" I F " and "WHEN"

A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manuals

by

C a r l M. H i l d

E d i t e d by: V i c k i A. H i l d

" I F " and "WHEN"

A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manuals

by

C a r l M. H i l d

E d i t e d by: V i c k i A. H i l d

The m a t e r i a l i n t h i s manual s h o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u e d t o be a b s o l u t e . Every s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n i s un ique, and t h e r e f o r e , t h e N o r t h S lope Borough H e i r l t h and S o c i a l S e r v i c e s Agency w i l l n o t be 1 i a b l e f o r any a c c i d e n t , ' i n j u r y o r i l l - h e a l t h r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e use of t h i s manual i n d e a l i n g w i t h sn emergency s i t u a t i o n .

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments .................................................. i i i

......................................................... Foreword F-01

..................................................... Introduction 1-01

A. Attitude ..................................................... A-01

Aptitude

Ai rway

....................................................... B. Belief B-01

Behavior

Breathing

C. Consciousness ................................................ C - 0 1 Concerns

Circulation

....................................................... D. Desire D-01

Design

Degrees

Dressings

E. Enlightenment ................................................ Emotions

Energy Envi ronment

Summary .......................................................... S-01

"WHEN" Manual ................................................ 3-03

Special Sections

........................................................ Hints SS-01

.................................................... Equipment SS-06

......................................... Recommended Readings SS-09

State of Alaska Hypothermia and ......................... Cold Water Near/Drowning Protocols SS-10

............................................ Helicopter Rescue SS-14

Igloo Building ......................................... ss-18 "No Word for Luck" ...................................... sS-29

The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following technical reviewers:

Bill Jones, N.S.B. Emergency Medical Services Harold Kaveolook, N.S.B. School District Randy Crosby, N.S.B. Search and Rescue Hank Irelan, Midnight Sun Boy Scout Council Sarah Jacoby, N.S.B. Health and Social Services Agency

FOREWORD

The " I F " and "WHEN" A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manuals a r e a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f a g r a n t f r o m t h e N o r t h e r n A l a s k a H e a l t h Resources A ~ s o c i a t i o n t o t h e N o r t h S lope Borough H e a l t h and S o c i a l S e r v i c e s Agency wh ich i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n . I t i s w i t h g r e a t a p p r e c i a t i c n t o numerous agenc ies and i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t t h e s e manuals a r e w r i t t e n .

The " I F " A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manual i s des igned as an i n s t r u c t i o n a l manual . I t i s des igned t o p r e p a r e p e o p l e f o r s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n s " I F " t h e y g e t i n t o an emerqency i n t h e A r c t i c .

The "WHEN" A r c t i c S u r v i v a l Manual has changed f r o m a f o l d i n g w a l l e t - s i z e d c a r d , t o a m a l l s u r v i v a l book, t o a p o c k e t - s i z e d s u r v i v a l k i t t h a t we were u n a b l e t o f i n d a m a n u f a c t u r e r t o p roduce. It then moved back t o a m i c r o f i c h e c a r d w i t h l e n s , t o a w a l l e t - s i z e d engraved m e t a l s u r v i v a l t o o l and f i n a l l y back t o a f o l d i n g w a l l e t - s i z e d c a r d . The s t o r y o f "The S t o n e c u t t e r " a l l o v e r . a g a i n .

A l a m i n a t e d "WHEN" Manual i s i n c l u d e d w i t h each copy o f t h e " I F " Manual. The "WHEN" Manual d e r i v e s i t s name f r o m t h e i d e a t h a t t h i s manual w i l l be w i t h p e o p l e "when" t h e y a r e i n an A r c t i c emergency.

The key t o s u r v i v a l i s t o be p repa red . No p o c k e t - s i z e d k i t . w i l l e v e r r e p l a c e a warm, f u n c t i o n i n g human b r a i n . A good s t u r d y k n i f e i s recommended as an a l l - p u r p o s e t o o l t h a t f i t s i n t h e p o c k e t and can be c a r r i e d a t a1 1 t i m e s .

These manuals a r e d e d i c a t e d t o a1 1 t h e peop le who have he1 ped w i t h t h e i r deve lopment as t h e i r i n s i g h t s on l i f e have been i n v a l u a b l e . S p e c i a l thanks go t o P e t e S o v a l i k , T. R u s s e l l F rank and H e r b e r t Frank , a l l t e a c h e r s o f 1 i f e .

USE OF THIS MANUAL

S u r v i v a l means know ing a b o u t many a s p e c t s o f l i f e . Tha t i s what s u r v i v a l i s , s t a y i n g a l i v e . F i r s t a i d i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n s u r v i v a l . T h i s cou rse w i l l g i v e y o u enough t o g e t by i n a p i n c h . B u t i t i s h i g h l y recommended t h a t y o u t a k e a f u l l f i r s t a i d c l a s s t o r e a l l y l e a r n how t o t a k e c a r e o f y o u r s e l f and o t h e r s .

Throughout t h i s manual , t h e male s i n g u l a r pronouns a r e used. T h i s i s done t o a i d t h e r e a d e r and i s no comment f o r o r a g a i n s t f ema les . P lease r e a d he t o mean he o r she, h i m t o mean h i m o r h e r and h i s t o mean h i s o r h e r s .

A l s o , t o p r a c t i c e t h e s k i l l s y o u w i l l l e a r n , y o u w i l l need a p a r t n e r . I n t h e A r c t i c i t i s a lways w i s e t o t r a v e l w i t h someone, so why n o t l e a r n t o g e t h e r . P i c k a p a r t n e r and have i t be someone you t r u s t and who t r u s t s you. Your l i v e s may depend on each o t h e r someday.

F i n a l l y , t h r o u g h o u t t h e manual y o u w i l l see symbols i n t h e marg ins . These a r e t o he1 p y o u i n y o u r l e a r n i n g .

The eye i s used t o mark v e r y i m p o r t a n t i d e a s . Look a t them, s t u d y them and l e a r n them. These p o i n t s a r e v a l u a b l e keys t o s t a y i n g a l i v e .

The a c t i o n f i g u r e i s used t o t e l l you t o work on an e x e r c i s e . Take t i m e t o s t o p r e a d i n g and p r a c t i c e what you have l e a r n e d o r do t h e a c t i v i t y t h a t has been r e q u e s t e d . These s k i l l s may be i m p o r t a n t i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n .

The q u e s t i o n / h e a d i s used t o mark t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t o f a c t i v i t i e s . You s h o u l d s t o p r e a d i n g and t h i n k a b o u t t h e q u e s t i o n s you have j u s t been asked. T h i n k of how t h o s e q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e t o you. T h i n k o f how t h e answers t o t h o s e q u e s t i o n s m i g h t h e l p keep you a1 i v e .

The hand i s used a t p o i n t s o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t need t o be c o n s i d e r e d c a r e f u l l y . T h i s symbol i s a w a r n i n g s i g n . These w a r n i n g s may be v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n h e l p i n g you s u r v i v e .

INTRODUCTION

From t h e v e r y f i r s t moment . . . " I t ' s an e a r t h q u a k e ! "

pi, 0 , I, " W e ' r e l o s i n g a l t i t u d e ; t h e - e n g + m ' i c e d ! "

" F i r e ! " J,#,".\* 3 .; -I5

" W e ' r e t a k i n g on w a t e r ! G e t y o u r 7~-i-f-e---ja-ck~t-s!"

"The w i n d i s t o o s t r o n g . I c a n ' t see t h e t r a i l a n y m o r e ! "

"Oh, my God!"

. . . u n t i l y o u r e f l e c t on t h e i n c i d e n t s f r o m t h e c o m f o r t o f y o u r home, i t i s a s u r v i v a l e x p e r i e n c e . S u r v i v a l i s s t a y i r r g a l i v e t h e n e x t month , t h e n e x t day , t h e n e x t h o u r o r even t h e n e x t m i n u t e . C o u l d y o u do i t ? R i g h t now?

I F s u d d e n l y t h e room f i l l e d w i t h c h l o r i n e gas , how much s u r v i v a l t i m e do y o u have?

I F s u d d e n l y y o u we re t h r o w n i n t o t h e A r c t i c Ocean f r o m a c r a s h , hcw much s u r v i v a l t i m e do y o u have?

I F s u d d e n l y y o u r home e x p l o d e s and c a t c h e s f i r e , how much s u r v i v a l t i m e do y o u have?

T h i s manual w i l l n o t t e l l y o u how t o h a n d l e e v e r y emergency s i t u a t i o n . I t w i l l g i v e y o u a method t o h a n d l e a l l emergency s i t u a t i o n s . I t s t a r t s and b u i l d s f r o m one b a s i c e l e n l e n t , y o u .

What a r e y o u ? You a r e a fo rm o f l i f e t h a t has an i n t e r n a l d e s i r e t o c o n t i n u e l i v i n g , t o s u r v i v e . S i m p l e . Who d e t e r m i n e s i f y o u s u r v i v e ? You do. S imp le . How do y o u s u r v i v e ? N o t so s i m p l e . T h a t i s why t h i s manual was w r i t t e n .

As t h i s manual was f i r s t com ing i n t o b e i n g , i t was t o be i n a l a r g e p a r t a r e v i e w o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a q c u l t u r a l s u r v i v a l t e c h n i q u e s . The I n u p i a t , t h e n o r t h A l a s k a n E s k i m o s ' name f o r t h e m s e l v e s , have s u r v i v e d i n t h e A r c t i c f o r t housands o f y e a r s . They w e r e b y f a r t h e m a s t e r s o f c o l d w e a t h e r s u r v i v a l . The e a r l y e x p l o r e r s l e a r n e d much and owe t h e i r success i n t h e w o r l d ' s c o l d r e g i o n s t c t h e l e s s o ~ s t h e y l e a r n e d f rom t h e I n u p i a t .

I t was i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e f o c u s o f t h i s manual b e k e p t on s u r v i v a l t e c h n i q u e s o f t o d a y . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s manual i s n o t a s t u d y o f t h e I n u p i a q c u l t . u r e n o r how t h e I n u p i a t s u r v i v e d i r : t h e A r c t i c . These t o p i c s c o u l d each b e t h e i r own e n c y c l o p e d i s . on t h e s u b j e c t . T h i s manual i s b u t a s m a l l s a m p l i n g t h a t h o p e f u l l y r e p r e s e n t s a c r o s s s e c t i o r : o f b o t h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l ways and t h e "app roved " ways o f s t a y i n y a l i v e i n t h e c o l d .

The A r c t i c . I n t h i s manual we w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e A r c t i c as t h e a r e a n o r t h o f t h e t r e e l i n e o r n c r t h o f t h e 10" C ave rage s u r f a c e i s o t h e r m f o r t h e warmest month, J u l y . Tk,: T d i 51 rl - c - 5 f ry ,-IL 0 ; 'f pwa!- J y y 5 a ~ ~ t -r L-, dw I , - r , 1 J E I - ~ U 0 n - 3 - 1 4 4 ,, ,*XL~,L 1-b

t ' c % J , A , & , .l4<"b& r &d ,4 & W . . T B * !&.&G. +L. OF&\ /&L7, J

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The A r c t i c has many u n i q u e f e a t u r e s , however, t h e key t o s u r v i v a l i s m a i n t a i n i n g y o u r b o d y ' s t e m p e r a t u r e range. P r o f e s s o r K a r i Lage rspe l t z f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Oul u, F i n l a n d , has r e p o r t e d , "Tempera ture i s t h e n e x t most i m p o r t a n t l i f e - l i m i t i n g f a c t o r i n t h e u n i v e r s e . Organisms make use o f d i f f e r e n t s t r a t e g i e s , homeothermy, a c c l i n i a t i z a t i o n , t empora ry r e s t i n g s t a g e s , c r e a t i o n o f a new env i ronmen t o r movement t o such an e n v i r o n m e n t t o m a i n t a i n 1 i f e a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s . I'

I t i s known t h a t i f y o u r body g e t s t o o c o l d , y o u r b r a i n s lows down and y o u do n o t t h i n k we1 1. I t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t y o u use y o u r head t o keep y o u r head warm. Kenneth Toovak p$ Bar row Search and Rescue a d v i s e d 4 t h a t , "You have a s u r v i v a l k i t y o u even i f y o u have n o t h i n g . You have y o u r head. You have y o u r t o h e a r and l i s t e n . You have y o u r eyes t o g u i d e y o u s a f e l y . "

M a j o r Rogers,who e s t a b l i s h e d Rogers ' Rangers i n 1756 , summed up a l l s u r v i v a l r u l e s w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t , " D o n ' t f o r g e t n o t h i n ' ! " T h i s one r u l e i n c l u d e s a l l t h a t has been l e a r n e d b y t h o s e who have l i v e d i n t h e A r c t i c b e f o r e you .

T h i s manual i s based on t h r e e l e v e l s . F i r s t . You a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r y o u r s e l f and t h a t y o u a r e made up o f a b l e n d i n g o f y o u r S p i r i t , y o u r Mind and y o u r Body. Mind

Second. The s t e p s i n t h i s manual a r e t h e f i r s t f i v e l e t t e r s of t h e E n g l i s h a l p h a b e t . A, B, C, D and E. Easy t o remember. I was once t o l d , " I f y o u need a hand, t h e b e s t p l a c e t o l o o k f o r i t i s a t t h e end o f y o u r own arm." F i v e f i n g e r s a r e on t h a t hand and f i v e l e t t e r s a r e i n t h i s manual. , /- , &

/ 1

T h i r d . T h i s manual c a n n o t d e X a i l e v e r y p o s s i b l e s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n . However, i f you f o l l o w t h e ' s t e p s t h e n - a l l s i t u a t i o n s can be hand led . You a r e t h e mov ing f o r c e . You a r e l e a r n i n g as you read t h i s page. You w i l l now have t h e o p t i o n t o t a k e t h i s m a t e r i a l i n t o y o u r b r a i n f o r use a t a l a t e r d a t e o r t o l e t t h e l e s s o n s o f o t h e r s pass you b y so y o u can l e a r n b y y o u r o w n T i s t a k e s .

I t i s ag reed t h a t p e o p l e l e a r n b e s t when t h e y make t h e i r own m i s t a k e s . You w i l l be g i v e n s u g g e s t i o n s t o t r y o u t y o u r s k i l l s now i n t h e s a f e t y o f y o u r s t u d y a rea o r ou ts i 'de , c l o s e t o she1 t e r and s a f e t y . However, t h e r e a r e some l e s s c n s t h a t a r e e a s i e r t o l e a r n by l i s t e n i n g A, w e l l , r a t h e r t h a n by s u f f e r i n g f r o m t h e l e s s o n s of r e a l i t y ; i~e:- , t ~ ~ ~ ~ ' c p r e v e n t f r o s t b i t e . P r a c t i c e s u r v i v a l s k i l l s BEFORE y o u need them. I f you do p r a c t i c e , t h e y w i l l be much e a s i e r t o do when y o u r e a l l y need them.

I n summary, t h e - C i r c l e of y o u p l u s t h e s e f i v e s teps and a l l - s i t u a t i o n s add up t o C i r - f i v e - a l l , s u r v i v a l , o r b e t t e r .yet , c o n t i n u e d 1 i f e .

Now i s t h e t i m e t o use y o u r head. Lea rn what o t h e r s have l e a r n e d t h r o u g h p a i n and endurance. Learn and p r e p a r e y o u r s e l f f o r any c h a l l e n g e . Lea rn and unders tand where y o u f i t i n t h e scheme o f l i f e .

I F you .ge t i n t o a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n , i t i s as easy as A , B, C, D, - E .

Attitude Aptitude - Airway

' i You a r e made up of t h r e e p a r t s - s p i r i t , m ind and body. I n t h i s I, f i r s t s e c t i o n we w i l l add ress t h e s p i r i t as A t t i t u d e , t h e mind as

A p t i t u d e and t h e body as A i r w a y . I f y o u do n o t ha\,e any o f t h e s e t h r e e , - y o u r l i f e w i l l be o 9 e r s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e emergency o r s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n

I a r i s e s . The l a c k o f any one w i l l mean y o u r death ; y o u r i n a b i l i t y t o make i t one m i n u t e ; y o u r i n a b i l i t y t o 1 i v e . Remember, i f y o u need a hand, i f y o u need h e l p , t h e f i r s t and b e s t p l a c e t o l o o k f o r i t i s w i t h i n y o u r s e l f . You a r e y o u r own b e s t f r i e n d .

Attitude

How do y o u l o o k a t t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d ? An o p t i m i s t , a lways l o o k i n g f o r t h e good t h i n g s ? A p e s s i m i s t , a lways l o o k i n g a t t h e bad t h i n g s ? You a r e p r o b a b l y a f i n e m i x t u r e of b o t h t h e s e A t t i t u d e s . How do y o u r e a c t t o an emergency? How wou ld y o u r e a c t t o a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n ? Most peop le do n o t know. So t h a t i s an okay A t t i t u d e f o r now. ,.,, L A * . ' i

However, t h i s ,coufs> w i l l g i v e y o u t r a i n i n g i n s p e c i f i c s k i l l s w i t h t h e hope t h a t t h e b e t t e r y o u r a r e t r a i n e d , t h e more s u r e y o u r a c t i o n s w i l l be i n an emergency, t h e more p o s i t i v e y o u r A t t i t u d e . Penn S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y d i d s t u d i e s on t h i s and f o u n d t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e t r a i n e d i n an emergency s k i l l w i l l a l m o s t a lways a s s i s t and l e a d i n an emergency. I n d i v i d u a l s who a r e u n t r a i n e d wifhmt /take d d x - 1 r e s p o n s i b i l i ty o r respond. ci v p IF;, 1.1 , /"kc

/ fu , I

If y o u want t o l i v e y o u w i l l t r y . I n many books t h i s has been

I I c a l l e d t h e " w i l l t o l i v e . " "Mawson's W i l l " i s n o t abou t Mawson w o r k i n g f m b w - - w i t h a l a w y e r t o draw up a .&, b u t i t i s a b o u t an i n c r e d i b l e t r i p i n

. t h e - A r c t i c where Mawson s u r v i v e s , i t seems, on h i s A t t i t u d e a l o n e , on *, ,* /,*'. ' h i s w i l l power, h i s " w i l l t o l i v e . " - I F y o u c rashed i n a s m a l l p l a n e and

had b o t h l e g s b roken , a hand burned, b r u i s e d a1 1 o v e r and were i n wet , t o r n c l o t h i n g on a day l i k e today , wou ld you have t h e " w i l l t o l i v e " ?

T h i s A t t i t u d e i s b u i l t and based on how s t r o n g y o u a r e p h y s i c a l l y , how much y o u know a b o u t k e e p i n g y o u r s e l f a1 ive, and what y o u be1 i e v e . However, sometimes A t t i t u d e can w i n o u t o v e r e v e r y t h i n g e l s e . I n t h e book, "One S u r v i v e d " , an I n u p i a q f rom K i n g I s l a n d s u r v i v e d i n w i n t e r s to rms , f l o a t i n g on i c e i n t h e B e r i n g S t r a i t f o r weeks. A t t i t u d e k e p t h im a l i v e as i t d i d Mawson. When caugh t w i t h no f o o d , 1 i m i t e d c l o t h i n g and no f u e l i n t h e h a r s h e s t env i ronmen t i n t h e w o r l d , t h e s e men s u r v i v e d .

Then there was a U.S. mili tary pi lot w h o successfully landed his j e t , which was having problems, on a frozen lake north of the Brooks Range. He climbed o u t and walked around the plane which was in f ine condition. He had survival gear and emergency rations with him. He was uninjured. He had a radio. Everything looked l ike i t was in his favor. When the rescue team arrived less than 24 hours l a t e r they found the p i lo t . He was s i t t i n g in the cockpit of his j e t and he had shot himself in the head with his .45 caliber p is to l . There was no reason for him t o die except t h a t he had l o s t his Atti tude, his "will t o l ive".

If t h i s manual teaches you nothing e l se , learn th i s . If you do n o t have a good Attitude and a strong will t o l i v e , you will die. This i s n o t just fo r survival, t h i s i s f o r living in general. People die in the safety and warmth of the i r own homes, in the i r own community because they have a poor Attitude, a low self-image. They abuse the i r bodies with drugs and risky behavior because they d o n ' t care about themselves and end u p dead drunk or crashed into a truck with the i r snowmachine.

How do you feel about yourself? If you have been in an emergency s i tuat ion, h o w did you react? How well have you handled pain? How did you react when you sprained your ankle, broke a bone or cut yourself?

What kind of Attitude do you have? Read and learn what i s in th is manual and your Attitude will improve. You will have more confidence in yourself. You will gain s k i l l s tha t have been passed from generation t o generation. You will be able t o help yourself and th is will make i t easier for you t o w a n t t o help yourself . R u t once more, i t a l l comes back t o you. Do you want t o l ive?

Aptitude

What d o you k n o w about surviving an emergency? Do you k n o w h o w t o survive? Have you ever asked your fa ther , uncle, grandfather, grandmother or any older person t o teach you the ways t o l ive? Have you asked t o be told the s to r i e s of t radi t ion tha t a l l contained lessons of l i f e ? Are you interested in your l i f e , in your family's history a n d h o w people survived in the Arctic?

There i s much information o u t there. You need t o g o find o u t about i t . Take time t o ask. Tonight a t home ask an older family member or bet ter ye t , the oldest family member. "What was i t l ike when you were my age?" Make plans th i s coming weekend t o v i s i t someone you k n o w w h o spends a l o t of time hunting. Ask questions, l i s ten and watch.

,\ ' I 0 o u T ~ D I . P J

Albert Einstein said, "Common sense i s actually nothing more than a deposit of prejudices la id down in the mind prior t o the age of eighteen." What prejudices have you learned from your family about living in the Arctic?

d" M I C C J IC! C.rm-I'- y ,

As was s t a t e d i n t h e A t t i t u d e s e c t i o n , t h e more y o u know, t h e b e t t e r y o u a r e t r a i n e d i n emergency s k i l l s , t h e b e t t e r y o u r A t t i t u d e w i l l be i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n . A p t i t u d e i s t h a t knowledge, t h a t unders tand ing . P u t t h e s e two i d e a s t o g e t h e r and you have t h e A b i l i t y t o s t a y a l i v e . B u t once more i t a l l comes back t o you. Do y o u know how t o l i v e ? Do y o u want t o l i v e ?

Do y o u have an open A i r w a y ? T h i s must be t h e v e r y f i r s t q u e s t i o n t o r a c e t h r o u g h y o u r mind i n r e g a r d s t o y o u r b o d y ' s s u r v i v a l , o r t o anyone e l s e ' s s u r v i v a l . The b r a i n needs oxygen t o l i v e and t o f u n c t i o n . Under normal s i t u a t i o n s y o u r b o d y ' s b l o o d c a r r i e s oxygen t o t h e b r a i n and y o u remain consc ious and can respond t o y o u r body ' s needs.

I F f o r some reason y o u canno t b r e a t h e and b r i n g oxygen t o t h e b l o ~ d ~ ~ o u r b r a i n w i l l c o n t i n u e t o work f o r o n l y a s h o r t t i m e . As i t uses up oxygen i n t h e b l o o d , t h e b r a i n w i l l s t o p f u n c t i o n i n g w e l l and t h e person w i l l become unconsc ious. I F oxygen i s n o t r e p l e n i s h e d w i t h i n 4 t o 6 m inu tes , t h e b r a i n w i l l b e g i n to d i e .

How l o n g can you h o l d y o u r b r e a t h ? Time y o u r s e l f r i g h t now. T h a t l e n g t h o f t i m e i s how much t i m e y o u have t o remain consc ious if y o u r A i rway was t o become b locked . You a r e c l i m b i n g on some b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s , you f a l l and a box f a 1 1s on y o u r ches t . You can no l o n g e r b r e a t h e . How much t i m e do y o u have? You cannot c a l l f o r h e l p . Your f r i e n d who i s w i t h y o u removes t h e box b e f o r e you pass o u t . How q u i c k was he?

Perhaps he g o t t o y o u a f t e r y o u had passed o u t . He removes t h e box, b u t you do n o t respond. Your A i rway i s n o t open. You a r e n o t g e t t i n g a i r i n t o y o u r l u n g s n o r oxygen t o y o u r b r a i n . You w i l l d i e i n 4 t o 6 m inu tes . What s h o u l d y o u r f r i e n d do? Open y o u r A i rway !

These s t e p s a r e easy. I f y o u f i n d someone who i s unconsc ious :

1. Ask h im i f he i s okay, he may be j u s t s l e e p i n g . , l s (" k- 2 . I f he does n o t respond, p u t y o u r e a r j u s t above 7 nose and mduth.

L i s t e n f o r a i r mov ing o r b r e a t h i n g sounds. Feel w i t h y o u r cheek i f t h e r e i s any movement o f a i r . Look w i t h y o u r eyes t o see i f t h e r e i s any movement o f t h e c h e s t o r abdomen. P lace y o u r hand 1 i g h t l y on t h e abdomen and c h e s t and f e e l f o r any a i r o r l u n g movement.

3. If there i s no a i r going in or o u t , there i s no Airway. Kneel beside the person's head. Place your hand t h a t i s closest t o his f e e t , under his neck. Place your other h a n d on his forehead. L i f t the neck gently while holding the forehead down. This action will l i f t the tongue from the throat and open the Airway. A good rule i s t o see t ha t the jaw and ear a re in a ver t ical 1 ine.

4. Redo step 2 . Look, 1 i s t e n , f ee l . The Airway i s open. The person s t a r t s t o breathe again and should become conscious very soon.

Pick a partner. Practice s teps 1 through 4. Realize you must be ent le when you t i p the head back. Get to know what a breath fee l s ,

sounds and looks l ike . Hold your breath, breathe shallow, t r y to relax your tongue so i t blocks your Airway.

You n o w know how to help someone e l se . What i f you are by yourself? Your boat has jus t tipped over and you weren't wearing your personal f loatat ion device ( P F D ) . You are trapped under the boat which i s upside down. I t i s black and you can see nothing. How long do you have? What i s your Atti tude, do you want to l i ve? What i s your Aptitude, do you k n o w how to l i ve? What condition i s your Airway? If you have no a i r , your Airway i s closed. Can you open i t ?

You move down, around the s ide of the boat and come to the surface. You did want t o l i v e , you knew you had to ac t within the length of time you could hold your breath, you knew how to swim and you moved to the surface and opened your Airway.

I - J .--/ Water i s a (common element in Airway problems. Drowning i s a L - leading cause of &den+++ death in the State of Alaska. There are

other s i tuat ions where Airways are important. Suffocating due to being buried a l ive i s a lso a problem. Once again the action must be quick because you do n o t have much oxygen, a n d snow and d i r t will pack easier during the f i r s t few minutes.

Airways are needed when the a i r becomes short of oxygen. This can happen when a building f i l l s with gas or when toxic fumes f i l l a she l te r . Chlorine gas will burn and blind you as well as close your Airway. Carbon monoxide and exhaust from stoves will rob oxygen from your brain and cause death. Even your exhaled breath will a f fec t the a i r in your she l te r . If you are in an area tha t has toxic fumes, or i f you feel lightheaded, or your skin, l i p s and f ingernai ls turn red or blue, get o u t into fresh a i r immediately. Handle toxic fumes with extreme caution, or be t t e r y e t , avoid them.

Vent A1 1 she1 t e r s and people must have Airways t o stay heal thy.

i l a t e a l l she l te r s .

Airplanes can create Airway problems also. Everytime you f l y in a commercial, pressurized j e t the f l i g h t .crew explains the use of the "on-board oxygen". The next time you f l y , pay a t tent ion t o t he i r ins t ruct ions . There i s very l i t t l e oxygen a t high a l t i t udes . If the cabin of the j e t does lose i t s pressure, i t will lose i t s oxygen also. If you lose your oxygen, you lose your Airway.

I n order t o restore your Airway, pull down on the mask which will s t a r t the flow of oxygen. P u t the mask over your nose and mouth securing i t with the e l a s t i c band. Breathe normally unti l you are told to do something e l s e . I f you are with a chi ld or someone who needs help, be sure to p u t your mask on f i r s t . I f you get your mask on properly, you can then safely help others. I f you do n o t , there could be two people in trouble ra ther t h a n j u s t one.

Airways a re a l so common problems in f i r e s . Often you will see f i re f igh te rs p u t on a i r masks a n d tanks t o f i gh t a f i r e . Once inside the building, the firemen drop to t h e i r hands a n d knees t o crawl under the smoke a n d heat t o get t o the f i r e and p u t i t out.

If you a re in Airway i s t o get coolest , cleanest a and crawl, i f need

a smoke-filled building, the best way to keep your on the f loor . Heat a n d smoke both r i s e and the

i r will be low a n d on the f loor . Keep a good Airway be, on your belly under the smoke, under the heat,

under the flames t o the nearest e x i t . A window ~ M T s . f ; - f - 1 - 6 6 ~ - i s jus t as much an e x i t as a door. B u t once more i t comes back to you. Do you w a n t t o l ive?

Now we come to the f i r s t real t e s t of your Atti tude. Perhaps you have already taken t h i s t e s t . If you are in teres ted in your well-being, and w a n t t o be able t o take care of yourse l f , then turn the page. If not, you might as well return t h i s manual. Ever wonder w h a t t h a t p i l o t must have thought, before he used his g u n on himself?

Belief - - Behavior Breathing

So you decided t o s t i c k with i t . An e x c e l l e n t dec is ion . I t shows good At t i t ude and Aptitude. I t a l s o shows t h a t you have a p r e t t y good self- image a l ready. I f you had a tough time deciding t o continue o r i f you could take i t o r leave i t , your self-image might be shaky. You may not care i f you l i v e o r d i e . I t may a l s o mean t h a t you d o n ' t l i k e the manual o r t he sub jec t . I f you l i v e o r plan t o l i v e in the Arc t i c , t h i s i s a very important sub jec t . I t could mean your l i f e . o'q c O / / ~ ~ --li

This sec t ion dea l s with p rec i se ly these same i s sues . What do you, personal ly , be l ieve to be important? What behavior do you d i sp lay , o r in o t h e r words, "Do you p r a c t i c e what you preach?" How do you keep breathing and relaxed? Dr. Wilhelm Reich, noted p s y c h i a t r i s t , found t h a t people displayed t h e i r inner confidence, t h e i r inner rapport with the o u t e r world and t h e i r mental s t a b i l i t y through t h e i r breathing pa t t e rns .

Belief Be1 i e f i s what you hold o r perceive t o be t r u e . I f you be1 ieve in

the Chr is t ian d e f i n i t i o n of God, you then be l i eve t h a t t h e r e i s a Holy S p i r i t t h a t abides in everyone. I f you be l i eve in t h e t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiaq ways, you then be l ieve t h a t t h e r e i s a Living S p i r i t t h a t abides in everything and t h a t man i s j u s t one p a r t of a l l Nature. Neither i s good, n e i t h e r i s bad, n e i t h e r i s r i g h t and n e i t h e r i s wrong in an abso lu te sense. A "True Be1 i eve r " be l ieves h i s i s the only way and a l l o t h e r ways a r e wrong. B u t in r e a l i t y , no one can say o r judge what o the r s be1 ieve.

This philosophy holds in survival a s wel l . I f you be l ieve t h a t because you have Inupiaq blood in your veins you can surv ive in the Arc t i c , then you have an advantage. I f you be l ieve t h a t because you can think l i k e an Inupiaq you can surv ive i n t h e Arc t i c , then you have an advantage. I f you be l i eve t h a t because you have learned t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiaq survival s k i l l s you can surv ive i n the Arc t i c , then you have an advantage. I f you be l ieve t h a t because you have learned Russian surv iva l s k i l l s you can surv ive in the A r c t i c , then you have a n advantage. I f you be l ieve t h a t because you have Arct ic winter camping s k i l l s you can surv ive in the Arc t i c , then you have an advantage.

In summary, i f you be l ieve t h a t because you ( f i l l in the blank) you can survive in the Arc t i c , then you have an advantage. I f you be1 ieve you CAN, you have an advantage. In the c h i l d r e n ' s s to ry "The L i t t l e Engine That Could" the engine keeps saying " I think I can, I J

think I can, I think I can . . ." Once over the mountain the engine said " I knew I could, I knew I could . . . " Tradit ional Inupiaq s t o r i e s teach many of the same lessons of hunters who believed they could bring food home regardless of storms, threatening animals, o r evi 1 s p i r i t s .

Belief i s a very strong fo rce . Like At t i tude, without i t you can do l i t t l e . With f a i t h , with a Be l ie f , amazing things have been done. People have survived hundreds of days on r a f t s a t sea and weeks with in ju r ies in Arctic areas .

Harry Houdini, the great magician, once survived hours under r ive r ice a f t e r he had escaped from a trunk, ropes and handcuffs. He could not f i n d 4 t h e hole in the ice t ha t he had been dropped through. He breathed a i r t ha t was trapped between the water and i ce . He believed he heard h i s mother's voice and followed i t . When he f i n a l l y came to an area where the i ce was broken, he was r igh t by the shore. He knew before he s ta r t ed the escape t ha t he could do i t . He believed his mother's voice would lead him to sa fe ty . He was successful .

The movie, "A Man in the krilderness" was based on a t rue s tory . Hugh Glass was a f u r trapper during the days of the f i r s t white men exploring the Midwest of what i s now the Continental U.S. He was t ravel ing with two companions. While deep in Indian country, Glass was mauled by a gr izz ly bear. His companions thought he was dead o r so near death t ha t nothing could be done. They took Glass ' s r i f l e and gear, covered him with leaves and' l e f t . Glass was not dead. He nursed his wounds and survived. I l l -c lo thed and with no weapons b u t what he could make, he crawled and hobbled 200 miles t o the c loses t t rading post. He believed he would survive i f f o r no other reason than t o k i l l the two men who had l e f t him. He did survive and he a l so forgave his companions. He wrote a page in the annals of human endurance, s trength and ingenuity t ha t was fueled by Belief .

A t r ad i t iona l Inupiaq Belief i s t ha t in the Arctic l i v e the Imrnarraq, "1 i t t l e people". The Imrnarraq a re pranksters 1 ike the Leprechauns, Elves, Tro l l s o r Menehune. You must always watch out f o r the Immarraq as they wil l get in to your camp and "play". They will get in to your food, knock your dry c lothes in the snow, move your knife, r i f l e o r anything e l s e t ha t can be misplaced. This Belief has lead the Inupiat t o be ca r e fu l , t o be watchful , as they know the Arctic can be very unforgiving.

