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Plagiarism andAcademic Referencing

Academic English for Undergraduate StudyLecture 14

How to effectively (and legally) demonstrate your understanding and knowledge of what you have read.

This lecture and its associated materials have been produced by Mr. Kelvin Ng (MBA, Cambridge) of iAcademy for the purposes of lecturing on the above described subject and the material should be viewed in this context. The work does not constitute professional advice and no warranties are made regarding the information presented. The Author and iAcademy do not accept any liability for the consequences of any action taken as a result of the work or any recommendations made or inferred. Permission to use any of these materials must be first granted by iAcademy.

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Agenda• Review of Lecture 13• Week 14 Lecture Coverage– Academic Misconduct (Cheating, Collusion and

Plagiarism)– Examples of Plagiarism and how to avoid it– Introduction to Academic Referencing– Harvard Referencing System– Citations and References for various academic

resources

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Review of Lecture 13• Correct the run-ons or comma splices using an

appropriate conjunction:– (after) The players looked depressed the team lost

the game.– (if) You need to make a call you can borrow my

cellphone.– (while) It was still raining, a beautiful rainbow

appeared in the west.– We decided to leave the restaurant, we had already

waited for 45 minutes.

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Review of Lecture 13• Correct the run-ons or comma splices using an

appropriate conjunction:– The players looked depressed after the team lost the

game.– If you need to make a call, you can borrow my

cellphone.– While it was still raining, a beautiful rainbow

appeared in the west.– We decided to leave the restaurant as we had

already waited for 45 minutes.

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Review of Lecture 13• What are some key differences between

personal writing and academic writing?• What are some useful online tools for academic

research?• Why is it that we cannot quote or cite directly

from Wikipedia articles?• How should we use Wikipedia for academic

research?• What is Google Scholar and how can we use it

for academic research?

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Any Questions?

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Let’s get started with Lecture 14

Plagiarism and Academic Referencing

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In what situation can the university withdraw or cancel

your degree in the future?

Question

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When you commit serious academic misconduct:Cheating, Collusion or

Plagiarism.

Answer

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Academic Misconduct• Consists of Cheating, Collusion and Plagiarism.• 1) Cheating– Receiving any form of unfair advantage to any form

of academic assessments.– E.g. Bringing unauthorized materials into an

examination hall– E.g. Illegally obtaining knowledge of the questions or

answers to an examination beforehand.– Play Video• College Cheating Story• Student Caught Using 10-Meter Long Cheat Sheet in Exam

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Academic Misconduct• Consists of Cheating, Collusion and Plagiarism.• 2) Collusion– Collaborating illegally with others in individual based

academic assessments. (aka copying from one another)

– Note: Academic misconduct happens everywhere, even at one of the top universities in the world.

– Play Video• STARTING POINT_ Harvard Rocked By Take Home Test

Cheating Scandal

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Academic Misconduct• Consists of Cheating, Collusion and Plagiarism.• 3) Plagiarism– Trying to pass off others work as your own.– E.g. You use the exact text from elsewhere without

quotation marks and proper acknowledgement.– E.g. You copy someone else’s words or ideas but try

to hide it by changing some words or paraphrasing what you copied.

– Play Video• 10 Types of Plagiarism

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Is the most dangerous because students may not understand or even know

that they are doing it!

Plagiarism

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In this lecture, we will explain more about Plagiarism and

how to avoid it.

Plagiarism

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Let’s see some recent high profile cases of Plagiarism.

Plagiarism

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iAcademySource: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17586128

Plagiarism

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iAcademySource: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/us-germany-minister-plagiarism-idUSTRE71G6C720110217

Plagiarism

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Plagiarism• Play Videos.– Hungarian President Quits In Plagiarism Row– German minister's PHD revoked due to plagiarism– German Defense Minister Resigns Over Plagiarism

Row

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Plagiarism• Not only did the Pal Schmitt lose his doctoral

degree, he also lost his job as Hungarian President and was shamed by the media throughout the world.

• Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg was the former German defence minister and heir-apparent to Chancellor Angela Merkel, but resigned on March 1, 2011 after admitting to plagiarizing parts of his legal doctorate. Universität Bayreuth revoked his degree, citing "serious errors" in his paper.

