iaea activities in spent fuel management€¦ · · 2005-07-141 international atomic energy...

1 International Atomic Energy Agency

IAEA Activities in Spent Fuel Management

presented to the International Radioactive Waste Technical

Committee (WATEC) Vienna International Centre

8 June 2005


Topics

• Trends and challenges• Scientific Forum• IAEA spent fuel management activities

- Meetings- Collaborative activities- Publications- Summary

International Atomic Energy Agency

Global Statistics of Spent Fuel ManagementGlobal Statistics of Spent Fuel Management

AR 104 KtHM(Pools)

AFR 33 KtHM(dry)41 KtHM(Pools)

Reprocessed 86 KtHM

(Annual Arising : 10 KtHM) Total Discharged : 265 KtHM

STORED


Region AmountWest Europe 35 900 East Europe 29 400 America 85 500Asia&Africa 27 300World 178 100

Spent Fuel stored in World Regions

Through CY 2003


Trends

• About 10 000 t (HM)/a spent fuel are unloaded from nuclear power reactors worldwide;

• 7 500 t HM need to be stored (after accounting for reprocessed fuel);

• Most spent fuel in wet storage, with dry storage use increasing;

• Estimated annual discharge amount will increase to some 11 500 t HM/a by 2010;

• The global storage capacity currently available and under construction would accommodate spent fuel arisings through 2015;


Trends – cont’d

• Sufficient fuel storage capacity on a global basis;• National situations differ and may require urgent

attention;• Use of MOX and higher enrichment/burnup lead to

higher decay heat levels• Long term storage becoming a progressive reality…all

national programmes anticipate longer storage durations (up to 100 years and even beyond);

• Long term storage of spent fuel requires social stability to maintain institutional control.


Challenges

• Advanced technologies for assuring longer time spans;• License extensions for existing facilities;• Increasing awareness of the need to involve society in

decision processes;• Institutional frameworks and arrangements that are

sustainable over the long term;• Preservation of information, expertise and knowledge.


IAEA 2004 Scientific Forum

•180 participants in three sequential sessions on advanced concepts, waste management, and research reactors…12 detailed presentations plus panel comments and discussions.•Scientific Forum session summaries can be accessed at http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2004/sf_session.html•Presentations and synopses can also be accessed on the Agency’s website


IAEA 2004 Scientific Forum-cont’d• Dr. Les Shephard, SNL, chair of session two (waste and spent fuel management issues) noted “a wealth of success and experience” with spent fuel management ,and suggested a systems approach based onstandardized designs and enhanced multinational cooperation;

•Dr. Bernard Bigot, CEA, chair of the Forum noted that safe, robust storage technologies provide system flexibility while addressinglonger term options/issues, and that international communication and sharing progress to date are important in addressing these issues.


Subprogramme B.3 Management of Spent Fuel from Power Reactors

Objective

To increase the capability of interested Member States to plan, develop and implement systems for safe and efficient spent fuel management by assisting Member States in identifying problems in spent fuel management and applying appropriate information and guidance provided by the Agency in their mitigation.


IAEA Spent Fuel Management Meetings

•Meeting on Data requirements and maintenance of records for spent fuel management (April 2004) - TECDOC in prep; •Meeting on Operation/Maintenance of Spent Fuel Casks and Containers (May 2004) -TECDOC in prep;•Meeting of Technical Working Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options and Spent Fuel Management (May 2004) – annual review of related Agency activities;


IAEA Spent Fuel Management Meetings – cont’d

•Meeting on Optimization of cask/container loading for spent fuel storage (June 2004) - TECDOC in prep;•Meeting on Economics of spent fuel storage (Oct 2004) -for subsequent preparation of technical report;•Meeting on Provisions for long term storage of spent fuel (Oct 2004 in Ljubljana);•Meeting on Spent fuel performance assessment and research (SPAR-II) coordinated research project (Nov 2004) - for review of research proposals;•Meeting on spent fuel treatment options (Dec 04) – for subsequent preparation of a technical document


