Idealism and ReformIdealism and Reform1820s and 1930s1820s and 1930s

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening

FamilyFamily

Political PerfectionPolitical Perfection

Religious PerfectionReligious Perfection

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

The Second Great The Second Great AwakeningAwakening• Response to rapid economic changesResponse to rapid economic changes

• Lyman Beecher 1812: neo-CalvinismLyman Beecher 1812: neo-Calvinism– New England, “free agency”New England, “free agency”– Final end of old CalvinismFinal end of old Calvinism

• Charles Finney1820s: burned over Charles Finney1820s: burned over region region – Very charismatic, emotional releaseVery charismatic, emotional release– Christianity of the Heart, God’s mercyChristianity of the Heart, God’s mercy– Free will, people in charge of their Free will, people in charge of their

salvationsalvation– Fits in with Jacksonian DemocracyFits in with Jacksonian Democracy

Christianity of the HeartChristianity of the Heart

• Christian Activism: Missionaries, Christian Activism: Missionaries, Societies Societies

• Temperance: By 1850s many dry statesTemperance: By 1850s many dry states

• Abolitionism: Started w/ Quakers 1770sAbolitionism: Started w/ Quakers 1770s– American Colonization SocietyAmerican Colonization Society– William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, he William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, he

• Is 100% for immediate emancipationIs 100% for immediate emancipation

– Fredrick Douglas: backgroundFredrick Douglas: background– Theodore Weld: moderates split w/ Garrison Theodore Weld: moderates split w/ Garrison

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison

The Liberator: 1831The Liberator: 1831

Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas

Women and the FamilyWomen and the Family

• Women’s Movement: from Women’s Movement: from abolitionismabolitionism– Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton– Seneca Falls Convention: July 1848Seneca Falls Convention: July 1848

• Family ChangesFamily Changes– Separate spheresSeparate spheres– Women put on a pedestal: idealizedWomen put on a pedestal: idealized– Less children: Longer childhood Less children: Longer childhood

– EDUCATION REFORM: HORACE MANN EDUCATION REFORM: HORACE MANN

Secular IdealismSecular Idealism

• Asylums: Dorothy DixAsylums: Dorothy Dix

• Utopian Socialism: Robert OwenUtopian Socialism: Robert Owen– Charles FourierCharles Fourier

• Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo EmersonEmerson– Romanticism: Edgar Allen PoeRomanticism: Edgar Allen Poe– Henry David Thoreau: Walden & On Civil Henry David Thoreau: Walden & On Civil

DisobedienceDisobedience– Brooks Farm: HawthornBrooks Farm: Hawthorn– Herman MelvilleHerman Melville

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau

Religious PerfectionReligious Perfection

• The Skakers: Ann LeeThe Skakers: Ann Lee

• The Oneida Community: free loveThe Oneida Community: free love

• The MormonsThe Mormons– John SmithJohn Smith– Brigham YoungBrigham Young– Utah Utah