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If universities can take away the degrees of a president

and a defense minister, they can also take away your

degree… years later, if you commit plagiarism.

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Plagiarism• The Plagiarism Problem is everywhere and

affects many countries. Play Videos.– The Problem With Plagiarism in South Korea– Flood of Pseudo-PhDs Found Among Chinese

Officials

But… Ignorance is not an excuse!Stealing other people’s ideas is

wrong and will not be tolerated!

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Let’s see a high profile example of Plagiarism.

Plagiarism

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”• Kaavya Viswanathan was a American-

Indian Harvard undergraduate and a “high flyer”, the daughter of 2 top US doctors.

• She was offered a multiple-book deal worth USD 500,000 when she was still in high school and published a book while she was a 2nd year student at Harvard.

• Upon publication in 2006, the book entered the US “Bestsellers List” within weeks and a movie deal was being considered.

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”• Everything was going well for

Kaavya Viswanathan. Then, something happened…

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”

• The Harvard Crimson, the daily newspaper of Harvard College, published an astonishing article alleging that Kaavya’s work was guilty of plagiarism.

• Kaavya’s 2006 book contained paragraphs that were similar to a 2001 book by another author, Megan McCafferty.

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”• Here’s some comparisons:

See:http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/23/examples-of-similar-passages-between-viswanathans/

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”• Here’s some comparisons:

See:http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/23/examples-of-similar-passages-between-viswanathans/

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”• Here’s some comparisons:

See:http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/23/examples-of-similar-passages-between-viswanathans/

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This was what happened next…

Plagiarism

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”

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Case: “Harvard Plagiarism Novel”

• How Kaavya Viswanathan got rich, got caught, and got ruined. Play Video.– Plagiarism

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Why Do People Plagiarise?• Don’t want to look stupid– If you get caught (and you

probably will), you will look much more stupid.

• Plain lazy– The lazier you are, the

easier for us to catch you.

• Lack of time– The less time you spend

covering up your “misdeeds”, the faster and easier for us to catch you.

• Lack of confidence• Plagiarizing other people’s

work is not going to help you build confidence. Hard work can.

• Lack of knowledge• Plagiarizing other people’s

work is not going to help you learn more about the subject. Hard work can.

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Plagiarism Statistics• 80% of college students admit to cheating at least once.

- Center for Academic Integrity • 90% of students believe that cheaters are either never

caught or have never been appropriately disciplined. - US News and World Reports

• 54% of students admitted to plagiarizing from the internet; 74% of students admitted that at least once during the past school year they had engaged in "serious" cheating; and 47% of students believe their teachers sometimes choose to ignore students who are cheating. - Education Week

http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_facts.html

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It is very easy to spot Plagiarism• Your assessments and examination scripts are

marked and checked more than once by experienced lecturers.

• If you have copied anything directly from online sources or books, it is very simple for us to verify if you have plagiarized or not because of advances in technology.

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The University and iAcademy takes

Plagiarism seriously.

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In most cases, a plagiarized work would received 0 marks and an

automatic fail.

In serious cases, the responsible student may be asked to leave the

College and the University.

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If you did not work hard for an assignment, you may get a poor

mark or you may fail.

If you plagiarize an assignment, you will get caught, you will fail, you may get expelled and no one is going to feel sad or help you.

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How to avoid Plagiarism• There are 2 ways to avoid Plagiarism• 1) Be Original• 2) Apply Academic Referencing correctly– Use “Quotations” if you are directly copying text.– Paraphrase if you are not directly copying text (Use

the paraphrasing skills you learnt previously).– Cite the source in the text and in the

References/Bibliography section using an accepted referencing standard. E.g. Harvard Referencing System.

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Why should we use other people’s ideas or words?

Why can’t we just use our own ideas and words in academic

writing?

Question

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You can use your own ideas and words, but who is going to

believe you?

Who would you trust more, ideas and words on a topic from an internationally recognized

professor or an undergraduate student?

Answer

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Because other people are much more knowledgeable than you in a particular field, if you show that

you know their work, then you are showing that you know your

work!

