Candidate name

INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Sample Examination Paper A GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 1 hour 45 minutes READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name on all work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The questions in this sample examination paper were taken from IGCSE Geography Paper 1 and are reproduced by permission of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate: Questions 1 and 3 May/June 2007 Question 2 May/June 2005 Question 4 May/June 2006 Question 5 October/November 2005 Question 6 October/November 2007 The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication.

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1 (a) Study Fig. 1, a map which shows birth and death rates in different parts of the world in 2005.

East Asia10

26 6

44 16

27 7

12 7

1410

23 7

17 7

24 17

22 6

33 16

14 8 11

Latin Americaand Caribbean

NorthAmerica

SouthernAfrica

Oceania

Eastern EuropeandNorthern Asia

South EastAsia

NorthernAfrica

WesternEurope

Birth Rateper 1000people

Death Rateper 1000people

Key

CentralAfrica

Westernand SouthCentral Asia

Fig. 1

(i) What is meant by ‘death rate’? [1]

(ii) Identify:

A the area with the highest rate of natural population increase,

B an area of natural population decline. [2]

(iii) Suggest reasons why:

A there are higher death rates in Western Europe and North America than in Latin America and the Caribbean, [3]

B there are higher birth rates in Central and Southern Africa than in East Asia. [4]

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(b) Study Figs 2A and 2B, population pyramids for Norway in 2000 and 2025 (projected).

180 140 100 60160 120 80 2040 0 0 40 80 12020 60 100 160140 1800-45-9

10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970-7475-7980-8485-8990-9495+

Male

Population (thousands)

Female

NORWAY (2000)

olddependentpopulation

youngdependentpopulation

Age

Fig. 2A

180 140 100 60160 120 80 2040 0 0 40 80 12020 60 100 160140 1800-45-9

10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970-7475-7980-8485-8990-9495+

AgeMale

Population (thousands)

Female

NORWAY (2025 PROJECTED)

olddependentpopulation

youngdependentpopulation

Fig. 2B

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(i) What evidence in the population pyramids suggests that Norway has an ageing population? Support your answer with figures. [3]

(ii) Describe the likely effects of an ageing population in an MEDC such as Norway. [5]

(c) Overpopulation occurs when there are too many people living in an area for the resources which are available.

What problems are caused by overpopulation? You should refer to a country or area which you have studied. [7]

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2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows land use within a typical city in a developed country.

Fig. 3

(i) What is the name given to the area labelled X on Fig. 3? [1]

(ii) Explain why there are often tall buildings close to the centre of cities. [2]

(iii) Using only information from Fig. 3, compare the land use in the inner city and suburbs. [3]

(iv) Choose and write down one type of land use shown in Fig. 3. Suggest reasons for thedifferent amounts of this land use between the centre and the edge of the city. [4]

100

80

60

40

20

00 1 2 3 4 5

Kilometres

6 7 8 9 10

X Inner city Suburbs

city centre edge of city

Per

cent

age

of e

ach

zone

residential

public buildings

industry and warehousing

convenience shops

comparison shops

others

Key:

© UCLES 2005

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(b) Study Fig. 4, a model showing the variation in quality of life in cities in developed anddeveloping countries.

Fig. 4

(i) Briefly describe what the model shows about the variations in quality of life in cities indeveloping and developed countries. [3]

(ii) How accurate do you think this model is? Explain your answer by referring to cities inboth developed and developing countries. [5]

(c) In all large urban areas there have been changes in land use in recent years.

These include the development of:

road networks,residential areas,industrial areas,leisure and shopping facilities.

For a named urban area, identify a recent change in land use.Describe the advantages and disadvantages of this development for people who live in theurban area which you have named. [7]

city centre edge of city

Qualityof life

high

low

Developed

Developing

© UCLES 2005

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3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows where major earthquakes have taken place in California, USA.

1892

1868

19891838

1906

1983

1857

1927

0 50 100 150

km

1992

1918

19681940

1979

1987

1812

MOJAVEDESERT

SIERRANEVADA

1994

1971

1812Santa Barbara

San Francisco

N

PAC

IFIC P

LATE

NORTH AMERICAN PLATENevada

California

Parkfield

Palmdale

Los Angeles

San Diego

Mexico

USA

San Andreas FaultKey

Other fault

Dates of major earthquakes

Direction of plate movement

Settlements

1952

Fig. 5

(i) How many earthquakes took place on the San Andreas Fault? [1]

(ii) San Francisco was affected by an earthquake in 1989.