The t r i ck s and r idd les of the Imrnarraq can be rewarding. Often, in remembering s t o r i e s of the " l i t t l e people", new clues a re found tha t lead t o game, t o s a f e t y , t o survival . This Belief has lead t o a Behavior t ha t f o r the Inupiat has kept them a l i ve .

What a re your Bel iefs? Do you believe in a God, a Supreme Being, a Life Force,or a Great Mystery? Do you believe t h a t you a r e being taken care of by t ha t Bel ief? Do you believe i n your own a b i l i t i e s , in yoursel f? "God helps those who help themselves." Do you have the Bel ief , the Att i tude t o help yoursel f? Once again i t i s back t o you. What do you believe?

Behavior What y o u do i s y o u r B e h a v i o r . What y o u do r e f l e c t s y o u r A t t i t u d e ,

y c u r A p t i t u d e and y o u r B e l i e f s . I f i t i s snow ing o u t s i d e and y o u go o u t snowmach in ing f o r t h e day i n a t e e s h i r t , j e a n s and s n e a k e r s , what a r e y o u s a y i n g ? Your A t t i t u d e i s one o f n o t c a r i n g f o r y o u r s e l f . Your A p t i t u d e i s one o f n o t k n o w i n g t h a t snow means i t i s c o l d and t h a t c l o t h e s keep y o u r body f r o m l o s i n g t o o much h e a t . Your B e l i e f i s one t h a t p r o b a b l y w i l l n o t keep y o u warm v e r y l o n g . Your B e h a v i o r i s one t h a t j u s t does n o t make sense . End r e s u l t : You a r e g o i n g t o g e t c o l d .

The b l e n d i n g o f A t t i t u d e , A p t i t u d e and Be1 i e f i s B e h a v i o r . The re i s sound o r norma l b e h a v i o r , when w h a t y o u do i s wha t mos t p e o p l e a g r e e y o u s h o u l d do. The re i s u f isound o r abnorma l b e h a v i o r , when what y o u do i s n o t what m o s t p e o p l e a g r e e y o u s h o u l d do . B e h a v i o r comes w i t h e x p e r i e n c e . The more o f t e n y o u go o u t f o r t h e day OD y o u r snowmachine, t h e more e x p e r i e n c e y o u w i l l g a i n . The more y o u w i l l l e a r n and i n c r e a s e y o u r A p t i t u d e . The more y o u w i l l be1 i e v e i n y o u r a b i l i t i e s . The more y o u w i l l have a p o s i t i v e A t t i t u d e ? b o u t t r a v e l i n g b y snowmachine.

S u r v i v a l i s 1 i k e a p u z z l e . The f i r s t f e w p i e c e s seem t o be o d d l y p l a c e d , b u t as t i m e goes b y t h e y w i l l b e g i n t c f i t t o g e t h e r and f o rm a p a t t e r n . A l l p a r t s i n t h i s p u z z l e , t h i s game o f l i f e , a r e worked b y y o u . Your B e h a v i o r , l i k e a l l t h e s e o t h e r i t e m s , i s up t o you . How do y o u behave i n t h e A r c t i c ?

The c o n t i n u e d s u c c e s s f u l u s e o f y o u r A i r w a y i s c o n s i d e r e d b r e a t h i n g . A i r c a r r y i n g oxygen goes i n t o y o u r l u n g s where i t i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o y o u r b l o o d . Your b l o o d c i r c u l a t e s t h e oxygen t o e v e r y c e l l i n y o u r body . The s t r a t e g i c c e l l s o f t h e b r a i n keep y o u a l e r t , t h e sys tem w o r k i n g and o c c a s i o n a l l y a c h i e v e moments o f t h o u g h t and e n l i g h t e n m e n t . The b l o o d p i c k s u p c d r b o n d i o x i d e f r o m t h e c e l l s w h i c h i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e l u n g s and e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e body as y o u e x h a l e .

The re i s n o t h i n g d i f f i c u l t a b o u t t h e who le sys tem e x c e p t when i t s t o p s . I n t h e l a s t s e c t i o n A i r w a y was d i s c u s s e d . I f y o u f i n d a p e r s o n who i s u n c o n s c i o u s , y o u have f o u r s t e p s . ONE, check f o r c o n s c i o u s n e s s . TWO, l o o k and l i s t e r and f e e l . THREE, t i l t t b e head. FOUR, l o o k and 1 i s t e n and f e e l . I f y o u have c o m p l e t e d t h e s e s t e p s and t h e r e i s s t ill no B r e a t h i n g , y o u mus t see wha t e l s e y o u can do.

T h i s becomes a t i m e o f d e c i s i o n s . Where a r e y o u ? How f a r away i s h e l p ? What a r e y o u r s k i l l s ? A r e y o u i n d a n g e r ? A r e t h e r e o t h e r s who need h e l p ?

F i r s t , c a l l f o r h e l p . J u s t y e l l i t o u t , r i g h t where y o u a r e . I f t h e r e a r e o t h e r s t o h e l p , g r e a t . If t h e r e a r e o t h e r s who need h e l p y o u must d e c i d e whom t o h e l p . Does t h i s p e r s o n l o o k l i k e he w i l l s t a r t b r e a t h i n g a g a i n w i t h some h e l p ? I s h i s body i n t a c t ? Are t h e r e l a r g e p o o l s o f b l o o d ? I s t h e body s t i l l warm?

The l o n g e r i t has been s i n c e t h e pe rson had oxygen, t h e b l u e r he w i l l appear . The l o n g e r he has n o t been c i r c u l a t i n g b l o o d , t h e c o l d e r he w i l l be. I f y o u a r e n o t n e a r h e l p , i f t h e r e i s n o t a phone t o c a l l f o r h e l p , y o u must d e c i d e w h e t h e r o r n o t t o s t a r t a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n .

When y o u d e c i d e t h a t t h e pe rson can be h e l p e d , s t a r t a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n . Mouth t o mouth b r e a t h i n g i s said t o be a t r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a q p r a c t i c e and was known i n t h e ~ r c t i c / l p q b e f o r e t h e Red Cross appeared and began t e a c h i n g i t . d

kffkr+%/ '~ c. FL.. S , - L c ., c

P i n c h t h e nose c l o s e d w h i l e h o l d i n g t h e head i n t h e open A i r w a y p o s i t i o n . P u t y o u r mouth o v e r t h e p e r s o n ' s mouth and b r e a t h e i n f o u r q u i c k b r e a t h s . T u r n y o u r head and l o o k , 1 i s t e n and f e e l t o see i f t h e pe rson has s t a r t e d t o b r e a t h e on h i s own. If n o t , p u t i n a n o t h e r b r e a t h . Then c o u n t t o y o u r s e l f , "one one- thousand, two one- thousand, t h r e e one- thousand, f o u r one- thousand" , t a k e a b r e a t h and b low i n on " f i v e one- thousand" .

T u r n y o u r head. Look, 1 i s t e n and f e e l f o r t h e e x h a l a t i o n . Re- l e a s e y o u r f i n g e r s on t h e nose so t h e a i r can come o u t . S t a r t c o u n t - i n g a g a i n as soon as t h e b r e a t h i s i n and p r e p a r e t o b low i n t h e n e x t b r e a t h on " f i v e one- thousand" . Keep t h i s a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n g o i n g u n t i l t h e p e r s o n r e v i v e s , u n t i l someone r e l i e v e s y o u o r u n t i l y o u have t o s t o p . T h i s i s t h e r a t e of b r e a t h i n g f o r an a d u l t - one b r e a t h e v e r y f i v e seconds.

If t h e v i c t i m i s a c h i l d , t h e r a t e s h o u l d be p u t t i n g t h e b r e a t h i n on " f o u r one- thousand" and u s i n g a f o u r second c o u n t . F o r an i n f a n t p u t t h e b r e a t h i n on " t h r e e one- thousand" and use a t h r e e second c o u n t .

Now p r a c t i c e a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n w i t h a p a r t n e r o r w i t h a c a r d i o p u l m o n a r y r e s u s c i t a t i o n (CPR) m a n i k i n . Remember t o be g e n t l e w i t h b o t h t i 1 t i n g t h e head and b l o w i n g i n t h e b r e a t h s . Take ALL gum, chew, t cbacco , and candy o u t o f y o u r mouth b e f o r e g i v i n g a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n t o anyone.

I f y o u h i t r e s i s t a n c e and t h e a i r w i l l n o t go i n t o t h e p e r s o n ' s l u n g s , y o u must recheck t h e A i rway . R e t i l t t h e head and t r y a b r e a t h . I f t h i s does n o t work , r o l l t h e pe rson toward y o u b y p l a c i n g t h e n e a r arm up above h i s head and g r a b t h e f a r s h o u l d e r . P u l l t h e pe rson u n t i l h i s c h e s t i s on y o u r t h i g h s . G ive f o u r , f i r m o p e n - f i s t e d b lows r i g h t between h i s s h o u l d e r b l a d e s . Check f o r any o b j e c t s t h a t may have been f o r c e d l o o s e Sweep them t o t h e s i d e o f t h e cheek and o u t o f t h e mouth. R o l l t h pe rson o n t o h i s back, open h i s A i r w a y and t r y t o v e n t i l a t e .

t o p t h e

I f t h i s does n o t work , s t r a d d l e t h e pe rson . P l a c e y o u r o f each o t h e r j u s t above h i s n a v e l . .Use f o u r f i r m t h r u s t s abdomen.

hands on i n t oward

Check t h e mouth f o r o b j e c t s and sweep any t o t h e s i d e o f t h e cheek and o u t o f t h e mouth. Open t h e A i r w a y and t r y a g a i n t o v e n t i l a t e . If t h i s does n o t work , r e p e a t t h e e n t i r e p rocedure .

I f t h e pe rson does t a k e t h e a i r , chances a r e t h a t he w i l l soon t a k e h i s own b r e a t h i f e v e r y t h i n g e l s e i s okay . Through y o u r A p t i t u d e and B e h a v i o r , open ing t h e A i rway and B r e a t h i n g f o r h im, t h e pe rson may l i v e .

Now a n o t h e r p rob lem. What i f i t i s y o u ? You a r e e a t i n g a meal and choke on a p i e c e o f f o o d . You have b l o c k e d y o u r A i rway . How much t i m e do y o u have u n t i l y o u go unconsc ious? You need t o c l e a r y o u r A i rway and g e t h e l p . W i t h yct i r - A i rway b l o c k e d y o u c a n n o t y e l l o u t .

I f y o u know t h e r e i s h e l p o r p e o p l e nea rby , p u t y o u r ene rgy and t i m e i n t c mak ing them know y o u have a prob lem. Make No ise ! Turn a t e l e v i s i o n o r s t e r e o up, b reak a window, p u l l a f i r e a la rm, bang on a n e i g h b o r ' s d o o r . L e t someone know y o u have a prob lem.

If y o u know t h e r e i s no h e l p anywhere nea rby and y o u a r e on y o u r own, use y o u r t i n e t o f i n d a c h a i r , u p r i g h t s l e d , g rub box o r t a b l e edge. Drop y o u r s e l f on t h e edge so i t h i t s t h e a rea abou t y o u r n a v e l . Keep d o i n g t h i s u n t i l t h e A i r w a y c l e a r s o r y o u pass o u t . D o n ' t g i v e up hope y e t . Many t i m e s once a pe rson goes unconsc ious t h e muscles o f t h e t h r o a t and abdomen r e l a x t h e o b j e c t f a l l s o u t . W i t h w e i g h t on t h e abaomen, a i r w i l l h e l p f o r c e o u t t h e o b j e c t as w e l l as empty ing t h e J

lungs of carbon dioxide. This may be enough t o cause you t o take a breath and regain consciousness.

Breathing has a l so gotten people in to very t i g h t binds. If you f a l l in to a crevasse on a g lac ie r o r on the i c e pack and get wedged in and breathe heavily, two things will happen. You will become more exci ted and you will lose much more heat , possibly even becoming hypothermic and develop f r o s t b i t e . Also, the deeper you inhale , the more you wil l exhale causing you t o be wedged in t i g h t e r and t i g h t e r unt i l you cannot breathe a t a l l . Now you have an Airway problem.

If you relax and t r y t o breathe l e s s f r an t i c a l l y , you may survive unt i l help a r r i ve s . In many cases relaxation has kept people a l i ve . Your body wil l s tay warmer i f you a r e relaxed. Most people handle problems and think be t t e r when they a re relaxed. People a re c rea t ive when they are relaxed. In an emergency s i tua t ion in the Arctic i t i s helpful to be thinking warm and c rea t ive thoughts, therefore , i t i s helpful to learn how to re lax .

One of the best ways to relax i s t o pay a t tent ion t o your Breathing. A few deep breaths can be helpful t o begin with, unless you a re caught in a crevasse. Close your eyes and count your breaths going in and out. Once you have s e t t l e d in to a rhythm, gradually slow tha t pace. Pay a t t en t ion t o your body and t r y t o have i t relax. Feel the muscles unwind. Let the warm blood flow t o every part of your body. Let your breaths t ha t have now slowed, become more shallow. Your body i s so relaxed by t i i s time t ha t you need l i t t l e oxygen and l i t t l e fuel t o keep i t functioning.

This process of relaxation t o handle the cold i s being researched and ear ly r e su l t s a re good. The Inupiat have used t h i s technique f o r centuries. I t works. We would 1 ike t o know more about why o r how i t works so others can be taught o r t ra ined in t h i s method fo r adaption t o the Arctic. The Inupiat were aware t ha t the energy within a person i s part of the energy of Nature. Learning the balance of these energies was included in t r ad i t iona l Inupiaq s t o r i e s . This has not been included in the s t o r i e s of the Western European cu l tu re .

To survive, t o l i ve in balance with a l l the world, was always part of the Elders ' s t o r i e s . Today reading, wri t ing, ar i thmet ic , physical education, a r t , h is tory and computer, sciences are taught in school. Religion i s taught in church7 ~ h a t : k l u e s are being taught a t home? Where do you learn about l i f e ? What do you want t o know? Go ask someone who i s e lde r ly , someohe you care f o r , what i s a lesson they have learned about l i f e ? I t i s / u p t o you t o find out . You a r e learning

I 1 about how t o s tay a1 ive. I A , [ ,,

How would you have reacted i f you had been Hugh Glass or Harry Houdini?

Lonsciousness - - Concerns

S t i l l here? Good f o r you. We now go t o the next level . We have p u t in the foundations of survival . We need t o expand t h a t narrow view of continued survival to Consciorrsness, Concerns a n d Circulation.

Consciousness @ l ,. i l id. -P ; .,.... ,... . a - c

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On w h a t level of Consciousness do you operate? What o you think /a about between c l a s se s , a t night before you go t o sleep or a+eh-u-rch? On w h a t level of consciousness did the Inupiat Elders l i ve? What about the shamans? What about the teachers or missionaries?

In an issue of Outside Magazine, Paula Sch i l l e r wrote an a r t i c l e about "what the Eskimos know about surviving mind-numbing cold . . . could save your l i f e " . She s t a t ed , "Native customs fo s t e r mental agi 1 i ty and cheerfulness. Gloomy, unstable people are t rad i t iona l ly shunned in the Far North, a n d the stereotype of the "happy" Eskimo has some basis . Case s tudies support the Eskimos' i n s t i n c t s , showing t h a t optimists make be t t e r survivors, while pessimism can be l e tha l . Eskimos are a lso habitual problem solvers , and problem solving i s pleasurable, says Michael Graf, a c l in ica l psychologist in Fairbanks. I t brings a sense of mastery, confidence and self-esteem - prime ingredients fo r survival . "

Consciousness i s an awareness of one ' s s e l f . Not only f o r the moment a n d a place, b u t a n understanding of one's place in a l l the world, in a l l time. Most people are aware of themselves today in t h e i r community. Many people are aware of themselves f o r years in t h e i r country and perhaps on the globe. Some a re aware of themselves f o r times larger than t h e i r l i fe t ime a n d over the en t i r e globe. A very small number a re aware of themselves and others f o r a l l times, in d i f fe ren t dimensions, in a l l of t h i s world and other worlds. , In the

i 2' , Arct jc, these a re the shamans. G { LG r e , s j 12,* - 4 0' --" w c.: *i -.- Lx P

p' - The be t t e r you understand yourself and are aware of your

surroundings the be t t e r chance you will have of surviving a n emergency. Seems simple a f t e r a l l t ha t s t u f f in the preceding paragraph. Are you aware of the animals when you t ravel by snowmachine? Can you communicate t o a s e a 1 , M a cacibou? Have you ever t r i e d ?

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There are t rue s t o r i e s of hunters, who in times of great need, have spoken Inupiaq t o the animals. A hunter who had not found food fo r his family fo r many days was out a l l day hunting sea l s . I t was l a t e and he d

was abou t t o head home when he l e a n e d o v e r and spoke t o t h e s p i r i t o f t h e s e a l s . Soon a s e a l appeared and t h e h u n t e r s h o t i t and t o o k i t home t o h i s f a m i l y . He n e v e r misused t h i s s k i l l , b u t he knew, ,he b e l i e v e d t h a t when he reached a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f hunger t h a t he c o u l d t h e n speak t o t h e an ima ls .

Another h u n t e r , who a f t e r a s u c c e s s f u l h u n t , was head ing back t o h i s f a m i l y and camp when he became e n g u l f e d i n f o g . He became d i s o r i e n t e d and d e s p e r a t e l y wanted t o f i n d h i s way home. I n h i s sor row, he spoke t o t h e w a t e r . A k i l l e r wha le appeared. The h u n t e r t o l d t h e k i l l e r whale he meant i t no harm, and t h a t he, j u s t l i k e t h e whale, was h u n t i n g , b u t he had become l o s t . He needed t o r e t u r n t o h i s f a m i l y as he had f o o d f o r them.

The whale c i r c l e d around t h e s m a l l kayak and t h e n s l o w l y swam away. The h u n t e r c o u l d e a s i l y p a d d l e b e h i n d t h e whale. A f t e r much p a d d l i n g t h e whale s topped and i n t h e d i s t a n c e t h e h u n t e r c o u l d see h i s f a m i l y ' s t e n t on t h e sho re . He thanked t h e wha le and padd led t o sho re .

/ ,dl,.- -.-. 4 G. --.., I"r Bowhead wha1e;;;have t r a d i t i o n a l l y been g i v e n f r e s h w a t e r t o d r i n k - a f t e r t h e y have been p u l l e d o n t o t h e i c e o r sho re f o r d i v i s i o n . It i s a -,

B e l i e f and an awareness A t t i t u d e t h a t i f t h e s p i r i t o f t h e whale i s t r e a t e d k i n d l y and g i v e n f r e s h w a t e r , i t w i l l be r e l e a s e d f r o m t h e body and r e t u r n e d t o t h e o t h e r whales t o t e l l them how k i n d l y i t had been t r e a t e d . By u s i n g t h e e n t i r e wha le t h e p e o p l e showed t h e i r r e s p e c t and need f o r t h e g r e a t a n i m a l s .

T h i s awareness o f a n i m a l s and o f N a t u r e has k e p t t h e I n u p i a t a l i v e . Speaking t o t h e a n i m a l s i s n o t done by u s i n g t h e language o f t h e I n u p i a t , b u t by u s i n g t h e B e l i e f s and Consciousness o f t h e I n u p i a t . The an ima ls unders tand n o t t h e words, b u t t h e " h e a r t " . Go ask an E l d e r abou t a s t o r y when he was h u n t i n g . L e a r n f r o m t h e I n u p i a t E l d e r s abou t t h e an imal s p i r i t s and how t h e y s h o u l d be t r e a t e d . How do you r e l a t e t o t h e an ima ls o r N a t u r e ?

Concerns

P a r t o f knowing how t o s u r v i v e i s t o i d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c Concerns o r problems. N i n e t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f a l l s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n s l a s t 7 2 hours o r l e s s . Some emergencies l a s t j u s t seconds u n t i l an A i rway i s c l e a r e d o r a f i r e i s p u t o u t . Some s u r v i v a l o r d e a l s have gone on f o r months w h i l e l o s t a t sea o r s t r a n d e d i n t h e A r c t i c .

B a s i c Concerns anywhere i n t h e w o r l d , everyday, f o r everyone a r e Food, C l o t h i n g and S h e l t e r . T h i n k a b o u t what e l s e you r e a l l y need. Now combine t h e ave rage 72-hour s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n w i t h t h e B a s i c Concerns, m ix w i t h y o u r own e x p e r i e n c e s i n t h e A r c t i c and what do y o u come up w i t h ?

In t h i s exercise you wil l make four l i s t s . F i r s t , make a l i s t of the items you would take with you IF f o r the next three days you were going t o be placed a t Point ~ a r r o w 7 a desola te , gravel s p i t 330 miles north of the Arctic Circle.

Second, make a l i s t of the items you would take IF you had t o carry - these items to Point Barrow from 10 miles away.

Third, the building you are now s i t t i n g in has jus t exploded and i s on f i r e . The smoke i s get t ing th ick. You crawl t o the nearest e x i t (where i s i t ? ) and get out of the building. The building burns t o the ground. You a r e the only survivor and he1 p i s 10 miles away. Now, 1 i s t your Concerns.

Fourth, l i s t everything you have on you r igh t now as you read t h i s sentence, i . e . , s h i r t , pants, b e l t , socks, pocket knife , watch, e tc .

You should have these four l i s t s : 1 ) Items to be a t Point Barrow f o r a three-day survival s t ay . 2 ) Items you would carry 10 miles f o r a three-day survival s tay a t Point Barrow. 3) Your Concerns about your s i tua t ion knowing tha t help i s 10 miles away.. 4 ) What you have on you r igh t now.

Compare these 1 i s t s . Are the l i s t s iden t ica l? Are they s imi lar? Are any items on' a l l four l i s t s ? Now t ha t you have completed t h i s inventory, would you carry anything e l s e on you? Would you take items off your l i s t ? What did your partner have on his l i s t t h a t you did not? What did you have tha t your partner did not? Once again, i t comes back to you and what your Concerns are.

Circulation

The flow of blood carrying oxygen and nutr ients to the c e l l s and carbon dioxide and wastes from the c e l l s i s cal led Circulat ion. Without t h i s l i f e supporting process the body wil l d ie .

If you have handled Airway and Breathing, you should next check fo r Circulat ion. This i s done by checking f o r a pulse. A pulse i s a wave of pressure t ha t i s produced by the pumping action of the heart, tha t tb@i t rave l s through

You can hear a your e a r t o your pa r tne r ' s chest . You can hear the hear t ea r i s d i r ec t l y agains t the skin. This i s not always convenient, especia l ly i f outside in the Arctic. Listening i s not always possible. If there i s a f i r e o r people a re hurt and ye l l i ng , you may not be ab l e , to hear the heartbeat because of the other noise. .in--'' I. -3 n c k*r * ,

A second way t o check f o r pulse i s t o look f o r i t . Many times you can see the big a r t e ry in the neck bounce as the heart beats. Look a lso a t the person's color . I f the skin i s blue or grey, l i p s purplish, f ingernail beds blue, , he i s not Circulat ing oxygen. I f he i s healthy looking, l i p s and f ingernai l beds pink, then he probably i s c i rcu la t ing ,

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b u t check by fee l . Look a t your partner 's arm. Is he circulating?

Feeling fo r pulse i s an excellent method and i s used by most emergency medical providers. There are a number of places t o feel for a pulse. Here you will be given only two, the wrist a n d neck. They are b o t h strong pulses and relat ively easy t o f ind. In the Arctic these areas are also the most accessible.

The pulse i s found by placing the hand palm u p . The pulse i s on the thumb-side of the wrist . About two inches u p the arm from where the wrist bends, you should be able t o feel a bundle of cords in the center of the wrist . Slide the f l a t s of your fingers from the bundle of cords into the grove on the thumb-side of the wrist . Apply gentle pressure. You should be able t o feel the pulse. Try th i s on yourself f i r s t . Use each hand on each wrist. Now take your par tner 's pulseok p , c h ,. ;s.A 1 s , d /k 7 6 5 3 j r 7 , 4 5

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In real cold weather getting between a glove and a sleeve may be d i f f i cu l t . Also i f the person i s cold, the pulse may be hard t o find as the warm blood i s pulled back t o the body's core. The brain receives pr ior i ty when the body i s having problems, so blood flow i s usually good going t o the brain. Even i f the person's condition i s very serious, the one pulse that you can usually find i s the one on the neck.

Always use the f l a t s of your fingers and n o t your t h u m b t o check a pulse. Your t h u m b has i t s own pulse so you could end u p feeling your own heartbeat. The f l a t s are also more sensit ive t o pressure t h a n the t ips of your fingers.

The pulse a t the neck i s found on e i the r side. Place the f l a t s of your fingers on your Adam's Apple, that lump on your throat directly below your chin. If you cannot find i t , keep your fingers on your throat and swallow. The lump going u p and down i s your Adam's Apple or larynx. Now that you have found i t , s l ide your fingers off t o the side into the grove between your throat and your neck muscles. Again, as on the wris t , use l igh t pressure t o feel fo r the pulse. Practice finding your pulse. Use b o t h hands. Try i t on your partner, Try i t on everyone in your class . Z q ,

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Taking a pulse i s very important and you should practice i t and become very good a t i t .

If the person has a pulse and i s Breathing b u t i s unconscious, you need t o look f o r other problems. If there i s no pulse, most l ike ly he will not be Breathing. You will have t o make a big decision. If you have been through a C P R c l a s s , you can s t a r t C P R . However, i f you have not been through a C P R c lass you can, a t l e a s t ca l l f o r help. What i f you have no help? Your plane has crashed. You are okay. Two people are hurt a n d ye l l i ng . Another person i s not breathing a n d has no pulse. Now what are you going t o do?

Circulation of bad blood i s as bad as no Circulation. Bad blood i s blood t ha t e i t h e r has no oxygen or nu t r ien t s , o r i s carrying toxins. The most common problem in the Arctic i s carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide i s par t of the exhaust of burning fue l . I t i s a t a s t e l e s s , color less a n d odorless gas. I t can co l lec t in the body and can k i l l . In every she l t e r you s tay i n , make sure t h a t there i s a vent and some a i r Circulation. If you see your own fingernail beds o r skin turning red, o r o the r ' s faces and l i p s turning cherry red, there i s carbon monoxide poisoning. Venti late and get in to fresh a i r immediately!

Circulation f a i l u r e can be due t o the loss of blood. People lose blood in te rna l ly and external ly . External bleeding i s e a s i e r see and needs to be stopped. If you have checked the pulse a n d there i s one, your next s tep i s t o look over the person's en t i r e body and sweep over i t with your hands. Pay par t i cu la r a t t en t ion to the undersides of legs , arms and back. Always use the same pattern: That way you are l ess 1 ikely t o forget an arm or leg. W h i l ~ sweeping be gent le , there may be i n ju r i e s . Do not move the person, j u s t s l i de yoGr hands over and under his e n t i r e body. Feel f o r wetness and heavyness/in winter clothing and

I look f o r blood-stains. 70 dJ fl -*I? Do a body sweep of your partner. You are a t his head as you have

checked Airway, Breathing a n d Circulation. Sweep over the head t o the arm nearest your s ide . Go down the s ide nearest you, over the leg and t o the fee t . Move around t o the other s i de , go u p the leg a n d s i de , over the arm and back t o the head. Always do i t the same way. Practice i t any time you do your A , B , C . I t i s part of C . I f you find bleeding during your sweep, remember the location. Complete the sweep as there may be worse bleeding in another location.

There are two kinds of bleeding, a r t e r i a l and venous. Arterial bleeding i s blood fresh from the heart . I t squ i r t s out in time with the pulse a n d i s bright red. If you see squir t ing blood, skip taking a pulse by f e e l . You can see i t ! This needs to be stopped immediately.

Venous bleeding i s a slow seeping bleeding a n d the blood i s darker brown-red color . I t needs to be stopped a l so , b u t i t i s not as urgent as a r t e r i a l bleeding.

To stop bleeding follow these s teps . Find the wound and get t o i t . This may require cu t t ing off clothing. Do i t and do not waste time. P u t d i r ec t pressure on the wound. I f you have a cloth hanky or f i r s t aid dressing in your hand, g rea t . If not, don ' t waste time looking fo r one. P u t your t h u m b or heel of your hand d i r ec t l y on the wound. If possible elevate the injury a t the same time. With the wound above the hear t , there i s l e s s pressure to force out the blood. Hold t h i s position unti l you can apply a pressure bandage, a piece of s h i r t o r cloth held on with a wide be l t o r swath t i ed to i t s e l f . Keep the wound elevated.

With your partner choose a wound s i t e . Apply pressure and elevate. P u t on a pressure dressing with what you have on you r ight now. I t i s not f a i r t o go get supplies a t t h i s point .

Internal bleeding i s a d i f f i c u l t problem. Sometimes when a bone breaks i t will cut an a r t e ry or vein. The blood will flow into the muscles. An in jury t o the body core may cause bleeding in to the abdominal cavity. Either of these can be deadly due t o the onset of shock. If the pulse i s weak, the person pale, h i s abdomen rock-hard o r there i s a large swelling a t a possible break s i t e , you must t r e a t f o r shock. Keep the person warm. I f there i s no head injury, elevate the f e e t s l i gh t l y . If there i s a l so a head in jury, keep the person lying f l a t a n d warm.

A common form of bleeding i s a nose bleed. Tradit ionally the Inupiat would pinch the nose unt i l the bleeding stopped. The l a t e s t recommendation f o r t r e a t i ng a nose bleed i s t o pinch the nos t r i l s unt i l the bleeding stops. I s n ' t t h a t a coincidence!

Other t rad i t iona l Inupiat s k i l l s may come in handy. P u t a cold object on a cut . The pressure and cold will help stop the bleeding. Take note t o watch the cu t a f t e r your remove the object . As the cut warms i t may s t a r t to bleed again. Flush wounds with fresh urine. I t i s warm and s t e r i l e . This i s recommended f o r cleaning cuts . The Inupiat a lso would heat a needle and sew u p large cuts with human hair . I t works, b u t should only be used i f other means cannot close the wound. Dressings f o r cuts were made from fresh animal ski_ar with the membrane

/, s ide placed on the wound and secured by tying. c /c, , /,I,' ,,/,, , ,' , ,.d I . C , ' W ~ : , Q

A , B y C . Simple and shor t . Everything mentioned in t h i s manual so f a r will happen very quickly. I f you are by yourse l f , i t will happen in the length of time you can hold your breath. If you are helping someone, you should be able t o check the A , B , Cs in l ess than one minute. Art i f ica l resp i ra t ion , t r e a t i ng bleeding o r shock could go on fo r hours.

The question i s : Are you ready "IF" you have an emergency s i tua t ion today? -.-

Desire Design Degrees Dressings

Since everything in t h i s manual u p t o t h i s point can happen within the f i r s t few minutes of any survival experience, we must n o w s t a r t looking a t how t o keep going beyond the i n i t i a l period. The next sections will deal with the time frame from the immediate through recovery.

Desire

The will t o l i ve . Ear l ier s t o r i e s were re la ted t o Att i tude, Belief a n d Consciousness. Desire i s made u p of a1 1 of these sp i r i t ua l components of 1 i f e . Many times w h a t has been told to us over a n d over again as children will form the A , B , C , D , Es.

In the Inupiaq cul ture the s t o r i e s were ones of positiveness and acceptance. There i s a story of the ptarmigan that i s caught in a bad storm. I t dives in to a snow bank a n d makes i t s e l f a l i t t l e snow house. I t then pecks a hole to see out. After a couple of days the ptarmigan sees i t i s s t i l l storming. The ptarmigan i s hungry so i t sings a song asking fo r the weather t o become c l ea r a n d sunny. Then the ptarmigan f a l l s asleep. When i t awakes, the day i s c l ea r a n d i t goes off t o feed.

If you heard t h a t story time a n d time again as a ch i ld , w h a t would you do i f you were caught in a storm? You would dig a snow cave with a vent and wait. In a day or two when you were rea l ly hungry you would ask fo r help in a song, perhaps sing the ptarmigan song and go t o sleep. Once the storm cleared you would go on your way.

The Inupiaq cu l tu re i s f u l l of s t o r i e s t ha t support the Att i tudes, Beliefs and Consciousness needed t o survive in the Arctic. I n t r i n s i c in the s p i r i t of the people of the North i s a Desire t o l i v e , a will t o l i ve . The Inupiat do n o t believe i t i s t h e i r r igh t t o have a fu l l l i f e . I t i s a sign t h a t you have been a wise person t o l i ve a long l i f e . This perhaps i s one reason why Elders are held in high regard as they have "survived more winters". Being aware t ha t each individual i s b u t a very small par t of a l l of l i f e , and tha t we must follow the laws of Nature i s a wise idea. A sa fe and practical l i f e s t y l e as lived by the Elders shows t h i s understanding. If i t requires asking fo r help from the animals o r weather or God, then i t i s par t of the "understanding".

Design

Design i s t h e ' t e c h n i c a l a w o r k i n g iith what y o u have. H

p p l i c a t i o n o f p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e o r l e l ge La rsen , a Dan ish a n t h r o p o l o g i s t ,

w r o t e an e x c e l l e n t paper on t h e a d a p t a b i l i t y o f t h e I n u p i a t i n wh ich he remarked on t h e i r i n g e n u i t y and t o o l - m a k i n g a b i l i t i e s . N e c e s s i t y i s t h e mo the r o f i n v e n t i o n . Here i n t h e A r c t i c where t h e c o n d i t i o n s a r e t h e h a r d e s t on man and t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s e x t r e m e l y l i m i t e d , p r o d u c i n g t h e n e c e s s i t i e s 1 ead t o an e x t r e m e l y c r e a t i v e , ingenuous c u l t u r e and peop le .

I n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n t h e name o f t h e game i s IMPROVISE. Tha t i s , t o make someth ing t h a t w i l l do t h e j o b o f someth ing e l s e . To i m p r o v i s e y o u must Des ign o r make what y o u need. The word STOP can be a h e l p f u l t o o l a t t h i s t i m e . - Stop, - Th ink , - Observe, - Plan .

