s+

Aso)0t% @#scos#t3 *C%,t#-8o#s%+

*D


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T38%s o& V#scos#t3:

&onsider a plane of area in a fluid as shown in the diagram. #t is moving with a velocityof HQdH parallel plane in the fluid at a distance dy from the first plane is moving with avelocity of H so that the relative velocity is dH. The change in the velocity dH is due to the shearstress W caused by forces at the faces e%erted by ad;acent solid surfaces or fluid.

i) 8or an ideal Cewtonian fluid, @hear @tress

bsolute or 5ynamic viscosity X ' Helocity gradient

' W / (dv/dy) ' (8/)/ (dv/dy)

3here 8'@hearing force on area C.The @# unit for dynamic viscosity is Cs/m*. ii) 8or an ideal Cewtonian fluid,

bsolute viscosity XUinematic viscosity v ' 5ensity ' 2

The unit of kinematic viscosity in @# system is m*/s.FORMULA:

iii) Uinematic viscosity Y 't 4 /t0 centi stroke 3here, ' E.EE*? % E-1, ' .A % E-1 and t ' 9edwood seconds bsolute viscosity ' X ' Uinematic viscosity % 5ensity

' Y % 2t 3here, 2t ' 29 F - E.EEE?>F (T-t9)0 gm /cc, t9' 9oom temperatureand 29 ' E.B1gm/cc.

PROCEDURE:

&lean the cup and make sure that the ;et is clean from dirt.* &lose the orifice with the valve and fill the cup with the given oil.1 #nsert the thermometer in the holder.< =lace the >E cc standard flask below the opening of the orifice.> d;ust the flask so that the stream strikes the mouth of the flask to avoid foaming.? +eat the oil by switching on the heater and the water bath is stirred by using the heater

continuously.A &are must be taken so that the temperature of the bath does not e%ceed the temperature of

the oil.B &ut-off the heater supply while taking the readings.

D Gift the valve when the oil has attained the desired temperature and then collect the oil inthe >E cc flask.

E Cote the time taken for the collection of >E cc of oil.

RESULT: Thus the kinematic and absolute viscosities of the given oil and its variation withtemperature have been determined.

1E


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E7PERIMENTAL SET UP ROTAMETER FOR FLO5 MEASUREMENT

1


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CALI!RATION OF ROTAMETER

Ex No:

AIM :

To calibrate the 9otameter by measuring standard or known flow of fluid in the pipe.


9otameter with 8luid flow measurement setup, 7eter scale and @top watch.

THEORY :

The 9ota meter is basically a variable area flowmeter.#n the differential head flow meter(Orifice meter, Henturi meter etc) the retraction is of fi%ed si$e and the pressure differentialacross it changes with the flow rate whereas in the case of rotameter the si$e of the restriction isad;usted by an amount necessary to keep the pressure differential constant when the flow ratechanges and the amount of ad;ustment re"uired is proportional to the flow rate.

The 9ota meter consists of a vertically tapered tube with a float which is free to move up ordown within the tube. The free area between the float and the inside wall of the tube form anannular orifice. 3hen there is no flow through the rotameter the float rests at the bottom of themetering tube where appro%imately the ma%imum diameter of the float is appro%imately thesame as the bore of the tube. 3hen the fluid enters the metering tube the float moves up and theflow area of the annular orifice increases. Thus the float is pushed upwards until the lifting forceproduced by the pressure differential across its upper and lower surface is e"ual to the weight ofthe float. t this ;uncture a calibrated scale printed on the tube or near it, provides a direct

indication of the flow rate. Thus the distance through which the float has moved in order to attaina constant pressure difference across it, has become the measure of flow rate, for a fluid of givendensity and viscosity.