Meeting in Ljubljana on Long Term Spent Fuel Storage


Ljubljana Meeting – cont’d

• Participants from Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine. • Shared status discussions concluded that significant progress has been made in the past few years to deploy storage capacity•Resulting recommendations encouraged the Agency to continue or initiate the following documentation efforts among others:

- fuel/structural material behavior in long term storage- plans for handling damaged fuel- strategies, criteria for deploying storage- glossaries and guides


IAEA Spent Fuel Management Meetings – cont’d•RCM (SPAR-II CRP) on spent fuel performance and research (Germany in June 2005)•Meeting of Technical Working Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options and Spent Fuel Management (Vienna in May 2005)•Meeting on spent fuel treatment options (Korea in October 2005)• Meeting on advances in applications of burnup credit (UK in late August 2005)•Meeting on good practices to extend operation of interim storagefuel facilities (October 2005) •Technical aspects of regional spent fuel storage facilities – TECDOC update pending;•Next IAEA international spent fuel conference – 19-23 June 2006


IAEA Spent Fuel Management Publications

• TECDOC-1343, Final report of a CRP on spent fuel performance assessment and research (SPAR), issued March 2003;

•TECDOC-1378, Practices and developments in spent fuel burnup credit applications, issued October 2003;

•IAEA-CSP-20, Proceedings of the international conference on storage of spent fuel from power reactors, issued October 2003;

•TECDOC-1385, WWER-440 fuel rod experiments under dry storage conditions, issued April 2004.


Spent Fuel Storage Conference Proceedings

•IAEA-CSP-20 issued in October 2003 (605 pages).•Available for downloading free of charge at http://www.iaea.org/Publications.


Spent Fuel Performance Assessment and Research

•TECDOC 1343 issued in 2003…built on BEFAST TECDOCs (414, 673, 944)•Available for downloading free of charge at http://www.iaea.org/Publications.


CRP on Spent Fuel Performance Assessment and Research (SPAR-II)

•SPAR-II CRP Proposal approved in April 2004;•SPAR-II background information included in report “Information concerning the Agency’s Coordinated Research Projects”; hardcopies provided to the Agency’s Member States…also on the web at http://www-crp.iaea.org/•SPAR-II objectives include

- fuel and materials evaluation under wet and dry storage;- surveillance/monitoring of spent fuel storage facilities;- exchange of relevant operational experience from participating countries.


Spent Fuel Burnup Credit Applications

•TECDOC -1378 issued in October 2003 (444 pages).•Available for downloading free of charge at http://www.iaea.org/Publications.


IAEA Activities in Burnup Credit Applications for Spent Fuel Management Systems

• 1997 technical meeting led to TECDOC 1013 (1998)• 2000 technical meeting led to TECDOC 1241 (2001)• BUC training course at ANL (2001)• 2002 technical meeting in Madrid led to TECDOC 1378

(2003)• June 2004 consultants meeting established base planning

for technical meeting to be held 29Aug-2Sep 2005 on “Advances in applications of burnup credit to enhance spent fuel transportation, storage, reprocessing, and disposition”


WWER Fuel Rod Experiments – simulated dry storage conditions

•TECDOC -1385 issued in April 2004.•Available for downloading free of charge at http://www.iaea.org/Publications.


Remote technology applications in spent fuel management

•TECDOC –1433issued in March 2005.•Available for downloading free of charge at http://www.iaea.org/Publications.


Collaborative Activities• Presentation at Seminar on Spent Fuel Management (Tokyo, 2003);

•Presentation at Seminar on Remote Technology Applications in Spent Fuel Management (Zurich, 2003)

•Presentation to OECD/NEA Working Party on Nuclear Criticality Safety (Tokyo-2003, Prague-2004); • Presentation at International Conference on Nuclear Criticality Safety (Tokai-mura, 2003); • Presentation at International Symposium on Radiation Safety Management (Daejeon, Korea, 2003)•Presentation at INMM Spent Fuel Management Seminar (Washington DC, 2004 and 2005)•Presentation at 14th PATRAM (Berlin, 2004)


Pending IAEA Spent Fuel Management Publications

• Status and trends in spent fuel reprocessing;

• Remote technology in applications in spent fuel management;

• Selection of AFR spent fuel storage facilities.