What I F y o u a r e t r a v e l i n g by snowmachine and y o u r s k i b reaks when you h i t a t u s s o c k o r manik . S top . Take a few m i n u t e s t o l o o k a t y o u r s i t u a t i o n . How f a r away a r e y o u f r o m h e l p ? Can t h e s k i be used? What can you do? T h i n k . What a r e y o u r o p t i o n s ? Can y o u wa lk back? Shou ld you s t a y where y o u a r e ? Does anyone know y o u a r e on y o u r way? Can you r e p l a c e t h e s k i and c o n t i n u e on? Observe. How i s t h e s k i a t t a c h e d ? What i s r e a l l y needed? How c o u l d someth ing e l s e do t h e same j o b ? Do you have someth ing e l s e as s t r o n g , as l i g h t , t h e r i g h t s i z e , t h e r i g h t shape? Cou ld y o u make one? P lan . How w i l l y o u remove t h e s k i ? How w i l l y o u make a rep lacemen t? r o w w i l l y o u a t t a c h t h e new one?

Once y o u have gone t h r o u g h t h i s p rocess y o u c o u l d t a k e o u t y o u r s h o v e l , c u t o f f t h e hand le , w i r e i t t o t h e broken s k i and r e t u r n back home. Some peop le have used a shove l t h a t t h e y had a t t h e t i m e t o r e p a i r a broken- s k i .-, - T h i n k i n g , - Observ ing and - .P lann ing work !

r * p p 4 - To i m p r o v i s e y o u must l e t y o u r m ind go f r e e . Yes, a shove l i s made

t o d i g , b u t i t i s m e t a l and i t i s c u r v e d . Do n o t s i t w i t h o u t a s t o v e o r f i r e and f r e e z e a l o n g s i d e o f y o u r snowmachine j u s t because you have r u n o u t o f gas. P u l l o f f a m e t a l p l a t e , p u t o i l i n i t , use a r a g f o r a w i c k and make a lamp. You must use y o u r head and t h i n k , i m p r o v i s e and Design.

Signals L e t ' s l o o k a t a m a j o r p rob lem i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n t h a t needs t o

be addressed e a r l y . S i g n a l Des ign . I f y o u become l o s t o r canno t make i t t o y o u r d e s t i n a t i o n , you must make y o u r s e l f known t o t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d . As was s t a t e d i n A i rway , i f y o u c a n n o t b r e a t h e , s i g n a l f o r h e l p .

One w i n t e r a g roup o f young peop le were o u t i n a t r u c k and had d r i v e n a good d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e v i l l a g e . The t r u c k s topped and would n o t s t a r t . They had a snowmachine i n t h e t r u c k . Two o f t h e y o u t h s headed back t o t h e v i l l a g e on t h e snowmachine. R a t h e r t h a n f o l l o w t h e road, t h e y t o o k a " s t r a i g h t s h o t " o v e r t h e t u n d r a . Sudden ly t h e y f l e w o v e r a c l i f f and dropped down 150 f e e t t o t h e f r o z e n r i v e r . The boy had a b roken femur, t h i g h bone. The g i r l was n o t s e r i o u s l y h u r t . She headed back t o t h e v i l l a g e on f o o t . She was d ressed i n w h i t e i n an a l l w h i t e wor ld .

The y o u t h s a t t h e t r u c k were p i c k e d up and r e t u r n e d t o t h e v i l l a g e . They r e p o r t e d t h e o t h e r two l o s t . The Search and Rescue h e l i c o p t e r f l e w o v e r t h e g i r l t w i c e b u t co,u ld n o t see h e r . Th,e boy was found, and a t e n t p u t up around h im u n t i l he c o u l d be p r o p e r l y moved. Meanwhi le, t h e g i r l had c u r l e d up t o g e t some r e s t . She had found a s m a l l d e p r e s s i o n and went t o s l e e p . When she awoke she was b e i n g watched b y a pack o f wo lves . She g o t on h e r hands and knees and c r a w l e d a good d i s t a n c e b e f o r e she s t o o d up and c o n t i n u e d w a l k i n g . She was found c l o s e t o t h e v i l l a g e , m i l d l y hypo the rm ic b u t a l l r i g h t .

- Now p i c k o u t t h e b l a c k b e a r , b l a c k f o x ,

raven , b l a c k snowmachine and t h e sportsman d ressed i n a b l a c k - g r e e n snowmachine s u i t .

S i g n a l s a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t . P i c k o u t t h e p o l a r bea r , A r c t i c f o x , w h i t e b o a t and t e n t , and h u n t e r d ressed i n w h i t e i n t h i s p i c t u r e t a k e n a t a wha le camp on t h e A r c t i c i c e .

I n any s i t u a t i o n t h e b e s t s i g n a l i s one t h a t c r e a t e s t h e most c o n t r a s t and c a t c h e s t h e s e a r c h e r s ' a t t e n t i o n : b l a c k on w h i t e , l i g h t on da rk p a t t e r n s i n t h e w i l d e r n e s s , n o i s e i n q u i e t , movement i n s t i l l n e s s .

R ir

Here a r e some s u g g e s t i o n s f o r s i g n a l s , b u t i m p r o v i s e i n eve ry s i t u a t i o n .

L i g h t f l a r e s i n t h e da rk .

Smoke f l a r e s i n t h e day1 i g h t . (Snowmachine be1 t s , t r a c k s , t i r e s make b l a c k smoke. )

B l o o d o r o i l i n snow o u t 1 i n e s .

Sod c l e a r e d by remov ing snow.

Shadows made b y snow b l o c k s , sod b l o c k s .

L e t t e r s stamped o r dug i n snow.

B r i g h t t apes o r f l a g s .

L i g h t s f r o m any v e h i c l e . ( P u l l t h e s t a r t i n g c o r d and snowmachine l i g h t s w i l l go on. The r e d l i g h t shows up w e l l . P u t a r o p e on t h e g e n e r a t o r o f an eng ine t o make t h e l i g h t s work. )

Bang on m e t a l .

Make a w h i s t l e f r o m a p i p e , s t i c k , p l a s t i c , hands o r j u s t w h i s t l e .

S e t up a f l a g waver, no i ' se maker by u s i n g t h e w ind f o r power.

12. Go f l y a - k i t . I f y o u have t h e m a t e r i a l s and can make a k i t e , do so. K i t e s can be seen f o r m i l e s . Use b r i g h t c o l o r s o r s i l v e r .

13. P u t up a space b l a n k e t t o be p i c k e d by by r a d a r .

14. Spread equ ipment o u t i n t h e shape o f an X .

The most s u c c e s s f u l rescue s i g n a l has been a hand-he ld m i r r o r . Use i t t o scan t h e h o r i z o n whenever y o u can. Use i t whenever y o u h e a r an a i r p l a n e . I t can be used n i g h t o r day. D u r i n g t h e day use t h e sun as a l i g h t sou rce . On c l o u d y days o r a t n i g h t use a f i r e o r l i g h t as a source. Everyone s h o u l d c a r r y a s m a l l m i r r o r i n h i s camping gear o r f i r s t a i d k i t .

Most s i g n a l m i r r o r s have a s ia11 h o l e i n t h e c e n t e r t o l o o k th rough . By h o l d i n g t h e m i r r o r t o y o u r eye and l o o k i n g t h r o u g h t h e h o l e y o u can see t h e t a r g e t . To a l i g n t h e l i g h t beam, h o l d one arm o u t w i t h y o u r f i n g e r s f o r k e d . Move t h e one arm u n t i l y o u can see t h e l i g h t on y o u r f i n g e r s . Now y o u have t h e s i g n a l s i t e d . Aim t h e f

-/-- --

s i g n a l a t t h e t a r g e t b y l o o k i n g th rough t h e h o l e , t h r o u g h y o u r f o r k e d f i n g e r s and t o t h e t a r g e t .

T a r g e t p r a c t i c e . G e t a smal-1 m i r r o r f o r t h i s e x e r c i s e . S e l e c t a . t a r g e t , l i k e t h e c l o c k i n t h e room. P u t o u t t h e l i g h t s e x c e p t f o r one b u l b . Now r e f l e c t t h e l i g h t f r o m t h a t one sou rce o n t o t h e t a r g e t u s i n g y o u r m i r r o r . It i s n o t easy t o be a c c u r a t e . S e t up games. F o r g e t e l e c t r o n i c games; go f o r S u r v i v a l S k i l l s . S e t up many t a r g e t s and teams. T h i s i s an i m p o r t a n t s k i l l t o l e a r n .

Peop le have been g e t t i n g l o s t o r i n t r o u b l e s i n c e t i m e began. I l ~ e c e n t l y i t has been d e c i d e d t o s e t up a s e r i e s o f codes. T h i s cou rse

e x p e c t s - Y O U t o l e a r n t h r e e codes f o r s - i g n a l i n g . S imp le as 1, 2, 3, b u t t hese t h r e e c o u l d save y o u r l i f e .

1. Three o f a n y t h i n g i s a s i g n a l o f d i s t r e s s . Three f i r e s , t h r e e L--J s h o t s , t h r e e wh i s t 1 es , t h r e e bangs, t h r e e f 1 ags , t h r e e shadows.

Remember t h r e e , t h r e e , t h r e e ! ! !

2. S.O.S. i s t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l code f o r h e l p . T h i s can be p u t o u t i n Morse Code t h a t i s t h r e e d o t s , t h r e e dashes, t h r e e d o t s .

. . . - - - . . . I t can be stamped i n t h e snow and i s even readab

S

s o s

S

l e ups i d e down.

3. X i s i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y accepted as a s ignal t h a t medical help i s needed. " X marks the spot" i s an old saying. I f a person l i e s down with legs and arms spread, he forms an X . Two long s t r i p s of colored tape o r c lo th wi l l make a n X .

A square t a r p can be made in to an X by fo ld ing in the four corners. The t a r p should be of cont ras t ing color t o the ground and t o the opposite

1 . s ide .

Combine d i f f e r e n t ways of s ignal ing . You cannot have enough s igna l s .

Use your vehic le . Keep a i rp lane wings o r bright colored vehicles clean of snow. Use t i r e s , p l a s t i c and foam t o make black smoke. Use the r ea r view mirror or a piece of shiny metal a s a s igna l . Rub o i l on a smooth piece of metal t o make a mirror .

Ba t t e r i e s and generators can be made t o run radios and make 1 ights f l a s h . A rope pulled, turning a genera tor , will make the l i g h t s b u r n in a f lashing pa t t e rn . A cold f l a s h l i g h t may not work,. but i f warmed i t may. Any equipment t h a t runs on b a t t e r i e s will not l a s t long in cold weather. Do n o t plan t o r e ly on ba t t e ry power in the Arct ic .

Dial the a i rp lane radio t o the emergency channels of 7700 and 121.5. Airplanes a l s o car ry a n emergency loca to r beacon. The next time before you t ake -o f f , ask your p i l o t where t h i s beacon i s located , how t o remove i t and how t o turn i t on. The beacon's locat ion var ies with type of a i r c r a f t . Keep the beacon radio ins ide your c lo th ing so the b a t t e r i e s s t ay warm and therefore l a s t longer. There i s a f o u r - s a t e l l i t e in ternat ional search and rescue system, SARSAT. I t i s able t o locate any ernerqency loca to r beacon within two hours and pinpoint the locat ion t o wqthin a twenty-mile c i r c l e .

I f you hear a n a i r p l a n e , ge t out and s igna l . Keep a lookout posted i f you a r e in a group. Sound does not t ravel well through snow o r insula t ion mate r i a l , so you may not hear the a i rp lane from ins ide your shel t e r .

Have your s igna l s ready a t a1 1 t imes, c lose t o your shel t e r b u t a t 3 safe d is tance i f the s igna l s a r e f i r e s . Keep a signal f l a g out a l l of the time. Tie i t on a pole o r wire and s p i t on the knot t o f r eeze i t f a s t .

Do not t r y t o f l a g down an a i rp lane by waving your arms. This has cost a t l e a s t one person h i s l i f e . The signal f o r everything being okay i s t o wave your arms. If you hear an a i rp lane and can get t h e i r 3 t tent ion with the mirror o r o the r s i g n a l s , then lay down and make yourself in to an X . This i s the signal f o r help.

Design, IMPROVISE, S T 0 P , use your head. I f you had to make a signal r i g h t now, what-wou'rd-you do? How would you get the next a i r p l a n e t o n o t i c e y o u ? I s i t l i g h t o u t s i d e ? D o y o u h a v e a m i r r o r o r ,

f l a r e s ? Could you make a dark mark i n t h e snow l a r g e enough t o be seen by an a i r p l a n e ?

Degrees

A person burned ove r 30 pe rcen t o f h i s body w i l l d i e o f shock w i t h i n a few hours. A naked human body exposed t o -40" F and winds o f 30 m.p.h. would d i e i n about 15 m inu tes . These weather c o n d i t i o n s a r e common i n t h e A r c t i c . A naked human exposed t o ocean water a t 35" F w i l l d i e i n about one hour i f he i s wear ing f l o a t a t i o n gear. If he must swim o r move t o s t a y a f l o a t , he has c o n s i d e r a b l y c u t t h i s t ime.

Burns Burns a r e an i s s u e under Degrees. S ince i t i s c o l d i n t h e A r c t i c

everyone makes hea t t o s t a y warm. Heaters can blow-up o r l eak f u e l ; people use gas i n t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; people do smoke i n t h e i r t e n t s around f u e l , down and ny l on . People g e t burned.

Bas ic t r ea tmen t f o r any burn i s t o coo l i t , c l ean i t , cover i t , keep t h e person warm and feed him f l u i d s . Once t h e burn occurs, coo l t h e area w i t h wa te r i f a v a i l a b l e . Snow can be a hard shock t o t he system, b u t coo l t h e burned area. Snow was t r a d i t i o n a l l y used by t h e I n u p i a t . Clean away any burned m a t e r i a l . Cover t he burn w i t h t h e c l eanes t m a t e r i a l you have. Once covered, keep i t covered. Have t h e person r e s t , s t a y warm and d r i n k p l e n t y o f f l u i d s .

Hypothermia Hypo means low. Thermic means temperature. Hypothermic means l ow

temperature. Man "grew up" i n t h e t r o p i c s . We a r e what many people c l a s s i f y as a "naked ape". We l o s t o u r f u r a l ong w i t h o u r t a i l . Therefore, wherever we l i v e we must t a k e w i t h us o u r t r o p i c a l environment, even i n t o space. The I n u p i a t have known how t o s t a y warm f o r c e n t u r i e s i n t h i s environment. They have s e t t h e s tandard f o r c l o t h i n g and hous ing by yea rs o f t r i a l s and watch ing and u s i n g t h e animal s.

I f t h e hea t went o u t r i g h t now and you heard t h e r e w i l l be no hea t f o r t h e n e x t week u n t i l r e p a i r s c o u l d be made, what would you do? How would you s t a y warm? How would you d ress? What would you e a t ? What if t h i s happened a t camp? Now what would y o u do?

The body of man i s l i k e t h a t of any an imal . He keeps h i s temperature a t 98.6" F o r w i t h i n a few degrees. I f t h e body temperature reaches 105" F, b r a i n damage may occur . I f t h e body temperature drops t o 93" F, i t beg ins t o d r a m a t i c a l l y s low down t o t h e p o i n t of dea th i f t h e c o o l i n g cont inues.

Man produces heat by converting the food he ea ts into energy. Different foods produce different units of heat. When Michael Jeffery was instal led as the Superior Court Judge in Barrow, he told of how he had been a vegetarian when he moved t o Barrow. After l iving in the Arctic he realized that he should be l iving l ike the people of the area rather than bringing his old patterns with him. He changed his d i e t and suddenly he f e l t a marked difference in his warmth. By eating meats and o i l s he could produce more heat and stay warmer.

During the days of the Trans-A1 aska Pipe1 ine construction, the workers were fed diets of u p to 5,000 calories per day so tha t they could work in the cold. Many people comment that eating seal oil will keep you warm in the cold. I t i s a polyunsaturated f a t that can be converted almost ent i re ly into energy. P u t high octane in your car and i t will run bet ter . P u t elcheapo gas in a n d the car may not run a t a l l . Food i s important.

How we1 1 have you eaten la te ly? A .chocolate bar or a can of pop will give you quick energy b u t will be gone in a n hour. What i f i t did turn extremely cold? Have you eaten good protein? When did you l a s t eat seal o i l ? Are you eating a d i e t t h a t will keep you going in the Arctic or jus t from tropical building t o tropical building in an Arctic area?

Heat Loss

Man loses heat in a number of ways. So as he i s making heat through chemical reactions, he i s a l so losing i t through physical actions .

Consider the snowmachiner. He had a good meal before he l e f t home of seal oi l and q u a q (frozen raw meat). He i s exercising a n d working /

w h i l e d r i v i n g t h e snowmachine. He s h i v e r s o c c a s i o n a l l y wh ich produces a b o u t t h r e e t i m e s as much h e a t as r e g u l a r a c t i v i t y .

So f a r so good. H i s body t e m p e r a t u r e i s 98.6" F. The a i r t empera tu re i s -10" F and he i s d r i v i n g i n t o a 10 m.p.h. w ind a t 1.5 m.p.h. Check t h e w ind c h i l l c h a r t on page D-10 f o r what he i s e x p e r i e n c i n g . P r e t t y c o l d , huh? N o t o n l y t h a t , b u t w i t h e v e r y b r e a t h

e t a k e s he warms t h e a i r f r o m -10" F t o 98.6" F. He t h e n b lows o u t hea ted a i r and wa te r - vapor - r e s p i r a t i o n . He i s w o r k i n g so h a r d t h a t h i s f e e t a r e s w e a t i n g and h i s socks have become we t - e v a p o r a t i o n . He i s s i t t i n g on a s e a t t h a t has been o u t s i d e f o r s i x months and i t s ah t e m p e r a t u r e i s -10" F - c o n d u c t i o n . As he moves t h r o u g h t h e a i r , h e a t

i s b e i n g t a k e n f r o m h i s f a c e and head - c o n v e c t i o n . By j u s t b e i n g a warm body i n a c o l d env i ronmen t he i s r a d i a t i n g h e a t from everywhere. Over a l l he i s l o s i n g h e a t and w i l l need t o g e t warm b e f o r e t o o l o n g .

As h i s body c o o l s he w i l l f i r s t f e e l i t i n h i s hands and f e e t . -. Man has s u r v i v e d f o r c e n t u r i e s because o f h i s b r a i n ( b e l i e v e i t o r n o t ) . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , he ha?dbeen u s i n g h i s b r a i n f o r so l o n g t h a t if h i s body i s threatened; fehe b r a i n w i l l r e c e i v e p r i o r i t y on t h e b lood . So as t h e body c o o l s , b l o o d i s squeezed f r o m t h e hands, f e e t and t r u n k , and t h e head r e c e i v e s t h e warmth. If t h i s l o w body t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d i t i o n c o n t i n u e s , t h e b r a i n w i l l be a f f e c t e d and w i l l s t o p f u n c t i o n i n g . F i r s t c o o r d i n a t i o n w i l l be reduced, then speech and t h o u g h t processes, and f i n a l l y , t h e b r e a t h i n g and h e a r t w i l l s t o p .

The body w i l l s h i v e r t o produce h e a t , b u t once t h e s h i v e r i n g has become u n c o n t r o l l a b l e t h e body has become h y p o t h e r m i c . The body then needs e x t e r n a l h e a t . Even s e a l o i l w i l l n o t he1 p as t h e body w i l l be t o o c o l d t o d i g e s t i t . The body needs h e a t ! A b l a n k e t does n o t add h e a t , j u s t i n s u l a t i o n .

RESPIRATION. We1 1 you c a n ' t reduce t h a t t o o much, b u t you can do some t h i n g s . ) How a pe rson wears h i s c l o t h e s i s as i m p o r t a n t as what he wears. ( o u r -snowmachiner has a n i c e p a r k a w i t h a r u f f . ) The Inu,p4at des igned t h e i r c l o t h e s t h e way t h e y d i d f o r a v e r y good reason, t o s t a y warm. The hood i s a g r e a t way t o keep t h e head warm because t h e warm a i r f r o m t h e body r i s e s up t h r o u g h t h e hood. However, t h e hood must be worn up t o work.

The r u f f on t h e pa rka i s n o t t h e r e t o be p r e t t y ( o r show t h a t t h e pe rson i s a hunter,) b u t t o p r o t e c t t h e f a c e . Ru f f s a r e des igned t o be f o l d e d f o r w a r d , f o r m i n g what i s known as a s n o r k e l hood. T h i s b r e a t h i n g t u b e does s e v e r a l t h i n g s . It h o l d s t h e h e a t of t h e body and head i n t h e hood. I t p r o t e c t s t h e f a c e and head f r o m c o n v e c t i o n h e a t l o s s . I t a c t s as a h e a t exchange f o r a l l a i r b e i p g b rea thed . A i r a t -10" F may be a t 40" F b y t h e t i m e i t r e a c h e s , y o u r ' nose. As a i r i s exha led, i t c o o l s as i t goes o u t o f t h e hood and f r e e z e s on t h e f u r . W o l v e r i n e i s a f a v o r i t e f u r as t h e i c e s l i d e s o f f e a s i l y when brushed. T h i s i s p u r e w a t e r and can be used l a t e r as one b e c o m e s t h i r s t y . A s c a r f o v e r t h e f a c e does many o f t h e same t h i n g s , b u t i t a l s o h o l d s m o i s t u r e a g a i n s t t h e f a c e t h a t can l e a d t o o t h e r prob lems.

I f t h e r e a r e two o r more peop le , c o m p a t i b l e b r e a t h i n g can save b o t h h e a t and w a t e r . F a c i n g hood t o hood o r hood o v e r hood, b r e a t h e i n f r e s h a i r and t h e n s h a r e t h e e x h a l e d a i r . I n an emergency s i t u a t i o n , t h e r e s c u e r s h o u l d t a k e i n t h e c o l d d r y a i r and exha'qe t h e warm m o i s t a i r f o r t h e v i c t i m t o b r e a t h e .

EVAPORATION. Many times the Inupia t a r e sa id t o be lazy and slow workers. These statements most often come from people who have never worked outside in the Arct ic winter . In the care of your) clothing and i n c o n s e r v i n g ( y o u r - o w n l b o d y heat , remember t h i s point . Do n o t ge t wet! This includes not f a l l i n g i n t o water , b u t i s r e a l l y addressed t o not sweating nor l e t t i n g your c lo th ing get iced o r f ros ted on the ins ide . People work slow in the Arct ic t o avoid sweating. If you,: overheat-'and sweat,,' !your c lo thes ,will remove the moisture and your body will cool. , As t h i s happens iybu"f- clo thes f i l l with moisture t h a t mats the . . insula t ion . More t o l d then moves in and ice c r y s t a l s form, f u r t h e r

i ' . . ," I . -. reducing the insu la t ion and body becomes colder . 4 l , .~. . , , . s ! ~ (.,+.? ' r . L > :--.+ V I . ,-,.

,A' , .-: i

All c lo th ing should be brushed very thoroughly before enter ing a . s h e l t e r . The c lo th ing should be dr ied overnight. Tradi t ional ly the Inypyat s l e p t in the nude, an extended family together on a raised sleeping platform. Boots, gloves and skin socks were dr ied and turned ins ide o u t i f possible. Inner c lo th ing was dried and kept c lose a t hand. Outer c lo th ing was brushed f r e e of f r o s t and l e f t i n the cold entryway of the house. The human body wil l lose u p t o one quar t of water overnight , so in the morning the skin blankets were a i r e d , brushed clean of any f r o s t and p u t away.

I t i s wise t o t r y to dry c lo th ing d a i l y . This can be done without a f i r e by taking o f f one piece a t a time, l e t t i n g i t f r eeze , beating the ice a n d f r o s t out and put t ing i t back on. I f you have a heat source t h i s idea i s much more pala table . - '

CONDUCTION. P u t your hand near a block of i c e and you can " fee l " ' the cold. P u t your hand on the block of i c e and your f inger s become

numb. Contact between two bodies, one hot and one cold , wil l s e t u p i conduction of heat from the hot t o the cold . This will continue un t i l

both bodies a r e the same temperature. So i f you lay on a block of i c e , heat wil l go from your body t o the i ce . I f you had enough heat , you would end u p in a puddle of 98.6" F water . You d o n ' t . I t i s much more l i k e l y tha t your frozen body would be found s l i g h t l y melted in to the block of i ce .

Conduction can work very quickly. ~?n:t,. grab a cold r i f l e barrel or snowmachine ski with fygiir bare hand. You' may f reeze t o the objec t 1 ike glue. Stone and wood a r e not good conductors, but metal,, is,.

,- -8117 sri+ '7 One very common conduction problem i s in the-handling of gas. I f a

can of gas has s a t on the s led a1 1 night and you' s p i l ~ s o m e f * o n your, bare while r e f i l l i n g the snowmachine,1 you now have a p r o b l - 7 ~ ~ The cold

id will remove heat by conduction. The warmth of (youg hand wil l t he gas evaporate, thereby removing more heat . People have

ived i n s t a n t f r o s t b i t e from a ca re less s p i l l .

'-..,/hand .; ,( 1 iqu make rece

CONVECTION. ( p u t your h a n d near t h a t block of ice again. Now blow over the ice onto your h a n d . I t i s coo le r . ) Temperature combined with movement will lead to, convection. This can' happen in a i r or in water. In water koul c~bine2conduc t ion and c o n ~ e c t i o < ~ ? t o have a heat loss tha t

protection in water i s related to your movement. To survive in cold water, Dr. John Hayward, a leading author i ty in t h i s a r ea , recommends the H . E . L . P . o r Huddle method. Most people when thrown in to the water a re not wearing an ocean survival s u i t . They should be wearing a PFD. If the PFD keeps t h e i r heads above water, the Heat Elimination Lessening Posturewi 11 reauce heat

loss a n d people can survive u p t o one hour i n ~ r c t i c waters. If there i s more than one person in the water, huddling together and interlocking less will save even more heat. )

Wind ch i l l i s the term used f o r convecti8f heat loss in the a i r . Wind ch i l l char ts show what the body " fee l s" . ( I f our snowmachining fr iend i s out a t 10' F a n d i s driving 1 5 m.p .h . i n to a 10 m.p .h . wind, his real a i r speed i s 25 m . p . h . "

Estimated Wind Speec

MPH

Calm 5

10

l5 -- 20 25 30 35 40

WIND CHILL CHART

ACTUAL THERMOMETER READING OF.

----

EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE OF.

Wind speeds greater than 4OMPH have little addi- tional effect

I LITTLE DANGER FOR 1 INCREASING 1 GREAT PROPERLY CLOTHED I DANGER

I DANGER PERSON I DANGER FROM FREEZING

OF EXPOSED FLESH To use the chart, 11nd the est~mated or actual wlnd speed In the left hand column and the actual temperature on degrees F on the too

rowo The equwalent IemPeralure 8 % found where these two onlersecl For example, with a wand weed of 10 mph and a temperature of -10 F. the mulvalent temperature tr -33' F T h ~ s her wlthln the zone o f lncreartng danger of Irortbnle and protcc!we measures should be taken I t rr eppharucd that the w8nd.chlll chart 8s Of value ~n pred~ctmg froslb!le anlv to expored flesh Outdoorsmen can eartlv be caughr out on 3 0 temPe.alure Wtnds 01 3 0 mph wlll produce an equwaienl wlnd-chlll Temperature of 2°below zero

Wind Chill Chart: US. Department of Commerce.

herefo fore he i s experiencinq a c h i l l f ac to r of -59". No wonder he i s get t ing cold. Wind 'chi l l ha< i t s e f f ec t on t i s sue o r material t h a t has moisture in i t . His snowmachine i s only -10" F because t h a t i s the

s u r r o u n d i n g a i r t empera tu re . But h i s s k i n i s r e a c t i n g t h e same way as if i t were -59" F w i t h no wind.)

Convec t ion i s i m p o r t a n t t o how c l o t h i n g i s worn. B e f o r e i t was s a i d t h a t he;$ f r o m t h e body o f t h e parka r i s e s t o t h e hood. Bas ic p h y s i c s ( te l?s 69 t h a t warm a i r i s l i g h t e r and goes up. Co ld a i r i s h e a v i e r a n d , goes down. The Inu,piat knew t h i s . (Look a t , j e the i r home d e s i g n usi>g a c o l d t r a p . They s l e p t where i t was warm - up h i g h . Too bad o u r new houses do n o t use t h i s idea.) - \ , .. *

The parka i s l o n g and can be t i e d a t t h e w a i s t . However, t h i s i s n o t a lways done. The chimney e f f e c t : i s used t o keep t h e body warm, b u t n o t overheated. Wi th body movement and h e a t i n g , c o o l a i r f rom t h e bo t tom s l o w l y r i s e s up t o t h e hood and t h e n o u t t h e s n o r k e l . Parkas a r e made so t h a t t h e person can b r i n g h i s arms i n t o t h e body o f t h e parka and r e l i e v e t h e h e a t l o s s o f t h e s leeves . I f t h e pa rka i s t i e d a t t h e w a i s t , t h e c o o l a i r s t o p s f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e c l o t h i n g and i t becomes a much warmer garment,

So (if you g e t i n t o a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n , y o u want) t o reduce y o u r i .-

h e a t l o s s , consery ,~~ ,your ; energy and n o t sweat. You must) r e g u l a t e 'your ,

c l o t h i n g t o match ,you7 s i t u a t i o n . T h i s comes' o n l y t h r o u g h exper ience. (You must g e t o u t t h e r e and see how you s t a y warm, how y o u r c l o t h i n g works f o r you!

A

A l l c l o t h i n g s h o u l d be l a y e r e d i n t h e A r c t i c . Each l a y e r p r o v i d e s i n s u l a t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n . If one l a y e r becomes we t o r t o r n , t h e o t h e r l a y e r may be okay. The t r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a q w i n t e r h u n t i n g s u i t was two s u i t s , one worn o v e r t h e o t h e r . The i n s i d e one was worn f u r i n and t h e o u t s i d e one was worn f u r o u t . The I n u p i a t even had l a r g e capes t h e y ".>? /T would wear as a t h i r d l a y e r . . l , . , - \L,' I J Lj

A1 1 c l o t h i n g s h o u l d be k e p t d r y ,,and i n goodc, r e p a i r . One v e r y - bad, h a b i t i s b r e a t h i n g i n t o c l o t h i n g . Oou should,,:! i o t b r e a t h e i n t o y o u r g l o v e s t o warm t k q n . :You are,,' b l o w i n g i n m o i s t u r e t h a t w i l l f r e e z e and evapora te r e m o v & ~ ~ g r e a t amounts o f h e a t . B r e a t h i n g i n t o y o u r parka w i l l make i t wet i n s i d e , redupe i t s i n s u l a t i o n and i n c r e a s e y o u r hea t

,.! m . 2 - C . l o s s . L i k e w i s e , b r e a t h i j g .on y o u r hands j,s ,n@ good as t h e y w i 11 become wet and c o l d. {If y o u r : . - . f i .-C, ngers 3 r S c o l d , p@); them togetheg,.!n t h e palm o f t h e g l o v e o r p u l l . you r whole arm i n t o i ' ~ o u r ! p a r k a . Pu t $our: c o l d hand i n t o , y o u r . a r m p i t . Do n o t b r e a t h e i n t o y o u r c l o t h i n g o r s l e e p i n g b a g s

- -* ., . ) < ->

, C l o t h i n g can be made warmer b y p u t t i n g i n i n s u l a t i o n . Use crumpled ' >

/maps o r newspapers, d r y grass, f u r s t r i p s and f e a t h e r s t o s t u f f i n s i d e ! y o u r c l o t h i n g . Be c a r e f u l n o t t o r e s t r i c t y o u r C i r c u l a t i o n . I f t h e r e I I a r e o t h e r c l o t h e s , p u t them on i n l a y e r s . Make a cape o r l a y e r s o f

capes.

Boots s h o u l d be l o s e b u t t s l o p p y and have good, t h i c k , d r y People t e n d t o buy a s e t o f l i n e r s t o i n e r s o f f e l t , mouton o r foam. 10

a s t t h e 1 i f e o f t h e boo ts . NO) L i n e r s s h o u l d be r o t a t e d , k e p t d r y and when worn t h i n , th rown o u t . The Inupi 'at would p u t shredded ba leen, d r i e d g r a s s o r moss i n f i r s t as i n s o l e s . Car ibou socks i n comb ina t ion w i t h c a r i b o u b o o t s ( t u t u l u k s ) a r e s t i l l t h e b e s t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e h u n t e r s who l i v e i n t h e A r c t i c .

, A v e t e r i n a r i a n was v i s i t i n g Barrow. He r e a l i z e d t h e r e would be \

much t o a d j u s t t o as he had never s p e n t a w i n t e r where t h e r e was snow. /

'1

By t h e t i m e October was o v e r he f e l t v e r y c o m f o r t a b l e g e t t i n g around \, i , town i n h i s w h i t e m i l i t a r y Bunny b o o t s ( v a p o r b a r r i e r b o o t s ) . I n I

November he went o u t h u n t i n g f o r a weekend. H i s f e e t had been warm i n I

/ t h e Bunny boo ts g o i n g f r o m b u i l d i n g t o b u i l d i n g , so he dec ided t o wear 1 them h u n t i n g , b u t he p u t on a second p a i r o f socks. H i s f e e t g o t c o l d . I I

( The f i r s t n i g h t o u t he s l e p t w i t h h i s wet socks on and h i s f e e t became c o l d e r . The n e x t morn ing he p u t on a n o t h e r p a i r o f socks o v e r t h e wet \ socks and s t u f f e d h i s f e e t back i n t o t h e boo ts . Needless t o say, he I

\ r e c e i v e d m i n o r f r o s t b i t e on h i s t o e s . He had c u t o f f t h e C i r c u l a t i o n I

, b y p u t t i n g on t o o many socks. He d i d n o t know and had never r e a l l y \ exper ienced a day i n t h e c o l d . H i s " c i t y b o o t s " d i d n ' t make t h e grade ' o u t h u n t i n g .

Gloves shou ld be roomy and l a y e r e d . A c t u a l l y , g l o v e l i n e r s worn i n s i d e o f wool m i t t e n s i n s i d e o f mouton m i t t e n s t h a t a r e worn t o t h e e l bow a r e t h e b e s t . I t i s w i s e t o have t h e o u t s i d e g loves t i e d i t o you!

L---G-, so :if you taken them) o f f i n a g u s t i n g w ind t o work t h e y do n o t b low away. The Inup i 'a t have t r a d i t i o n a l l y used m i t t e n s i n s i d e of m i t t e n s .

