igneous rocks: terminology igneous rocks are formed as a result of cooling and crystallization from...
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Igneous Rocks: Terminology
Igneous rocks are formed as a result of cooling and crystallization from a magma
Magma is molten rock, rich
in silica (SiO2), which containsdissolved volatiles such as gasses
Lava is magma extruded on orvery near the Earth’s surface
Igneous Rocks• 2 Types
– Extrusive (Volcanic Rock)• Cool above the Earth’s surface (fast cooling)
– Magma which has reached the surface is known as lava
– The heat from the lava goes quickly and the lava solidifies
• Example: basalt, rhyolites, pumice, obsidian (smooth volcanic rock)
– Intrusive (Plutonic Rock)• Cool beneath the Earth’s surface (slow cooling)• Example: granite
Type of Igneous Rock Formed• Depends on three factors:
– Chemical composition of the magma• Example: The amount of silica (SiO 2 ) found in magma can
vary from 75 % to less than 45 %. – Temperature of solidification
• The temperature of cooling determines which types of minerals are found dominating the rock's composition
• Low temperature rocks are rich in minerals composed of silicon, potassium, and aluminum.
• High temperature igneous rocks are dominated by minerals with higher quantities of calcium, sodium, iron, and magnesium
– Rate of cooling which influences the crystallization process• Igneous rocks that form through a gradual cooling process
tend to have large crystals. Relatively fast cooling of magma produces small crystals.
• Volcanic magma that cools very quickly on the Earth's surface can produce obsidian glass which contains no crystalline structures.
Classifying Igneous Rocks• Classified based on:
A. Texture• The size shape and arrangement of constituent
minerals
• Related to the cooling history– Fast cooling: crystals do not grow to any great size– Slow cooling: crystals grow large
B. Composition• The percentage of particular minerals contained in
the rock– Certain minerals are light in color; others dark
• Reflects the source of magma from which the rock was produced
Igneous Rocks: Cooling History• Length of time for cooling determines
the texture and degree of crystallization– Extrusive
• Fast cooling– Fine grained
» Example: Basalt – Glassy texture
» Example: Obsidian (like glass)» Example: Pumice (holes)
Lava that cools very quickly can lock in gases as it solidifies
Result: Rock with many holes
Think: Pumice stone
ie. Basalt
Igneous Rocks: Cooling History
– Intrusive• Slow cooling
– Coarse grained and larger crystals» Example: Granite» Example: Diorite» Example: Gabbro
ie. Granite
Extrusive Rock Bodies: Volcanoes
Mafic (basaltic) eruptions
• Character:– fissures or fractures– mafic magma– fluid– not explosive
Extrusive Rock Bodies: Volcanoes
Mafic (basaltic) eruptions
• Structures
Lava tube
Flood basalt
Tephra Pillow lavaCaldera
Shield volcano
Extrusive Rock Bodies: Volcanoes
Felsic or Silicic (granitic) eruptions
Character:– typical at convergent plate boundaries– extrude cool magma– viscous so does not flow freely– highly explosive
Extrusive Rock Bodies: Volcanoes
Felsic or Silicic (granitic) eruptions
• Structures
Crater
Composite cone
Tephra
Pyroclastic flow
Intrusive Rock Bodies: Plutons
• Character– cools below the surface of the earth
• Structures formed by Igneous Rocks– Pluton– Batholith– Stock– Neck– Dike– Laccolith– Sill– Pipe– Xenoliths
Pluton
• When magma cools below the surface of the earth it forms intrusive igneous rocks. These rocks produce the following structures:
• Pluton: An intrusive rock body of any size.• Batholith: A pluton greater than 100 km2. • Stock: A pluton less than 100 km2. • Dike: Tabular intrusive rock which cuts discordantly
(vertically) across strata. • Laccolith: A concordant (horizontal) intrusion that
generally has a horizontal floor but which arches up the strata above it; lens or spoon shaped.
• Sill: A concordant intrusion that is injected between layers; no upward arch.
• Pipe: Volcanic neck; conduit through which magma travels from chamber upwards.
• Xenoliths: Inclusions of surrounding rock in magma.
Intrusive Rock Bodies: Plutons
Volcanic Neck and Dike
Aerial Photo of Shiprock, New Mexico (Volcanic Neck)
From: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard
Volcanic Neckand Dike
Edinburgh Sill
From: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard
Sill - Yellowstone National Park
Sierra Nevada Batholith
Stock – Chisos Mountains Texas
Laccolith – Black Hills, Wyoming
Patagonia Pluton - Arizona
Xenoliths – Petersburg, Virginia
Pipe – Organ Pipes National Park, Australia
Igneous Rock: Metallic Mineral Deposits
• Rare minerals often found in Igneous rocks
• Place found:– Often found in intrusive (plutonic rock)
• Think mining: where is the good stuff found– Copper, gold …