IB MUSIC HL REVISIONBaroque

Genres: Concerto Grosso composition for several instrumental soloists and small orchestra, common in late baroque music Ritornello Form compositional form usually employed in baroque concerto grosso, in which the tutti plays a ritornello (repeated section of music usually played by full orchestra), alternating one or more soloists playing new material Fugue polyphonic composition based on one main theme or subject; four principal ways: Inversion subject move upwards, inversion move downwards same distance Retrograde beginning with last note of subject and proceed backward to first Augmentation original time values lengthened Diminution shorten time values Opera drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment, usually large-scale composition employing vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra, costumes, and scenery. Many types of opera: Aria solo voice with orchestral accompaniment Recitative a vocal line imitates rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech Ensemble three or more singers involved Chorus makes comments on action Baroque Suite suites are dance-inspired movements, usually in two-part form AABB. Section A starts in tonic key, modulates to dominant key; Section B starts in dominant key, modulates back to tonic key Chorale hymn tune sung to a German religious text, easy to sing and remember, only one note to a syllable and move in steady rhythm Church Cantata cantata meant a piece sung, differ from sonata, which meant a piece played Oratorio large scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra; set to narrative text, but no acting, scenery or costumes. Most are based on biblical stories

Musical Features: Rhythm regular, consistent, strong Dynamics terraced dynamics change suddenly rather than gradually Tone colour basso continuo Melody and harmony diatonic harmony; melody often complex and not easy to remember Texture predominantly polyphonic, imitation, bass line provides harmonic foundation of the music; ornamentation

Composers: Johann Sebastian Bach Henry Purcell George Frideric Handel Claudio Monterverdi Arcangelo Corelli

ClassicalGenres: Sonata Form the form of a single movement; three main sections: Exposition themes are presented Development themes are treated in new ways Recapitulation themes return Coda concluding section, often follows recapitulation Themes and Variations form in which a basic musical idea is repeated over and over and is changed each time in melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, or tone colour Minuet and Trio compositional form derived from a dance; three parts: minuet (A), trio (B), minuet (A); often used in third movement of classical symphony Rondo compositional form featuring main theme (A) that returns several times in alternation with other themes, such as ABACA and ABACABA; often the form of last movement in classical symphony and sonata Classical Symphony an extended, ambitious composition lasting between 20 to 45 minutes; sequence is: (1) vigorous, dramatic fast movement (2) lyrical slow movement (3) dance like movement (4) brilliant or heroic fast movement Classical Concerto three-movement work for instrumental soloists and orchestra; three movements: (1) fast, (2) slow, (3) fast Chamber Music designed for intimate setting of a room in a home or palace, rather than public concert hall; performed by small group of two to nine musicians; most important is string quartetMusical Features: Rhythm numerous patterns to provide variety and contrast; change suddenly or gradually Dynamics change gradually or suddenly Tone colour wind and brass instruments provide contrasts of timbre Melody and harmony melodies are tuneful and easily remembered, harmonies base on major or minor scales Texture predominantly homophonic; fluctuations occur to provide contrastComposers: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Joseph Haydn

RomanticGenres: The Art Song composition for solo voice and piano; setting of a poem, translating poems mood and imagery into music Strophic form repeating same music for each stanza of the poem Through-composed form writing new music for each stanza Song cycle group of art songs unified by story line that runs through poems, or musical ideas linking the songs Program music instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene Nationalism inclusion of folk songs, dances, legends, and other national material to associate with composers homelandMusical Features: Rhythm extremely diverse, tempo are flexible and may change frequently Dynamics change suddenly or gradually, wide range Tone colour wide range of expressive tone colour; orchestra increased in size Melody and harmony long, complex, highly expressive; chromatic harmony; wider range of keys and frequent modulations Texture generally homophonic; piece may shift from one texture to another Form new forms and genres were developed; symphonies are longer than those of classical eraComposers: Franz Shubert Frederic Chopin Peter Tchaikovsky Johannes Brahms Richard Wagner Gustav Mahler

20th centuryGenre: Impressionism musical style which stresses tone colour, atmosphere, and fluidity, typical of Debussy Expressionism musical style stressing intense, subjective emotion and harsh dissonance, typical of German and Austrian music Neoclassicism musical style marked by emotional restraint, balance and clarity, inspired by forms and stylistic features of 18th century music Serialism composing that uses ordered group of musical elements to organize rhythm, dynamics, tone colour, as well as pitch, developed in mid-20th centuryMusical features: Tone colour more important element of music; noiselike and percussive sounds used more often; less emphasis on blended sound Melody and harmony no longer tied to chords, major or minor keys, unpredictable; consonance and dissonance abandoned; new chord structures and alternatives explored Rhythm most striking element, generate power, drive and excitement; irregularity and unpredictability, rapid changing meters, polyrhythms, and ostinatos featuredComposers: Claude Debussy Igor Stravinsky Arnold Schoenberg George Gershwin