(Now, w i t h snowmachines ,) good hand p r o t e c t i o n i s i m p e r a t i v e . When removing g loves t r y t o keep t h e f i n g e r s p o i n t i n g up so t h e g loves h o l d i n t h e hea t .

RADIATION. O b j e c t s , i n c l u d i n g people , 1 ose hea t . The more s u r f a c e area you have, t h e more h e a t you w i l l l o s e . I n 1971 and 1972 a t t h e Naval A r c t i c Research L a b o r a t o r y (NARL) , wolves were observed e v e r y morn ing o v e r t h e summer and w i n t e r as t o t h e i r p o s i t i o n . On days t h a t were r e l a t i v e l y "warm" f o r each season, t h e wolves would be spread o u t w i t h l e g s and t a i l s extended. On days t h a t were r e l a t i v e l y " c o l d " f o r each season, t h e wolves would be i n a b a l l w i t h t h e i r noses covered by t h e i r t a i l s ( h e a t exchange f r o m r e s p i r a t i o n ) and w i t h g r e a t l y reduced s u r f a c e area f o r t h e same amount o f w o l f . On e x t r e m e l y c o l d days, t h e wolves would a c t u a l l y i n t e r l o c k l e g s and f o r m a l a r g e b a l l . Now t h e s u r f a c e area was even more reduced and a common a rea was shared.

I n t h e human body t h e g r o i n , f l a n k s o f t h e c h e s t , neck and head l o s e o r r a d i a t e t h e most hea t . These areas must be p r o t e c t e d if heat l o s s i s t o be lessened. U s u a l l y i t i s t h e head t h a t i s l e f t u n p r o t e c t e d o r p o o r l y p r o t e c t e d . A t tempera tu res be low 0" F, up t o 90 p e r c e n t o f a l l body h e a t l o s s comes f r o m t h e head. A hood i s t h e i d e a l Design t o keep a head warm, . b u t i t must be worn up, n o t down, i n o r d e r t o work.

D r Hayward suggested t h e H.E.L.P. i n wa te r . I t w i l l a l s o work on land . S h a r i n g s l e e p i n g bags and s t a y i n g c l o s e t o g e t h e r w i l l h e l p . So w i l l compat ib le b r e a t h i n g o r b r e a t h i n g c l o s e t o each o t h e r so t h a t t h e a i r i s n o t heated and wasted b u t can be used w h i l e s t i l l warm. B u i l d sma l l s h e l t e r s and t h i n k " round" t o save hea t .

I n o r d e r t o conserve y o u r h e a t a v o i d c i g a r e t t e s , a l c o h o l , c o f f e e and t e a as these w i l l cause i n c r e a s e d C i r c u l a t i o n and f l u i d l o s s .

Severe C o o l i n g Taking hypothermia and the various forms of heat loss t o t h e i r

extreme will r e s u l t in f r o s t b i t e and/or death. This cooling process can be very gradual as mountaineers spend weeks making t h e i r way t o a mountain peak, o r i t can be rapid with cold water immersion o r contact with supercooled l iqu ids l i k e gasoline a t -40" F .

As a person becomes cold and h i s temperature f a l l s from 98.6" F , he wil l "feel cold". A t about 97" F the body will automatically increase heat production through the muscular a c t i v i t y cal led shivering. The colder he becomes, the more manual dex te r i ty and muscle coordination he will lose . Mentally, h is cooling brain will not function as well . He wil l become confused, speech wil l be s lurred and he will lose fu r the r coordination.

The shivering will s top when h i s body gets t o about 90" F . I t i s a major sign tha t the person i s no longer able t o rewarm himself. He needs heat from another source. If unaided, he will go unconscious a t about 85" F and l i f e functions s top a s the body cools past 80" F . Cold bodies have been revived and l i f e res tored, so remember, "No body i s dead unt i l i t i s warm and dead".

The way to prevent hypothermia and cold exposure i s to lessen heat loss by she l t e r , insulat ion and drying, and t o add heat from a var ie ty of sources. Heat can be gotten from the a i r , surface contact o r from radia t ion.

The S ta te of Alaska has s e t u p protocols f o r dealing with hypothermia and cold water near-drowning victims. The protocols a r e included in the back of t h i s manual. Please review them a t t h i s time.

Fros tbi te i s another area of severe cooling. Living t i s sue t ha t becomes so cold t h a t the water in the c e l l s f reezes , i s considered f r o s t b i t t e n . The damage occurs when ice c ry s t a l s form and l a t e r me1 t . Each of these t r an s i t i ons , pa r t i cu la r ly the second, provide the opportunity t o t e a r the ce l l wall. A bucket of water will f reeze and push out the sides and bottom. As the ice melts , i t wil l s p l i t open the bucket.

One good reason t o always t ravel with a partner and t o s top frequently i s so t h a t you can check each o t h e r ' s face f o r signs of f r o s t b i t e . Usually the nose, cheeks, e a r s , f inger t ips and toes will become cold, s t i ng , burn and then you will fee l a nip o r b i t e . After the "b i t e" there i s usually no other fee l ing. The t i s sue will look pale and waxy. I t will be hard, cold and have no feel ing. I t i s frozen t i s sue .

The best thing t o do f o r f r o s t b i t e i s to prevent i t . When you a re cold and you "s t ing o r t i ng l e " , s top and get warm. If you feel a "b i t e " , take care of i t r igh t away before i t becomes deeper. The Inupiat have serveral ways t o handle a "b i t e" . If i t i s on the cheek, they pull out a warm hand and place i t on the spot . Very shor t ly the spot i s thawed. The area i s exercised, not massaged, t o res tore heat through Circulat ion.

Another method i f the cheek f reezes again i s t o warm i t with the hand and then cover i t with mucus from the nose. This dried layer ac t s w'

as protection. The contact with the warm fingers and mucus puts warmth into the t issue. The dried mucus layer acts as a wind break and insulator t o reduce further heat loss.

Frostbitten fingers have traditional ly been dealt with by placing them in the m o u t h . The warm moist environment of the m o u t h i s ideal for thawing small surface f ros tb i te . However, the emerging wet t issue will lose heat very f a s t . I t should be dried quickly and protected from any further cool ing.

If a larger area i s f ros tb i t ten or the f ros tb i te i s deep, you have a much more serious and d i f f i cu l t problem. The main reasons for most t issue loss due t o f ros tb i te are refreezing the t issue and infection. Ice has a1 ready hurt each frozen ce l l . The t issue needs great care a t this time.

I t i s n o t advised t o t ry t o thaw a f ros tb i t ten area in the f ie ld . If i t refreezes l a t e r there will be much greater t i ssue damage. Peter Freuchen f ros tb i t his foot when his ship sank off the coast of North Greenland. He walked and lived with a frozen foot for weeks. A t night he would sleep with his foot stuck outside his tent t o keep the foot frozen. Eventually he los t his leg t o his knee. Had he thawed his foot in the f i e l d , he would have died before ever reaching safety.

Frostbite as i t thaws will usually turn purplish and large b l i s te rs will appear over the area. Do n o t break these b l i s t e r s or remove any tissue. S te r i l e or clean c l o t h should be placed between each toe or finger in the area. Keep the frostbi t ten area warm and keep i t open, unbound and protected.

Q Do n o t rub or massage a frostbi t ten area. This will damage more

tissue. Do n o t p u t any ointments on the area. Avoid alcohol, smoking a n d any additional injury. Do n o t thaw f ros tb i te using an open f i r e , engine exhaust, oven or any heat source over 105" F. Do n o t rub with snow.

If you can rewarm and can ensure t h a t the area will n o t refreeze, i t then should be done quickly in a warm water bath a t 105O F (warm t o the wr is t ) . Mix the water f i r s t , check the temperature then submerge the frostbi t ten area, for example the hand. As the water cools, remove the hand and then add h o t water, mix, check the temperature then resubmerge the h a n d . Do n o t go over 105" F.

Dry rewarming can be done by placing the frostbi t ten area against someone's warm skin. However, t h i s takes time and i s more likely t o lead t o t issue damage and infection.

Frostbite and hypothermi a defeated Nap01 eon, and the German armies in b o t h World wars. They almost cost the United States i t s Revolutionary War a n d hurt the United States in the Korean War.

Severe cooling i s your number one enemy in any Arctic survival s i tuat ion.

Adaptation A r e s e a r c h e r p l a n n i n g t o work a t NARL knew t h a t he wou ld have

barehanded t a s k s t h a t he wou ld have t o do o u t s i d e . A t t h e t i m e he was g o i n g t o schoo l i n P e n n s y l v a n i a . He was t o a r r i v e i n Bar row d u r i n g January . As t h e f a l l i n P e n n s y l v a n i a t u r n e d c o l d , he s t a r t e d c o n d i t i o n i n g h i m s e l f . He wore o n l y sweaters t o c l a s s as t h e t e m p e r a t u r e dropped t o z e r o . Once t h e r e was snow on t h e ground, he wou ld p i c k up snowba l l s and c a r r y them i n h i s barehands between c l a s s e s . He would go o u t s i d e i n h i s s h i r t s l e e v e s and s t a n d as a c o n d i t i o n i n g e x e r c i s e .

T h i s r e s e a r c h e r was new t o t h e A r c t i c w i n t e r , b u t he had v i s i t e d Bar row i n t h e summer. A t t h i s t i m e he had met Pete S o v a l i k who was t h e an imal c a r e t a k e r a t t h e NARL f a c i l i t y . Pe te t o l d t h e r e s e a r c h e r t h a t t h e I n u p i a t p e o p l e c o u l d thaw l o c k s w i t h t h e i r hands i n w i n t e r and t h a t t h e i r hands were use t o t h e c o l d . They l i v e i n t h e A r c t i c . The message was c l e a r . I f an o u t s i d e r wanted t o be a b l e t o work i n t h e A r c t i c , he had t o p repare h i s body.

A r c t i c s u r v i v a l i s t h a t way. I f you want t o s u r v i v e i n t h e A r c t i c , y o u must l e a r n t o l i v e i n t h e A r c t i c . T h a t does n o t mean l i v i n g i n Barrow, Nome o r Anchorage. I t means g e t t i n g o u t i n c o l d weather . Camping i n Pennsy lvan ia d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r and c a r r y i n g snowba l l s worked f o r one person. Ru t j u s t l i v i n g i n Bar row w i l l n o t do i t . Go camping. Get o u t o f s i g h t o f c i v i l i z a t i o n and l e a r n y o u r own l i m i t s . Lea rn how t o l i v e i n t h e c o l d .

Shelters To reduce h e a t l o s s a f t e r y o u have good c l o t h i n g , y o u need s h e l t e r .

If y o u d o n ' t have good c l o t h i n g , s h e l t e r i s i m p e r a t i v e . I f y o u g e t s t u c k i n a t r u c k and go o u t i n t o a c h i l l f a c t o r o f -40" F w i t h o u t g l o v e s y o u r hands w i l l be u s e l e s s i n m i n u t e s . They w i l l become so c o l d t h a t you w i l l n o t f e e l t h i n g s as y o u s h o u l d and t h e muscles w i l l n o t work p r o p e r l y . Your hands need s h e l t e r so p u t them i n y o u r pocke ts o r p u l l them i n s i d e y o u r pa rka and g e t back i n t o t h e t r u c k .

To see how y o u r hands r e a c t t o c o l d , t r y t h i s exper imen t . Get a bowl o f i c e w a t e r (32" F ) and p u t i n y o u r hand. How l o n g can you keep i t i n t h e w a t e r ? Now, d r o p some c o i n s i n t o t h e w a t e r and t r y t o p i c k up t h e c o i n s .

If you must w a i t i n t h e t r u c k , y o u have a problem. Any v e h i c l e : a i r p l a n e , t r u c k , c a r o r t a n k w i l l assume t h e tempera tu re o f t h e env i ronmen t . I n t h i s case -20" F. V e h i c l e s a r e n o t i n s u l a t e d . Cold comes i n from a l l d i r e c t i o n s .

If you have f u e l you can r u n t h e eng ine and p u t on t h e h e a t e r . Be s u r e t o open a window f o r . v e n t i l a t i o n . When y o u do n o t have f u e l , you must make a d e c i s i o n . Shou ld y o u t ry t o s t a y i n t h e t r u c k and make a n e s t t h e r e , o r s h o u l d you make some o t h e r s h e l t e r ?

The v e h i c l e w i l l become c o l d . M e t a l l e t s h e a t pass v e r y q u i c k l y , so you w i l l n o t have l o n g t o make up y o u r mind. I f t h e r e i s snow and t h e v e h i c l e i s d r i f t i n g o v e r , t h e snow w i l l - add i n s u l a t i o n . You w i l l need t o do t h r e e t h i n g s .

1. Keep a n open Airway.

2 . Get out a s igna l : a red f l a g on the antenna or jack handle, open the hood.

3. Build yourself a nes t . Use the s e a t s , f loor rags o r the blanket you keep in the trunk f o r emergencies. Pull out the ce i l ing l i ne r . Collect some snow or ice in a can o r h u b cap and bring i t inside t o melt so you will have water t o drink as you get t h i r s t y . When you feel cold move about t o warm u p , b u t do not overheat yoursel f . Then r e s t .

B u t you say you a re in a stripped-down pickup and the snow i s blowing r ight under the 4x4 with no chance of d r i f t i n g over the e n t i r e truck. You are becoming cold. You would be be t t e r off in some other she l te r . S .T .O .P . Take a few minutes. Think about what you need. Observe what you have around you. Plan your act ions . Write down your - - plan of action f o r t h i s s i t ua t i on . Do t h i s now.

Okay, how many of you planned t o give u p ? So much f o r At t i tude, Bel ief , Consciousness and Desire. How many of you d i d n ' t r ea l ly know what t o do? Tha t ' s why you ' re reading t h i s manual, r igh t? How many of you planned t o build an igloo? Chances a re t h a t f i r s t , you couldn ' t because you have never b u i l t one in good weather with the correct too l s . Secondly, you wouldn't be able t o f ind the r ight kind of snow in which t o build an igloo.

Many people think t h a t in the Arctic o r in snow you j u s t have t o build an igloo. The igloo, a round snow block house, was used almost exclusively by the Inu i t of North Central Canada where the snow blows and packs very hard and f a i r l y th ick. Over Alaska's North Slope, you can see grass s t icking through the snow most of the winter, i . e . , the snow does not get deep enough in most places or hard enough. Even i f you had the r igh t snow, building a dome i s d i f f i c u l t and time consuming.

For a l l you budding mathematicians a n d masters of physics, the Inui t igloo i s a parabolic shell and not a t rue hemisphere. Now t r y t o build one with your s l i d e rule o r ca lcu la to r . Careful, your calcula tor ba t te r ies will go very quickly when they a r e cold.

In the back of t h i s manual i s a section from the Canadian Air Force, "Down B u t Not Out" survival book. I t has an excellent description of how to build an igloo. I t i s recommended reading and a recommended a c t i v i t y t o t r y some sunny, pleasant day when you want t o learn about building with snow blocks, b u t d o n ' t r ea l ly need an emergency she l t e r . If you do manage t o build one, spend the night in i t f o r fun.

So, back t o the problem a t hand. I t i s get t ing cold in t h a t pickup. Other than not get t ing yourself in t h i s s i tua t ion in the f i r s t place, what i s another option?. You need she l te r . You say the truck doesn' t have h u b caps? There i s no emergency gear? Balling u p will conserve heat , b u t how long will i t be un t i l help a r r i ve s? I s i t a well t raveled road? You must weigh the heat loss of staying fo r an unknown amount of time in the truck versus the heat loss of building a she l t e r from limited raw materials and then waiting f o r help.

-40" F, w i t h o u t g loves , w i t h o u t emergency s u p p l i e s , w i t h o u t snow f o r b l o c k s and w i t h o u t p l a n n i n g , t h i s man dec ided t o walk t h e two m i l e s back t o town. He was wear ing a 1 i g h t parka and l e a t h e r l o a f e r s . He s u r v i v e d , b u t l o s t a l l of h i s t o e s t o f r o s t b i t e . The Scout mot to shou ld be t h e m o t t o o f a l l A r c t i c t r a v e l e r s , "Be Prepared! "

L e t us n o t be t o o down about t h i s s i t u a t i o n . He d i d have o p t i o n s . He c o u l d have wa i ted . By b a l l i n g up t o save hea t , moving when he f e l t co ld , r e s t i n g i n between, he may have l a s t e d a day o r more i n t h e smal l t r u c k cab. He c o u l d have p u l l e d t h e s e a t a p a r t and made some g loves. He c o u l d have used t h e r u b b e r mats f r o m t h e f l o o r , o r t h e c l o t h c e i l i n g l i n e r t o make overboo ts and i n s u l a t e d them w i t h t h e padding of t h e sea t . Us ing t h e door of t h e g l o v e compartment he c o u l d have made a sma l l o i l lamp. O r . . .

Us ing t h a t g l o v e compartment door and work ing on t h e downwind s i d e o f t h e s t u c k t r u c k , he c o u l d have made a p i l e of snow. T h i s would have t a k e n some t i m e b u t as he worked i n h i s new g loves and boots , he would have k e p t warm, making s u r e n o t t o overhea t o r sweat. Once he had a p i l e o f snow t h a t was 10 f e e t around and f i v e f e e t h i g h , he c o u l d c l i m b back i n t o t h e t r u c k and warm h i m s e l f w i t h h i s o i l lamp. I n about an h o u r t h e shove led snow had repacked and was f i r m enough f o r d i g g i n g .

S t a r t i n g from t h e downwind s i d e so t h e wind was n o t b low ing i n t o t h e snow cave, he c o u l d d i g t o t h e ground. T h i s i s i m p o r t a n t as t h e ground i s a lways warm, i n a r e l a t i v e sense. The ground s tays a t t h e year - round average temperature . I n Barrow t h a t i s 10" F. I c e c e l l a r s i n t u r n r u n about 10" t o 20" F. Th is i s 50" t o 60" warmer than t h e -40" F. He would work s l o w l y so as n o t t o overhea t . Once t h e powder pack cave was dug, he would s e t up an o i l lamp, p u l l i n t h e s e a t o f t h e t r u c k and s i t on i t t o keep h i s body f rom g e t t i n g wet f rom s i t t i n g on t h e ground. He would v e n t i l a t e t h e s h e l t e r w i t h a sma l l h o l e i n t h e downwind s i d e o f t h e r o o f . He c o u l d p l a c e a smal l p i e c e o f snow i n f r o n t o f t h e d o o r t o reduce any d r a f t s .

I n a few minu tes t h e lamp would have t h e temperature i n t h e snow cave up t o 30" t o 40" F. He shou ld be c a r e f u l n o t t o l e t t h e temperature go t o o h i g h as he would n o t want t o g e t wet o r m e l t h i s she1 t e r .

Powder pack s h e l t e r s a r e e x c e l l e n t i n areas o f l i t t l e snow. It i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e snow has an h o u r t o "se tup" b e f o r e you s t a r t d i g g i n g .

Two o t h e r s h e l t e r s t h a t can be made i n t h e A r c t i c when t h e r e i s snow on t h e ground a r e a b l o c k / p i t house o r a r e g u l a r snow cave. The snow cave i s b u i l d on t h e same p r i n c i p l e as t h e powder pack cave, b u t uses n a t u r e t o b u i l d t h e p i l e and pack t h e snow.

The bes t areas f o r snow cave l o c a t i o n s a re depressions o r banks where t h e snow has a1 ready d r i f t e d . D i g i n s l o w l y making a low door. D i g t o t h e ground f o r hea t , then d i g up. By making a hea t be1 1 and c o l d t r a p , you can keep t h e s h e l t e r warmer pass i ve l y . Put i n y o u r ven t and ge t an o i l lamp o r candle going. Remember t h e s t o r y o f t he ptarmigan.

The o t h e r she1 t e r i s t h e b l o c k / p i t house. Th i s i s t he type most f r e q u e n t l y used by t h e Alaskan I n u i t . It does n o t r e q u i r e t h e b locks t o be q u i t e so s t r o n g as i n a round i g l o o , b u t t h e snow must be f i r m enough t o c u t . If snow squeaks when you walk on i t o r y o u r k n i f e goes through b u t you r f e e t do no t , you have good snow.

Use a l ong k n i f e , snow k n i f e o r saw t o c u t t h e b locks . Usua l l y t h e f i r s t b lock breaks as you p u l l i t ou t , so make i t l o n g b u t n o t t oo wide. Save a l l t h e brdken chunks. You can use them l a t e r t o f i l l holes o r m e l t f o r water. Cut t h e b locks f r om t h e area you want t o make you r snow house. Cut t h e b locks as t h i c k as t h e packed, hard snow. Usua l l y you can p u t y o u r hand uhder t h e b l o c k t o " c u t " i t l oose and then l i f t i t out . Once you have y o u r b locks ou t , d i g o u t t h e r e s t o f t h e p i t t o t h e ground. Depending on t h e s i t e , t h i s i s u s u a l l y j u s t a couple o f f e e t . Then s tack t h e b locks around t h e p i t . Th is can be done i n two ways.

A narrow p i t can be covered by p u t t i n g t he b locks on each o the r as a peaked r o o f . By a l t e r n a t i n g seams and c l o s i n g o f f t h e ends, one person i s s e t f o r t h e n i g h t o r severa l of these p i t s can be made toge the r f o r a group o f people. I f t h e r e a r e f o u r people i n t h e group, make t h e s h e l t e r s i n t h e shape o f an X so i t can be used as a s i g n a l a1 so.

A square p i t can be covered with a t a rp ' &i

t h a t i s supported by the blocks o r even a double t a r p t h a t wi l l save even more heat . The blocks can be supported by t h e i r own weight and the t a r p closed. Basical ly t h i s i s a f l a t igloo t h a t i s much e a s i e r t o build. -

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. . . . . . . . ......... ' . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . (. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . .+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :',. . . . ' . . . . " . . . . . . . . . ".. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::: . . . : : : , . : . . . . . . . ' . " . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . ;;.: ..;.',:.:~.:: : . . . . . . . ,. : . . . . d

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The t r a d i t i o n a l Inupiaq one-man s h e l t e r i s a p i t with snow blocks. The opening i s covered w i t h a parka cover. Arms and hands a r e drawn ins ide the parka. Gloves a re used f o r an insulated s e a t . And a g r u b sack provides insula t ion f o r the f e e t .

Now go out and build any cne of these s h e l t e r s !

If you are in a vehic le , make use of i t s pa r t s . Airplane wings make great windbreakers o r supports f o r walls . Seats wi l l keep you off the ground and dry. I t i s amazing how much of a vehicle you can take apar t with a knife and jack handle when you r e a l l y need t o .

I n the summer when the re i s no snow you s t i l l may need a s h e l t ~ r . I t r a ins , i s foggy and damp, and there are mosquitos. The summer, when the temperature averages 35" F in Barrow, i s not tha t warm. Tradi t ional ly the Inupiat moved from t h e i r damp sod houses t o t e n t s tha t were d r i e r . You can build a sod s h e l t e r l i k e the block/pit hcuse, but i t will be damp so s tay off the f l o o r . I t nay even f i l l with melted water from the permafrost.

I f you have mate r i a l , make a t e n t . Use a p i l e of rock o r sod/snow blocks f o r a center support. Cover metal t e n t s takes with sod o r s o i l . I f you do not the sun wi l l heat the metal and melt the permafrost below and out come the s takes! Tarps can be anchored with j u s t lumps of rock o r sod.

Build your s h e l t e r on high, dry ground. The wind wil l help keep the bugs away. An o i l lamp wil l add warmth a n d a l s o help keep the bugs away. Roll your sleeves down and p u t your c o l l a r u p and cover your face . Avoid ge t t ing b i t t e n . In unclean conditions you wil l be very l i k e l y t o get an in fec t ion . Do not scra tch open b i t e s .

6e aware of where you build your s h e l t e r . Do not go f a r from your vehicle. I t i s bigger and e a s i e r t o see than a n individual . Flake your s h e l t e r close t o your s igna l s o r visa versa. Do not build your s h e l t e r under an overhang in an area where you may suspect snow s l i d e s , rock

I'

d

s l i d e s o r ava lanches . I n w i n t e r b u i l d y o u r s h e l t e r o u t o f t h e w ind and w i t h a p r o t e c t e d e n t r a n c e . I n summer b u i l d y o u r s h e l t e r i n t h e w ind t o he1 p keep away t h e mosqui t o s .

Dressings

F i r s t a i d must be g i v e n as soon as p o s s i b l e . You must d e t e r m i n e what i s t h e most l i f e t h r e a t e n i n g , t h e i n j u r y need ing D r e s s i n g o r t h e c o l d . Un less i t i s A, B o r C, i t s h o u l d be D. Once p r o t e c t e d from Degrees, D r e s s i n g s a r e n e x t .

Co ld can be o f h e l p i n r e d u c i n g b l o o d l o s s by r e d u c i n g b l o o d f l o w and t h e r e f o r e r e d u c i n g w e l l i n g and t i s s u e damage. Dr . W i l l i a m M i l l s t e l l s o f a c l i m b e r who under normal c i r c u m s t a n c e s wou ld have l o s t h i s l e g , b u t because i t was so c o l d he s u f f e r e d v e r y l i t t l e damage a t a l l .

Wounds s h o u l d be c leaned , c l o s e d and cove red . C l e a n i n g may be a prob lem as t h e r e i s 1 i t t l e o r no w a t e r a v a i l a b l e i n t h e A r c t i c , and i f i t i s c o l d , y o u d o n ' t want t o use a1 coho l . A1 coho l g e t s v e r y c o l d . People have d i e d when t h e y " f o u n d a b o t t l e " o f booze t h a t had been l a y i n g o u t s i d e i n sub-zero tempera tu res and d e c i d e d t o " t a k e a b e l t " . They dumped l i q u i d down t h e i r t h r o a t s t h a t was c o l d enough t o f reeze e v e r y t h i n g a l o n g t h e way. A wimpered gasp, no A i rway, and t h e n death:

Be v e r y c a r e f u l o f c l e a n i n g wounds w i t h any l i q u i d i f i t i s be low f r e e z i n g . C l e a n i n g may be j u s t remov ing d i r t , w i p i n g o f f ' o i l , s o o t o r remov ing c l o t h i n g . Cover w i t h t h e c l e a n e s t m a t e r i a l you have and wrap t h e D r e s s i n g so i t w i l l n o t move, b u t s t i l l a l l o w s f o r good C i r c u l a t i o n . Once a D r e s s i n g i s on a wound, do n o t t a k e i t o f f . If b l o o d soaks t h r o u g h , add more m a t e r i a l on t o p . Removing t h e f i r s t D r e s s i n g may reopen t h e wound and cause more b l e e d i n g .

Any i m m o b i l i z a t i o n w i l l impede C i r c u l a t i o n and reduce h e a t f l ow . A good way t o check C i r c u l a t i o n i s t o keep w a t c h i n g t h e f i n g e r s , t o e s and l i p s t o see t h a t t h e y do n o t p u f f , t u r n b l u i s h o r become c o l d , I f t h e y do, l o o s e n t h e bandage.

Scouts a lways wear a k e r c h i e f . T h i s i s i n r e a l i t y a t r i a n g l e bandage. It can be used f o r many d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s f rom s l i n g s t o b races , f r o m bandage t o t y i n g a pack. I t i s h i g h l y , recommended t h a t , l i k e t h e Scouts , p e o p l e s h o u l d be p r e p a r e d t o t a k e c a r e o f themselves and c a r r y a l a r g e t r i a n g l e bandage w i t h them when t r a v e l i n g .

The o t h e r a r e a o f D r e s s i n g s i s s p l i n t i n g . I n any a c c i d e n t t h e r e i s a chance of b r o k e n bones. A l l b reaks s h o u l d be s p l i n t e d b e f o r e t h e person i s moved. I f he i s g o i n g hypother rn ic , he needs she1 t e r b e f o r e he needs s p l i n t s , b u t he s h o u l d be moved c a r e f u l l y , m i n i m a l l y and s p l i n t e d A.S.A.P.

One r u l e i s a p p l i e d t o s p l i n t i n g . T h a t i s , i d e n t i f y where t h e b reak i s and s p l i n t so t h a t t h e bone and j o i n t s above and be ow t h e

break canno t move. You can i d e n t i f y a b reak by a n g l u a t i o n , r o t a t i o n , seve re p a i n and s w e l l i n g , i n a b i l i t y t o move t h e l i m b on i t s own o r s h o r t e n i n g o f t h e l i m b .

Make a s p l i n t o u t o f someth ing s t r o n g . Use a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s t o pad i t . T h i n k abou t i f y o u had t o wear t h e s p l i n t y o u a r e about t o make. Would i t be t o o c o l d ? Would i t be c o m f o r t a b l e ? Where shou ld i t be padded? What wou ld make i t s t a y i n p l a c e and h o l d t h e bone ends f r o m movi ng?

P i c k on y o u r p a r t n e r t i m e and a g a i n . Your p a r t n e r has a broken fo rea rm. What do y o u need t o s p l i n t t h e f o r e a r m t o keep i t f rom mov ing? The fo rea rm, t h e w r i s t and t h e e lbow must be immob i l i zed . Make a s p l i n t f r o m what y o u have i n t h e room. Magazines and books make good s p l i n t s when t i e d on w i t h h a n d k e r c h i e f s . S h i r t t a i l , s h i r t s l eeve o r a b e l t can be used f o r a s l i n g . Now p i c k some o t h e r .bone and s p l i n t i t and t h e j o i n t s above and below.

& Enli m m

E Energy

ghtment motions

u Environment The f i f t h s t e p . Beethoven composed a v e r y famous F i f t h Symphony.

The f i r s t f o u r n o t e s a r e v e r y w e l l known a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d . So w e l l , t h a t when Morse Code was b e i n g deve loped t h e s e f i r s t f o u r n o t e s were used f o r t h e l e t t e r V . V i s t h e f i r s t l e t t e r o f V i c t o r y and i s a l s o t h e Roman Numer ia l f o r f i v e . D i t - D i t - D i t - Da.

w - I n t.he c l o s i n g days o f Wor ld War 11, t h e Germans became v e r y u p s e t

when t h e A l l i e d Forces used t h e o p e n i n g l i n e s o f Bee thoven ' s F i f t h Symphony as t h e i r b a t t l e theme. Perhaps once y o u have mastered t h e f i v e s t e p s i n t h i s manual, y o u w i l l be - V i c t o r i o u s i n s u r v i v a l .

Enlightment

"What l u r e d h i m on was, o f cou rse , t h e g r e a t adven tu re , t h e e t e r n a l l o n g i n g o f e v e r y t r u l y c r e a t i v e man t o push on i n t o u n e x p l o r e d c o u n t r y , t o d i s c o v e r someth ing e n t i r e l y new. I f o n l y abou t ' h i m s e l f ' . " H e i n r i c k H a r r e r .

En1 i g h t e n e d peop le do n o t need t o be prodded i n t o l e a r n i n g . They l e a r n by w a t c h i n g and o b s e r v i n g e v e r y t h i n g a round them. The E l d e r s o f t.he community a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t h e most enlightened because t h e y havc seen and e x p e r i e n c e d more. They have a b e t t e r , c l e a r e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f what l i f e i s a l l a b o u t . They have l e a r n e d t h e i r l e s s o n s w e l l , f o r t h a t i s how t h e y came t o be E l d e r s .

Many p e o p l e f e e l t h a t l i v i n g a l i f e o f 65 t o 70 y e a r s i s now t h e i r r i g h t . I f a pe rson d i e s young, he was chea ted o f a l l t h o s e good y e a r s . . T h i s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y so. T h e - I n u p i a t havc! a b e l i e f t h a t i s nluch more o f an E a s t e r n p h i l o s o p h y . L i f e i s h e r e . You make o f i t what you can. Do n o t e x p e c t t o have a " F a t h e r God" who t a k e s c a r e o f you l i k e a c h i l d . You a r e p a r t o f l i f e . L i f e i s good, l i f e i s bad, l i f e i s easy, l i f e i s ha rd , l i f e i s a l l .

Qnce y o u r e a l i z e t h a t y o u a r e l i f e and t h a t no s p e c i a l power w i l l p l u c k you f rom t h e jaws o f d i s a s t e r , t h e power i s w i t h i n you. You must know where t o l o o k f o r h e l p . You must l o o k t o y o u r s e l f , t o y o u r own hands, t o y o u r own mind. Look t o y c u r s e l f f o r y o u r s t r e n g t h and y o u r e v e n t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f 1 i f e .

Go t a l k t o an E l d e r abou t how he has s u r v i v e d , what he unders tands abou t l i f e . Where d i d he g e t t h e s t r e n g t h t o s u r v i v e a l l o f h i s y e a r s ?

Emotions

What i f y o u were i n a p l a n e c rash . You saw y o u r two b e s t f r i e n d s d i e . One was th rown f rorn h i s s e a t on impac t and b r o k e h i s neck as he h i t t h e bu lkhead. The o t h e r was bu rned and as he qasped h i s l a s t few - . b r e a t h s , he begged y o u t o p l e a s e h e l p h i m o u t and n o t t o l e t h i m d i e . H i s s t i l l h o t , scorched, s m e l l y body i s i n y o u r arms. I t i s d a r k and c o l d . You a r e somewhere between A n a k t u v i k Pass and B e t t l e s . As t h e f i r e o f t h e p l a n e b u r n s , y o u r e a l i z e t h a t 10 m i n u t e s ago y o u were on y o u r way t o F a i r b a n k s f o r a f u n weekend. Now as y o u s i t a lone , b r u i s e d , wet f r o m b l o o d , y o u can see and s m e l l t h e c h a r r e d remains o f one f r i e n d who n e v e r g o t o u t o f t h e p l a n e . You s i t h o l d i n g t h e c o o l i n g body t h a t j u s t moments ago p l e a d e d t o y o u f o r h e l p t h a t y o u c o u l d n o t o f f e r . What would y o u do?

Two days pass and you a r e s t i l l a l i v e . The f i r e i s o u t . The s t o r m i s s t i l l b l o w i n g . The dead b o d i e s a r e f r o z e n and h a l f b u r i e d and d u s t e d w h i t e . What i s g o i n g on i n y o u r mind? What a r e y o u r Emot ions d o i n g ? Do you want t o scream, ye1 1, sob o r s t a r e s i l e n t l y ? There i s no one t h e r e b u t you.