• Data requirements and maintenance of records for spent fuel management;

• Operation and maintenance of spent fuel storage and transport casks;

•Optimization of cask/container loading;

• Influence of fuel design for high burnup and MOX fuel on storage;

• Economics of spent fuel storage.


Technical Working Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options (TWG-NFCO), 23-25 May 2005

Summary for recommended activities on B3 (and B4) ’08-’09 • Int’l Conf.on Spent Fuel Storage (2009, RoK)

(Next Conf. 19-23 June 2006, VIC)• Convert TM on SF Treatment Options & Applications

to Conference (2009, India)• New Task:

• SPAR-II study on implications of loss of inert atmosphere• Methodologies and Tools for Spent Fuel Management

Economics (2008-2009)=>tune with NEA• Spent fuel storage facility operations and lessons learned

( 2008-2009)• Handling of damaged spent fuel,etc


Summary

• Storage quantities and durations grow as long term storage becomes a progressive reality (“a body at rest tends to stay at rest”);•Member State interest in IAEA spent fuel activities remains strong as witnessed by 2003 international conference and 2004 scientific forum;• Spent fuel management activities remain key priority for the IAEA.

[Web access for IAEA spent fuel management activities -http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/]


Nuclear Power and Spent Fuel ManagementNuclear Power and Spent Fuel Management

Nuclear Power

SPENT FUEL

Fuel (Asset )

Waste (Liability )

Recycle

POLICY

Disposal

Wait & See

(Fuel+Waste)

PERCEPTION

Fresh Fuel


Spent Fuel Management OptionsSpent Fuel Management Optionsdi

rect

dis

posa

l

packaging DISPOSAL

SNF

classical optionclassical option

MOX

reprocessing fabricationMA

TRANSMUTATION

FP

• refabrication (I.e., DUPIC)

• conditioning (intact/destructive)

the ‘3rd way’option

was

tes

reactors

Accelerators

ARAFR

store

Classical focus : fissile material recycle

Recent focus : optimize disposal system

REACTOR


SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENTSPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT: : STATISTICS (End of 2003)STATISTICS (End of 2003)

Cumulative Spent Fuel Arisings, Storage and Reprocessing,1990-2020.

050

100150200250300350400450500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

1000

tonn

es H

M

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

GW

e

SF Discharged

SF Stored

SF Reprocessed

Nuc. Power


GLOBAL STATUS OF SPENT FUEL REPROCESSINGGLOBAL STATUS OF SPENT FUEL REPROCESSING

~200 (LWR/PHWR)1977~?Trombay/Tarapur/KalpakamIndia

105 (GCR+LWR):decom1966 -1975105MolEURATOM

194(LWR):decom1966 -1972194NFS West ValleyUSA

1500 (GCR)900 (LWR)

1967~1994 ~

42, 0004,390

B205THORP

UK

400 (VVER-440)1500 (VVER-1000)

1971 ~2020 ~

3, 500-

ChelyabinskKrasnoyarsk

Russia

90 (LWR)800 (LWR)

1977 ~2006 ~

1, 000-

Tokai-MuraRokkasho-Mura

Japan

30 (LWR);decom1971 -1990180WAKGermany

400 (GCR):decom1600 (LWR)

1958 -19851967/1990~

18, 000 20, 500

Marcoule (UP1)La Hague (UP2/3)

France

CAPACITY (Fuel Type)OPERATION (Year)