What was the distance and direction of this earthquake from San Francisco? [2]

(iii) Explain briefly why earthquakes take place on or close to major faults, such as the San Andreas Fault. [3]

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(b) San Francisco is still at risk from earthquakes. Study Photographs A, B and C (Insert), which were taken in San Francisco.

(i) Suggest three likely impacts of a major earthquake on the areas shown in the photographs. [3]

(ii) The Transamerica Pyramid is marked by an ‘X’ on Photograph C. In the 1989 earthquake it shook for more than a minute but the building was undamaged and no one was seriously injured.

What measures can be taken to protect people from earthquakes? [4]

(iii) Explain why many people continue to live in areas at risk from natural hazards. [5]

(c) In many parts of the world the natural environment presents hazards to people.

Choose an example of one of the following: • a volcanic eruption • a tropical storm • a drought

For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of the example which you have chosen on people living in the area. [7]

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4 (a) Study Fig. 6 which shows three instruments which are used to measure characteristics of theweather.

Fig. 6

(i) Which weather characteristic is measured by instrument A? [1]

(ii) Identify the weather instruments labelled B and C. [2]

C

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

C

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

C

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

C

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

B C

vacuum

spoke

cup

electricallyoperated dial

metalindex

metalindex

mercury

mercury

bulb filledwith alcohol

mercury

wick in a bottlecontainingwater

A

© UCLES 2006

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(iii) Use the correct instrument shown in Fig. 6, along with Table 1, to work out the relativehumidity. You must show how you got your answer. [3]

Table 1

Question 4 continues on page 10.

Wet-bulb depression (°C)

0

Dry bulb

22°C

24°C

26°C

28°C

30°C

32°C

%

100

100

100

100

100

100

%

90

91

91

91

92

92

%

82

82

83

83

84

85

%

73

74

75

76

77

78

%

65

66

67

68

68

70

%

60

62

64

65

66

68

1 2 3 4 5

© UCLES 2006

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(b) Study Fig. 7 which shows a weather station and the siting of some of the instruments.

Fig. 7

(i) Explain how you would take measurements using the rain gauge. [3]

(ii) Explain why the instruments labelled B and C on Fig. 6 will give more accurate readingsif they are kept in a Stevenson Screen rather than on the roof of the building. [4]

(iii) Describe and explain the location of the wind vane and the rain gauge. [5]

(c) The weather often causes problems for people. These include problems caused by:

flooding,drought,tropical storms.

Choose either one of these hazards or any other hazard faced by people as a result of theweather or climate. Describe the problems experienced by people living in areas at risk fromyour chosen hazard. You may refer to examples which you have studied. [7]

rain gauge

Stevenson Screen

wind vane

© UCLES 2006

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5 (a) Study Fig. 8 which shows the distribution of industrial areas in Brussels, the capital city ofBelgium.

Fig. 8

(i) Using evidence only from Fig. 8, give one reason for the location of the traditionalindustries. [1]

(ii) Which science park is located:

A. next to an area of traditional industry,

B. 5 km NE of the city centre? [2]

0 5

km

N

Outer Ring

Road

A10 E40

A7

E19

A4

E411

Out

erR

ing

Roa

d

A3 E40

A201

A1

E19

Ca

nal

Can

al

A12

NEDER-OVERHEEMBEEK

EVERE-BRUSSELS

ST. LAMBRECHTS-WOLUWE

MIJLEMEERSCH

Z Y X

RotterdamAntwerp

Cologne

Luxembourg

BrusselsNationalAirport

Paris

Key:

City Centre

EU headquaters

Embassies, departmentsand head offices

Zone of traditional industries

City boundary

Canal

Major routeways(motorways/autoroutes)

Other main roads

Science parks

University

© UCLES 2005

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(iii) Study Table 1 which shows the different locations in Brussels which a firm makingelectrical components has occupied in recent years. These are labelled on Fig. 8 as X, Yand Z.