Three days l a t e r t h e r e s c u e team makes i t t o t h e pass. They f i n d t h e s o l e s u r v i v o r . He has s u r v i v e d t h e o r d e a l , b u t on t h e way down t h e mounta in he s t a r t s sc reaming and d i e s . You say t h i s s h o u l d n ' t happen, b u t i s does. The S p i r i t u a l and Men ta l A, B, C , and Ds may keep a person g o i n g as l o n g as he must r e l y on h i m s e l f f o r l i f e . The Emot iona l s t r e s s may l i e b o t t l e d up i n s i d e o f h i m f o r y e a r s b e f o r e i t b reaks l oose . O f t e n once a person f e e l s s a f e , h i s body g i v e s i n o r perhaps j u s t s t o p s f i g h t i n g so h a r d t o keep go ing . Many p e o p l e who have made i t . th rough t h e o r d e a l w i l l d i e once rescued . S tan Bush c a l l s i t "Rescue Shock". I t i s r e a l and i s v e r y much t i e d t o l e v e l s o f Emot iona l S t r e s s .

V i c t i m s o f c rashes p u t a1 1 t h e i r hopes, e n e r g i e s and ~ m o t i o n s ~ i f i t o s t a y i n g a l i v e u n t i l rescued. T h a t d r i v e w i l l keep them a l i v e u n t i l then, b u t n o t much l o n g e r . V i c t i m s need t o l o o k beyond t h e . a r r i v a l o f t h e rescue team, t h e h e l i c o p t e r o r ambulance. They need t o l o o k t h r o u g h t o r e c o v e r y . T h a t e m o t i o n a l goa l w i l l h e l p s u s t a i n them t h r o u g h t h e i r rescue.

I n some senses, d e a t h must be d e a l t w i t h i n a p r a c t i c a l manner. I f y o u a r e w i t h p e o p l e who have d i e d and t h e r e i s 1 i r n i t e d m a t e r i a l and c l o t h i n g , t a k e t h e c l o t h e s and b l a n k e t s f r o m t h e dead b o d i e s . They no l o n g e r need them. Be r e s p e c t f u l o f t h e b o d i e s and p l a c e them i n a s e p a r a t e a rea o u t o f s i g h t , b u t do n o t l e t t h e good m a t e r i a l s go t o waste when t h e y c o u l d keep y o u a l i v e .

I t i s h a r d t o p r a c t i c e t h e Emot ions s u r r o u n d i n g d e a t h and i n j u r y . Look a t y o u r s e l f . How d i d y o u r e a c t t h e l a s t t i m e y o u were r e a l l y h u r t ? Have y o u e v e r b roken a bone o r had s t i t c h e s ? How d i d y o u f e e l deep i n s i d e when a r e l a t i v e o r f r i e n d d i e d ?

The Inupiat have a word f o r loving someone too much, nakuaqqun. This means loving someone so much t h a t i f he were suddenly gone it 'would hur t . This was n o t a good or practiced t r a i t . Perhaps because of the daily presence of death through s ta rva t ion , hunting accidents, infantcide or ger ic ide , people realized one could n o t r ea l ly become close c r t o t a l l y dependent on anyone. I t i s a very hard Emotion, b u t i t was a survival s k i l l .

Go ta lk t o a n Elder. Ask him about how people died in the old days. What was said o r done a f t e r a death? What Emotions d o these responses express? Go o u t by yoursel f . Pick a good day a n d l e t people know where you are going, b u t go o u t alone. Do n o t take a radio o r other noise maker. Spend the whole day alone a n d think what i t would be 1 i ke t o have t o be alone. To be hur t , cold a n d alone. To be hur t , Emotional and alone.

In a n emergency s i tua t ion i t pays t o be posi t ive . To have a posi t ive outlook: Recognize the emoticnal s t r e s s , the f e a r , the anxiety, b u t d o n o t give in t o them. The Inupiat are posit ive people. Perhaps t h a t i s one reason why they are so ingenious a n d have survived so well where no one e l s e could. According t o t r ad i t iona l s t o r i e s , the Inupiat were happy where they were because of a l l the animals from the land and from the sea. And besides, they "knew" i t was colder a n d darker elsewhere, so why move? They were bounded by the i n t e r i o r mountains of the Brooks Range where temperatures drop t o -80" F ; a n d t o the north by the ever moving pack ice where darkness l ingers . I t made sense t o be posit ive about 1 iving along the coast where the temperature never dropped below -60" F .

This i s practical posit ivism. The term "Happy Eskimo" i s common a n d often t rue . Through Darwin's natural selection process, people in the Arctic have been weeded o u t very quickly b o t h physically and emotionally. If you are shor t and s tu rd i l y bu i l t with small hands a n d f e e t , you lose l e s s heat a n d therefore don ' t get f r o s t b i t e t h a t gets infected and leads t o death. If you are happy and to le ran t of o thers , you keep fr iends a n d family. I f you are greedy a n d unforgiving, you will soon find your small house very uncomfortable. The t radi t ional way t o deal with a grouch or greedy person was t o shun him. Let him go his own way. Everyone in the v i l l age would shun t h i s person. One person

9 will have a hard time doing everything t o s tay a l i ve i n the Arctic: sewing c lothing, hunting, heating the house, mending clothes and f ix ing equipment. So e i t h e r the grouch died, which often happened, o r he changed his ways. In a few generations you can see how "Happy Eskimos" evol ved.

The same i s t rue in survival s i tua t ions . The groups will separate o u t l i ke oi l and water. A small group of leaders usually will surface and take control . An,other small group of problem people and complainers will s e t t l e o u t a n d create disturbances. The- large majority of survivors will f a l l in the middle. They will be lead by b o t h smaller groups. Hopefully the good leaders will control the problem makers. If n o t , some problem makers may be shunned to death by the en t i r e group.

A posit ive approach t o problems i s a trademark of the Inupiaq cul ture . One summer while a group of researchers were out a t a h is tor ical s i t e , they h a d a problem. I t was time t o return t o Barrow a n d f l y back "home", wherever t h a t might be. The tents were folded a n d the b o a t packed. Shortly a f t e r the t r i p had begun, the boat ' s engine .,

stopped. They paddled t o shore. A researcher was furious. Hedumped 1 /"

o u t o f t h e b o a t , stamped around, y e l l e d , k i c k e d d i r t , and compla ined abou t m i s s i n g h i s f l i g h t . On,ana on he went. Never once - d i d he l o o k a t t h e eng ine .

An I n u p i a q t r a v e l i n g w i t h t h e g roup g o t o u t t h e t o o l s and s t a r t e d w o r k i n g on t h e e n g i n e w h i l e t h e r e s e a r c h e r was s t i l l b l o w i n g o f f steam. Two d i f f e r e n t approaches t o t h e same prob lem. By t h e t i m e t h e eng ine was r e p a i r e d t h e r e s e a r c h e r had calmed. The p o s i t i v e , r e l a x e d a c t i o n was t h e key t o s o l v i n g t h e prob lem, n o t y e l l i n g about someth ing i n t h e p a s t , p r e s e n t and f u t u r e .

Emot ions a r e g r e a t , b u t t h e y need t o be k e p t under c o n t r o l . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e i n emergency s i t u a t i o n s . Be he1 p f u l , be c o n s i d e r a t e and t h i n k o f how a1 1 c f y o u can s u r v i v e . Keep y o u r Emot ions p o s i t i v e and s t r o n g .

A l b e r t E i n s t e i n s a i d , "The most b e a u t i f u l and most p r o f o u n d emot ion we can e x p e r i e n c e i s t h e s e n s a t i o n o f t h e m y s t i c a l . I t i s t h e power o f a l l t r u e sc ience . He t o whom t h i s emot ion i s a s t r a n g e r , who can no l o n g e r wonder and s t a n d r a p t i n awe, i s as good as dead. To know t h a t what i s i m p e n e t r a b l e t o us r e a l i y e x i s t s , m a n i f e s t i n g i t s e l f as t h e h i g h e s t wisdom and t h e most r a d i a n t beau ty wh ich o u r d u l l f a c u l t i e s can comprehend o n l y i n t h e i r most p r i m i t i v e fo rms - t h i s knowledge, t h i s f e e l i n g i s a t t h e c e n t e r o f t r u e r e l i g i o u s n e s s . " "My r e l i g i o n c o n s i s t s o f a humble a d m i r a t i o n o f t h e i l l i m i t a b l e s u p e r i o r s p i r i t who r e v e a l s h i m s e l f i n t h e s l i g h t d e t a i l s we a r e t o p e r c e i v e w i t h o u r f r a i l and f e e b l e minds. That d e e p l y e m o t i o n a l c o n v i c t i o n o f t h e presence of a s u p e r i o r r e a s o n i n g power, wh ich i s r e v e a l e d i n t h e i ncomprehens ib le u n i v e r s e , fo rms my i d e a o f God."

Energy

L i f e Energy. No one knows what i t i s . S u r v i v a l i s k e e p i n g y o u r own l i f e Energy go ing. Your body i s a machine. I t consumes food , does work, makes h e a t and produces waste. T h i s f l o w o f Energy t h r o u g h y o u r system i s l i f e . L i f e i s a s e r i e s o f complex chemica l r e a c t i o n s l e a d i n g e v e n t u a l l y t o themselves . I t t a k e s Energy t o make t h e s e chemica l r e a c t i o n s happen. T h e r e f o r e , i n o r d e r t o s t a y a l i v e y o u need Energy.

There a r e two ways t o h a n d l e Energy when i n t h e A r c t i c . One i s t o i n c r e a s e y o u r consumpt ion o f Energy. The second i s t o decrease y o u r need o f Energy. As was s a i d b e f o r e , 1 i v i n g i n t h e A r c t i c r e q u i r e s more Energy. D i e t s of up t o 5,000 c a l o r i e s p e r day a r e used when peop le spend t i m e o u t s i d e i n c h i l l f a c t o r s down t o -120" F. B u t as we a r e a l l aware w i t h r e c e n t gas and o i l s h o r t a g e s , we a l l need t o be " t h r i f t y " i n o u r use o f Energy.

I n an emergency s i t u a t i o n y o u may n o t have a d d i t i o n a l Energy t o consume. There fo re , be p repared . When g o i n g o u t snowmachining, camping o r b o a t i n g , p repare y o u r s e l f . E a t we1 1 be fo re y o u go. Be hea l t h y and f i t . Do n o t p l a n t o be on a d i e t i n t h e A r c t i c and be warm a t t h e same t ime . If y o u e a t s a l a d s and s m a l l meals , you w i l l r u n o u t o f h e a t r e a l f a s t .

The question came u p a t the 33rd Annual Alaska Science Conference on whether being in ' shape or being famil iar witti the environment would be more helpful . I t was f e l t that l iv ing a n d working outside in a cold environment would be a g rea te r advantage in a survival s i tuat ion than merely being in good shape. Therefore, when a San Diego jogger and an out-of-shape Inupiaq become l o s t on the tundra, the Inupiaq will have a be t te r chance of surv iva l , a l l e l s e being equal. B u t take the non-Native jogger who l ives in the Arctic a n d an out-of-shape Inupiaq and p u t them in the same s i t ua t i on , the jogger will have the advantage i f they have equal camping s k i l l s .

The wind was blowing and the ch i l l f ac to r had h i t -40" F . Four people were crossing a shallow bend in the r i ve r . Suddenly one person broke through the i ce and was u p t o his knees in ice water. Then as his fr iend t r i ed t o help, she broke through the i c e as well. The other two were to ld t o move away from the weak ice . The two wet campers crawled o u t and headed back t o t h e i r t e n t , tha t was luckily only 100 yards away. By the time they reached the t e n t , t h e i r clothing was frozen sol id from the knees down. Once in the t e n t , t h a t was s t i l l warm from dinner, they began eating a chocolate bar.

I t took awhile t o chip off the ice with a knife and s e t out of the wet boots, socks, overpants, pants and long johns and t h e n t o redress. B u t neither were cold. By consuming the additional quick energy of the chocolate, as well as the excitement of the f a l l , they were warm. They burned many ca lo r i e s , b u t they had the calor ies t o burn.

In most survival s i tua t ions you will not have thousands of calor ies t o consume. You may not have any a t a l l . Then the key i s t o reduce your ca lor ic o u t p u t and t o make the best use of your energy resources. Think about the section on Degrees and remember the ways heat i s l o s t :

Respiration - breathing Evaporation - wetness Conduction - contact Convection - wind Radiation - exposure

How do you spend ca lor ies in t h r i f t y manner? Reduce the way heat i s l o s t !

Your head i s the primary heat loss area. Hoods use the same heat/cold-trap pr inciple as used in she l t e r s . Heat wil l s t ay in the hood; cold will s tay out. Breathe through your nose. Noses were designed t o warm a i r before the a i r reaches the lungs. Now, relax and t r y t o s leep t o reduce Energy consumption.

There a re many old t a l e s of people freezing t o death as they s l ep t . Not qu i te accurate. If you a re in an emergency she l t e r and i t i s cold, b u t you a re saving your ca lo r i e s , you can r e s t and s leep. When your body cools t o ce r ta in point you will automatically s t a r t t o shiver. When t h i s happens you should get u p , move around and do l i g h t exercise unti l you are warm. Do not overheat or work u p a sweat. When you are warm, s e t t l e down and r e s t again.

Vilhjalmur Stefansson re la ted a s tory in his Arctic manual about an old Eskimo woman who got caught in a storm jus t a short distance from her vi l lage. In the whiteout she knew i t was be t te r t o hold u p where

/ /

she was ra ther t h a n chancing walking in the wrong d i rec t ion . She bu i l t herself a small wind break and s a t on her gloves. She pulled her arms in to the body of her parka, a n d res ted. Using the move-when-cold method, she stayed in her she l t e r f o r three days with no food or f i r e in the below zero temperatures.

In hunting or emergency s i t ua t i ons , pa r t i cu la r ly on the pack i ce , the Inupiat t r ad i t i ona l l y did not s leep lying down. They s l e p t s i t t i n g u p , ready t o notice a c h i l l , a wet spot , the crack of ice or a s h i f t in the wind. S i t t i ng balled u p will save Energy as opposed t o lying f l a t . Always brush a l l snow and ice off your clothes before entering a she l t e r and again before s e t t l i n g down f o r a r e s t .

F i r e So you have balled u p in your snow she l t e r and reduced your heat

loss . Good. What about an external heat source? Fire. Sounds l i k e a toasty idea. Soon there will be t e a . B u t what do you need f o r a f i r e ? Oxygen, heat and fuel . What do you have?

S t a r t a f i r e . Go ahead, with w h a t you have on you r igh t now. Get an ashtray o r something in which t o build a f i r e . No, do not use t h i s manual, you are not f inished with i t y e t . What do you need? Can you get i t s t a r ted? What will you use f o r t inder? How long can you keep i t burning? Would i t l a s t a1 1 night? Would i t l a s t three days?

The American Indians have a saying about white men's f i r e s . Indians build small f i r e s a n d s t ay very close. White men build big f i r e s and stay warm gathering wood. L e t ' s face an important f a c t , there i s very l i t t l e wood in the Arctic. The Arctic i s above the t r ee l i ne , remember? So w h a t a re you going t o burn? Yes, there are scrub t rees near the mountains, b u t what do you do f i f t e e n miles from Wainwright or Prudhoe Bay?

Eben Hopson, former mayor of the North Slope Borough, t e s t i f i e d t o the Berger Commission in Canada about o i l development. He s ta ted t ha t the Inupiat have used o i l f o r centur ies t o heat t h e i r homes. During t h e i r summer t r i p s around the tundra they would find areas where the o i l h a d come to the surface. They would cu t the oil-soaked sod into blocks a n d stack them. In the f a l l a f t e r the blocks had frozen, they would bring the blocks back t o t h e i r winter camp and use them the way people use a r t i f i c i a l logs in t h e i r f i rep laces .

Chances a re you will not be faced with a survival s i tua t ion a t the s i t e of a n o i l seep. However, chances a re you will be in a vehicle. Jus t about every engine made uses o i l . Hubcaps o r any l i gh t metal can be made into a "seal o i l " lamp. Collect some o i l . I t i s wise t o co l l ec t engine oi l while the engine i s s t i l l warm. Once cooled the oi l may become too thick t o remove. I t s t a r t s and burns be t t e r i f you mix a small amount of gas in i t . P u t in a wick of c lo th , a shoe lace , braided dry grass , rope or braided threads pulled from a patch or sea t cover.

The Inupiat used stone lamps. These held seal or whale o i l tha t wased.rawn u p by moss wicks. The lamp was trimmed by pushing the moss in a n d out of the oi l t o provide a good l i g h t and an almost smokeless

flame. When not trimmed, the lamps gave off l i t t l e l i gh t and l o t s of smoke.

Read "To Build A F i re" , by Jack London. This short s tory i s an excel lent descript ion of dealing with cold , hypothermia and the need f o r f i r e . S ta r t ing a f i r e in the Arctic IS a challenge.

You say your butane l i g h t e r wil l not work in the cold. O h . The f l i n t i s gone. O h . Your matches got wet when you f e l l in the water. O h . How a r e you going to l i g h t your lamp? I f you hold the butane l i g h t e r in your hands o r p u t i t ins ide you coat to warm i t , i t may then work. Most regular l igh te r s have a f l i n t case in the bottom. If you a re out of f l i n t , s t r i k e the wheel with the back edge of your knife. If you get a spark, p u t i t in the r ight place and the f i r e should go. Once your matches dry you can t r y them. If you a re going out , waterproof your matches before hand by dipping them in me1 ted wax o r carry matches in a small water-proof container, l i k e a 35mm filmcase.

The Inupiat did not have l i gh t e r s in the past. They used two t r ad i t i ona l methods of s t a r t i n g a f i r e , spark and f r i c t i o n . There are iron pyr i t e and f l i n t on the North Slope. People would carry two pieces of f l i n t o r iron pyr i te . When they wanted a f i r e , they would dig down through the snow and pull u p dired moss, grass , f ea thers , pussy willows, nests o r cotton grass. Holding the t inder with the l i t t l e f inger and ring f i nge r , they would s t r i k e and lay a spark on the t inder . Blowing gently they would get a flame and then l i g h t the wick on the o i l lamp.

FLINT and STEEL will work, so you only need t o carry one f l i n t and your knife. Metal and metal will a l so spark. If you a re not sure i f a stone wil l spark, t r y i t . A t a low angle, s t r i k e against the stone with the s tee l b u t t of your knife. An item tha t will produce a spark everytime i s a "metal match". I t i s made of a metal a l loy t ha t when rubbed with a knife edge will give off many good sparks.

The FRICTION method used the same equipment t ha t was used f o r carving, the mouth piece and bowdrill. Rather than making a hole, two f l a t surfaces were rubbed together making heat from the f r i c t i on unt i l an ember came off and could be l a i d on the t inder .

G U N POWDER i s another method t ha t works well i f you are out of matches. I f you have a g u n , take the bu l l e t apar t and remove the lead. Keep the lead f o r a s l ing shot o r bola. P u t some of the powder on a small piece of cloth about two inches square. Place the wad of so f t cloth in the barre l . P u t the ca r t r idge back in the gun and f i r e i t s t r a i g h t u p in to the a i r . The cloth wil l come f loa t ing down ablaze, so have your t inder ready. If you a re shor t of ammunition, t h i s method should only be used as a l a s t r esor t t o s t a r t a f i r e .

SOLAR E N E R G Y . Ice can be chipped in to a primitive lens. Lens from hunting scopes, binoculars, telescopes, instrument d i a l s , watch faces ,

and even t h e new Emergency M e d i c a l Cards w i t h m i c r o f i c h e and m a g n i f i e r can be used. There a r e prob lems w i t h s o l a r energy . I n Barrow, t h e sun does n o t come up f o r 67 days. T h a t c o u l d be a l o n g overdue cup o f t e a . I f y o u become l o s t because o f bad weather , t h e sun was p r o b a b l y n o t o u t anyway. The sun i n t h e A r c t i c n e v e r g e t s h i g h i n t h e s k y n o r t h e r e f o r e h o t , so even i f i t i s up, i t may be t o o weak t o g e t a f i r e go ing . I f you can g e t a f i r e g o i n g w i t h a s o l a r l e n s , g r e a t , b u t f o r how o f t e n i t i s o u t l i n e d i n s u r v i v a l books, i t needs t o be s t a t e d c l e a r l y t h a t t h i s does n o t work w e l l i n t h e A r c t i c .

ELECTRICAL. I f y o u have a b a t t e r y t h a t s t i l l works and can produce a spark , use i t . Sparks a r e h o t and w i l l h e l p g e t t i n d e r g o i n g . I f y o u have a snowmachine, a l l y o u need i s t o t a k e t h e w i r e s f r o m t h e spark p l u g and p u t them a c r o s s y o u r t i n d e r and p u l l t h e c o r d . You can guaran tee y o u r own spa rks .

FIRE PREPARATION. We t a l ked o f t r a d i t i o n a l t i n d e r : d r i e d g rass and t h e l i k e . O t h e r fo rms o f t i n d e r a r e around you. If you check y o u r p o c k e t s y o u may f i n d l i n t , paper and even wood. T i n d e r needs t o be d r y , f uzzy o r have l o t s o f su r face a rea and b u r n a b l e . You can use y o u r k n i f e t o w h i t t l e a f i z z s t i c k f r o m any p i e c e o f wood, even a w i l l o w t r e e .

Once you have y o u r t i n d e r , y o u s h o u l d a1 so l a y o u t y o u r f i r e areas and c o l l e c t y o u r f u e l of d r i e d g rass , sod o r o i l - s o a k e d sod. Do n o t b u i l d a f i r e d i r e c t l y i n t h e snow. The snow w i l l me1 t and t h e f i r e w i l l go o u t . If t h e f i r e i s b u i l t i n a me ta l pan, t h e pan w i l l m e l t i n t o t h e snow. Make s u r e y o u r a rea i s c l e a r o f f u e l s and o t h e r equipment and s u p p l i e s . Have a good base f o r t h e f i r e and f u e l ready t o feed t h e f i r e . A l s o , make a r e f l e c t o r f o r t h e f i r e u s i n g a s tone p i l e o r s h e e t of m e t a l .

STOVES. Before we g e t t h e f i r e g o i n g , l e t ' s l o o k a t some s t o v e ideas . If you have a can and some sand o r g r a v e l , y o u can made a good s tove . Make v e n t h o l e s i n t h e can. F i l l i t h a l f w a y w i t h sand o r g r a v e l . Pour i n what. wou ld be abou t one q u a r t e r o f t h e can w i t h gas. L i g h t c a r e f u l l y . If y o u have a p o t , you can now make h o t w a t e r f o r t h a t cup of t ea .

O i l w i c k can s t o v e

Energy Product ion

Wire s p l i n t s t o v e

Your body needs f u e l . Carbohydra tes : c o o k i e s , cakes, b read, c h o c o l a t e and candy w i l l g i v e y o u q u i c k Energy t h a t w i l l n o t l a s t l ong .

These will get you going f o r an hour, b u t do not count on much more. Fats: seal o i l , meat f a t and bu t te r wil l give you Energy, b u t they take time t o digest and metabolize. Seal o i l i s the best f o r convertible f a t t o Energy.

Since f a t s take time t o be usable, your body will often tap in to your natural f a t s tha t i t has stored away f o r emergencies. This works very well t o produce heat i f you add one other ingredient , water. You may have r o l l s of f a t b u t not be able to convert i t in to heat energy because you lack water. This i s why you can, a t bes t , 1 ive three days without water, b u t can l i v e f o r weeks without food. Hunger s t r i k e r s in Ireland have gone almost three months without food before they died, b u t they did have water. In the Arct ic , burn in^ l o t s of heat , you can l a s t over a week on water.

Food gathering a c t i v i t i e s general ly consume more Energy than the food provides. Therefore in a survival s i t ua t i on , t ha t s t a t i s t i c a l l y l a s t s from one t o 72 hours, you need water more than you need food. Rest, relax and save energy. Do not bother digging a caribou t rap in the snow or chasing lemmings by diving in to wet tundra grass. Conservation of Energy i s the idea. Perspirat ion, respirat ion a n d urination a1 1 regulate the temperature of and chemicals in the body. All these functions use water. If your urine turns dark yellow, you need water.

So, here you are stuck in the Arctic. You landed your plane on a r i ve r and now you must wait. They won't miss you f o r another three t o four hours. By the time they ca l l Search and Rescue, the National Guard and anyone e l s e who can help with the search, i t will be two more hours. Figure a good e ight hours before they get to your area. I t will be dark by then and you know your emergency locator beacon will not l a s t long. You want t o get yourself a s h e l t e r , p u t out signals a n d wait.

B u t now you are t h i r s t y . You should always travel with f l u id s t o drink. Note: avoid alcohol in a l l emergency s i tua t ions . I t ra ises your s p i r i t s fa1 sely so you don ' t feel as endangered as you real ly are . I t depresses your mind and a b i l i t y t o think. I t a l so d ia la tes your blood vessels so you lose heat f a s t e r and feel a r t i f i c i a l l y warm.

Alcohol X

K False Spirit

= Depression

Artificial Warmth

A good s t ee l thermos can take a beating b u t s t i l l keep coffee, cocoa, tea o r j u s t water hot f o r u p t o 24 hours even a t -30" F . Once the 1 iquid cools , remove the l iquid before i t freezes in the thermos. Freezing will break even the best s t ee l thermos. Keeping the thermos close to your body will reduce i t s heat loss a n d you may even pick u p some of the escaping heat.

You d i d n ' t bring a thermos o r a canteen? S i l l y person. Well, you landed on a r ive r . If i t i s summer, f ind a n area where you can get t o the water without ge t t ing wet. Go upstream from your vehicle. Look a t the water. Does i t look clean and c l ea r ? Are there f i s h or green plants in the water? Avoid algae-covered, dark, s t i l l ponds. Smell the water. Does i t smell clean and healthy? Take a mouthful a n d hold i t . Swish i t around. How does i t t a s t e ? If i t t a s t e s bad, s p i t i t out and go look some place e l s e . If the water t a s t e s good, swallow i t . Was there an a f t e r t a s t e ? You may want more, b u t wait. One mouthful will get you by f o r an hour o r so. If there i s no stomach upset and your mouth s t i l l f e e l s f resh , then you can drink more b u t do not over do i t .

If you can, make hot water. S t a r t your stove t h a t you packed along o r build a f i r e and improvise a " tea pot". How would you do t h a t ? Warm water gives your body Energy ra ther than your body needing to warm the water, which i s an Energy dra in . Keep a bucket or pot of water in your she l t e r so you can get a drink without having t o go outside again. The water wil l warm t o "room temperature". Be careful not t o get your equipment and clothing wet. If you have coffee , t e a , sugar, honey, broth o r anything t o make the water t a s t e b e t t e r , i t does help. People drink more when the water t a s t e s good. The warm drink provides heat and fuel t o the body, he1 ps keep the s p i r i t u p and gives you something t o do as you wait .

O h , i t i s not summer? I t i s winter and -20" F. Not t h i s again. Now what? All the water in the world i s so l i d a t -20" F. Not so! Some i s l iquid and some i s in the a i r . In the winter you have a number of choices . I

I

If you have a stove or f i r e , you can melt ice or snow. Since you a re by the r ive r , you have ice . I t i s much more e f f i c i e n t t o co l l ec t i ce and melt i t r a the r than snow. You get more l iquid with ice f o r the Energy you expend from your body and stove.

If possible co l l e c t the ice . Be sure t o t i e the knife t o your wris t when cut t ing i c e so you do not drop and lose your knife under the ice . Bring the ice in to your s h e l t e r and l e t i t warm u p . Why waste fuel get t ing i t t o room temperature. Then heat i t t o boil ing f o r three t o f i ve minutes. Shake the pot t o add oxygen. To d i s i n f ec t the water add halazone t ab l e t s o r iodine, nine drops per quart . Allow i t t o s e t t l e t o remove the sediments. Adding charcoal from the f i r e will remove any bad t a s t e i f the water i s allowed t o s e t f o r 12 hours.

If you a re by a r i ve r o r l ake , t r y co l l ec t ing l iquid water t ha t i s warmer and ea s i e r t o heat than i ce . Take your knife and chip a one-foot diameter hole in the i ce . Many times i f the i c e i s not too th ick , the

r-,water will percolate in to the hole.

Do not e a t snow or suck on ice i f you a re cold and expect t o make heat. You will use more Energy me1 t.ing the snow or i ce than e i t h e r will provide in Energy t o you. Ice molecules must be broken u p t o make l iquid water. This takes 80 ca lo r i e s per gram of water. - 1 gram of i c e , 32" F. consumes 80 ca lo r ies t o melt + 1 ca lo r i e to heat = 1 gram of water, 33 " F.

1 gram of water, 32" F. consumes 1 ca lo r i e t o heat = 1 gram of water, 33" F.

Do not t r y t o suck or l i c k a piece of very cold i ce , i t will freeze t o your tongue.

The Inupiat always carr ied a waterbag with them when they traveled. I t was t i ed around the neck and kept warm inside the parka. When they were t h i r s t y , they would drink and r e f i l l the bag, which was usually made out of a seal f l i ppe r , with water, snow or i ce , c lose i t u p and p u t i t back inside the parka. As they walked the excess body heat would melt the snow or ice and heat the water. A small canteen can do the same thing.

What i f you haven't g o t a canteen? I f you can find a piece of f l ex ib l e , waterproof mater ia l , i t can be folded o r bent in to a container. Water can be heated over a flame, b u t i f your container i s inflammable, t r y putting hot items in to the water. Heat pieces of metal o r rocks and drop them into the cold water. After several attempts, the water will begin t o boi l . You can melt snow or warm water on sunny days by placing the snow or water on a dark colored piece of p l a s t i c o r tarp .

Another way t o col l e c t water i s by condensation. Water molecules are in the a i r even a t low temperatures. Cold objects cause the water molecules t o co l lec t and f a l l out as dew and f r o s t . Your vehicle i s a n excellent co l lec to r of water. I f you are not by a r i ve r o r lake, you can take a windshield wiper o r scraper a n d go over the vehicle co l lec t ing dew or f r o s t in a container. Dew i s l iquid and f r o s t will melt quickly. Both are pure water as they come from the a i r , although they may pick u p some d i r t from the vehicle. Rifles a n d metal harpoons have even been used t o keep people a l i ve while l o s t or stuck on the sea i ce .

Do not 1 ick off the dew or f r o s t . Your tongue will freeze t o the cold metal. I f there are sharp edges you may also cut your tongue or l i p s a n d bleed.

If you are on ocean i ce , you have a di f ferent problem. You must se lec t which ice i s fresh ice and which ice i s s a l t y . You will learn best by doing i t . If you l i v e near ocean ice , go co l lec t d i f ferent kinds of i ce , and melt a n d t a s t e them.

There are sources of fresh water i f you a re out on sea ice . One was jus t mentioned, col lect ing f r o s t and dew from cold objects. Another method i s t o co l lec t the snow which has recently fa l l en or blown onto the ice. Look on the downwind s ide of r idges, icebergs o r cracks. Melt

J

t h i s snow as i f you were on l and . It may have a s l i g h t s a l t y t a s t e due t o t h e ocean sp ray o r c o n t a c t w i t h t h e new s a l t w a t e r i c e .

The t h i r d sou rce o f f r e s h w a t e r i s o b t a i n e d b y m e l t i n g "good" i c e . There a r e t h r e e k i n d s o f i c e t h a t q u a l i f y as "good" i c e . One i s g l a c i e r i c e . It was f r e s h snow t h a t f r o z e , was p i c k e d up and f e d i n t o t h e ocean and d r i f t e d t o where y o u a re . It i s o f t e n t h i c k e r t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g i c e and i s b l u e i n c o l o r . A n o t h e r "good" i c e i s sea i c e t h a t i s s e v e r a l y e a r s o l d . A f t e r a few summers t h e s a l t m i g r a t e s o u t o f t h e i c e as i t warms. The r e s u l t i s i c e t h a t i s f r e s h w a t e r . It i s u s u a l l y c l e a r o r b l u i s h i n c o l o r and i s o f t e n t h i c k e r t h e n f i r s t y e a r o r s a l t y i c e . The t h i r d sou rce o f "good" i c e i s i c i c l e s .

P l a s t i c s h e e t

You can make f r e s h w a t e r from s a l t Rock w a t e r by u s i n g a s a l t w a t e r s t i l l . The t r o u b l e w i t h a s a l t w a t e r s t i l l i s t h a t - B a r r e l i t t a k e s t i m e , equipment and sunsh ine. Can

S a l t

The p r o o f i s a lways i n t h e t a s t i n g . C o l l e c t wha't y o u t h i n k i s p r o p e r i c e . Aga in , do n o t t a s t e i t b y p u t t i n g y o u r tongue on i t . M e l t t h e i c e and do t h e t a s t e t e s t . As w i t h t h e r i v e r w a t e r , j u s t t a k e a m o u t h f u l a t f i r s t . S p i t i t o u t i f i t i s s a l t y and go t r y aga in . S a l t w a t e r w i l l remove w a t e r f r o m y o u r body. T h i s w i l l l e a d t o d e h y d r a t i o n , f u r t h e r h e a t l o s s and more prob lems.

One l a s t sou rce o f f r e s h w a t e r i n t h e A r c t i c i s y o u r b r e a t h . E a r l i e r , use o f y o u r hood was d i s c u s s e d and how t o c o v e r y o u r head t o conserve h e a t . It was ment ioned t h a t y o u r s c a r f o r r u f f wou ld c o l l e c t i c e . T h i s i s f r e s h w a t e r f r o m y o u r l u n g s t h a t i s f r e e z i n g as i t h i t s t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d . Beards and mustaches a r e n o t o r i o u s f o r c o l l e c t i n g i c e . D o n ' t l e t t h i s f r e s h w a t e r go t o waste if y o u have no o t h e r source. P u l l i t from y o u r r u f f o r s c a r f , p u l l i t f r o m y o u r h a i r and p u t i t i n y o u r " can teen" .