Answer

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Example of CredibilityWhich statement would you trust more?1) I have tried my best to find research about E-

Commerce in Nepal, but after 1 year of research, I still cannot find any. Therefore, my solution will be the first of such a system in Nepal.

2) According to research done by Shrestha (Shrestha, 2010) and reports by Kantipur (eKantipur.com, 2011) and the British Council (BC, 2012), there are no viable and comprehensive E-Commerce systems in Nepal. Therefore, my solution will be the first of its kind in Nepal.

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Any Questions?

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Academic Referencing

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Academic Referencing• An internationally accepted referencing system

is the Harvard Referencing system.• In writing academic reports, referencing allows

you to:– 1) Avoid Plagiarism.– 2) Establish credibility and trust in your work by

referring to established facts, knowledge and ideas from authoritative sources.

– 3) Demonstrate that you are well read and understand the subject matter

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Most academic reports award you marks for proper and correct

referencing.

Tip: This is an easy and simple way to get high marks in any academic report.

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What should you reference?• Any original knowledge or idea of someone else

that has been conveyed through the use of words, pictures, tables, charts, diagrams, sound, videos… etc.

• Most commonly, you will likely reference knowledge and ideas from 4 sources.– 1) Books– 2) Journals– 3) e-Journals– 4) Webpages (Includes news websites)

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Harvard Reference System• Each reference made in an academic report has

2 parts, both referring to the same source.• Part 1) Citing– Parenthetical referencing in text using the "author-

date system”.• Part 2) Reference / Bibliography Section– Section of an academic report that lists all the

references used in the report, in detail.

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Harvard Reference System• Lets see how it works. Play Videos.– Short Guide to Harvard Referencing– A guide to Harvard Referencing

Now that you have seen how Harvard referencing works, let see some examples of

how to cite and how to construct the detailed references in the references /

bibliography section.

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Examples of Quotes (1 Author)

When organising our time, Adair (1988: 51) states that ‘the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives’.

When organising our time ‘the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives’ (Adair, 1988: 51).

Or

When organising our time ‘the centrepiece will tend to be goals and objectives’ (Adair, 1988).

Or

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Examples of Quotes (2 Authors)

McCarthy and Hatcher (1996: 69-70) insist that with presentations ‘structure must be clear and precise’.

With presentations, ‘structure must be clear and precise’ (McCarthy and Hatcher, 1996: 69-70).

Or

With presentations, ‘structure must be clear and precise’ (McCarthy and Hatcher, 1996).

Or

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Examples of Quotes (3 Authors)

Fisher, Ury and Patton (1991: 37) suggest that when emotional issues cloud negotiation, ‘some thoughts are best left unsaid’.

‘Some thoughts are best left unsaid’ when emotional issues cloud negotiation (Fisher, Ury and Patton, 1991: 37).

Or

‘Some thoughts are best left unsaid’ when emotional issues cloud negotiation (Fisher, Ury and Patton, 1991).

Or

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Examples of Quotes (>3 Authors)• What is 10 people wrote the book?• ‘et al’ means ‘and others’

Morris et al (2000: 47) state that ‘the debate of these particular issues should be left to representative committees’.

Morris et al (2000) state that ‘the debate of these particular issues should be left to representative committees’.

Or

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What if the Author wrote 2 books?

English is the international language for business and commerce; students who are fluent in English will find it easier to secure jobs in top international cities such as London. (Ng, 2012a)

The success of a company often lies not with the business idea itself, but the quality of its leaders. (Ng, 2012b)

And

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What if there is no Author?• Example of sources that may not have an author:– Newspaper articles with no reporter– Information from a Website with no author– Certain Books e.g. Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries

• Format to use:– (Source, Year)– (Source – ‘Title of Article’, Year)

Example:The Guardian reported that twenty-nine inmates were participating in the programme (The Guardian - ‘Serving time’, 1996).

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Examples of Paraphrasing

Quote:The DfEE (2001) suggest that each year ‘some have estimated the cost to the country of poor literacy and numeracy skills to be as high as £10 billion’.

Paraphrase:The effect of low levels of adult numeracy and literacy skills could be costing Britain around £10 billion each year (DfEE, 2001).

Or

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Any Questions?