FORMULA :

ctual 9eading #a ' .h t

I error ' ctual 9eading - 7easured 9eading % EE ' #a- #m% EE 7easured 9eading #m

1*


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PROCEDURE:

t fully closed condition of the valve, note down the load in the tank and the 9ota meter* 6radually open the valve and note down the level in the tank and 9eservoir and also

note down the 9ota meter reading and the time taken for every > cm rise1 9epeat the step * for different valve opening positions< t fully open condition, note down the reading> The graph is plotted between =ercentage error and #ndicated 9eading

TA!ULATION:

@.no 9ota meter reading (lt/hr) #m

Time taken(sec) t

ctual reading#a(lt/hr)

I error ' #a4 #m % EE #m

RESULT:

Thus the calibration of rotameter was done and the error graph is drawn.

11


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CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT

Ex No:

AIM :

To determine the e"uivalent conductance of sample solution using a conductivity cell.


i) &onductivity meter with conductivity cell.ii) Cacl solutioniii) +&G solution.iv) &+1 &OOCa solution.

THEORY :

n electrical conductivity meter (J& meter) measures theelectrical conductivity in asolution. &ommonly used in hydroponics, a"uaculture and freshwater systems to monitor theamount of nutrients, salts or impurities in the water.

The common laboratory conductivity meters employ a potentiometric method and fourelectrodes. Often, the electrodes are cylindrical and arranged concentrically. The electrodes areusually made of platinum metal. n alternating current is applied to the outer pair of theelectrodes. The potential between the inner pair is measured. &onductivity could in principle bedetermined using the distance between the electrodes and their surface area using the OhmVs lawbut generally, for accuracy, a calibration is employed using electrolytes of well-knownconductivity.

#ndustrial conductivity probes often employ an inductive method, which has the advantagethat the fluid does not wet the electrical parts of the sensor. +ere, two inductively-coupled coilsare used. One is the driving coil producing a magnetic field and it is supplied with accurately-known voltage. The other forms a secondary coil of a transformer. The li"uid passing through achannel in the sensor forms one turn in the secondary winding of the transformer. The inducedcurrent is the output of the sensor.

PROCEDURE:

&onnect the conductivity cell to the socket on the #/= side of the meter.Z* =repare a conductivity solution of appro%imately the same value as the solution to be

measured. The solution is to be prepared at *>P&.1 @et the meter to the Xs/cm or T5@ mode.< =lace the cell in the calibration solution and allow the reading to stabili$e.> d;ust the cell knob until the display reads the value of the calibration solution.

Jg: 8or a *>?E Xs/cm conductivity solution the display will read *>?.The user mustmultiply the reading by E.

1


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1>


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Ta0)at#o,:

S"No Vo)0$% o& NAOH*$)+ Co,0cta,c% 1/R*$+

CONDUCTIVITY/TDS MEASUREMENT *M0)t#8)3 3 1+:

=lace the electrolyte in the sample solution and note the reading.* 3hen finished, unplug the electrode or cell and rinse it in distilled water.1 J%actly E.C solution of the given solution are prepared by taking different volumes of

the E.C +&G solution of the given solution and it is diluted to attain a range ofconcentration such as E.E,E.E*,E.E1,E.E< etc.

< The conductance of each solution is determined by taking in conductivity cell andconnecting it to a conductivity bridge from the value of the conductance measured of aparticular concentration solution, its e"uivalent conductance is calculated.

> graph is drawn between the conductance and & by e%trapolating towards the [ a%ise"uivalent conductance is obtained.

RESULT:

Thus the e"uivalent conductance of sample solution was determined.

1?


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VENTURIMETER E7PERIMENTAL SETUP

1A


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1B


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[

+

\act

7odel Tabulation:

@.Co 9otameter 9eadings

act(m1/s)

+-h* (mm) +(m) Henturi9eadingsth(m1/s)

&oefficient ofdischarge

(&d)

1D


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Ta)%

Potass#0$ D#c'o$at%

5a@%)%,.t*,$+

Aso'a,c% T'a,s$#tta,c%*+

Potass#0$ c'o$at%

5a@%)%,.t*,$+

Aso'a,c% T'a,s$#tta,c%*+


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>E


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>


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>*


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>1


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>


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>>


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>?


57/58

>A


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ii lab manual final

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