The key t o Energy i s t o conserve. Do n o t b u i l d a s i x - room snow cave. Do n o t o v e r h e a t o r sweat. Once y o u have y o u r s h e l t e r b u i l t and s i g n a l s o u t , r e s t . Sleep. Move when y o u f e e l c o l d , b u t j u s t enough t o g e t warm. Res t aga in . Hank I r e l a n o f t h e M i d n i g h t Sun Boy Scout C o u n c i l f e e l s one i t e m i n e v e r y s u r v i v a l k i t s h o u l d be a s m a l l book t h a t one would n o t mind r e a d i n g o v e r and o v e r . Many h o u r s o f j u s t w a i t i n g , q u i e t l y p a s s i n g t h e t i m e away i s o f t e n p a r t o f a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n . Save Energy. B e f o r e y o u r move i n t o a c t i o n , t h i n k a b o u t what y o u want t o do t o improve y o u r s i t u a t i o n .

O r i e n t a t i o n Be aware when you t r a v e l . Kenneth Toovak o f t h e Barrow Search and

Rescue s t a t e s t h a t when he goes o u t , he always s tops once he i s o u t o f town, b u t where he can s t i l l see i t . He s e t s o f f h i s snowmachine and checks t h e temperature , snow c o n d i t i o n . w i n d d i r e c t i o n . which wav t h e m a j o r o r l a r g e d r i f t s r u n and which way t h e new, sma l l d r i f t s run . He then no tes a t what ang les he w i l l c ross t h e d r i f t s and remembers t h a t on h i s way back, he w i l l c ross them j u s t o p p o s i t e . I n Barrow, t h e l a r g e d r i f t s u s u a l l y r u n N.E. t o S.W. T h i s g i v e s you a n a t u r a l compass. What a r e t h e predominate winds i n y o u r a rea?

T h i s i s a l s o a good t i m e t o check t o see what l i g h t you w i l l have w h i l e t r a v e l i n g : sun h i g h o r l ow, f u l l moon o r j u s t y o u r h e a d l i g h t . The sun can be an a i d i n knowing where you a re . Above t h e A r c t i c C i r c l e , shadow s t i c k s and o t h e r d i r e c t i o n a l dev ices d o n ' t a lways work. There a r e some b a s i c p o i n t s t o remember about t h e sun i n t h e A r c t i c . The sun i s i t s h i g h e s t i n t h e sou th , and i t s l o w e s t i n t h e n o r t h . The f a r t h e r above t h e A r c t i c C i r c l e y o u a r e , t h e more days o f 24-hour d a y l i g h t o r darkness t h e r e a re . I n mid t o l a t e March and September, t h e sun r i s e s i n t h e e a s t and s e t s i n t h e west. Time and sun p o s i t i o n w i l l n o t h e l p you f i n d n o r t h u n l e s s y o u know i f i t i s a.m. o r p.m. D u r i n g s tandard t ime, t h e sun i s i n t h e n o r t h a t m i d n i g h t , i n t h e south a t noon, i n t h e west a t 6 p.m. and i n t h e e a s t a t 6 a.m.

O t h e r c e l e s t i a l gu ides a r e t h e s t a r s , moon and Aurora. These a r e o n l y seen d u r i n g t h e l a t e f a l l , w f n t e r and e a r l y s p r i n g . D u r i n g t h e ba lance o f t h e y e a r , t h e sun i s up h i g h enough t o overpower these l e s s e r l i g h t s . The moon i s h i g h e s t i n t h e sou th and may s t a y above t h e h o r i z o n a l l day when i t i s f u l l d u r i n g m i d w i n t e r . The s t a r s a r e g r e a t p o i n t e r s . Every Alaskan s h o u l d know t h e B i g D i p p e r and t h e N o r t h S t a r . They a r e on t h e s t a t e f l a g .

Go o u t t h e v e r y n e x t t i m e i t i s d a ~ t h e B i g D ipper . The two s t a r s a t t h e enc p o i n t e r s . F o l l o w t h e i r l i n e f i v e t i m e s above t h e D i p p e r and you w i l l f i n d t h e N o r t h S t a r . T h i s s t a r i s a lways above t h e N o r t h Po le . I f y o u never l e a r n a n o t h e r s t a r , l e a r n t h i s one. It has gu ided people and p o s s i b l y an ima ls f o r m i l l e n n i u m s .

k and t h e s t a r s a r e o u t . F i n d o f t h e D i ~ ~ e r a r e t h e

Environment

E i s a l s o f o r Env i ronment . Know y o u r Env i ronment b e f o r e y o u need t o depend on i t . People w i l l l e a r n some t h i n g s abou t t h e i r Environment. Where t h e a i r p o r t i s . Where t h e p o s t o f f i c e i s . Where t h e s t o r e i s . Where t h e i r home i s . What more do y o u need t o know t o g e t around y o u r community env i ronmen t? S t r e e t names, house numbers and a map may be h e l p f u l , b u t many t i m e s t h e y d o n ' t even e x i s t f o r sma l l communi t ies. How do y o u l e a r n y o u r way around? Someone shows you o r t e l l s y o u o r y o u r 1 e a r n by y o u r s e l f .

The same i s t r u e f o r t h e Env i ronment o u t s i d e o f y o u r home community. You s h o u l d l e a r n a b o u t t h e Env i ronment i n wh ich y o u t r a v e l . How f a r i s i t between Bar row and F a i r b a n k s ? What course does t h e p l a n e f o l l o w ? Does i t c r o s s r i v e r s , l a k e s , moun ta ins , c i t i e s , v i l l a g e s o r any I n u p i a q landmarks? D e s c r i b e t h e l a n d marks f o r t r a v e l i n g by p l a n e f r o m y o u r home t o t h e n e x t l a r g e r community. Now i f y o u r p l a n e comes down one h a l f hou r a f t e r t a k e o f f , where wou ld you be? What landmarks would you l o o k f o r i f y o u were t r a v e l i n g b y b o a t o r snowmachine? Have you t r a v e l e d t o y o u r h u n t i n g o r camping a rea b y y o u r s e l f ? Cou ld you?

There a r e many t h i n g s y o u s h o u l d know abou t where you l i v e o r work. ,The n e c e s s i t i e s o f 1 i f e depend upon y o u r i n f o r m a t i o n of y o u r Environment. Food, C l o t h i n g and S h e l t e r . Who i s g o i n g t o f e e d y o u t o n i g h t ? Where d i d t h a t f o o d come f r o m and how w i l l i t g e t t o you? What k i n d o f c l o t h i n g do y o u need? What was t h e weather f o r e c a s t f o r t oday? Do y o u know what i s p r e d i c t e d f o r tomorrow? How l o n g w i l l you be o u t s i d e ? Have you been o u t s i d e t h a t l o n g a t t h i s tempera tu re b e f o r e ? What were y o u w e a r i n g ? Was i t warm enough o r t o o warm? Where a r e you g o i n g t o s l e e p t o n i g h t ?

These q u e s t i o n s a r e easy t o answer a t home. Answer them now. Answer them a g a i n as i f i t were t h e l a s t t i m e y o u were o u t camping. Answer them a g a i n i f i t were t o d a y , b u t y o u were f i f t y m i l e s f r o m c i v i l i z a t i o n i n a downed a i r p l a n e . Answer them a g a i n as if i t were mid-December and y o u were h a l f w a y between Anchorage and London, England, n o t f a r f r o m t h e N o r t h P o l e when y o u r j e t goes down. Now, how w e l l do you know y o u r Env i ronmen t? D a n i e l Boone, an e a r l y e x p l o r e r o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , once s a i d , " I ' v e n e v e r been l o s t , though I w i l l admi t t o b e i n g confused f o r s e v e r a l weeks."

T r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e I n u p i a t were mas te rs o f s p a c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . They knew, on many l e v e l s , how f a r i t was f r o m home t o camp and t o t h e good duck h u n t i n g area. Space was v e r y i m p o r t a n t i n t h e i r c u l t u r e . It h e l d t h e same impor tance t h a t t i m e h o l d s i n t h e Western European c u l t u r e . A non-Na t i ve w i l l t a l k o f how l o n g i t takes t o g e t someplace. A N a t i v e w i l l d e s c r i b e how f a r i t i s , u s u a l l y " n o t f a r f rom" a landmark.

The Aurora seems t o move and dance about i n t h e No r the rn s k i e s , b u t i t does have a p a t t e r n . U s u a l l y i t develops i n the eas t and moves west as t h e n i g h t progresses. I t u s u a l l y has bands t h a t r u n p a r a l l e l across t he sky. These bands w i l l be pe rpend i cu l a r t o a l i n e heading t o t he magnetic No r t h Pole. A compass w i l l p o i n t t o the magnet ic Nor th Pole, b u t n o t t h e geographic No r t h Pole. The d i f f e r e n c e between these two p o i n t s i s c a l l e d t h e d e c l i n a t i o n . I n Barrow t h e d e c l i n a t i o n i s 27" eas t o f no r t h , a lmost 30" o f f t r u e no r t h . Therefore, t h e Aurora most o f t e n runs from the E.S.E. t o t h e W.N.W. The Aurora i s r e a l l y a c i r c u l a r p a t t e r n and t h e magnet ic No r t h Po le i s the c e n t e r o f t h e c i r c l e .

What i s t h e d e c l i n a t i o n i n y o u r community? How w i l l t he Aurora run i n t h e sky above y o u r home? You may n o t g e t a good answer f o r t h e d e c l i n a t i o n a t y o u r home because much o f t h e e a r t h ' s su r face , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e A r c t i c , has n o t been mapped f o r magnet ic p a t t e r n s .

Weat h e r Another t o p i c o f importance i s weather. When can you expect good

o r bad weather? Going camping on December 2 1 s t f r om Barrow i s n o t a wise idea. F i r s t , i t i s t he darkes t day o f t he y e a r and t he sun w i l l n o t be up aga in f o r over a month. I t i s a l s o co ld , u s u a l l y about -20" t o -30" F w i t h c h i l l f a c t o r s h o l d i n g about -50" F. I n February i t i s c o l d e r and the c h i l l f a c t o r s a r e lower , b u t t h e sun i s back f o r h a l f o f t he day. By May i t i s l i g h t 24 hours a day, t h e temperature i s up t o 10" F which i s g r e a t f o r h u n t i n g and go ing t o whale camps. By t h e end o f June t he snow i s gone and t h e w o r l d i s wet. By l a t e J u l y t h e ocean i c e u s u a l l y has gone ou t . September b r i n g s storms and b i g waves. By October t h e ocean ge t s q u i e t and f reezes , the lakes and r i v e r s have a l r eady f rozen , and i t i s a qood t ime f o r ne t s under t he i c e . I n

I *November t h e sun goes down, b u t - i t i s s t i l l good f o r ca r i bou hun t i ng .

Make an o u t l i n e o f y o u r year . When i s y o u r f i r s t s n o w f a l l ? When i s break-up? When can you boa t? When can you use y o u r snowmachine? What does a south wind f o r e c a s t ? What does a n o r t h wind f o r e c a s t ?

I ce What do you know about i c e ? The I n u p i a t have over one hundred

words f o r i c e and snow. I n t h e pas t i t was ve ry impo r tan t t o know about t h e Environment i n o r d e r t o su r v i ve . The book, "Hunters o f t he Nor thern I ce " , i s recommended as an e x c e l l e n t r e fe rence t o t h e e n t i r e area of s u r v i v a l on t h e A r c t i c Ocean i c e . Much o f t h e same i n f o r m a t i o n can be a p p l i e d t o l a k e and r i v e r i c e . J'

G l a c i e r I c e R i v e r I c e W i n t e r I c e

i c e b e r g s b rown ish 3-4 ft. t h i c k

c l o u d y - b l u e smooth s m a l l c r a c k s

f r e s h f r e e of snow f l a t o r j a g g e d

f r e s h snow c o v e r e d

g r e y o r w h i t e

s a l t y

m o i s t & s t i c k y f o r r u n n e r s

P o l a r I c e

30 ft. t h i c k

huge c racks 8-15 ft. deep

weathered r e 1 i e f mou 1 ds

exposed i c e f a c e s

b l u e c o l o r

f r e s h

b r i t t l e s p l i n t e r s

s l i c k

Always wa lk w i t h c a u t i o n o v e r u n f a m i l i a r "ground" . T r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e I n u p i a t wou ld a lways c a r r y a l a r g e p o l e w i t h a p o i n t e d end, an unaak. T h i s p o l e wou ld be j a b b e d i n t o t h e i c e ahead o f t h e h u n t e r . I f t h e p o i n t b r o k e th rough , t h e i c e was t o o t h i n and t h e h u n t e r went back

P v t h e way he had come. I f t h e i c e was s o l i d , he wou ld proceed. L i s t e n t o t h e unaak. A s o f t sound means t h e i c e i s weak and a c r i s p sound means t h e i c e i s s t r o n g . I f t h e h u n t e r f e l l t h r o u g h t h e i c e , t h e unaak wou ld keep h i m f r o m f a l l i n g i n a l l o f t h e way.

4 r'

P n

Be c a r e f u l a round a1 1 i c e edges. The ocean under c u t s i c e b e r g s l e a v i n g t h i n l i p s . Moving f r e s h w a t e r u n d e r c u t s r i v e r and l a k e i c e , l e a v i n g t h i n l i p s and overhangs. Always s t a y two t o t h r e e f e e t back f r o m a l l /;I f? i c e edges.

Bo th ocean and f r e s h w a t e r i c e make n o i s e when moving. L i s t e n t o t h e i c e . Squeaking i c e means r a f t i n g o r d r i f t i n g . A h i s s i n g sound i s t h e s h e a r i n g o r r u b b i n g o f two p i e c e s o f i c e . Rumbl ing means t h e i c e i s p i l i n g up i n a p r e s s u r e r i d g e o r b r e a k i n g l o o s e . A boom - c r a c k means t h e i c e has s h i f t e d and may move aga in .

Sea i c e moves. The i c e cap o v e r t h e A r c t i c Ocean i s n o t one g i g a n t i c hockey r i n k . I t i s an enormous c o l l e c t i o n o f chunks o f i c e . The chunks move w i t h t h e w i n d and c u r r e n t . Some chunks a r e s e v e r a l m i l e s on a s i d e and t h i c k enough t o l a n d l a r g e s u p p l y p lanes . Some areas a r e j u s t cove red w i t h s l u s h o r n o n - r i d g e d s a l t w a t e r i c e . As t h e s e p i e c e s push on each o t h e r t h e y b u c k l e up and f o r m " p r e s s u r e r i d g e s " , c r a c k s and h o l e s . E x p l o r e r C h a r l e s F r a n c i s H a l l made t h e o b s e r v a t i o n i n 1871 t h a t , "The more I have seen o f t h e a c t i o n o f t h e i c e and p a r t i a l l y

open water, the decei t ful leads and pools, the more s a t i s f i ed I am tha t the man who ventures off land i s in a l l probabil i ty sac r i f i ced ."

If you find yourself on the Arctic Ocean ice , t h i s i s the only time you would be advised t o move away from your vehicle. The conditions of your movement are important. If you a r e on a large chunk of ice with your vehicle and supplies and the wind i s NOT blowing offshore, s tay where you are . I f you a r e on broken o r piled ice o r on a small piece, you have no equipment a n d there IS an offshore wind blowing, s t a r t moving toward land. Avoid get t ing out on the sea ice unless you a re with people who know how t o survive on i t .

As you t r a v e l , t e s t the i ce in f ron t of you. If i t i s black or dark, i t i s new ice and th in . Do not cross t h i s ice . I f i t i s greyish o r white, t e s t i t and proceed careful ly . Check the area in f ron t of you fo r cracks t ha t are snow covered. A f a l l in to a crack can mean a badly sprained ankle o r knee or a broken leg. I f you hear the ice crack, spread your weight and go back. Walk with your legs apar t o r p u t your pole forward t o make a t r ipod. Use the pole t o help d i s t r i bu t e your weight. I f the i ce i s very t h in , lay f l a t and crawl on your belly or ro l l t o safe ty . Try not t o get wet, b u t remember, wetting the surface of your clothing i s be t t e r than a d u n k in the ocean. /-

P

We have been working u p t o the big problem. What i f you f a l l in? Now you have real ly done i t . Arctic Ocean water freezes a t 27" F. So there you a r e , shocked as the ice gave away and you went a l l the way under. Some people would d ie of a heart at tack due t o the cold s t r e s s and shock. B u t you are healthy and strong. What i s the f i r s t thing you do? Airway, ~ r e a t h i n g , c i rcu la t ion , ~eg-rees. If there i s a current , you could be swept under the ice. Do not l e t t ha t happen! Keep your Airway open! Hold on to the edge of your hole. Keep your head above water.

out the P u t UP.

I t i s cold. Keep Breathing. You need t o get out soon! I f you have a knife, pick or any sharp object , p u t one in each hand. Figure

which edge of your hole i s lowest t o the water. P u t one arm u p on ice and sink the sharp object in the ice. Kick with your f e e t and your other arm u p and over, past your f i r s t arm. Now, pu l l yourself

I f the i c e breaks, s l i d e u p on i t as i t will f l o a t you hi,gher.

I f you are t ravel ing with companions, warn them to be careful in ng close t o the hole. All of you could end u p in the water.

Another way t o get out i s to throw one leg u p on the ice. Use t h i s leg and one arm t o l i f t yourself out and ro l l away from the ledge. This usually works i f your clothing has not soaked through and i s not yet heavy.

Whew! What a r e l i e f , you a re o u t of t h e water . Bu t w a i t , you a re soak ing wet and i t ' s -20" F. You have no equipment. What a re y o u - g o i n g t o do? The number one sugges t ion i s Degrees. Get warm. How wet a re you? People sometimes go i n and o u t so q u i c k l y t h a t t h e y never g e t more then t h e su r f ace wet. Sur face wa te r w i l l f r e e z e and i f l e f t on w i l l a c t as a wind b reaker and add i n s u l a t i o n . The I n u p i a t use t o wa te rp roo f t h e i r boots by s p l a s h i n g w a t e r on them u n t i l t h e wa te r f r o z e . I f t h e i c e i s t o o heavy, j u s t h i t i t and i t w i l l break o f f .

You a r e s low g e t t i n g o u t , and so you a r e soaked through. I f you a re do ing w e l l i n regards t o hea t and d i e t and have some q u i c k energy food, e a t a choco la te b a r w h i l e you s t r i p . Take y o u r c l o t h e s and r o l l them i n t h e snow. Snow a t 1 ow temperatures i s ve r y d r y . The snow w i l l b l o t up t h e wate r and d r y t h e c l o thes . Now bea t t h e c l o t h e s o r b rush them hard and p u t them back on. Freeze d r y i n g a t work. Th i s a l s o works i f you g e t wet a l l over , b u t n o t soaked. Go r o l l i n some powder snow and t h e snow w i l l d r y t h e su r f ace mo i s tu re . By t h i s t ime t h e qu i ck energy food, t h e exc i t emen t and t h e a c t i v i t y shou ld have you warm. I f no t , i nc rease y o u r a c t i v i t y and genera te more hea t . Your c l o t h e s w i l l need t o be d r i e d comp le te l y when you s t o p f o r s h e l t e r .

If you t r a v e l w i t h companions, l i f e i s much n i c e r . You cou ld have been t i e d t o g e t h e r w i t h a rope t h a t would have p reven ted you f r om be ing i n t he water f o r so long. You were n o t , so t a k e o f f a l l y o u r c l o t h e s . Your companions share t h e i r d r y c l o t h e s w i t h you u n t i l y o u r wet c l o t h e s a r e d r i e d , and then everyone shares t h e newly d r i e d c l o t h e s .

T r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a q c l o t h i n g i s s t i l l t h e b e s t f o r t r a v e l ove r i c e . The s k i n c l o t h i n g f l o a t s w e l l and i s l e s s absorbent than most o t h e r m a t e r i a l s . I f worn w i t h boo t s t h a t a r e t i e d ove r t h e pants, and t he parka i s t i e d , ve r y l i t t l e wa te r can p e n e t r a t e t o t h e body.

Another area o f weak i c e t h a t you w i l l need t o c ross i s a l ong t h e shore where t h e sho re fas t i c e i s i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e a c t - i v e l y moving pack i c e . T h i s area may be very d i f f i c u l t t o c ross as t h e i c e i s moved around o f t e n and i s jumbled.

Other s a f e t y p o i n t s t o remember w h i l e on any i c e a r e t o s t a y away f rom l a r g e i cebergs as t h e y o f t e n s h i f t o r t u r n ; and t o be c a r e f u l around t h e edge o f l a r g e i cebergs as t h e i c e t h e r e i s o f t e n snow covered and weak. A long r i v e r s , t h e i c e i s most o f t e n weak where t h e wa te r f l o w s t h e f a s t e s t . Th i s i s o v e r s t eep grades, a l ong t h e o u t s i d e cu rve o f a bend and where r i v e r s j o i n each o t h e r o r t he ocean.

The t r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a t f e l t t h a t one should never s leep l a y i n g down on t h e i c e . There a r e two good reasons f o r t h i s . F i r s t , i f you l i e down you a r e exposing a l a r g e p a r t o f y o u r body t o t h e i c e which w i l l d r a i n y o u r hea t and Energy. I f you a r e s i t t i n g , o n l y y o u r f e e t and bottom a r e i n con tac t . Secondly, i c e moves. I f i n t h e m idd le o f y o u r s leep ,a crack forms r i g h t th rough t h e f l o o r o f you r s h e l t e r , you may have b u t a couple of seconds t o grab y o u r equipment and g e t t o sa fe ty . When i c e i s b reak ing around you, do n o t immediate ly s t a r t runn ing . Wai t t o see i f you a r e threatened. I f you a re threatened, move t o s a f e t y , b u t no f a r t h e r u n t i l i t i s s a f e r - and t h e movement has stopped. YOU cou ld be h u r t worse by r unn ing over b reak ing , moving i c e . Once t h e movement has stopped, move t o s t r o n g i c e away f rom any open water . As was s a i d be fo re , avo id g e t t i n g s t uck on i c e .

Mountains Mountains can cause severa l problems w h i l e t r a v e l i n g . A i rp lanes

sometimes run i n t o them. They b lock you r v iew when you a r e t r y i n g t o f i n d a landmark, however, t hey t o o a re landmarks. They tend t o c o l l e c t deep snow.

I f you must be i n mountainous areas where t h e r e i s snow, be aware o f p o s s i b l e avalanches. An avalanche i s t h e sudden, r a p i d movement o f g rea t masses o f snow down a s lope.

There a re two b a s i c k i nds o f avalanches, loose snow and s l a b snow. They bo th occur more o f t e n a f t e r storms, i n areas o f deep snow and as winds inc rease on s lopes o f 30 t o 40 degrees.

Look f o r s i gns of p rev ious s l i d e s such as ben t o r broken t r ees , o r a c l e a r pa th on t h e s i d e o f t h e mountain where t h e r e i s l i t t l e o r no vege ta t ion . Large areas o f ve r y smooth s l o p i n g snow i s a bad s ign . Trees, rock p i l e s and smal l undergrowth w i l l h e l p anchor snow and decrease t h e chance o f an avalanche.

I f you f i n d an area where you t h i n k t h e r e may be a chance of a s l i d e , avo id t h e a rea . Go above i t o r w e l l below it.

A loose snow avalanche u s u a l l y occurs a f t e r a d r y snow t h a t f a l l s a t a r a t e o f one i n c h o r more p e r hour. I t w i l l o f t e n t imes s t a r t of f smal l b u t then f a n o u t as i t comes down t h e s lope. T h i s s l i d e w i l l u s u a l l y t ake p l ace on a shaded s lope.

A s l a b snow avalanche u s u a l l y occurs i n mid-day. There may be cracks o r b l o c k s o f snow t h a t move down t h e s l o p e w i t h o u t much expansion. Th i s s l i d e most o f t e n occurs on s lopes f a c i n g t h e noon sun.

So here i t comes!! Get o u t o f t h e way!! is card packs and move toward t h e c l o s e s t edge o f t h e avalanche area. I f you r e a l i z e t h a t you w i l l be caught, d i s c a r d s k i s , snowshoes, po les and t ry t o "swim". The moving snow w i l l be 1 i k e an ocean wave. T r y t o move y o u r arms and l egs i n t h i s f r ozen b reaker and g e t t o t h e su r face . The b e s t example i s t r y i n g t o body s u r f a 20 - f oo t wave.

Snow w i l l be t h e most powdery as soon as t h e movement s t o p s . As t i m e passes i t w i l l s e t t l e , pack and g e t ha rd , j u s t as t h e powder snow s h e l t e r does. You must g e t t o t h e s u r f a c e now! Remember A i rway.

I f y o u a r e b u r i e d i n m a t e r i a l t h a t y o u can push, make y o u r s e l f an a i r t ube . Push y o u r hand, arm, s k i p o l e o r r i f l e up toward t h e s u r f a c e . A lso , push an a i r p o c k e t a round y o u by mov ing i n any d i r e c t i o n t h e m a t e r i a l w i l l pack. You now have a l i m i t e d A i rway .

It i s d a r k and y o u must f i g u r e o u t wh ich way i s up o r o u t and move toward i t . To f i n d o u t wh ich way i s up i n an a l l b l a c k env i ronment , use g r a v i t y . Drop someth ing i f y o u have t h e space. D i d i t l a n d on y o u r face , o n y o u r f e e t o r on t h e " c e i l i n g " ? I f y o u do n o t have space, s p i t some s a l v i a . I f i t r u n s down y o u r c h i n , up y o u r nose o r f a l l s back i n y o u r eye, y o u now know wh ich way i s up.

Now you must d i g y o u r s e l f o u t . T h i s can be done by s t r i p i n g o f f t h e t o p of y o u r " p r i s o n " and p a c k i n g i t on t h e f l o o r . S l o w l y y o u w i l l move up and o u t . T h i s i s hard , e x h a u s t i n g work wh ich must be done q u i c k l y .

You a r e o u t ! You a r e c o l d , shook and f u l l o f snow. - - - S. T. 0. P., A , B, C, D, E. Get t h e snow o f f y o u and o u t o f y o u r c l o t h e s . You have - a s K e l T e r - p a F t i a l l y made a l r e a d y i n y o u r escape tube . You s h o u l d have y o u r k n i f e , matches and what e l s e ? Were y o u w i t h o t h e r s ? You can l o o k f o r them, b u t remember n o t t o o v e r e x t e n d y o u r s e l f . You need t o save y o u r energy.

Be c a r e f u l , t h e snow w i l l be compac t ing and s e t t l i n g f o r a t l e a s t an hour . A v o i d ava lanche a r e a s !

Animals Animals a r e p a r t o f t h e Env i ronment . The b i g g e s t concern i f you

a r e on t h e A r c t i c i c e o r a l o n g t h e c o a s t i s t h e p o l a r bear . You want t o a v o i d p o l a r bea rs and NOT a t t r a c t t h e i r a t t e n t i o n . A t r a d i t i o n a l I n u p i a q method of c h a s i n g p o l a r bea rs away was t o b a r e t h e c h e s t , and f o r women t o a l s o shake t h e i r b r e a s t s a t t h e bears . D o n ' t l a u g h t o o hard , i t works! P o l a r bea rs do n o t l i k e t h e sme l l o f peop le and b y b a r i n g t h e c h e s t , t h e body o d o r i s - r e l e a s e d . I n t h e mounta ins t h e r e a r e brown bears . Brown b e a r s w i l l a v o i d p e o p l e i f t h e y know p e o p l e a r e around. So make n o i s e , so y o u do n o t s u r p r i s e a brown bear , by w h i s t l i n g o r by p u t t i n g s t o n e s i n a t i n can and t y i n g t h e can t o y o u r be1 t.

Walrus u s u a l l y a r e n o t a prob lem, b u t i f y o u p rovoke them t h e y w i l l a t t a c k y o u r b o a t and can e a s i l y f l i p i t b y ramming i t o r by l o c k i n g t h e i r t u s k s on t h e gunne l .

Foxes u s u a l l y c l e a n up around camps, however, t h e y do c a r r y r a b i e s . I f y o u see a f o x and i t i s a c t i n g s l u g g i s h , seems f r i e n d l y o r a t t a c k s a n y t h i n g t h a t moves, do n o t l e t t h i s an ima l b i t e you. K i l l i t and b u r y t h e body. Do n o t e a t o r even t r y t o s k i n i t .

Owls, j a e g e r s and hawks a l l f r e q u e n t t h e A r c t i c . I n t h e summer t h e y n e s t . T h e i r eg s a r e v e r y good t o e a t , b u t beware. These b i r d s a r e h u n t e r s . I f y o u ?I o t h e r t h e ~ r n e s t s , t h e y w i l l a t t a c k you. Jaegers

have a knack o f swooping down and p e c k i n g a t a p e r s o n ' s eyes. P r o t e c t y o u r face , neck, arms and s h o u l d e r s if y o u dec ide t o go r a i d i n g these b i r d s ' n e s t s .

P l a n t s P l a n t s a r e a l s o p a r t o f t h e Env i ronment . The I n u p i a t have used t h e

p l a n t s o f A l a s k a ' s N o r t h S lope f o r c e n t u r i e s . The f a r t h e r sou th you t r a v e l t h e more v a r i e t y t h e r e i s . The book, " W i l d E d i b l e and Poisonous P l a n t s o f A laska" i s a good resource book.

Ask y o u r f a m i l y o r f r i e n d s what p l a n t s t h e y have used? Do t h e y s t i l l c o l l e c t them? Where? When? Go o u t and c o l l e c t some w i l d p l a n t s f o r a meal. W i l l o w leaves a r e seven t o t e n t i m e s r i c h e r i n v i t a m i n C t h a n oranges. You can f i n d w i l l o w l e a v e s a lmos t everywhere ac ross t h e tundra .

Light How much l i g h t i s t h e r e i n t h e room where y o u a r e r e a d i n g ? I s

t h e r e more o r l e s s l i g h t o u t s i d e ? The A r c t i c has d a z z l i n g l i g h t d i s p l a y s w i t h t h e Aurora , sun-dogs, moon-dogs, i c e " ra inbows" made f r o m m o o n l i g h t o r s u n l i g h t and hours o f t w i l i g h t each w i n t e r day.

I f you a r e i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n i n t h e w i n t e r , i n t h e dark season, y o u have a l i g h t problem. You w i l l have much l e s s l i g h t i n wh ich t o work. M o o n l i g h t i s o f t e n e x c e l l e n t and can be so b r i g h t t h a t y o u can read by i t . The s t a r s and Auro ra a r e h e l p f u l and f r i e n d l y , b u t do n o t add much usab le l i g h t when y o u a r e l o o k i n g f o r a spark p l u g i n t h e be1 l y o f y o u r snowmachine.

What l i g h t y o u can make i n a f i r e , lamp o r b u l b f r o m a g e n e r a t o r w i l l h e l p y o u t o do y o u r work and c o u l d save you. Could you make l i g h t t o work by i f y o u had t o r i g h t now? Where a r e y o u r matches and cand les? How l o n g w i l l y o u r f l a s h l i g h t l a s t when i t i s c o l d ?

L i g h t i n t h e summer i n t h e A r c t i c i s u s u a l l y no problem. Be ing above t h e A r c t i c C i r c l e f o r t h e most p a r t , t h e r e i s u s u a l l y f u l l sun o r good t w i l i g h t a l l summer. Work can be done day round.

L i g h t i n t h e f a l l and e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e s p r i n g can be a b l i n d i n g prob lem i n t h e A r c t i c . Wh i le t h e snow i s on t h e ground, t h e whole w o r l d i s w h i t e . D u r i n g these t i m e s o f t h e year , t h e sun i s v e r y l ow on t h e h o r i z o n a l l day long . These days become 24 hours l o n g by l a t e s p r i n g . Wi th t h e sun l o w and t h e w o r l d w h i t e , i t i s v e r y easy t o become snowbl i n d .

n Anytime y o u a r e i n snow and sunsh ine, y o u shou ld p r o t e c t y o u r s e l f

f r o m snowbl indness. I t i s easy t o do. I f you do n o t , y o u may "sunburn" y o u r eyes. T h i s c o n d i t i o n can be temporary o r permanent, p a r t i a l o r complete b l i n d n e s s .

T r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e I n u p i a t used snowgoggles, y u q l uk tak . Yuqluktak were made f r o m wood, bone, i v o r y o r a n t l e r and had a nar row s l i t f o r each eye. Enough l i g h t was l e t i n t o see by, b u t t h e m a j o r i t y was b locked . Snowgoggles a r e i d e a l and easy t o make. A p i e c e o f cardboard, t a p e o r p l a s t i c can be used. Long h a i r p u l l e d ac ross t h e eyes w i l l do i n an em- ergency. A good p a i r o f d a r k sunglasses w i l l u s u a l l y do t h e j o b , b u t sometimes t h e y need s i d e p i e c e s t o b l o c k a l l o f t h e unwanted l i g h t .

Another t r a d i t i o n a l method was t o r u b s o o t on t h e cheek bones and around t h e eyes. T h i s reduced t h e r e f l e c t i o n s and he lped p r o t e c t t h e eyes. I t i s a l s o w ise t o p r o t e c t t h e nose f rom be ing sunburned. I t t o o can be covered w i t h soo t , cardboard, tape o r p l a s t i c .

I f y o u r eyes do g e t t o o much 1 i g h t , t h e y w i l l bu rn and e v e r y t h i n g w i l l appear d a r k e r . T h i s f e e l i n g u s u a l l y beg ins s e v e r a l hours a f t e r y o u a r e o u t o f t h e l i g h t . Your eyes need r e s t . A c o o l , l i g h t compress on t h e forehead and eyes, a l o n g w i t h keep ing t h e eyes c losed, w i l l h e l p . Once again , t h e b e s t r u l e i s t o p r e v e n t t h e prob lem f r o m happening.

Learn about t h e A r c t i c Environment. T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e c u l t u r e of t h e people who have l i v e d i n t h e A r c t i c f o r genera t ions . Learn about A r c t i c l i f e , A r c t i c i c e , astronomy, weather, topography, food, and l i f e s t y l e s . Learn abou t y o u and y o u r l i m i t s . How c o l d can you become b e f o r e you a r e t o o c o l d ? How f a r can y o u go f r o m town and s t i l l g e t back on y o u r own? How w e l l can you s u r v i v e ?

T h i s manual was l a i d o u t i n a s imp le p a t t e r n t h a t addressed t h e bas i cs o f s u r v i v a l . It i s h i g h l y recommended t h a t i f you p l an t o l i v e o r work i n t h e A r c t i c , t h a t you do seve ra l t h i ngs .

One. Read t h i s e n t i r e manual. The Spec ia l Sec t ions were n o t added f o r t h e bu l k . The m a t e r i a l was i n e x c e l l e n t fo rm and r a t h e r than r e w r i t e i t a l l , i t was i nc l uded i n i t s o r i g i n a l form.