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Creating the References section• All in-text citations must have a corresponding

reference that can be found in the References or Bibliography section of any academic report.

• The References or Bibliography section is found at the end of any academic report.

• The references are to be sorted in alphabetical order, according to the Surname of the first author.

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Harvard Reference System• Information you need for a BOOK– Author’s or editor’s name (or names)– Year the book was published– Title of the book– If it is an edition other than the first– City the book was published in– Name of the publisher

• Play Video– Harvard Referencing a Book

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Examples of BooksFormat:Surname, Initials. (year) <Title of the Book>, <#Edition>, <City>: Publisher.

Example (1 Author):Adair, J. (1988) Effective time management: How to save time and spend it wisely, London: Pan Books.

Example (2 Authors):McCarthy, P. and Hatcher, C. (1996) Speaking persuasively: Making the most of your presentations, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

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Examples of BooksFormat:Surname, Initials. (year) <Title of the Book>, <#Edition>, <City>: Publisher.

Example (3 Authors):Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement without giving in, 2nd edition, London: Century Business.

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Examples of BooksFormat:Surname, Initials. (year) <Title of the Book>, <#Edition>, <City>: Publisher.

Example (Same Author in the same year):

Napier, A. (1993a) Fatal storm, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

Napier, A. (1993b) Survival at sea, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

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Examples of BooksFormat:Surname, Initials. (year) <Title of the Book>, <#Edition>, <City>: Publisher.

Example (Author used an editor):

Danaher, P. (ed.) (1998) Beyond the Ferris wheel, Rockhampton: CQU Press.

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Examples of BooksFormat:Surname, Initials. (year) <Title of the Book>, <#Edition>, <City>: Publisher.

Example (No Author):

The University Encyclopedia (1985) London: Roydon.

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Harvard Reference System• Information you need for a JOURNAL

– Author’s name or names (for that article)– Month and Year the journal was published– Title of the journal– Title of the article– Page number/s of the article in the journal– Volume and issue numbers

• Play Videos– Harvard Referencing a Journal Article– Harvard Referencing an Electronic Journal

A Journal can contain many articles

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Examples of JournalsFormat (Physical Journal):Surname, Initials. (year) <‘Title of the Article’>, <Title of the Journal>, <Volume and issue#>, <Page#>.

Example:

Muller, V. (1994) ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity’, The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3 (2), August, pp. 103-107.

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Examples of JournalsFormat (Electronic Journal):Surname, Initials. (year) <‘Title of the Article’>, <Title of the Journal [Type]>, <Volume and issue#>, <Page#>, <Available: URL>, <[Date of Access]>.Example:Skargren, E.I. and Oberg, B. (1998) ‘Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of lowback and neck pain in patients treated in primary care: Comparison between the treatment strategies chiropractic and physiotherapy’, Pain [Electronic], vol. 77 (2), pp. 201-208, Available: Elsevier/ScienceDirect/ O304-3959(98)00101-8, [8 Feb 1999].

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Harvard Reference System• Information you need for Webpages– Author’s name or names (for that article)– Year in which the article was published– Title of the website– Title of the article– Date you accessed the source– Electronic address (URL)– Type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum,

WWW page, etc)• Play Videos– Harvard Referencing a Web Page

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Examples of WebPagesFormat:Surname, Initials. (year) <‘Title of the Article’>, <Name of the Organization [Type]>, <Available: URL>, <[Date of Access]>.Example:

Young, C. (2001) English Heritage position statement on the Valletta Convention, FreeUK [Online], Available: http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPostionStatement.htm [24 Aug 2001]

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Any Questions?

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Summary: Week 14 Lecture• Academic Misconduct is and how serious such

offences are. Play Video.– Plagiarism - A Film by Murdoch University Dubai

• Harvard Referencing System and its elements– Citing and Referencing

• Harvard Referencing Formats for commonly used academic resources:– Books– Journals, e-Journals– Webpages

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What to Expect: Week 14 Tutorial• Students will be provided with the following

guides and will go through the details and examples in these guides:– University of Wolverhampton - Academic

Misconduct– University of Wolverhampton – Harvard Referencing

• Students have to complete an activity worksheet in which they will be required to use the Harvard reference system.

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