AMOUNTFACILITYCOUNTRY

87,900 tHM (end of 2004) 5,000 tHM/yTOTAL


REPROCESSING AS AN OPTION FOR SFMREPROCESSING AS AN OPTION FOR SFM

• EVOLUTION OF PURPOSE• PAST : The classical option for spent fuel management (to

recover fissile materials for recycle as MOX, especially in FBR)• PRESENT: A fraction of spent fuel inventory recycled to thermal

reactors (mainly in LWR)• FUTURE : Anticipation for innovative nuclear systems, P&T,etc

• INDUSTRIAL MATURITY• Currently, the only industrially available option (~1/3 of global

inventory of spent fuel being reprocessed)• Technical and/or infrastructural base for future applications to

other futuristic options (i.e., P&T)


DIVERSIFICATION OF CONCEPTDIVERSIFICATION OF CONCEPT• DIRECT REUSE (Without Pu Separation)

• Spent LWR fuel directly refabricated into HWR fuel (DUPIC)• Spent LWR fuel refabricated into LWR fuel by adding EU (AIROX)

• PARTITIONING AND TRANSMUTATION (P&T)• Reduce lifetime of MA or FP for waste management purpose• Applications of industrial reprocessing technology +R&D

• PROCESSING FOR STORAGE/DISPOSAL• Destructive packaging for disposal (cutting, melting.etc)


COMMON ISSUES TO ALL OPTIONSCOMMON ISSUES TO ALL OPTIONS

• SUSTAINABILITY• Cost-effective • Proliferation-resistant• Environmentally friendly

• INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES• Political/economical/social stability• Information management

• REGIONALIZATION / INTERNATIONALIZATION• Win-win strategy (especially beneficial for small scale partners)• Difficulty of finding host to the site(s) of facilities


REGIONALIZATION / REGIONALIZATION / INTERNATIONALIZATIONINTERNATIONALIZATION

• NATIONAL BASIS OF SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT• Most spent fuel management based on national level initiative• Some regionalization succeeded (EURATOM, Reprocessing services in

Western and Eastern Europe )• Most other regional/international proposals failed in the past

• BENEFITS OF LARGER SCALE APPROACH• Economy of scale ( good for small nuclear programmes) • Win-win partnership for resources utilization, confidence, etc)

• OUTSTANDING ISSUES• Finding interested customers, as well as host for the centre• Breakthrough in commercial terms (‘cradle to grave service’?)


Regional/International Regional/International Management of Fuel CyclesManagement of Fuel Cycles

1977 1980 2005


ARStore

Expansion

INTERIM SINTERIM STTORAGEORAGENeedNeedss for AFR Storagefor AFR Storage

Limited Reprocessing

Spent FuelAccumulation

at NPP

No Disposal Yet

The The Relief Relief RouteRoute

AFR Storage Facility

Long Term

Storage

NPP Decommissioning


IMPLICATIONS OFIMPLICATIONS OFINTERIM STORAGEINTERIM STORAGE

• Confidence in Long Term Storage

• Buy Time to Solutions• Up to several decades ( conventional )

• Possibly for a century (recent discussions)• Perhaps several centuries (reality in the future ?)

• Interface with the Future Endpoints(or Become Endpoint Itself ?)


Technical Options for Spent Fuel Storage

VaultBunker

MonolithMonolith

DrywellTwin Tunnel

Subsurface Earth

SubsurfaceEarth

Concrete CaskConcrete Silo

Cask/BasketCask/BasketCanister

Metal CaskCaskCask/BasketCask LidDRY

PoolWaterBuildingWaterWET

OPTIONSHIELDINGSTRUCTURECONTAINMENT

COOLNG METHOD


AFR Storage Market: Supply & Use

Bulgaria, China, France, Finland, Japan, (Pakistan), Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, (Switzerland), UK, USA

Local & InternationalPool

(?)( ?)Others

Hungary, Romania, (Russia), UK, USA.AECL, GEC-AlsthomFoster-Wheeler

Vault

Argentina,Armenia,Bulgaria,Canada, Japan, Korea R., Slovakia, (Spain), (Russia), Ukraine, USA