Two. You should f i n d o u t when t h e nex t f i r s t a i d c l a s s i s t o be g i ven i n y o u r community and t a k e i t ! Red Cross teaches d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of c l asses. The Emergency Medica l Serv ices teach va r i ous emergency medica l c lasses . The Hear t A s s o c i a t i o n and Red Cross bo th teach C.P.R. Learn how t o h e l p y o u r s e l f and o t h e r s i n a medical emergency.

Three. P r a c t i c e l i v i n g i n t h e A r c t i c . Th i s may sound s t range, b u t you shou ld t e s t y o u r s e l f and y o u r equipment. Remember t h e researcher who c a r r i e d snowbal ls barehanded. You need t o ge t outdoors . Spend t ime wa lk ing , s l ed i ng , b o a t i n g and camping. Learn t h e l i t t l e h e l p f u l h i n t s o f camping i n t h e snow o r even on t h e tundra . Get y o u r f ace cond i t i oned t o t h e co ld . Learn t h e d i f f e r e n c e between 0" F and -40" F. Learn how t o t e l l t h e temperature by y o u r b r e a t h o r s p i t . F i n d o u t what y o u r parka, t h a t i s r a t e d t o -25" F, r e a l l y does f o r youf a t -25" F. Check o u t ' y o u r boo ts on a d a y ' s snowmachine r i d e . P a r t i c i p a t e . If you do n o t p a r t i c i p a t e and i f you do n o t l e a r n about l i f e i n t h e A r c t i c , then you p robab l y w i l l n o t do w e l l i n an emergency s i t u a t i o n i n t h e A r c t i c .

Take a l o n g l ook a t t h i s " I F " Manual. Now, rev iew t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e "WHEN" Manual on t h e n e x t page. The "WHEN" Manual i s a laminated ca rd and should be p u t i n t o y o u r w a l l e t . Do i t now.

"When1' you a r e i n an emergency, c u t i t open w i t h y o u r k n i f e t h a t you always c a r r y . S.T.O.P. Review t h e m a t e r i a l , Th ink, Observe what you have, P lan y o u r a c t i v i t i e s and g e t i n t o a c t i o n r The p l a s t i c case can be u s e b a s a sc raper and i f spread open, i t w i l l h o l d a smal l amount o f i c e as i t me l t s . The paper can be shredded t o be used as d r y t i n d e r . The paper i s b r i g h t co l o red so i t can be used as a s i g n a l .

Learn about t h i s ca rd and how t o make i t work f o r you BEFORE you r e a l l y need i t . I f you use y o u r "When" card, p lease send i t back t o t he Hea l t h Educator, N.S.B. Hea l t h and Soc ia l Serv ices Agency, P.O. Box 69, Barrow, Alaska 99723, w i t h a l e t t e r e x p l a i n i n g t h e d e t a i l s o f y o u r emergency s i t u a t i o n . We w i l l send you a new ca rd and w i l l l e a r n from y o u r exper ience.

The concept o f , S p i r i t , Mind and Body composing t h e whole i n d i v i d u a l i s c i r c u l a r i n though t . Any one p a r t i n f l u e n c e s t h e o t h e r two, which i n t u r n r e a c t . T h i s manual has focused on t h e p h i l o s o p h y t h a t " t h e b e s t p l a c e t o l o o k f o r a hand i s a t t h e end o f y o u r own arm." That hand has f i v e f i n g e r s t o remind you o f A, B, C, D, and E. F i v e s teps t h a t w i l l a i d y o u r whole b e i n g t o F ive , A l l . C i r - f i v e - a l l ,

be a b l e t o hand le - a17 s i t u a t i o n s : C i r c u l a r , s u r v i v a l . L i f e .

" I n t h e m i d s t o f w i n t e r I f i n a l l y l e a r n e d t h a t t h e r e was i n me an i n v i n c i b l e summer." A1 b e r t Camus.

"WHEN" Manual

STOP - " D o n ' t

T H I N K - F o r g e t

OBSERVE - N o t h i n " '

PLAN - M a j o r R o g e r s , 1 7 8 1

S IGNALS

1 F I R E S S . 0 . S.

MARKERS, FLAGS, K I T E S 3 SHORT

P I L E S - S n o w , S o d , 3 3 LONG D i t c h e s

3 SHORT ANYTHING LARGE

S t a y CLOSE t o y o u r v e h i c l e a n d e q u i p m e n t .

I M P R O V I S E !

I m p r o v i s e . - I l l s p o t s y O u . '

R I F L E SHOTS

X m e a n s y o u n e e d HELP. L a y e q u i p m e n t o u t i n X . M a k e X i n s n o w o n a i r p l a n e .

L o o k a r o u n d . -

F o r t i f y . - I

L a y d o w n X w h e n a i r c r a f t

A i r w a y - T i 1 t H e a d . - E n d u r e .

B r e a t h i n g - M o u t h t o M o u t h . - C l e a n

C i r c u l a t i o n - C.P .R. , C u t s C l o s e - C o v e r

D e g r e e s - S a v e H e a t . -

DO NOT UAVE!

E n v i r o n m e n t - M a k e H e a t . -

1 2 1 . 5 o n a i r p l a n e r a d i o = r e s c u e . 7 7 0 0 o n a i r p l a n e r a d i o = r a d a r .

K e e p e m e r g e n c y b e a c o n o n a n d w a r m

U s e m i r r o r , m e t a l o r g l a s s f o r f l a s h i n g l i g h t t o a i r c r a f t o r f o r s w e e p i n g t h e h o r i z o n .

S C o n v e c t i o n - w i n d . H E

T C o n d u c t i o n - c o n t a c t . A T

0 R a d i a t i o n - e x p o s u r e . L

P E v a p o r a t i o n - w e t n e s s 0 I s

R e s p i r a t i o n - b r e a t h i n g S

U s e " s p a c e b l a n k e t " i n r o o f o f t e n t l s h e l t e r o r h a n g o u t s i d e a s a r a d a r r e f l e c t o r .

T i e a s t r i n g i n t h e g r o m m e t a n d u s e t h i s c a r d a s a s i g n a l .

P r o t e c t EYES - M a k e s n o w g o g g l e s f r o m t a p e , w o o d , c l o t h , t h i s c a r d .

P r o t e c t S K I N - C o v e r , d o n o t s u n b u r n n o s e , c h e e k s , h a n d s , l i p s .

- Do n o t f r e e z e n o s e , c h e e k s , e a r s . t o e s , f i n g e r s , 1 i p s .

O p e n t h i s " W H E V I.1anual w i t h I

y o u r k n i f e , r e a d a n d u s e . I C ) U T 1

E I U s e p l a s t i c c a r d t o s c r a p e f r o s t a n a d e w . U s e a s a 1 E c o n t a i n e r t o m e l t s n o w o r i c e

I I

"WHEN" Manual

A p p r o a c h H e l i c o p t e r ONLY

C l e a r a l l l a n d i ' n g a r e a s a n d p r o v i d e a w i n d d i r e c t i o n f l a g f o r a l l a i r - c r a f t p i l o t s .

I f p o s s i b l e , l i g h t l a n d i n g a r e a s w i t h v e h i c l e l i g h t s .

SHELTERS - V e n t i l a t e a l l s h e l t e r s .

- I n s u l a t e a l l s i d e s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e f l o o r .

- U s e a l l a v a i l a b l e m a t e r - i a l s f o r i n s u l a t i o n . snow i s g o o d .

F I R E - S c r a p e t h i s c a r d o r c l o t h e s w i t h k n i f e f o r t i n d e r .

- G a t h e r a l l t i n d e r , k i n d l i n g f u e l a n d p r e p a r e a n a r e a BEFORE y o u t r y t o m a k e a f i r e .

LAMP - U s e e n g i n e o i l w i t h a s m a l l a m o u n t o f 'gas f o r f u e l i n " s e a l - o i l " l a m p .

- C o l l e c t o i l w h i l e i t ' s s t i l l w a r m , d r a w o u t w i t h a r a g .

- U s e a n y m e t a l p a n , t r a y o r c a n f o r l a m p b a s e .

LAMP - U s e a p i e c e o f s h o e l a c e , r o p e , b r a i d e d g r a s s , c l o t h o r s t r i n g f o r a w i c k

- U s e f l i n t , p y r i t e a'nd m e t a l t o m a k e t h e s p a r k .

- B a n k a l l s i d e s w i t h s n o w t o w i n d p r o o f .

D i g u n d e r s n o w f o r d r y g r a s s , g r o u n d w i l l o w , o l d a n i m a l n e s t s .

U s e h o t r o c k s t o h e a t w a t e r b y p l a c i n g t h e m i n c o n t a i n e r .

I D i g d o w n t o g r o u n d f o r w a r m t h .

B U I L D SHELTER - C l o s e t o v e h i c l e .

- O u t o f w i n d f o r w a r m t h .

- I n s u m m e r , i n t h e w i n d t o k e e p b u g s a w a y .

S h a r p e n k n i f e o n l e a t h e r b e l t o r s m o o t h s t o n e .

- On a d r y a r e a . - S m a l l t o s a v e h e a t .

HINTS

1. "Be Prepared" and " D o n ' t F o r g e t N o t h i n ' ! "

2. Take a good f i r s t a i d course.

3. Always t e l l a r e s p o n s i b l e i n d i v i d u a l o r an agency where you a r e g o i n g on y o u r t r i p and how l o n g y o u w i l l be gone.

4. Always c a r r y on you : a s t u r d y k n i f e , a c l e a n h a n d k e r c h i e f o r a t r i a n g l e bandage, two banda ids and a means t o s t a r t a f i r e .

5. Sharpen k n i f e b lades on a l e a t h e r shea th o r b e l t , h o n i n g s t e e l o r on a smooth r i v e r o r beach s tone .

6. T r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e I n u p i a t were t o l d t o a lways c a r r y a k n i f e a f t e r d a r k t o de fend themselves a g a i n s t e v i l s p i r i t s . It i s a l s o an e x c e l l e n t s u r v i v a l h a b i t .

7. Lea rn l a s h i n g and k n o t t y i n g .

8. Always t r a v e l w i t h o t h e r s , n e v e r a lone . Check each o t h e r f o r s i g n s o f f a t i g u e , hypo the rm ia and f r o s t b i t e .

9. Everyone takes c a r e o f everyone e l s e .

10. Those who do n o t speak-up, s u f f e r most.

11. I f i n doub t , mimic t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e an ima ls i n t h e a rea .

12. P r o t e c t a l l equ ipment and s u p p l i e s . Remember, any i t e m can have m u l t i p l e uses. T h i n k c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e y o u t h r o w o u t a n y t h i n g . You may need i t l a t e r .

13. I f y o u use someone e l s e ' s c a b i n , r e p l a c e what y o u use and n o t i f y t h e owner when y o u r e t u r n t o town.

14. To a v o i d bugs i n t h e summer, s t a y t o r i d g e t o p s o r h i g h s p o t s as t h e w ind w i l l b l o w t h e bugs away. Cover b i t e s w i t h mud and DO NOT s c r a t c h .

15. S leds can be made o f a n y t h i n g l a s h e d t o g e t h e r and g i v e n an i c e c o v e r i n g . C a r i b o u h i d e , i c e d runners w i t h f r o z e n f i s h as c r o s s p ieces have been used.

16. Use w a t e r , s p i t o r b l o o d f o r g l u e i f i t i s be low f r e e z i n g . B lood work i n t h e summer as i t becomes s t i c k y as i t d r i e s . w i l l a l s o

17. Face t h e

18. Be c a r e f u ground o r i s f r o z e n

19. To c a r r y f i r e m a n ' s

f a c t t h a t you canno t save everyone i n an a c c i d e n t .

1 when mov ing an i n j u r e d person. He may be f r o z e n t o t h e m e t a l . I f h i s h a i r i s w e t o r b loody , check t o see i f i t and i f i t i s , c u t i t f r e e .

an unconsc ious pe rson o v e r a l o n g d i s t a n c e , use t h e c a r r y . I f t h e d i s t a n c e i s s h o r t , d rag t h e person. To

c a r r y a consc ious method.

person o v e r a l o n g d i s t a n c e , use

Drag

t h e piggy-back

Fireman's Carry Piggy-back

Massage was a t r a d i t i o n a l method used t o r e l i e v e p a i n . Body c o n t a c t , warm hands o r warm sand may be used as a h e a t i n g pad.

Se t y o u r t e n t o r s h e l t e r doorway away f r o m t h e wind. Use a snowsh i r t o r a p i e c e o f m a t e r i a l t o c o v e r t h e doorway.

Mark t h e area around y o u r camp w i t h u r i n e and feces . Animals may n o t i c e and a v o i d t e r r i t o r y "c la imed" by you.

T r a d i t i o n a l l y i t was good l u c k when y o u l e f t y o u r she l t e r i n t h e morning t o t u r n r i g h t and walk c o m p l e t e l y around t h e she l t e r . Check f o r t r a c k s , w ind d i r e c t i o n , damage, weather, be long ings and t h i s a l s o h e l p s t o ensure t h a t one remembers e v e r y t h i n g f o r a t r i p .

A p l a s t i c garbage bag makes

You can use a s tone t o h e l p t i e a t a r p .

You can make a rope f r o m a a 1/4" t o 1 /2" s t r i p i n a c

a good emergency

p i e c e o f l e a t h e r i r c u l a r fash ion.

she l t e r .

by c u t t i n g

7-u"a$/s,i

T r y n o t t o use r o c k s f r o m streams o r r i v e r s i n f i r e s . As t h e m o i s t u r e i n s i d e them hea ts , t h e y may explode.

Keep y o u r c l o t h e s d r y .

Never p u t c l o t h i n g c l o s e r t o a f i r e than you can h o l d y o u r hand.

Hands a r e t h e f i r s t t o go i n t h e c o l d , so i t i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o p r o t e c t them w i t h some t y p e of c o v e r i n g .

I n s u l a t e UNDER y o u r f e e t , s e a t and bed.

Use i n s e c t r e p e l l e n t on y o u r c l o t h i n g as t h i s w i l l make t h e r e p e l 1 e n t 1 a s t 1 onger.

S l e e p naked w i t h o t h e r s as a means t o sha re hea t . Lay b a g s / b l a n k e t s f l a t and s l e e p two, o r t h r e e peop le t o g e t h e r b y a1 t e r n a t i n g t h e c e n t e r person.

9

A i r o u t t h e s l e e p i n g b a g s / b l a n k e t s i n t h e morn ing as y o u l o s e one q u a r t o f w a t e r a t n i g h t . I f you become c o l d , move i n t h e bag, b i c y c l e on y o u r s i d e t o warm up, b u t do n o t o v e r h e a t .

Keep y o u r f a c e o u t o f t h e s l e e p i n g b a g s / b l a n k e t s . B r e a t h p u t s w a t e r i n t h e bag which w i l l make i t c o l d e r by morn ing. S leep w i t h hood o r h a t ON.

Keep c o o k i n g u t e n s i l s c l e a n w i t h snow, sand o r ashes.

Make y o u r s e l f a chamber p o t l h o n e y b u c k e t . T h i s w i l l save t h e energy of g o i n g o u t s i d e t o go t o t h e bathroom.

No te t h e c o l o r o f y o u r u r i n e . I f i t becomes d a r k e r , y o u a r e d e h y d r a t i n g and need w a t e r .

Use f r e s h u r i n e f o r washing. I t i s s t e r i l e , warm and t h e ammonia w i l l c u t g rease and o i l 1. ike soap.

Leave y o u r f i r e a r m s i n t h e c o l d . Do n o t b r i n g them i n t o y o u r she1 t e r because t h e y w i l l c o l l e c t m o i s t u r e and f r e e z e when y o u go o u t . Remove t h e o i l f r o m f i r e a r m s and l u b r i c a t e w i t h g r a p h i t e i n s t e a d o r use d r y .

I f y o u want t o hun t o r f i s h w h i l e y o u w a i t :

t h r o w s t i c k s s ideways f o r a b e t t e r chance o f h i t t i n g .

make a s l i n g f r o m a b e l t o r use y o u r shoe tongue f o r t h e p a t c h and t i e i t w i t h a rope .

c a r v e a f i s h hook o r use a s a f e t y p i n .

make a f i s h spear . * make a b o l o u s i n g pebb les o r l u g n u t s t i e d i n c l o t h .

g . make a knife and spear heads from glass .

42. You can make l ichen soup, b u t i t usually has a b i t t e r f l avor . You can smash animal bones, t h a t you f ind on the tundra, to powder and boil f o r soup.

43. In the Arctic there a r e no known poisonous grasses. You can boil the seeds o r kernels f o r porridge. You can a l so boil the grass i t s e l f f o r soup.

44. Clany people f ind a survival s i t ua t i on t o be a re l ig ious experience. What i s your re l ig ion?

45. During the waiting period before you a r e rescued, keep ac t ive and keep a routine going by making a da i ly schedule and s t icking t o i t !

46. Keep a log including the day, time, cause of problem, who, what shape, weather, equipment, a c t i v i t y , food, e t c .

47. Learn how to navigate. Do not always be lead; lead the way.

48. You can navigate by the color of the sky. A l i g h t sky IS over snowcovered land. A dark sky IS over open water.

49. If you decide t o move from your accident s i t e , leave a note s t a t i n g the time you l e f t and the d i rec t ion you headed. Mark your t r a i l with p i l es of snow blocks, sod o r s tones , leave a urine t r a i l o r drag something.

50. Collect the o i l from the engine while i t i s s t i l l warm. When the engine becomes cold , the o i l will not run.

51. Read your snowmachine manual. Pract ice emergency s t a r t i n g and repairs .

52. When you travel in the Arct ic , always carry extra food, clothing and an emergency she1 t e r .

53. Park your snowmachine and s led i n to the wind and para l le l t o themsel ves .

54. When snowmachining:

a . never t ravel alone, always t ravel with a t l e a s t two snowmachines.

b. do not remove the b e l t guards.

c. do not wear loose pieces of c lo thing.

d . slow your speed when you come t o r i s e s .

e . take extra spark plugs, be1 t s and t oo l s .

55. To increase t r a c t i on on a car/ truck when i t i s s tuck, use rags o r mats, sand, willow boughs, t i r e de f l a t i on , cable o r rope wound around the t i r e o r chains.

5 6 . Know a i r p l a n e c r a s h s a f e t y p o s i t i o n s .

57. Always wear a pe rsona l f l o a t a t i o n d e v i c e (PFD) w h i l e b o a t i n g .

58. Do n o t p r a c t i c e d rown-p roo f ing , you w i l l become hypothermic .

59. I f y o u a r e i n a r a f t a t sea:

t o go w i t h t h e w ind: make t h e r a f t hard , s i t h igh , h o l d c l o t h e s f o r a s a i l .

t o go a g a i n s t t h e w ind: make t h e r a f t s o f t , s i t low, decrease w ind r e s i s t a n c e and padd le .

do n o t d r i n k s a l t wa te r .

s t a y d r y and keep t h e r a f t d r y by spong ing w i t h c l o t h , rags , e t c .

t i e p e o p l e and equipment t o t h e r a f t on rough seas.

i n s u l a t e between t h e f l o o r and you .

p u t up a c o v e r t o save hea t .

EOU I PMENT

P Personal - What you should carry on youj la t a l l times. pock+

1. A good sturdy,aknife(that one blade that locks open, a metal can opener and a screw

2. A clean handkerchief o(triangle bandage,)

3. Two large bandaids. /'

a- r l /? rvr f

4. A way to make f i r e : a 1 ighter , matches pr "metal match". /I , /; r4-/

5. Your functioning brain fu l l of survival knowledge.

Travel - What you should carry with you when you t rave l .

1. F i r s t Aid Kit. Be sure i t contains tweezers and absorbent materials. Be careful of packing the k i t with items that freeze.

2 . Small survival stove.

3. Signaling material: surveyor's tape, whistle, mirror or small f l a r e s .

4 . Survival s u i t or small she l te r .

5 . Quick energy food and water in a container.

6. A t r i p plan f i l e d with Public Safety, Search and Rescue or with a responsible friend.

Vehicle - What you should carry in your vehicle when you t rave l .

1. Larger signaling material: f l a r e s , smoke and l i gh t , f l ag , ref lectors .

2. Rope, repair tools and materials, towing materials and t i r e chains.

3. Extra clothing: socks, gloves, hats and sunglasses.

4 . Food and utensi ls .

5 . Small t en t .

6. Map, compass, the knowledge to use them and the knowledge of the area.

7 . Sanitary a n d hygiene supplies: t o i l e t paper, t i s sue , feminine napkins, sealed wet towelettes.

8. Water bucket.

9 . Shovel .

10. S l e e p i n g bag o r b l a n k e t s .

11. I n a b o a t a l s o c a r r y an anchor , e x t r a l i n e and o a r s .

A s l e e p i n g bag can be used i n a c o m f o r t a b l e o u t i n g o r i n a s u r v i v a l s i t u a t i o n . When c o n s i d e r i n g a bag f o r t h e A r c t i c , keep i n m ind t h a t i t s h o u l d have a p r o t e c t i v e pad t o keep y o u o f f o f t h e ground, be m u l t i p l e l a y e r e d t o p r o v i d e maximum c o m f o r t i n a v a r i e t y o f t empera tu res , have a hood, be c l o s a b l e a t t h e neck and be a l u m i n i z e d t o r e f l e c t body h e a t .

Ten ts a r e good i n t h e summer, b u t p r o v i d e l i t t l e h e l p i n t h e w i n t e r . Snow s h e l t e r s a r e r e a l l y warmer and p r o v i d e b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n f r o m t h e wind. D u r a b i l i t y i n a t e n t i s a key f a c t o r . Weight i s n o t so i m p o r t a n t u n l e s s i t p r o v i d e s adequate p r o t e c t i o n . C , I ~ ~ , ~ C ! ~ ~ ~ : ,

S u r v i v a l s t o v e s a r e now v e r y compact. E s b i t makes a s m a l l s t o v e t h a t uses s o l i d f u e l t abs . Many o u t d o o r equ ipment s t o r e s c a r r y t h e f u e l t a b s w i t h a me ta l match and k n i f e , b u t w i t h o u t a pan o r f i r e s t a n d .

C l o t h i n g . See what works f o r you. L e a t h e r c u t s t h e w ind b e s t , b u t i s heavy. Down i s l i g h t b u t l o s e s i n s u l a t i o n i n w i n d o r when packed f l a t . T h i n s u l a t e i s n i c e b u t n o t v e r y d u r a b l e . R e f r i g e r a t o r s u i t s a r e d u r a b l e , b u t b u l k y . Wool i n s u l a t e s t h e b e s t , b u t d o e s n ' t c u t t h e wind. Gloves a l l o w f o r d e x t e r i t y , b u t l o s e h e a t . M i t t e n s a r e warmer, b u t y o u canno t do d e t a i l work w h i l e w e a r i n g them. T h r e e - f i n g e r , l i n e d g l o v e s a r e a n i c e comb ina t ion . Ha ts , hoods, head bands, e a r m u f f s and face masks a r e a1 1 worn on t h e same day b y d i f f e r e n t peop le . Vapor b a r r i e r b o o t s , f e l t packs, moon b o o t s , o r mouton socks i n h a r d - s o l e d p o l a r b e a r mukluks o r s o f t - s o l e d c a r i b o u t u t u l u k s . P l a s t i c bags o v e r l i g h t socks i n s i d e o f f e l t packs a c t l i k e vapor b a r r i e r b o o t s . A l so , p l a s t i c bags o v e r g l o v e l i n e r s i n s i d e m i t t e n s a c t 1 i k e vapor b a r r i e r g l o v e s . These a r e warm b u t w i l l be wet i n s i d e and must be d r i e d d a i l y . What do y o u need t o keep warm?

Ano the r i t e m t h a t i s recommended i s a s u r v i v a l s u i t . These a r e no l a r g e r t h a n two sandwiches and o n l y we igh abou t an ounce. They come i n d i f f e r e n t s t y l e s and c o l o r s . The A l e r t S u i t i s a luminum i n c o l o r . The S.A.S. i s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Orange and c o v e r s t h e e n t i r e body. A s u r v i v a l s u i t s h o u l d be c a r r i e d w i t h y o u whenever y o u go t r a v e l i n g i n t h e A r c t i c : f l y i n g , b o a t i n g , d r i v i n g o r snowmachining. I f y o u do n o t need t o wear i t, i t can be used as a s i g n a l . Remember t h e g i r l i n w h i t e on t h e tund ra? I F she would have had on a s u r v i v a l s u i t , she would have been s p o t t e d by t h e rescue team. These s u i t s c o s t a b o u t t w e n t y d o l l a r s a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e .

F o r A d d i t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o n on Equipment:

S u r v i v a l S u i t M a n u f a c t u r e r s

S.A.S. P o l a r S u i t W i t r e c o AB P.O. Box 123 S-334 00 A n d e r s t o r p Sweden

ALERT Suit Suite 700 311 Cal i forni a Street San Francisco, CA 94104

Mini-Stove

Esbit (made in Germany) Warm1 ite RFD 4 Box 398 Gilford, NH 03246

Sleeping Bag: Aluminized Triplebag with Internal Down-filled Air Mattress

Wa rml i te RFD 4 Box 398 Gilford, NH 03246

RECOMMENDED READINGS

S u r v i v a l

A i r Force Manual: Search and Rescue S u r v i v a l Department o f t h e A i r Force (Washington, D.C., 1969).

Down Bu t Not Out Royal Canadian A i r Force (Ottawa, Canada, 1975).

Mawson's W i l l Lennard B i c k e l ( ~ e w York: Avon Press, 1978).

One Surv ived Ed F o r t i e r (Anchorage, Alaska; A laska Nor thwest Publ i s h i n g Co., 1978).

To B u i l d A F i r e Jack London

Wi ld , E d i b l e and Poisonous P l a n t s o f A laska Cooperat ive Ex tens ion Se rv i ce (Fa i rbanks , Alaska, 1966).

Ph i losophy and Cul t u r e

Adap ta t ion t o F r i g i d Zones by A r c t i c Peoples He1 ge Larsen (Copenhagen, Denmark: Fo l k Vol . 23, 1981).

Hunters o f t h e No r the rn I c e Richard K. Nelson (Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago Press, 1969).

Shadow o f t h e Hunte r R ichard K. Nelson (Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago Press, 1980).

Tao: A new Way o f T h i n k i n g Chang Chung-yuan, ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1977).

The B i b l e Moses, e t a l . (Germany: Gutenberg Press, 1460).

The Eskimo o f No r t h A laska Norman Chance ( ~ e w York: H o l t , R ineha r t and Winston, 1966).

The Nor th Alaskan Eskimo Robert Spencer (New York: Dover Publ i c a t i ons , 1976).

STATE OF ALASKA

HYPOTHERMIA AND COLD WATER NEAR DROWNING PROTOCOLS

HYPOTHERMIA: G E N E R A L POINTS:

A. The evaluation and treatment of hypothermia whether wet or dry, on land or water, i s e s sen t i a l l y the same. Therefore, the following discussion does not spec i f i ca l ly dist inguish between chronic and acute, or wet and dry hypothermia.

B . In the cold pa t ien t , a recta l temperature i s one of the vi ta l s igns. In terms of the ABC's, think:

A - Airway B - Breathing C - Circulation D - Degrees

C . "Low Reading" thermometers a re important in the care of the hypothermic pat ient . Regular thermometers a re useless and probably dangerous in t h i s se t t ing .

D . Obtaining a temperature i s important and useful f o r t reat ing hypothermia. However, there i s tremendous va r i ab i l i t y in individual physiologic responses a t spec i f i c temperatures. In addi t ion, there will be times when a low reading thermometer i s not available. Therefore, these guidelines a re not based on the pa t i en t ' s measured temperature.

E . Axiom: With the hypothermic pa t ien t , THINK H E A T .

1. No cold I .V. 's . 2 . No cold vent i la t ion therapy. 3. No cold treatments of any kind.

F . Unheated oxygen should not be used f o r the hypothermia victim because i t will add cold to the victim. Attempt to administer warm, moist oxygen i f possible.

G . We must, a t l e a s t , prevent fu r ther heat loss a t the core. This can only be done by insulating the e n t i r e pa t ien t , plus adding heat t o the "core areas" (head, neck, chest , and groin) .

H . Add heat gradually and gently:

(The term "add heat" i s used ra ther than "rewarm" because often the pat ient i s n o t actually.any warmer with the addition of heat , b u t ra ther only a fu r ther decrease in core temperature i s minimized.)

1. Apply external warm objects t o the head, neck, chest and groin. Use:

a. Hotwater bo t t l es .

b . "Warm packs" (chemical heat packs must be used with great care so as not t o burn the pa t i en t ' s skin, e.g. wrap i s a towel and watch ca re fu l ly ) .

c . Warm rocks wrapped in towels.

d . Warm bodies, e t c .

2. Administer warm, moist a i r or oxygen.

I . Do n o t ever t ry to cool the extremities or use tourniquets or other occlusive dressings.

J . Be wary of statements or actions while working on patients who are unconscious or requiring CPR. These patients frequently remember what i s done and said and i t can produce severe psychological problems l a t e r o n . This statement applies equally well t o warm and cold patients.

K. I t i s absolutely necessary that you preplan how you will handle these problems and who will be in charge; and that you are familiar with the appropriate equipment.

L . A note on transport: Air travel in Alaska i s obviously favored. B u t i f a i r travel i s n o t possible, other types of transport should be u t i l ized , such as snowmachines, dog teams, cars , and especially boats in areas with water access.

M . The inside of the ambulance and any rooms where such patients are treated should be "room temperaturen--approximately 65 t o 72 degrees F. [18 t o 22 degrees C . ] .

HYPOTHERMIA: FIRST R E S P O N D E R I G E N E R A L PUBLIC

Assessment of Patient

1. Severe Hypothermia: If the victim i s cold and has any of the following signs or symptoms, he i s considered to have severe hypothermia:

a. Depressed vi ta l signs.

b . A 1 tered 1 eve1 of consciousness, incl uding slurred speech, staggering g a i t , decreased mental s k i l l s .

c . Temperature of 90 degrees F. (32 degrees C . ) or 1 ess .

d . No shivering in sp i te of being very cold. (Note: This sign may be altered by alcohol intoxication.)

e . Associated s ignif icant i l lness or injury that i s present or that may have permitted the hypothermia to develop.

2. Mild to Moderate Hypothermia: If the victim i s cold and does not have any of these signs or symptoms, he i s considered t o have mild t o moderate hypothermia.

B . Basic Treatment for Hypothermia

1. Treat very gently.

2 . Remove wet clothing. Replace with dry clothing or dry coverings of some kind.

3. Insulate from the cold.

4. Add heat t o the head, neck, chest , and groin externally (see H under "general Points" on page SS-10, SS- l l ) , or in te rna l ly , i f a system f o r breathing warm moist a i r i s

I avai lable . Avoid attempts t o warm the extremities.

Note: In r e a l i t y , when prehospital personnel add heat , they ra re ly ac tua l ly r a i s e the core temperature. Rather, they succeed in preventing a fur ther decrease in core temperature. I f the core temperature in a very cold pat ient were raised s ign i f ican t ly , e lec t ro ly te , acid-base and dehydration problems could occur.

Do not rub o r manipulate the extremities.

Do not give coffee o r alcohol.

Do not p u t pa t ient in a shower or bath.

Warm f lu id s can be given only a f t e r uncontrollable shivering stops and the victim has a c l ea r level of consciousness, the a b i l i t y t o swallow, and evidence of rewarming a1 ready.

I f severe hypothermia i s present, t r e a t as above and t ranspor t t o a higher medical f a c i l i t y .

I f there i s no way to get to a higher medical f a c i l i t y , rewarm the pat ient slowly, cautiously and gradual l y with methods indicated i n H under "General Points" on page SS-10, SS-11.

C . Treatment f o r Severe Hypothermia with No Life Signs ( C P R Requi red)

Provide basic treatment as indicated in Section B above.

ca re fu l ly assess the presence o r absence of pulse or respira t ions f o r one t o two minutes.

I f no pulse o r resp i ra t ions , s t a r t CPR.

Use mouth-to-mouth ra ther than baglmask breathing.

Obtain a rec ta l temperature i f possible.

If you a re l e s s than 15 minutes to a higher medical f a c i l i t y , do not bother trying to add heat.

I f you a re greater than 15 minutes t o a higher medical f a c i l i t y , add heat gradually and gently (see Section H under "General Points" on page SS-10, 55-11).

I

Reassess the physical s t a tus periodically.

Transfer t o a higher medical f a c i l i t y in a l l cases.

D. Treatment f o r Severe Hypothermia w i t h Signs o f L i f e ( i . e . Pu lse and R e s p i r a t i o n s Presen t ; CPR Not Required)

1. Prov ide t r ea tmen t as i n d i c a t e d i n Sec t i on B above.

2. If you a re g r e a t e r t han 15 minutes t o a h i g h e r medical f a c i l i t y , add hea t g r a d u a l l y and g e n t l y (see Sec t i on H under "General P o i n t s " on page SS-10, SS-11.

3. T rans fe r t o a h i g h e r medica l f a c i l i t y .

COLD WATER NEAR DROWNING: GENERAL POINTS

A. Anyone submerged l o n g .enough t o be unconscious and/or r e q u i r e CPR, who has been under wa te r l e s s than one hour , shou ld be sen t t o t h e h o s p i t a l .

B. I f t h e person has been under wa te r f o r more than one hour, no a t tempt a t r e s u s c i t a t i o n shou ld be made.

C. I f i t i s n o t known how l o n g t h e person has been under water , we should cons ide r them t o have been under wa te r l e s s than one hour.

D. There i s no d i f f e r e n c e between f r e s h and s a l t wa te r near drowning rega rd i ng outcome o r t r ea tmen t .

E. These p r i n c i p l e s a p p l y t o any near drowning, n o t j u s t those i n c o l d water . The d i f f e r e n c e between warm and c o l d wa te r i s t h a t i n submersions g r e a t e r than 6 m inu tes , t h e chance f o r s u r v i v a l i n warm wate r i s much l e s s than i n c o l d water . The c o l d e r t h e water , t h e b e t t e r t h e chance f o r s u r v i v a l .