Table 1

Suggest three reasons why the firm moved from location X to location Y in 1987. [3]

(iv) Using information from Fig. 8 and Table 1, suggest reasons for the location anddevelopment of science parks in Brussels. [4]

Question 5 continues on page 12

Date Place Area Employees Work area Land value per m2

1979

1987

2000

X

Y

Z

140m2

325m2

65000m2

13

70

600+

Room abovegarage Very expensive

Expensive

Less expensive

Old existingbuilding

Purpose built building in a science park alongside a motorway

© UCLES 2005

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(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows where major manufacturers assemble cars in Eastern Europe.

Fig. 9

(i) Suggest reasons why some of the world’s major manufacturers have located carassembly plants in Eastern Europe. [3]

(ii) Explain why the building of new car assembly plants would be welcomed in countriessuch as these. [5]

(c) Describe and explain the factors which encourage the development of craft industries. Youmay refer to examples which you have studied. [7]

Poland

WarsawFSO/DaewooLublinDaewooBielsko BialaFiatTychyFiat

Slovakia

BratislavaSkoda/Volkswagen

Bulgaria

VarnaRover

Romania

CraiovaDaewooPitestiDacia

Czech Republic

Mlada BoleslavSkoda/Volkswagen

Slovenia

Novo MestoRenault

Hungary

SzentgotthardGMEsztergomSuzuki

© UCLES 2005

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6 (a) Study Figs 10A, 10B and 10C, which show information about the Lesotho Highlands Water Project.

Lesotho is an LEDC in the mountains of southern Africa. It aims to build a series of dams. These will collect and store water to sell to South Africa, its richer neighbour. Water will also be used at the dams to generate hydro-electric power (HEP).

Fig. 10A

N

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

SOUTH AFRICA

ZIMBABWE

Tropic ofCapricorn

At lant icOcean

IndianOcean

Cape Town

Johannesburg

Port Elizabeth

East London

Durban

Maputo

Soweto

BloemfonteinBloemfontein

Kimberley

Pretoria

LESOTHO

O

range River

Bloemfontein

0 150

km

300Keyrivers

international borders

large cities

Fig. 10B

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0

km

50

Orange River

Mak

halen

g Rive

r

completed2003

Katsecompleted

1997 Mashai(2008)

Malatsi(2020)

( )

Ntoahae(2020)

Senqunyane

River

NTO SOUTH AFRICA

Key

dam name

plannedopening date

water transfertunnel

river

reservoir

country boundary

Mohale

Senqu Riv

er

Mad

ibam

utsu

Rive

rTsoelike(2017)

Fig. 10C

(i) Identify a dam in Lesotho which has already been built. [1]

(ii) The building of the Malatsi Dam by 2020 is expected to complete the Project. Briefly describe the planned location of this dam. [2]

(iii) Suggest reasons for the increasing demand for water in South Africa. [3]

(iv) Suggest reasons why Lesotho has enough water to be able to sell to South Africa. [4]

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(b) Study Fig. 11, which shows the opinions of selected people about the Lesotho Highlands Water Project.

Opposition politician in Lesotho Parliament “Lesotho will be more dependent on South Africa.”

A worker on the dam site

“Lesotho will get hydro- electricity from the dam and tourists will come.”

Lesotho farmer

“The best land for my cattle will be gone.”

Minister of Energy

“Hydro-electric power is far cleaner than other forms of energy.”

Lesotho government spokesman“We will have many new roads and jobs,and money to spend on educationand health.”

Environmentalist “It will do permanent environmental damage.”

Fig. 11

(i) Describe the advantages of using hydro-electric power (HEP), rather than other sources of energy. [3]

(ii) Explain the positive and negative effects which the Highlands Water Project will have on Lesotho. [5]

(c) Water and air may be polluted by human activities.

Name an example of a place which you have studied where either the air or the water is polluted. Describe the causes of this pollution and its effects on people and the environment. [7]

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 1(b) Photograph A S. Sibley © UCLES.Question 1(b) Photograph B S. Sibley © UCLES.Question 2(b) Figs 3A, 3B & 3C; S. Sibley © UCLES.Question 4 Fig. 7A © David R. Barker; ‘Fuel Fears: Storm threatens oil production - petrol prices could rise further’; San Francisco

Chronicle, 30 August 2005.Question 5 Fig. 9 © Christian Aid.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.