AECL, OPG, GNB, NAC, Holtec Int’l

Concrete Cask/Silo

Belgium, CzechRep., Germany, (Italy), Japan, Lithuania, Spain, Switzeland, South Africa, USA

GNB, NAC, TNMetal Cask

COUNTRIES IN USESUPPLIEROPTION( ) = not built yet


STORAGE TECHNOLOGYSTORAGE TECHNOLOGY• STORAGE EXPERIENCE WORLDWIDE

• Dry Storage : A Couple of Decades (Several Options)• Wet Storage : Over 4 Decades (All in Water pools)

• STATUS• Majority of spent fuel still stored in water pools (historical reason)• Dry storage options ( metal cask, concrete canister, vault) have

recently been becoming a very popular choice ( especially dual purpose casks )

• MERITS OF DRY STORAGE• Flexible Construction and Cost-effective O&M• Possibility for Long-term Storage


Trends in AFR Storage• AFR storage demand continues to grow ensuing with

long term dry storage provisions• Excess capacities for spent fuel storage will decrease in

the future with increasing preference of dry modular storage systems

• Supply side of the spent fuel storage has well matured and competitive services available on international market

• Selection of option involves various criteria, including economics, to be considered in the bid evaluation and selection.

• Public involvement is becoming an important issue


HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVERegional Nuclear Fuel Cycle Centres (RFCC):1975~1977International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation ( INFCE) :1978~1980Expert Group on International Spent Fuel Management (EG-ISFM) :1978~1982Regular Advisory Group on Spent Fuel Management (RAG-SFM) :1984~2001NEW REALITIES IN THE 90’SNuclear Fuel Cycle Options (NFCO) : 1997~2001Innovative Nuclear Project (INPRO) : 2001~


Guidebooks on Spent Fuel Storage• Storage of Water Reactor Spent Fuel in Water

Pools ( Survey of World Experiences ( TRS-218, 1982)

• Guidebook on Spent Fuel Storage (TRS-240, 1984, Revised in 1991)

• Cost Analysis Methodology of Spent Fuel Storage ( TRS-361, 1994)

• Options, Experience, and Trends in Spent Fuel Management (TRS-376, 1995)


Technical Document Publications

TD-580 (1990), TD-685 (1993),TD-894(1996), TD-1006(1998),TD-1013 (1998), TD-1378(2003)

6Spent Fuel Management

TD-786 (1995), TD-900(1995), TD-1080(1999) 4RR Spent Fuel Management

TD-414 (1987), TD-673(1992), TD-944(1998), TD-1012 (1998), TD-1343 (2003)

5BEFAST/SPAR

IAEA-115 (1970), TD-333(1985), TD-1103 (1999), TD-842(1995), TD-1081(1999), TD-1344(2005)

6ReprocessingRemote Tech.

TD-418(1987), TD-461(1988),TD-559(1990), TD-556(1990), TD-1081 (1999), TD-1100 (1999),TD-1293 (2002), TD-1385(2004)

8Spent Fuel Storage/Transportation

TECDOC NUMBER (YEAR)NUMBERTOPICS


Proceedings from Big Meetings

SYMPOSIUM IN 1994 SYMPOSIUM IN 1998 INT’L CONF. IN 2003


REFERENCE (Web)REFERENCE (Web)IAEA Has Initiated Some Active IT ProjectsIAEA Has Initiated Some Active IT Projects

http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/nfcms_b3.html• OurWork• NUCLEAR ENERGY (Department)• Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology ( Division)

OBJECTIVESINTRODUCTION

Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials Section Waste Technology SectionOBJECTIVESINTRODUCTION

PROGRAMMATIC ACTIVITIES• Uranium Production Cycle and Environment• Nuclear Fuel performance and Technology• Spent Fuel Management• Nuclear Fuel Cycle Issues and Information System

iaea activities in spent fuel management€¦ · · 2005-07-141 international atomic energy...

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