F. Because t h e l e v e l o f co ldness i s r a r e l y profound (be low 85 degrees F./30 degrees C.) i n c o l d wa te r near drowning, t h e hypothermia aspect of t h e problem i s l e s s c r i t i c a l t han t h e pulmonary o r coagu la t i on aspects . Thus, rewarming i s done v e r y c a u t i o u s l y and gradual l y , w i t h o u t t h e need f o r i n v a s i v e techniques such as p e r i t o n e a l l avage o r AV shunts.

G. Many near drowning v i c t i m s d i e o f a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e of d isseminated i n t r a v a s c u l a r c o a g u l a t i o n , n o t f rom t h e i r pulmonary p rob l ems.

COLD WATER NEAR DROWNING: FIRST RESPONDER/GENERAL PUBLIC

Eva1 u a t i o n and Treatment

1. I t i s ve r y impo r tan t t o c l e a r t h e a i rway w i t h any o f t h e s tandard maneuvers, b u t no s p e c i f i c maneuvers a r e mandatory t o expel wa te r from t h e lungs . Do n o t do t h e He im l i ch maneuver on these p a t i e n t s .

2. CPR must be s t a r t e d immediate ly .

3. Assess c a r e f u l l y f o r assoc ia ted i n j u r i e s .

4. Fo l l ow t h e f i r s t responder s e c t i o n on Hypothermia (excep t f o r t h e two minu te pu l se check) f o r a d d i t i o n a l the rapy as needed. (See pages SS-11, SS-12, SS-13)

BE ALERT AND LIVE AROUND THE HELICOPTER

SAFETY TIPS FOR PASSENGERS

The h e l i c o p t e r i s n o r m a l l y v e r y s a f e b u t must be approached w i t h c a u t i o n . Those a r e a s wh ich p r e s e n t a haza rd s h o u l d be avo ided a t a l l t imes .

Tail Rotor \

Baggage Compartment

Skid 5

Cabin Doors

Radio Antenna

ROTORS CAN KILL

H e l i p a d a reas s h a l l be k e p t c l e a r o f a l l pe rsonne l , cargo, hazardous a r t i c l e s , o r pe rsona l b e l o n g i n g s wh i 1e t h e he1 i c o p t e r i s approach ing o r l e a v i n g t h e h e l i p a d . I/

Approach and leave the he l i cop te r i n a crouched posi t ion and always within view of the p i l o t . Never towards the r e a r of the he l icopter .

On uneven ground always approach and leave on the downhill s ide . Never on the uphil l s ide .

All equipment such as s k i s , survey rods, t o o l s , e t c . must be ca r r i ed hor izonta l ly below waist l e v e l . Never upright o r over shoulder.

Any 1 oose a r t i c l e s of c lo th ing ( sca rves , caps, hard-hats, m i t t s , goggles, e t c . ) must be properly secured before approaching or leaving the hel icopter . Keep a t i g h t g r i p on loose a r t i c l e s .

Fasten s e a t b e l t and keep fastened u n t i l p i l o t s ignals the b e l t may be undone.

Li fe jackets must be worn when opera t ing over water. Your p i l o t wi l l i n s t r u c t you on i t s proper use.

Smoking i s forbidden in or near the machine when i t i s on the ground. Ask pi lot for approval t o smoke in f l igh t .

DO NOT SLAM DOORS

CARGO

Cargo should be loaded and unloaded carefully and n o t thrown, dropped, or jammed in cabin. Hazardous cargo may only be loaded in accordance with regulations. Your pilot will advise you h o w he wants the weight distributed. Make sure your pi lot knows the true weight of the cargo. D o n ' t guess. Firearms must be inoperative and handed to the pi lot for safe keeping. Make sure load i s secure. Never leave loose ar t ic les or ropes on cargo racks.

Never throw anything around a helicopter

LANDING PADS

Clear area t o ground level within 15 metres of landing pad t o give main and t a i l rotor clearance. Pad should be 4 metres square and be level and firm. If so f t ground use poles or t ree trunks under skids. Poles must be secured so they cannot move.

When d i r e c t i n g h e l i c o p t e r t o l a n d s t a n d a t edge o f c l e a r e d a rea w i t h back t o wind. S t a y i n p i l o t s v i s i o n . Ensure s u f f i c i e n t a rea c l e a r e d f o r main and t a i l r o t o r .

'I Wind

Direction

PRECAUTIONARY AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Your crew w i l l i n s t r u c t y o u on s a f e t y p rocedures . I f y o u do n o t unders tand a n y t h i n g do n o t h e s i t a t e t o ask y o u r crew. They w i l l show y o u where t h e Emergency equipment, r a t i o n s , and l o c a t e r beacon are .

I f f o r c e d down s t a y w i t h t h e a i r c r a f t u n l e s s y o u know y o u can reach h e l p b e f o r e an a i r search f i n d s you. Your p i l o t has f i l e d a f l i g h t n o t i f i c a t i o n and an a i r sea rch w i l l be i n i t i a t e d when t h e a i r c r a f t becomes overdue.

Be p repared t o a t t r a c t sea rch a i r c r a f t u s i n g f l a r e s , smoke, s i g n a l mi r r o r s , o r o t h e r a v a i 1 a b l e means.

MAKE CRASH SITE AS CONSPICUOUS AS POSSIBLE

Read c a r e f u l l y t h e s u r v i v a l book i n t h e emergency k i t b e f o r e u s i n g equipment o r r a t i o n s . F o l l o w i n s t r u c t i o n s c a r e f u l l y .

THINK!

PANIC I S YOUR WORST ENEMY

You a r e f l y i n g i n a proven h e l i c o p t e r o p e r a t e d by a competant and h i g h l y t r a i n e d crew. Make s u r e t h e p i l o t unders tands c l e a r l y what y o u want h im t o do. It w i l l h e l p h im t o d e c i d e t h e b e s t way t o h e l p you. I f t h e . p i l o t says NO! d o n ' t push him. He i s t h i n k i n g o f y o u r s a f e t y .

D O W N B U T N O T O U T

SHELTERS R o y a l C a n a d i a n A i r F o r c e O t t a w a , C a n a d a , 1 9 7 5

Arctic Shelters

Tools. T h e combination snow saw-knife in your survival kit o r a snow knife is essential to survival north of the tree line. With it you can cut snow blocks to build yourself a shelter.

Snow Saw-Knife

Material. T h e snow from which the snow house is built is in a firmly packed and frozen form which has several characteristics not often encountered south of the tree line. I t is solid enough that a cubic foot block will support the weight of a man, yet it can be cut, sawed, o r split with ease. Eve11 in the Arctic only a small percentage of the snow is suitable for snow house building. First look around for an area where snow-drifts are deep enough to permit cutting snow blocks from a vertical face. This will require a depth of nearly two feet. T h e snow should be firm enough to support your weight with only slight marking by footprints. Probe into the snow with your saw-knife or a long quarter-inch rod. Try to find a place where the resistance to the probe indicates a n even firm structure, f ree of harder o r softer layers. When you find a spot, probe around to ascertain whether enough good snow is available. I t is well worth hunting f o r an hour to find proper snow as you will save the time during snow house building. If snow of sufficient depth to cut vertical blocks cannot be found it will be necessary to cut them from the flat surface of the snow. This is time consuming and requires a much larger area of snow, and the snow house will have to be built higher, beause it cannot be dug into the drift.

The Fighter Trench

If time does not permit building an igloo, the survivor should for the first night erect a fighter trench. It can be built easily and quickly with minimum work for the result achieved.

If a large drift of snow at least three feet deep is available, the shelter can be made by cutting large vertical blocks f rom a trench just wider than the sleeping bag and long enough to accommodate t h e one or two builders. T h e snow blocks are stood o n each side of the trench.

Cutting the Snow Blocks

When the trench is completed a notch is cut malong each side t o provide non-slip support for the snow block roof.

The End Block The Trench

A tri;lngular hlock is placed at one end of the trench as a support for the first snow block of the roof.

T h e first roofing snow block is out shorter than the others, in order that the succeeding blocks will overlap, each supporting the next.

Commencing the Roof

T h e remainder of the roof blocks are placed in a similar manner. In a two m a n trench an entrance door is placed halfway down the trench, opening into a roofed over square pit which allows room for cooking and removing clothing before entering the sleeping bag. Be sure t o cut a ventilating hole in the roof and have a good snow block handy to close the entrance at night. If snow depth permits, a pit o r "cold well" should be dug out just inside the entrance to provide a lower heat level. This will also ease the problem of dressing and undressing.

The Finished Fighter Trench

I f n o deep snow drifts can be found, a trench style shelter can be erected by building a wall of blocks enclosing the shelter area. This wall is then roofed over with large slabs which are hollowed slightly o n the inside, after erection, to form a n arch.

When you have found a good snow-drift, lay o u t the floor plan. T h e Eskimo does this by eye, but he has had a lot of practice. Draw a circle centred on the best snow, with the approximate diameter as follows:

One man - 8 feet

T w o man - 9 feet

Three man - 10 feet

F o u r man - 12 feet

Five m a n - 13 feet

Now, begin to lay in a supply of snow blocks. Cut them f rom the face of a trench, laid o u t as shown.

Trench Style Sheller

T h e fighter trench while a good emergency shelter is too cramped to permit much movement without dislodging the frost o n your clotbing and sleeping bag, and in time you will become d a m p without a good means of drying out. This is why you should begin your igloo as soon as you can. T h e Igloo

T h e word "igloo" is of Eskimo origin, and in that language it is a general word f o r "house" or "shelter". In this manual it will be used to mean the domed snow house, similar to that used by some Eskimo groups particularly in the central Arctic.

T h e Eskimo igloo is the ideal winter shelter in the Arctic. I t is solid, sound-proof, and wind resistant, and it is large enough for comfort. There are a few building techniques which must be mastered but no one of these is particularly difficult. Once the method is learned, the igloo will almost invariably be the shelter used in an emergency.

Begin cutting blocks by digging out a clear vertical face at A-B, with a width of about 46 inches and a depth of about 20 inches. Smaller blocks are no1 much easier to cut, and igloo construction is slower and more dimcult with them.

With your snow saw-knife, cut a slot at each end of the block, about two inches wide and the full depth of the block.

Even at this early stage, the block might fall in, except that it i, supported by the face of the notch and the top of the previous blocks.

Carving the Spiral

Bearing Surfaces of the Block

Commencing the Second Row

If you are a southpaw, cut the slope the other way.

Now fit the next block, leaning it inward so that its inner face is roughly tangential to the dome.

The block must bear only at areas A. B, and C. I t should not, bear a t D o r E or it will pivot and slip. All blocks from this point on, until the key block, are set in this manner.

Continue cutting blocks from within the igloo circle, fitting them as you go. Don't use blocks less than three feet long or eighteen inches wide if you can help it. Lay small blocks aside for later use in snow bench and doorway building. The slope of the block, which of course governs the shape of the igloo, is estimated by eye. The block is raised into place and the joints are trimmed until the block settles into position.

When the third row is under construction, the slope will be great enough to make careful f i l thg essential. Each block bears in the same three positions only. The remainder of the joint can gape wide, or almost touch, but these three faces must carry the load to jam in the block.

Section Inride Woo

A firm tap downward at C as shown by the arrow will drive the block into final position, seating at A, B, and C, when it need no longer be

- supported. Carry on building, block by block. You will find that the increasing

slope of the igloo wall will of course increase the tendency for the block to fall in, but this is compensated by the increasing angle between the A-B axis of the successive blocks as the diameter of the opening decreases. Building actually becomes easier toward the finish, as the blocks will jam firmly into pl,ace.

When you run out of snow block snow inside the igloo, cautiously cut a small door as far down ,the wall as you can, tunnelling underneath ro make enough space for the outside workers to push in more building blocks.

Try to keep the curve of the walls symmetrical and avoid a pointed igloo, because the high ceiling would reach the limiting warmth before the sleeping bench gets its share of heat.

Inward P rewre

The tendency to rotate inward around A-B is resisted by pressure between the upper third of the faces of the new block and the previous block. This face must be radial to the igloo centre, o r the previous block may be displaced.

When fitting snow blocks on the A-E-C method described, the block should be lifted into position and the joint fitted roughly, with the faces in contact and the block supported by the left hand. If the snow saw-knife is run between the new block and the previous one and the kerf pushed closed, then a slight undercut on the under face at the end nearest the previous block will leave the joint supported at A and C only.

Incorrect Correct

Inward Pressure Bearing Surfaces

It is surprising how flat an arch can be built, using the spiral technique. The last few blocks will be almost horizontal, but if you remember the A-B--C fit. they won't fall.

When the remaining hole in the roof is small enough to permit doing so, a key block is fitted. After what you have been doing, this is easy. The edges of the hole should be bevelled a t about IS degrees from the vertical.

Fitting the Key Block

T h e hole should be longer than it is wide, to permit passing t h e key block up through, then j~rggling it into position. This is tricky, bu t no one ever seems to fail. Ry judicious use of your snow knife, cut away the block, letting it settle slowly into position. You have built your igloo!

Making the l ~ l o o Habitable

Across the floor. about one third of the way back from the door, build a snow wall about 20 inches high to conserve warmth.

The Snow Wall

Fi l l Doo r Cross-section of Sleeping Shelf

This will fo rm the front of your sleeping shelf, which will raise you into the warm air trapped ,above the door.

Shove all the loose snow in the igloo behind the wall to form the shelf. Break u p lumps and blocks to soften the bench and to provide better insulation. Level the bench top carefully.

At each side of the door leave o r erect little benches allowing about 20 inches of leg room between the sleeping shelf a n d bench.

( ( Sleeping 1 Door

Bench

Plan View of Igloo

This is the kitchen and heating .area. I t must be reasonably close t o the bench to permit the cook and lamp tender to reach it without rising f r o m the sleeping bench.

Chink the dome of the igloo carefully with powder snow, which wben packed firmly into the open seams will soon harden and stop loss of warm air from the igloo. If you plan a short stay, chink only the outer seams. but for a better job d o both inside and outside joints.

You may throw loose powdery snow o n top of the igloo to a c t as chinking, but not so much as to add to the weight of the roof.

Y o u may bank the bottom row of blocks to prevent wind driven snow f rom causing erosion.

banking A@@

\-, \ ,. '\ k 12:" change

Igloo Cross-section

If a high wind is blowing, the drifting snow can erode the wall of the igloo very rapidly. A snow wall should be erected to act a s a wind-break, and any broken hlocks can be piled against the windward wall to protect it f rom the cutting effect o f the drift.

Now, with the igloo chinked, the door cut in and the sleeping bench completed, all YOU need to d o before moving in is to clear ou t all loose snow. T h e bench is first covered with caribou skins (or other insulation) and the sleeping bags are then unrolled and placed, heads to the entrance, side by side.

All snow and frost must be removed from hides, bedding, and clothing before they are placed on the sleeping bench.

A Suggested Floor Plan of the Igloo

Pots can be suspended f rom pegs driven firmly into the walls above the fat lamp (koodlik) o r the primus stove.

Drying racks made by forcing sticks into the walls above the heat sources will serve the following purposes.

( a ) Drying of clothing from which all snow, ice, and frost have first been scraped. Never melt snow o n garments-always scrape it off.

( b ) Thawing of frozen rations which d o not need cooking. This requires quite a long time.

(c ) Protection of the igloo wall and roof f rom melting.

Persons entering the igloo for a stay of longer than an hour o r so, after removing mukluks and snow f rom garments, should get up o n the sleeping bench, ou t of the way.

T h e cook, usually a t the right-hand bench, has the primus stove, under which is a piece of cardboard f rom a ration box to prevent it f r o m melting into the shelf and tipping. H e may also have a koodlik, if fa t is available, for slow cooking.

One m a n should be responsible for adequate ventilation-keeping the vent holes in the dome and door open enough to avoid risk without freezing the occupants. Carbon monoxide is insidious and dangerous.

During the day the door is left open. At night it is closed by a snow block which should be chinked and a ventilation hole should be bored through the upper part. T h e more fumes being generated, the larger must be the aperture. Don't wait until the lamp won't burn properly and you begin to feel groggy before letting in air. I t is dangerous, and it isn't necessary at all. If the roof hole does not draw properly because of wind. a snow chimney can be made by setting a perforated block over the hole.

T h e left-hand men remain on the bench, assisting in cooking and maintaining their koodlik. I f this l amp is burning animal fat it requires only moderate attention. Lubricating oil is not so easily used, as the flame smokes easily and the wick needs more frequent attention. A little animal fa t dissolved in the lubricating oil makes a big improvement in the flame.

I f the group finds the igloo cluttered with odds and ends not needed at the moment, a miniature igloo can be built against the outside wall, and a doorway cut through to form a cache. Keep the entrance low to avoid loss of heat.

Now that you a re in residence, the igloo will warm u p rapidly. If the inner walls start to glaze, form ice. and drip. you a re overheating. Take corrective action before icing develops; cut down the heat if you must.

Frying, baking, o r broiling have no place in igloo living. Boiling and stewing are easier and prove very satisfactory. Canned goods may be heated in the can by bringing them unopened to a boil in a pot of water which completely covers them. Use the pressure cooker or a tightly covered pot to avoid steam.

Never place an unopened can over direct heat! This makes a fine bomb o r grenade, and even a fool rarely makes this mistake twice!

T w o good meals a day, breakfast and the main meal in the evening, avoid loss of the working day. A snack at noon will not bring activity to a halt fo r more than an hour or so. Body heat is derived f rom food intake, so eat all your ration and supplement with fish whenever possible. Eat fats rather than burn them if the supply is low. A diet of meat is good for you. despite some stubborn superstition to the contrary. Vilhjalmur Stefansson lived for a full year on meat alone to prove this point. If you are forced to live solely o n the products of the chase, you must eat flesh, fat , liver, and every edible part to ensure that you don't suffer f rom dietetic deficiencies.

A snow block (Kovik) may be kept o n the floor for use as a chamber-pot after the snow block door is closed for the night. T h e user is responsible for its sanitary disposition.

The Koodlik

T h e Eskimo fat burning lamp, o r koodlik, has provided heat for comfort and cooking for thousands of years, giving a quiet and pleasant light and warmth to the native home. Properly tended it does not smoke o r smell, and it can be controlled to give more o r less heat on demand. I t was carved laboriously f rom soap-stone in the form of a shallow pan of half-moon shape. T h e straight edge of the lamp was bevelled to support the wick, made of arctic cotton o r moss. Seal oil o r caribou fa t was used as fuel. T o avoid its melting into the snow shelf and to keep it warm enough to render fat, it was supported on short sticks driven into the shelf.

Section Through Tin Can Koodlil

Y o u can improvise a fat lamp out of any Rat pan, such as a ration can. If you have fat to burn, all that is required is a piece of heavy cotton, linen cloth, o r absorbent cotton for a wick and a sloping ramp to support it. You can burn lubricating oil in a fat lamp, but the flame will smoke more readily, and the wick will have to be trimmed more carefully to keep the flame below the smoking point. When the lcvel of the oil drops, the flame may follow it down the wick, causing furlher smoking. A simple damper, made of the tin foil from a tallow candle or a piece of sheet metal, will prevent this, and will permit clogcr control of the flame. A few drops of aircraft fuel used with caution will aid in lighting the wick. Never try to burn a volatile fuel in the koodlik-you would be far too successful, and you might find yourself in trouble. Don't be the first man to b u m down an igloo!

dunked their feet very quickly so only the outermost layer got wet, then blotted the drips in dry, fluffy snow. After the ice coating was hard they were free to walk in water all day.

I was lucky. That's a confession, not a boast. Eskimos have so little use for luck that they don't even have a word for it. They don't leave survival to chance. At birth, an Eskimo child knows no better than any other human how to survive extreme cold; survival tactics are acquired skills. And these skills work for anyone, as the Army found out when it started using Eskimo methods to train soldiers. Although the Eskimos learn how to live in, and like, the cold through cultural traditions-stories and legends that indirectly teach them what to do in every life-threatening situation-their daily survival is based on a few central ideas. And if you learn them, they just may save your life.

The essence is a simple premise: Stay warm and avoid cold. It is a physiological fact that cooling off is easy for humans, while warming up takes work. And the thermal imperative is uncompromising: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or else. We have only two ways of obtaining heat. We can absorb it from the environment-a fire, another body, hot rocks-or we can generate it internally through metabolism.

In the Arctic, these rules boil down to three strategies for staying warm. We can move somewhere warm, south like the whales and migratory birds. We can increase metabolism by voluntary exercise or involuntary shivering, neither of which we can sustain very long. And we can increase our insulation. Most wild s p e z s will try that first. The problem with people is that we left most of our fur somewhere back in the tropics; when we try to raise our feathers, all we can produce are goose bumps; and our blubber is in all the wrong places. But the Eskimos have taken these strategies and refined them into day-to-day survival techniques: the right insulation, the right food, and the right state of mind.

Insulation: Heating the Core w n Eskimo woman is caught out oil the tun-

dra by herself in a

I snowstorm, from home.

a half-mile she realizes

she can't reach it in the white- out, she sits down on a snow- covered hummock with her back 1' to the wind. As she sits, the heat

from her body melts the snow underneath her, and Wanzing herself" for not Iuving foreseen

- .-- - this dan~erous condition. she

removes her mittens and sits on them. She sl&s her arms out of her sleeves, tucks the sleeve-ends inside her belt, and continues to sit with her arms folded across her chest inside her parka. After a while she leans forward and goes to sleep.. . .

One reason that the Eskimo woman, whose story is told in Vilhjalmur Stefansson's Arctic Manual, is not worried about falling asleep is that she is dressed like a polar bear. Her fur is heaviest around her torso, thinner at the extremities, and nonexistent at the end of her nose. Her double-layered fur-in, fur-out parka keeps her core warm, and if she overheats she can loosen her belt and,'push back her hood, creating a "chimney" for cool air to circulate. That way she never perspires in her clothing, and by staying dry she stays warm.

Traditional Eskimo clothing is designed with a basic rule in mind: If vou keep the body core warm, that h e l ~ s take care

of the extremities. If you neglect the core, your hands and feet (the usual order of freezing is a rhyme: fingers, toes, heels, and nose) are at risk: The core automatically sacrifices the perimeter to save itself, redistributing blood flow from the skin to feed the center. The surest way to keep your hands and feet warm, then, is to keep your core well satisfied. It doesn't work in reverse; you can pile all the insulation in the world on your hands, and if the core is cold, you'll still get frostbitten.

How warm should the core be kept? The Eskimo woman knows. "If you can't sit down and fall asleep any time you're outdoors," says bush pilot Bud Helmericks, "you're not dressed right. You shouldn't have to keep moving to stay comfortable." Your outfit doesn't need to be expensive to be warm; loose layers of old wool sweaters will serve as well as

an expedition parka. You lust need a warm core, a way to COO^ off so-vou won't sweat. and. if vou're reallv wise. sewing "A needle and thread is a blessing to a perion out in the chd," Helmericks says. "That tear in your pants is pretty serious when it means your leg might freeze."

There's another way to add insulation when you're caught

out in the cold for a long time, and the Eskimos learned it from Arctic animals. A cold ptarmigan flies smack-dab into loose snow and makes a roost at the end of the tunnel. Rabbits, better adapted for digging, excavate holes in the snow, hunker down, and go to sleep with just their heads poking out.

Forget trying to build an igloo or following the diagrams for a snow cave when you need more insulation. You need shelter, not architecture. Just burrow into a drift, or pile up a mound of. snow and crawl in.

The problem with people is that we left most of our fur somewhere

back in the tropics, and when we try to raise our feathers, all we can produce are goose bumps.

Inner Fuel: Outwitting Starvation

I

T he Eskimo woman sits and sleeps on the tun- dra, wait in^ for the - .

storm to blow over. she isn't cold enough to shiver, and although as an Eskimo she has a slightly higher metabolism than the rest of us, she is burning very few calories. She is hungry only for a short while at the eild of the first day. I f she needs inner fuel, however, she has the best possible reserve to draw

from. She has been eating high concentrations of fats and oils all her life, and the fat in her system helps her through the lean times. b

"The length of life under the conditions of starvation generally depends upon the quantity of fat present in the organism at the start," writes Walter B. Cannon in The Wisdom of the Body. The colder it is, the quicker you burn fat.

1 was complaining to a Fairbanks businessman who is also an Athabascan Indian that I felt cold all the time. He asked me how many salmon sticks I put in my pocket when I went out. He said his grandfather never left the house without salmon sticks in his pocket. As soon as I switched from low-cal lunches to smoked salmon, fruitcake, and peanut butter I was appreciably warmer and much happier.

"You talk to people who are cold all the time," says Patty Friend, a long-distance dog musher, "you key in to what they eat, and you find they're usually watching their weight or limiting their intake of fat."

It's not required that you eat fat-glucose wiU do, and you need poti in, too. he advantage of fat is that it packs more calories to the ounce and stays with you longer. You tend to "blow off" other foods, according to a climber who takes canned tuna packed in oil, powdered whole milk, and plastic bottles of honey up Mount McKinley.

In The can&-i cook, an Alaskan relative of the Foxfire series to be published by Doubleday early next year, there is a story about an Eskimo woman who is feeding her sick husband the breast meat from a ptarmigan. Every day she snares a ptarmigan and gives her husband the breast while she eats the back. He eats more and grows weaker; she eats less and is strong.'Maybe there's medicine in the back, she thinks. She divides the next ptarmigan along the back, lengthwise, giving each of them some lean from the breast and fat from the back. Her husband recovers and "she finds out for herself" how to divide animals so two people can survive on one.

Her husband was suf- fering from something called rabbit starvation. "It's still known among most people of the North," Bud Helmer- icks says. "It means that no matter how many rabbits you ate, you could still starve to death." Rabbit starvation applies to lean meat of any kind, Helmericks says, "be- cause you can't digest lean meat alone. It sets up a

protein imbalance that takes the fat right out of you, and as soon as the fat is gone, you die."

Another phenomenon the Eskimos know all about is something called plate fright-fear of food that doesn't look like food-and overcoming it can make all the difference when you're out in the bush. A Canadian Indian man is said to have survived 13 days on flesh he cut from his thighs. Not many years ago an Eskimo family was found lying together, near starvation, after they'd eaten all but their most essential clothing.

I once saw a soldier demonstrate how to survive in the bush by squeezing the guts out of a rabbit the way I might strip the last drop of water out of a wet sleeping bag. He started at the neck and worked down until the guts dribbled out the anus. He stirred around in the pile of ooze at his feet with his finger, found the heart, and popped it into his mouth. He lifted his chin so we could make sure he swallowed. The specific skill he was showing us was how to gut a rabbit without a knife, but the more important hurdle was the psychological one: overcoming plate fright.

K nowing how to take in liquids in the, Arc- tic is at least as vital

as knowing what and how to eat.

Soon after I arrived in Alaska, the person I trusted and respected most said she never went out without a thermos of hot coffee, tea, or hot water, and when she made me a sled bag in whch to carry my own thermos, I

took it as an article of faith. I never- went out without a thermos, but I kind of missed the point. I thought the liquid was the important part, and the warmth a luxury.

On a snowy day I got lazy and left with cold cider in my thermos. At the end of the trail I had a Iong, refreshing drink. I gasped. My shoulders caved in and I h&ched over on the sled. I felt the warmth in mv chest dissolve. If anvbodv had

2 ,

been there they would have seen me turn blue. I had been metabolically poleaxed. It would have been a disaster if I'd been cold, exhausted, or otherwise weakened.

Bud Helmericks recalls an old Indian man telling him about track soup, which is a little like the rule of having a hot thermos. "When you're really up against it, Bud," the old Indian man said, "when you don't have anything else, you just gather up the tracks of a rabbit or a ptarmigan and boil them up and drink that. That'll help you a lot."

Helmericks remembers looking skeptical. "You know an animal can smell those tracks," the Indian explained, "so there's something in them. That warm track soup will - help you."

The trick to track soup, of course, is the liquid and the warmth. The rule is never eat snow; melt it. Even a handpacked slush ball is better than snow. Eskimo hunters never go out in the boats without a water skin warming under their parkas, and they always carry some kind of cup when they travel inland. Bernard Assiniwi, Cree Indian author of Survival in the Bush, says you can forget the tea, you can forget the coffee, but whatever you do, don't forget the pot, unless you're an expert in making birchbark baskets. He puts the pot ahead of guns and below a copy of his book in order of usefulness.

If, however, it's ever a choice between eating snow and not taking in any fluid, the doctors say eat the snow. It's a trade-off. It can take more calories than you can afford to melt the snow inside your system, but-you can't live without water.

I Psychology: Loving the Cold I

T he Eskimo zvoman is not cold. She sits on her hummock in the third

day of the blizzard, waiting for the whiteout to clear. She is calm and has not zoasted the tiniest breath of energy. She has paid attention to the stories of her elders, remembers the rules for survival, and kilows they work as perfectly nozo as they have for the past ten thousand years. She knows, for instance, that it is

safe to sleep, and that she'll wake up the m i h e she's hilled. When

hunters are caught out alone, they sleepsitting up, e z m 111 a shelter. I f you lie down and become too comfortable,yorr'll sleep too long n11dfail to notice a change in the wind, a shift in the ice, or a wet place or1 your clothing.

She can endlire sitting still for hours because slie has done it before in the time of sewing, when women sit for days, sewing, fdling asleep uhere they sit, waking and sewing more clothing for the spriug hunting. She has practiced silence.

She is calnl and unafraid because her religioii teacl~es her thnt she is a part of nature, a small beirig in a hnrmonious riniverse that includes the cold, the wind, the sea, the plants, and the animals. Nature is often kind to humans, but it has 110 reason to favor them over the mountains or the rock;. It is willing to assist those u h o respect it.

The Eskimo woman has a good chance of surviving the blizzard because she is psychologically prepared for it, and that's the most important cold-survival skill of all. If you can keep your head-and your spirits-you'll probably come out alive.

The Eskimos know that, and their native customs foster mental a@ty and cheerfulness. Gloomy, unstable people are traditionally shunned in the Far North, and the stereotype of the "happy" Eskimo has some basis. Case studies support the Eslumos' instincts, showing that optimists make better survi- vors, while pessimism can be lethal. Eskimos are also habitual problem solvers, and problem solving is pleasurable, says Michael Graf, a clinical psychologist in Fairbanks. It brings a sense of mastery, confidence, and self-esteem-prime ingre- dients for survival.

I f you don't have the Eskimos' background of acceptance and general optimism, being in the cold can be more difficult. Oppressive cold doesn't drive people berserk-

that's a result of cabin fever. Instead, cold that distracts you from your purpose, drains your body, preys on your mind, and erodes your will is sedating. "You close down, you're not motivated to move," says Richard Possenti, a psychology professor at the University of Alaska. He says the emotional stresses of survival-isolation, fear, boredom, sensory de- privation, and fatigue-compounded by the physical impact of cold, leads to a "general withdrawal into oneself." Pretty soon, he says, you feel helpless and you give up. It's almost the same thing as brainwashing. Your resistance is worn away; you're susceptible to your own darkest thoughts and especiaIly vulnerable to the negativism of others around you.

This destructive element manifests itself in a phenomenon some people call Arctic madness. "It amounts to a fear problem," says Dr. William Doolittle, one of Alaska's corps of famous frostbite doctors. Nobody has defined it to his satisfaction, but "everyone would agree that there is such a thng as stupefymg cold. Everyone who has been out in serious cold weather recognizes the effects."

The effects are psychological and unrelated to a drop in core temperature or the sensation of cold, according to Doolittle. "It's a terrible, fatalistic thing that happens. There are endless anecdotes of people in cold environments who just sit down and die." A recent case involved a group of trained men who sat around in the cold and talked about death until they convinced themselves they were in a hopeless position. In fact, Doolittle says, "They were not more than ten miles from home and mother," yet they watched the fire go out and waited to be overcome. They were not misfits. Doolittle says, "They were people who all of a sudden recognized something bigger than they were, and they didn't think they could cope with it."

There doesn't have to be someone there to talk you into

Arctic madness. You can do it all by yourself, and it can happen more quickly than you can imagine. There is a story about a pilot who was flying over the North Slope when his airplane suddenly quit. He did a neat job of gliding it down on a frozen lake, and there were no signs of damage. According to Air Force instructor Larry Schroeder, who uses this story in his classes on survival, rescuers could tell that "he cracked the canopy back, got out of the airplane, walked around the airplane at least one time, got back in the airplane, took out his .45, and killed himself." They found him six hours later.

"When things come unglued and nothing's actually hurt except your pride, I always tell people the first thing todo is put up your tent and make a cup of tea," says Bud Helmericks, who wouldn't taxi down the field without his tent, stove, or tea. "As soon as you have a cup of tea made, you're functional. The whole show is won then."

It doesn't have to be tea, but it's a good example. You need to put a brake on recklessness caused by adrenalin, and you need a task that's simple, constructive, and harmless. Survival practitioners say it's better to sit for a while than do the wrong things immediately. On the other hand, they prescribe activity as an antidote to an affliction the Air Force calls passive outlook. Passive outlook is a twist on Arctic madness. Instead of doing nothing because they feel defeated and helpless, victims of passive outlook do nothing because they've deluded themselves into thinking things are okay. They shrug off the realities and don't do their survival chores.

The Eskimos sometimes counteract passive outlook by trying to outwit the "little people." According to health educator Carl Hild, of Barrow, the little people are pranksters like leprechauns. They're curious, and you have to watch out or they'll play around in your camp. You constantly have to check to make sure they haven't spilled your food or put small rips in your clothes. Hunters should always be on guard lest the little people misplace their rifles or hide their knives in the snow. You have to keep track of your things. It's a game and it isn't.

In their challenging way, the little people will also help you out of trouble if you're clever enough to solve their riddles. They might come to a hunter who's lost and frustrated. He rouses himself from his snow shelter and finds a set of tracks that weren't there before, or he notices an odd- ly shaped drift-these are clues from the little people that put him in the frame df mind to start figuring out where he is. He remembers that a fox travels in a certain direction at night or that only a seaward wind makes that shape. Soon he's no longer disoriented. Then the little people go away, and the lost hunter finds his way home.

The Eskimo woman periodically sleeps and wakes up, sits on the hummock, gets u p and walks about to warm herself and relieue her stiffness. She continues to repeat these actions for 72 hours. Then the "three-day blow" subsides, and she walks the rest ofthe way home. She was never afraid, and she was nwer cold.

0 Paula Schiller, a free-lance writer based in the Midwest, workedfor a Fairbanks radio station while learning how not to be cold.