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Across 1. the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims 3. having to do with worldly matter, rather than religious 8 . a Bantu-based language, blending Arabic words and Written in Arabic script 9. successor to Muhammed 14. an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars and for the solution of other problems

in astronomy and navigation 15. slender tower of a mosque from which Muslims are called to prayer 16. family organization in which kinship ties are traced through the mother 18. famous Islamic Philosopher who wanted to find the truth 19. Large sub-Saharan African kingdom in the 15th century known for its Stone Enclosure 21. a religious .iourney 25. collection of Roman Jaws organized by the Byzantine emperor 26. grassy plain with irregular patterns of rainfall 27. famous Islamic Historian 28. permanent division in a church 29. Muhammad ' s flight from Mecca to Medina 30. capital of the Kingdom of the Kush 31. capital of medieval Russia 33. open, treeless grassland

Down 2. famous Islamic traveler 4. the art of producing beautiful handwriting 5. payment that conquered peoples may be forced to pay to their conquerors 6. landowning noble in Russia 7. climatic region in Africa located between the Sahara and the savanna 8. Is lamic leader in India 10. family organization in which kinship ties are traced through the father 11. leader of Mali famous for his Hajj 12 . Russian leader 13. capital city of Abbasid dynasty and present day Iraq; capital of the Muslim empire dming Islam' s golden age and location of the House of Wisdom 17. payment a bride's family makes to the bridegroom and his family 20. the solving for an llnknovv'J1 lIsing known quantities 22. period of great cultural achievement 23. famous Islamic Doctor who wrote Canon on Medicine 24. a large group of people who share the same Janguage and cultural heritage 32. process by which fertile or semi-desert land becomes desert 34. Muslim center oflearning in sub-Saharan Africa

CATI,ON~

Name Date

GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: PLACE

Rule and Taxation Under the Umayyads Section 2 Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the charts carefully. Then

answer the questions that follow.

A fter the assassinabon of the Muslim Empire's fourth leader or caliph in 661, a family known

as the Umayyads took control of the region . The Umayyad leader became the fifth cabph and under­took several changes.

As the borders of the Muslim Empire grew, con­quered peoples included Jews, Christians, pagans (who believed in many different gods), and people who had no religjon at all. While the Muslims were generally tolerant of these people, many coming under Muslim rule converted to Islam on their own. In this way they avoided the taxes that non-Muslims were required to pay. However, the U mayyads

changed the system and began taxing everyone­Muslims and non-Muslims alike .

The Umayyads also made another significant change in the way the empire was ruled. Instead of the rule passing from caliph to caliph through elec­tion, the fifth cabph instituted a succession of leaders based on birth. He also instituted a bureaucracy, a system of rule consisting of many different depart­ments managed by workers whom he had appOinted. Provinces were ruled by emirs, or governors, \vith a line of authority eventually reaching down to the people. The caliph even kept some Christians in the same government posts they had formerly held.

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The Muslim World 5

Name _____________________________________ Rule and Taxation Under the Umayyads continued

Interpreting Text and Visuals

1. In the Muslim Empire , who is considered their leader-their authority-on earth?

2. From whom did he directly receive taxes? _____________________________________

3. What person actually did the governing in each province of the Muslim Empire?

4. Which grouping was governed by both religious and government leaders at the same time?

5. What do you call a departmental system of rule?

6. Which was the only group governed by the caJiphs that did not pay taxes to someone?

7. Which group paid the highest percentage of their income in taxes? ____________________

8. Did Muslim converts pay taxes in an amount closer to people born Muslims or to non-Muslims?

9. Why were the Shaykhs not involved in governing the non-Muslims?

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6 UNIT 3, CHAPTER 10

Name__________________ Class ________ Date _______

ter 11

For about 600 years, Muslim Spain was a brilliant center of culture and learning (text­book pages 262-263), in contrast with much of the rest of Europe. Here two historians describe the Islamic culture in Spain and what other Europeans knew and believed about Islam during the Crusades. (The Spanish city of Cordoba. spelled Cordova in the first excerpt, was the Muslim capital and home of a great \miversity. ) • As you read, recall what you know about civilization in western Europe in this period. Then, on a separate sheet of paper. answer the questions that follow.

Views of the Medieval Muslim World

The Islamic Capital of Cordova Cordova daz­zled other than Moslem [Muslim] eyes. Though commenting on the martyrdom of Eulogius [a Christian], a contemporary nun in distant Germany referred to the city as the "jewel of the world, young and exquisite," proud in its might." Centuries later eminent English scholars like Adelard of Bath and Roger Bacon were still advising European students to attend Moslem schools in prefer­ence to native ones. Besides the uni­versity library. Arab statisticians assure us the city boasted 37 libraries, numberless bookstores, 800 public schools, and 600 mosques. They add 150 hospitals. 900 public baths. 600 inns, 80,455 shops. 130,000 houses... and a total population of 300.000. Its people enjoyed a high standard of living and refinement and walked on paved streets reflecting at night light

"Its people eny·oved J'

a high standard of

living and refinement

and walked on paved

streets . ..." from bordering houses--all this at a time when hardly a town in Europe, Constantinople excepted, counted more than a few thousand inhabitants. Parisians and Londoners were still trudging on muddy, dark alleys, and scholars in Oxford and Paris were viewing bathing as a heathen practice.

In what ways was the Muslim city of Cordoba different from other European cities?

"£. In both excerpts, what aspect of Islamic cul­V ture came to be admired by others in Europe?

did Europeans come to gain more accu­knowledge of the Islamic world?

Medieval European Views of Islam [T] he Crusades created a huge market for a comprehen­sive. integral. entertaining. and satisfying image of the enemy's [Islamic] ideology ....

An objective point of view was to be found only ... in the sciences .... Beginning in the early tenth century, and relying on a few Latin volumes saved from the wreck of ancient civilization, small groups

sought to add to the treasury of the­oretical knowledge about man and

his world. Some knew that the Muslims had Arabic translations of the important works of classical antiquity and that complete manu­als of the basic sciences were at their disposal. . . . Muslim scientific knowledge acquired through Latin translations of Arabic works gradu­ally began to find its way to England, Lorraine. Salerno [Italy], and above all, Spain.... Moreover. this helped

establish a close link with translators who were either converts to Christianity. Mozarabs [Arab Christians], or Jews who had an extensive and first­hand knowledge of the Muslim world.

Sources: (I) Capital Cities of Arab Islam. by Philip K. Hitti (University of Minnesota Press. 1973); (2) Europe and the Mystique of Islam. by Maxime Rodinson. trans, Roger Veinus (University of Washington Press. 1987),

. Using Reasoned Judgment What classes or groups of Europeans were the most likely to have an accurate impression of Islamic cul­

uture? What effect would the Crusades have E

rohad on popular images of Islam? I

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68 • Viewpoint Activity Chapter 11

Spring Break 2019

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